Article(id=1307033181585166920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0115.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746720000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-09, revisedDate=1750608000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550593992, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550593992, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550593992, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550593992, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033181979431497, articleId=1307033181585166920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Refined simulation analysis of forest fires based on digital twin technology, columnId=1307033128569168044, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Forest fire control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Forest fires are major natural disasters worldwide, posing severe threats to the ecological environments, human lives and property. To address forest fires more effectively, this study introduces the concept of digital twins and employs the fire dynamic simulation software PyroSim, coupling five factors: ignition points, slope, wind speed, relative humidity and ambient temperature. A microscopic forest fire scenario in Pinus yunnanensis forests is constructed for refined simulations, aiming to investigate the influence of these factors on forest fire spread and to analyze the dynamics fire development process. A sliced dynamic simulation method is proposed to mitigate the lag issues in simulations under fixed environmental parameters and initial fire source conditions. The research results indicate that the digital twin-driven sliced dynamic simulation can reflect the actual behavioral characteristics of forest fires in a more realistic and efficient manner, thereby providing an important references for the study of forest fire suppression strategies.

, authors=Yang Song1, Zehong Liu2, authorsList=Yang Song, Zehong Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zehong Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033189600481891, articleId=1307033181585166920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=基于数字孪生理念的森林火灾精细化仿真研究, columnId=1307033128950849710, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=森林火灾防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

森林火灾是全球范围内的重大自然灾害,对生态环境和人类生命财产造成了严重威胁。为更有效地应对森林火灾,引入数字孪生理念,运用火灾动态仿真模拟软件PyroSim,耦合火源点、坡度、风速、相对湿度和环境温度5个因素,以云南某地松林为研究对象,构建微观森林火灾场景进行精细化仿真,探究各因素对森林火灾蔓延的影响,并对火灾动态过程进行仿真分析。针对固定环境参数与初始火源条件下模拟仿真的滞后性,提出了一种切片化动态仿真方法。研究结果表明,数字孪生驱动的切片化动态仿真能够更加真实、高效地反映实际森林火灾的行为特征,为森林灭火策略研究提供了重要参考。

, authors=宋洋1, 刘泽宏2, authorsList=宋洋, 刘泽宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘泽宏, authorNote=

宋洋,中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室教授,博士,主要从事航空应急与安防管理研究,天津市东丽区津北公路2898号,300300。

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刘泽宏,中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院硕士研究生,。
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宋洋,中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室教授,博士,主要从事航空应急与安防管理研究,天津市东丽区津北公路2898号,300300。

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宋洋,中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室教授,博士,主要从事航空应急与安防管理研究,天津市东丽区津北公路2898号,300300。

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Parameters of the Pinus yunnanensis model

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参数树高树冠冠幅胸径
数值/m10.02.02.00.4
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云南松模型参数

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参数树高树冠冠幅胸径
数值/m10.02.02.00.4
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Simulation parameter settings

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参数

燃烧热

/kJ/g

参考温度/℃

密度

/kg/m3

反应热

/kJ/g

热传导率

/W/(m·K)

比热容

/kJ/(kg·K)

树干8.0002609003.00.283.0
活叶13.280240151.50.053.2

地表

可燃物

18.432240251.50.051.7
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模拟参数设置

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参数

燃烧热

/kJ/g

参考温度/℃

密度

/kg/m3

反应热

/kJ/g

热传导率

/W/(m·K)

比热容

/kJ/(kg·K)

树干8.0002609003.00.283.0
活叶13.280240151.50.053.2

地表

可燃物

18.432240251.50.051.7
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Simulated condition information

