Article(id=1307033173074928022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0030.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550591963, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550591963, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550591963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550591963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033173334974871, articleId=1307033173074928022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Review of fire safety risk monitoring technology for tunnel and cavern groups in pumped storage power stations, columnId=1307033115155788049, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Building fire protection design, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fire safety risk monitoring of tunnel and cavern groups is crucial to ensure the construction and safe operation of underground transportation, energy, and power facilities. This study systematically reviews the research progress of combustion characteristics, monitoring technologies, and intelligent prevention and control systems for fires in tunnel and cavern groups, which located at the pumped storage power stations. By analyzing typical fire cases, the characteristics of tunnel fires are summarized, which includes the strong concealment, the high toxicity of smoke, and the difficulty in evacuation and rescue. In the meantime, the principles and application scenarios of single-parameter fire detection technologies are also sorted, which includes the gas detection, the smoke detection, the flame detection, the temperature detection, and the video detection respectively. The problems existed in the sensors for single fire parameter are pointed out, which includes the high false and missed alarm rates and low data fusion efficiency in complex scenarios, and the multi-sensor networking communication technologies and information fusion algorithms are also discussed, which is conducive to improving monitoring accuracy and anti-interference ability. In the future, it is urgent to build an integrated intelligent monitoring system of "perception-decision-control" by combining digital twin and artificial intelligence technologies, promoting the transformation of tunnel fire monitoring from "passive early warning" to "active prevention and control", so as to provide theoretical support and technical guarantee for the safe operation and maintenance of underground spaces.

, authors=Wenlong Wang1, Yueqin Zhu1, Aichun Liu1, Jiaqing Zhang2, Chang Liu3, authorsList=Wenlong Wang, Yueqin Zhu, Aichun Liu, Jiaqing Zhang, Chang Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aichun Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033173909594520, articleId=1307033173074928022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=面向抽蓄电站的隧道洞室群火灾安全风险监测技术综述, columnId=1307033117097750803, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=建筑防火设计, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

隧道洞室群火灾安全风险监测是保障地下交通、能源、电力设施建设施工和安全运行的关键环节。本文系统回顾了面向抽水蓄能电站的隧道洞室群火灾燃烧特性、监测技术及智慧化防控体系的研究现状。通过分析典型火灾案例,总结了隧道火灾隐蔽性强、烟气毒性高、疏散救援困难等特征,梳理了气体探测、感烟探测、火焰探测、感温探测及视频探测等单参量火灾探测技术的原理与应用场景。指出了单火灾参数传感器误报漏报率高、复杂场景下数据融合效率低等问题,探讨了多传感器组网通信技术与信息融合算法在提升监测精度与抗干扰能力中的作用。未来亟须结合数字孪生与人工智能技术构建“感知-决策-控制”一体化智慧监测体系,推动隧道火灾监测从“被动预警”向“主动防控”转型,为地下空间安全运维提供理论支撑与技术保障。

, authors=王文龙1, 朱月琴1, 刘爱春1, 张佳庆2, 刘畅3, authorsList=王文龙, 朱月琴, 刘爱春, 张佳庆, 刘畅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘爱春, authorNote=

王文龙,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院助理研究员,博士,主要从事抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾风险监测技术研究,北京市海淀区清河安宁庄路1号,100085。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘爱春,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院研究员,主要从事基于光纤传感技术的地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾监测预警应用研究,。
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王文龙,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院助理研究员,博士,主要从事抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾风险监测技术研究,北京市海淀区清河安宁庄路1号,100085。

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王文龙,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院助理研究员,博士,主要从事抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾风险监测技术研究,北京市海淀区清河安宁庄路1号,100085。

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Study on combustion characteristics of fires inside subway train with multiple lateral openings[D]. 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Characteristics of multiple fires in the tunnel and smoke exhaustion using shafts[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2021., articleTitle=Characteristics of multiple fires in the tunnel and smoke exhaustion using shafts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307033190145745401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033173074928022, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=99, issue=null, pageStart=214, pageEnd=223, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=49, authorNames=Zhang S G, Cheng X D, Yao Y Z, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang S G, Cheng X D, Yao Y Z, et al. An experimental investigation on blockage effect of metro train on the smoke back-layering in subway tunnel fires[J]. 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Numerical simulation and experimental research on gas distribution by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy[D]. 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Research and application of fire monitoring system using wireless sensor network[D]. 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Characteristic absorption wavelengths of common gases encountered at fire scenes

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分子式中文名称波长/μm
CO一氧化碳1.550、1.567、1.570、1.578、1.580、1.592、2.300、2.320、4.700、5.000
CO2二氧化碳1.550、1.573、1.609、1.650、1.960、1.996、1.997、2.000、2.020、4.230
O2氧气0.760、0.761
CH4甲烷1.646、1.650、1.651、1.665、3.260
C2H2乙炔1.520、1.530、7.400
CH2O甲醛5.700
C2H4O乙醛7.870
H2O水蒸气0.812、1.300、1.310、1.341、1.365、1.390、1.550、1.578、2.000、5.940
H2O2过氧化氢8.010
NO一氧化氮1.567、1.790、1.800、2.650、5.250、5.400
NO2二氧化氮0.670、0.740、0.800、6.140、6.220
N2O一氧化二氮1.520、2.260、4.470、4.550、5.400
NH3氨气1.540、1.544、10.000、10.300
HCN氰化氢1.540、6.910
HF氟化氢1.310、1.340
HCl氯化氢1.200、1.700
HBr溴化氢1.950、2.000
SO2二氧化硫7.280、7.500
H2S硫化氢1.570、1.578
), ArticleFig(id=1307033180343656902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033173074928022, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

火灾现场常见气体特征吸收波长

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分子式中文名称波长/μm
CO一氧化碳1.550、1.567、1.570、1.578、1.580、1.592、2.300、2.320、4.700、5.000
CO2二氧化碳1.550、1.573、1.609、1.650、1.960、1.996、1.997、2.000、2.020、4.230
O2氧气0.760、0.761
CH4甲烷1.646、1.650、1.651、1.665、3.260
C2H2乙炔1.520、1.530、7.400
CH2O甲醛5.700
C2H4O乙醛7.870
H2O水蒸气0.812、1.300、1.310、1.341、1.365、1.390、1.550、1.578、2.000、5.940
H2O2过氧化氢8.010
NO一氧化氮1.567、1.790、1.800、2.650、5.250、5.400
NO2二氧化氮0.670、0.740、0.800、6.140、6.220
N2O一氧化二氮1.520、2.260、4.470、4.550、5.400
NH3氨气1.540、1.544、10.000、10.300
HCN氰化氢1.540、6.910
HF氟化氢1.310、1.340
HCl氯化氢1.200、1.700
HBr溴化氢1.950、2.000
SO2二氧化硫7.280、7.500
H2S硫化氢1.570、1.578
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面向抽蓄电站的隧道洞室群火灾安全风险监测技术综述
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王文龙 1 , 朱月琴 1 , 刘爱春 1 , 张佳庆 2 , 刘畅 3
消防科学与技术 | 建筑防火设计 2026,45(8): 30-40
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消防科学与技术 |建筑防火设计 2026 , 45 (8) : 30 -40
面向抽蓄电站的隧道洞室群火灾安全风险监测技术综述
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王文龙,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院助理研究员,博士,主要从事抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾风险监测技术研究,北京市海淀区清河安宁庄路1号,100085。

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王文龙,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院助理研究员,博士,主要从事抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾风险监测技术研究,北京市海淀区清河安宁庄路1号,100085。

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王文龙1, 朱月琴1, 刘爱春1 , 张