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工况类别工况类别
11.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃121.5 m/s,0°,20%,20 ℃
22.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃131.5 m/s,25°,20%,20 ℃
33.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃141.5 m/s,35°,20%,20 ℃
44.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃151.5 m/s,45°,20%,20 ℃
51.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃161.5 m/s,15°,30%,20 ℃
62.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃171.5 m/s,15°,40%,20 ℃
73.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃181.5 m/s,15°,50%,20 ℃
84.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃191.5 m/s,15°,60%,20 ℃
91.5 m/s,-45°,20%,20 ℃201.5 m/s,15°,70%,20 ℃
101.5 m/s,-35°,20%,20 ℃211.5 m/s,15°,20%,30 ℃
111.5 m/s,-25°,20%,20 ℃221.5 m/s,15°,20%,40 ℃
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模拟工况信息

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工况类别工况类别
11.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃121.5 m/s,0°,20%,20 ℃
22.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃131.5 m/s,25°,20%,20 ℃
33.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃141.5 m/s,35°,20%,20 ℃
44.5 m/s,15°,20%,20 ℃151.5 m/s,45°,20%,20 ℃
51.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃161.5 m/s,15°,30%,20 ℃
62.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃171.5 m/s,15°,40%,20 ℃
73.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃181.5 m/s,15°,50%,20 ℃
84.5 m/s,-15°,20%,20 ℃191.5 m/s,15°,60%,20 ℃
91.5 m/s,-45°,20%,20 ℃201.5 m/s,15°,70%,20 ℃
101.5 m/s,-35°,20%,20 ℃211.5 m/s,15°,20%,30 ℃
111.5 m/s,-25°,20%,20 ℃221.5 m/s,15°,20%,40 ℃
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基于数字孪生理念的森林火灾精细化仿真研究
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宋洋 1 , 刘泽宏 2
消防科学与技术 | 森林火灾防控 2026,45(8): 115-122
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消防科学与技术 |森林火灾防控 2026 , 45 (8) : 115 -122
基于数字孪生理念的森林火灾精细化仿真研究
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宋洋,中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室教授,博士,主要从事航空应急与安防管理研究,天津市东丽区津北公路2898号,300300。

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宋洋,中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室教授,博士,主要从事航空应急与安防管理研究,天津市东丽区津北公路2898号,300300。

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宋洋1, 刘泽宏2
作者信息
  • 1中国民航大学 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室 ,天津 300300
  • 2中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院 ,天津 300300
通讯作者:
刘泽宏,中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院硕士研究生,。
作者简介:

宋洋,中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室教授,博士,主要从事航空应急与安防管理研究,天津市东丽区津北公路2898号,300300。

Refined simulation analysis of forest fires based on digital twin technology
Yang Song1, Zehong Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response, Civil Aviation University of China , Tianjin 300300 , China
  • 2College of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China , Tianjin 300300 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0115.08
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森林火灾是全球范围内的重大自然灾害,对生态环境和人类生命财产造成了严重威胁。为更有效地应对森林火灾,引入数字孪生理念,运用火灾动态仿真模拟软件PyroSim,耦合火源点、坡度、风速、相对湿度和环境温度5个因素,以云南某地松林为研究对象,构建微观森林火灾场景进行精细化仿真,探究各因素对森林火灾蔓延的影响,并对火灾动态过程进行仿真分析。针对固定环境参数与初始火源条件下模拟仿真的滞后性,提出了一种切片化动态仿真方法。研究结果表明,数字孪生驱动的切片化动态仿真能够更加真实、高效地反映实际森林火灾的行为特征,为森林灭火策略研究提供了重要参考。

数字孪生  /  森林火灾模拟  /  PyroSim  /  动态监测  /  虚实交互

Forest fires are major natural disasters worldwide, posing severe threats to the ecological environments, human lives and property. To address forest fires more effectively, this study introduces the concept of digital twins and employs the fire dynamic simulation software PyroSim, coupling five factors: ignition points, slope, wind speed, relative humidity and ambient temperature. A microscopic forest fire scenario in Pinus yunnanensis forests is constructed for refined simulations, aiming to investigate the influence of these factors on forest fire spread and to analyze the dynamics fire development process. A sliced dynamic simulation method is proposed to mitigate the lag issues in simulations under fixed environmental parameters and initial fire source conditions. The research results indicate that the digital twin-driven sliced dynamic simulation can reflect the actual behavioral characteristics of forest fires in a more realistic and efficient manner, thereby providing an important references for the study of forest fire suppression strategies.

digital twin  /  forest fire simulation  /  PyroSim  /  dynamic monitoring  /  virtual⁃real interaction
宋洋, 刘泽宏. 基于数字孪生理念的森林火灾精细化仿真研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 115 -122 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0115.08
Yang Song, Zehong Liu. Refined simulation analysis of forest fires based on digital twin technology[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 115 -122 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0115.08
近年来,中国在林业生态建设领域取得了显著进展,森林资源规模和质量实现全方位提升。通过持续实施生态保护与修复工程,森林面积持续扩大,覆盖率稳步提高,蓄积量显著增加,森林植被生物量和林草植被总碳储量同步提升[1]。然而,在生态环境不断优化的同时,全球气候变化导致极端天气事件频发,高温、干旱和大风等天气因素增加了森林火灾的发生频率和强度,使其成为威胁生态环境和社会经济发展的重要灾害之一[2]。森林火灾具有突发性强、变化速度快、初期不易发现,以及一旦发生波及范围广、破坏性强等特点,同时还易受自然条件和气象影响,火势蔓延快且难以控制。一旦发生火灾,将对森林资源以及人员和财产安全造成巨大损失,特别是在地势崎岖的山区,火势控制和灭火救援的难度更大。
国内外学者针对森林火灾模拟开展了较多研究,袁佳等[3]基于元胞自动机(CA)理论,建立融合风场动态传播与阻燃剂抑制效应的火灾演化模型,设计了CA驱动的扑救仿真算法,量化模拟不同风速和地形条件下灭火策略效能以及人员和设备配置密度的调度效果​;魏建珩等[4]应用FDS模拟的微观柞木林燃烧模型与实际火灾蔓延状况基本相同;Fan W P等[5]提出了一种基于数字孪生的火灾再燃触发模型,通过构建虚拟森林环境,采用Logistic回归反向迭代算法,结合历史复燃数据,量化评估了环境风速与地形坡度对阴燃向燃烧转变的耦合影响,实现了关键变量风速和坡度权重的自适应优化,从而精准预测复燃概率;向兵等[6]构建了交互式灭火仿真平台,重点揭示了细水雾穿透火焰区域后形成水膜覆盖可燃物表面,通过水分蒸发吸热,阻断燃烧链反应的双重物理灭火机制;陈卓等[7]采用FARSITE模型研究了一种基于物理模型和数学模型相结合的森林火灾蔓延模拟方法,并在此基础上提出了应急路径规划优选方法,以提高救援效率;Lewis R H等[8]开发了一个火灾跟踪平台,能够实时跟踪和预测火灾,最终实现数字孪生,从而保护公众健康,并向公众提供火灾和空气质量风险信息。
森林火灾发生后,火灾动态分析至关重要[9]。由于火场情况复杂,基于以往经验,人员往往难以在火灾初期迅速做出准确的灭火资源调度预判,常常导致资源调度过度,从而增加灭火过程中人员、物资和财力的消耗,难以实现“打早、打小、打了”的目标。森林火灾发生时,如何对火灾进行动态监测,以制定高效的灭火策略,迅速扑灭林火,减少自然和人员损失,是一个亟须解决的重要问题。本研究以云南松林火灾为研究对象,引入数字孪生理念,构建森林火灾动态监测框架,应用PyroSim构建不同坡度、风速、相对湿度和环境温度下的微观森林火灾场景模型,精细化仿真森林火灾燃烧过程,并进行火灾动态分析。同时,提出了一种切片化动态仿真方法,以应对固定环境参数与初始火源条件下模拟仿真的滞后性。
数字孪生(Digital Twin)是一种通过虚拟模型反映和模拟物理实体及其行为的技术[10-12]。它通过耦合传感器、物联网(IoT)、云计算、大数据分析、人工智能(AI)和机器学习等先进技术,将现实世界中的物理对象和过程实时映射到数字空间,从而实现对物理实体的监控、分析、预测和优化[13-14]。数字孪生不仅是一个静态的数字模型,还能够通过传感器获取的数据进行实时更新,并结合人工智能和机器学习算法开展分析和预测,帮助决策者更加迅速、科学地做出决策。
森林火灾动态时空监测框架如图1所示。
根据现实世界中的森林物理实体,构建虚拟世界的三维数字镜像模型,通过传感器、无人机和卫星等监测到的环境温度、风速、相对湿度等数据,对虚拟体模型进行更新与优化,使其更加精确。未发生火灾时,可提前对监测区域进行林火风险等级划分,并模拟极端条件下的火灾行为和传播特性;在火灾发生时,将监测的数据传输至孪生数据层,数字孪生服务层根据收集到的火场实时数据分析火情并预测火灾发展趋势。数字孪生服务层是整个框架的核心,主要包括风险等级划分、应急响应策略、预警发布和灾后评估等功能模块,负责处理和分析来自孪生数据层的数据。火灾预测功能通过集成高精度实时数据监测,动态调整火灾模型,实现更加精确的火灾蔓延模拟和预测;应急响应策略功能则是在火灾发生前和火灾发生过程中,根据实时数据提供优化的应急响应方案,包括灭火路径、资源分配和人员调度建议等;预警发布功能是根据实时监测数据和预测结果,及时发布火灾预警信息,提醒相关部门和公众做好防范措施;灾后评估功能则是在火灾结束后,分析火灾对森林生态系统等方面的影响,为制定科学的灾后恢复计划提供依据。通过该框架,不仅能帮助应急响应团队提前识别高风险区域,实现对现实世界森林物理实体的实时监控和火灾的精细化模拟仿真,优化资源调度,还能够在火灾发生时提供实时决策支持,提升应急响应的效率和效果,并为灾后评估和恢复提供重要的数据支撑。
基于数字孪生基础理论[15-17]以及陶飞等[18-19]研发的数字孪生通用理论模型,提出面向森林火灾动态分析的五维模型,即物理实体、虚拟体模型、孪生数据、智能仿真算法以及数字孪生服务,如式(1)所示。
MDT=PE,VM,DD, ISA, DTS
式中:PE表示物理实体;VM表示虚拟体模型;DD表示孪生数据;ISA表示智能仿真算法;DTS表示数字孪生服务。
物理实体即整片森林区域,包括传感器等检测设备、山体及树木植被等;虚拟体模型即对物理实体的数字化映射。物理实体通过传感器、无人机、卫星等设备采集火灾动态数据,并通过云存储、物联网等传输技术上传至系统,存储为孪生数据;同时,在虚拟体模型中也可通过人工干预的方式,如手动标记火灾位置等,补充输入相关数据。系统中的智能仿真算法根据输入数据进行处理,并对虚拟体模型参数进行校正;数字孪生服务则将仿真结果进行可视化展示,便于应急响应团队做出决策。同时,物理实体继续实时采集并传输数据,反馈更新虚拟模型,从而实现数字孪生的虚实交互。
森林火灾的发生范围一般较大。收集地形、森林资源及环境等数据后,可通过PyroSim建立微观森林火灾场景模型进行火灾动态分析,并根据实际情况,将不同微观模型进行组合,构建某一区域的森林虚拟体模型。参考尚超等[20]的研究,建立云南松树木模型,构建云南松林微观森林火灾场景模型。该场景模型尺寸长7 m、宽10 m,由山体、云南松林、地表可燃物3部分构成;场景模型x轴方向设置3棵树,y轴方向设置4棵树,共计12棵云南松树木。云南松林微观森林火灾场景模型如图2所示,树木模型参数如表1所示。
模拟场景模型中均为矩形网格,网格尺寸越小则仿真越精细[21],因此设置棱长为0.25 m的正立方体网格。热释放速率(Heat Release Rate, HRR)是衡量火灾强度和发展速度的重要参数。选择变化热释放速率模型中的非稳态t2火模型为微观森林火灾场景燃烧模型,其热释放速率增长量随时间呈平方增长。设计长10.0 m、宽0.6 m、单位热释放速率为10 MW/m²的带状火源,持续时间为10 s,模拟时间设置为300 s。微观森林火灾场景模型中的可燃物模拟参数参考了前人的研究[22],如表2所示。
森林火灾的发生和蔓延必须同时具备3个基本条件,即可燃物、火源和林火环境,三者缺一不可[23]。可燃物是森林火灾发生的物质基础,包括森林中的枯枝落叶、草本植物、灌木、乔木等易燃物质;火源是引发火灾的直接原因,可以是自然火源(如雷击)或人为火源(如烟头、农事用火等);林火环境则是影响火灾发生和蔓延的外部条件,主要包括地形和气象因素。地形条件如坡度、坡向、海拔等均会影响火势的蔓延速度和方向,而气象条件如风速、相对湿度和环境温度等则直接决定火灾的燃烧强度和扩散范围。因此,选取风速、坡度、相对湿度和环境温度作为关键因素进行研究。风速直接影响火灾蔓延速度,风速越大,火灾蔓延越快;坡度则通过改变火势的蔓延路径影响火灾行为,坡度越大,火势向上蔓延速度越快;相对湿度和环境温度共同决定可燃物的含水率和易燃性,湿度越低、温度越高,可燃物越干燥、越易燃,火灾发生的风险越高。通过对这些关键因素的分析,可以更好地理解森林火灾的发生机制,并为火灾预防和扑救提供科学依据。
由于模型模拟的是自然状态下的燃烧,因此网格设置为开放边界。风速选择1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5 m/s,其中正坡度风向为y轴负方向,负坡度风向为y轴正方向。坡度以10°为间隔,设置了从-45°~45°的9种坡度,并通过设置2种火源位置来定义坡度的正负。火源在10 s后熄灭。相对湿度以10%为间隔,设置了20%~70%的6个梯度,环境温度选择为20、30、40 ℃。共构成22个工况,用于研究这5个因素对云南松林火灾蔓延的影响。工况1~4为正坡度时风速逐步升高条件下的火灾动态分析;工况5~8为负坡度时风速逐步升高条件下的火灾动态分析;工况1、5、9~15为不同坡度条件下的火灾动态分析;工况1、16~20为相对湿度逐步升高条件下的火灾动态分析;工况1、21、22为环境温度逐步升高条件下的火灾动态分析,模拟工况信息如表3所示。
PyroSim可设置测点,对测点区域的火灾温度变化进行动态模拟。仿真结束后,通过Smokeview功能获得每个时间刻度下测点的数值变化曲线。测点设置在距离火源最远的云南松区域,共计6个,分布如图3所示。温度取各测点的平均值。
图4(a)和图4(b)分别展示了坡度为15°、50 s以及坡度为-15°、70 s条件下风速依次增加情况下的林火蔓延可视化结果。可以看出,林火蔓延终点处的树木模型呈现出不同的燃烧状态。其中风速为4.5 m/s的工况4和工况8中,火势在终点处蔓延迅速且剧烈;而在工况1和工况5中,林火尚未蔓延至终点,对比效果明显。风速增加会导致火焰倾斜,使火焰前部更接近未燃烧的可燃物,更易点燃前方植被或可燃物,加快林火蔓延速度;同时,风速增大还会强化对流换热过程,将更多热量传递至未燃烧区域,提升燃烧效率。工况1~4中,风速依次增大,使林火蔓延逐步加速。由此可见,风速与林火蔓延速度呈正相关关系,且模拟结果与实际云南松林火灾蔓延规律基本一致。因此,在森林虚拟体中实时输入风速数据,能够显著提高林火蔓延预测的准确性。
图5(a)和图5(b)分别展示了负坡度,90 s和正坡度、坡度为0°,50 s时的林火蔓延可视化结果。以坡度为0°的蔓延结果(工况 12)作为参照基准,可直观对比正、负坡度对火势蔓延速度的影响。可以看出,负坡度对林火蔓延具有阻碍作用;随着坡度增大,林火蔓延速度逐渐减缓;而正坡度与之相反,符合实际火灾行为特征。这是由于在负坡度情况下,火焰在下降过程中受地形限制,使得火势的扩展变得更加缓慢;在正坡度情况下,火焰沿上升坡面传播时,热空气的上升效应会进一步促进火势扩展,从而加快火势蔓延速度。
图6(a)和图6(b)分别展示了林火在不同相对湿度和不同温度下燃烧50 s后的蔓延可视化结果。由图6可知,在可燃物理化性质不变的情况下,仅改变环境中的相对湿度和温度对林火蔓延影响不大;相对湿度和温度主要通过长期作用于森林可燃物的理化性质影响林火风险和林火蔓延。湿度较高时,森林中的可燃物会吸收更多水分,导致含水率增加,从而更难燃烧。相反,在相对湿度较低的情况下,可燃物更干燥,容易燃烧,林火的风险和蔓延速度也随之增大。此外,长期高温同样会使可燃物干燥,进一步增大火灾风险和蔓延速度。因此,在套嵌数字孪生模型时,应充分考虑环境变化对可燃物理化性质及燃烧特性的影响。这对计算模型的精度和适应性提出了更高要求。
由于带状火源在10 s时熄灭,因此各工况的温度曲线在该时刻均会出现一个小的峰值。图7展示了风速对测点区域温度的影响曲线。可以看出,在林火蔓延前期(正坡度50 s之前、负坡度90 s之前),不同风速条件下测点区域温度差异不明显。在之后的林火蔓延阶段(以下简称“林火蔓延后期”),正坡度条件下,风速为 4.5 m/s 时测点区域温度最高可比风速为 1.5 m/s 时高约 100 ℃;在负坡度条件下,不同风速工况之间的温度差异也可达到约 100 ℃。可见,在林火蔓延后期,风速越大,测点区域温度上升越快;且相较于正坡度,负坡度条件下风速对温度变化的影响更为显著,符合实际火灾蔓延规律。
坡度对测点区域温度的影响曲线如图8所示。由图8可知,在火灾蔓延前期,坡度对测点区域温度的影响差异不明显。而在林火蔓延后期,负坡度越大,测点区域温度上升越缓慢;正坡度越大,测点区域温度上升越快。
相对湿度和环境温度对测点区域温度的影响曲线如图9所示。可见,相对湿度对测点温度的影响较小;而环境温度主要通过影响可燃物的初始温度,使其更快达到燃点,从而对测点温度产生影响。
传统静态仿真依赖固定的环境参数与初始火源条件,难以反映火灾发展过程中的动态变化。因此,提出了一种切片化动态仿真方法。该方法将火灾发展过程划分为若干时间切片(如每10 s为一个切片),每个切片内通过传感器、无人机或卫星实时采集火场环境数据(风速、坡度、温湿度等),同时结合上一切片的仿真输出结果(热释放速率HRR、火势边界及温度分布),动态调整下一切片的火源参数(强度、位置)与环境输入。例如,若第n个切片的仿真显示火势已蔓延至某一区域,则在第n+1个切片中,火源边界将扩展至该区域,同时根据实时风速和风向调整火焰倾斜角度,以模拟其对邻近可燃物的引燃效应。通过迭代更新模型参数,实现虚拟体与物理实体之间的双向交互,更精准地模拟火灾的实时演化规律。
在初始阶段,基于物理实体(PE)的静态参数(地形、植被分布)构建虚拟体模型(VM);在火灾初期,根据传感器等获取的火灾规模数据,设定初始火源条件。随着火灾蔓延,孪生数据层(DD)实时接收环境数据,智能仿真算法(ISA)结合前一时间切片的热释放速率和火势范围,计算当前火源的热释放速率与蔓延方向,并对虚拟体模型参数进行动态更新。当火场环境发生突变(如风速骤增或风向骤变)时,切片模型通过动态修正参数(如热对流强度与火源边界),快速响应环境变化,显著降低预测误差。与传统静态仿真相比,该精度的提升源于模型对火势非线性扩散特征的捕捉能力;通过迭代更新热释放速率与边界条件,可有效模拟火焰前锋的加速效应与热对流机制,克服传统方法因参数固化而导致的预测滞后问题。此外,模型通过分阶段整合历史仿真结果与实时数据,实现了虚实交互的动态优化。例如,在火势由线性蔓延向非线性扩散转变的关键阶段,模型通过实时修正火源参数,准确反映风速突变对火焰传播路径的影响。这种双向交互机制不仅提升了火灾预测的时效性,还可为应急决策提供高精度的三维火场态势图,从而优化资源调度效率。
以工况12微观场景模型为例,设置带状火源单位热释放速率为5 MW/m²,并以10 s为一个时间切片,共2个切片进行动态仿真,第10 s时检测到实时风速由0.5 m/s转变为-0.5 m/s,默认其他条件未发生改变。三维火场态势切片可视化对比如图10所示。由图10可知,第一个时间切片中,火势沿正方向均匀扩散,火焰轮廓呈类扇形扩展;风向改变后,火焰前锋受逆向气流压制,火势蔓延速度显著降低,且火焰轮廓向火源中心回缩。
HRR变化曲线如图11所示。第10 s时,风向突变导致HRR整体下降。该现象表明,风向突变通过改变热对流方向和氧气供应路径,直接抑制了火焰传播的动量与能量传递。切片化动态仿真方法通过实时耦合风速参数与场景模型,精准捕捉了这一非线性动态过程。仿真效率方面,PyroSim的仿真速度还取决于仿真设备的配置,在处理器i9-12900H、内存为32 GB条件下,传统静态仿真用时64 s,而切片化动态仿真用时50 s,仿真效率提升了21.88%。因此,实时数据的即时干预能够突破传统仿真的静态局限,通过动态耦合环境突变与火势演化规律,显著提升了预测精度和效率。该案例通过分阶段参数修正与动态耦合机制,验证了切片化仿真方法在复杂火场环境中的适用性,未来可进一步拓展至多参数联动场景,以全面优化森林火灾的动态监测体系。
引入数字孪生理念,搭建森林火灾动态监测框架,通过PyroSim建立云南松微观森林火灾场景模型,耦合火源点、坡度、风速、相对湿度、环境温度5个影响因素,对森林火灾蔓延进行模拟仿真分析,提出一种切片化动态仿真方法,旨在解决固定环境参数与初始火源条件下模拟仿真的滞后性。得出以下主要结论。
1)通过运用无人机、卫星、传感器等多源数据融合技术,可实现对火灾蔓延趋势的实时动态追踪与三维空间可视化,并为火灾行为模拟与灾情推演系统提供精准的时空数据输入。
2)可根据模拟仿真结果,预测森林火灾发展趋势,并快速做出反应,及时调配消防力量和资源,有效控制火势蔓延。
3)切片化动态仿真将火灾连续演化过程离散化为可调控的阶段,通过实时数据驱动与参数迭代优化,能够有效解决传统仿真方法在动态环境适应性和非线性特征建模方面的不足,显著提升预测精度和仿真效率。
4)相对湿度和环境温度通过影响可燃物的燃烧特性,进而影响火灾蔓延。这些因素对森林可燃物理化性质的影响具有长期性,应通过对实际物理模型进行长期模拟与分析加以揭示;森林虚拟体也需要在长期模拟过程中逐步积累数据,以准确反映其对火灾蔓延的综合模拟。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0115.08
  • 接收时间:2025-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-09
  • 修回日期:2025-06-23
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    1中国民航大学 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室 ,天津 300300
    2中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院 ,天津 300300

通讯作者:

刘泽宏,中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院硕士研究生,。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xfkxyjs/CN/10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0115.08
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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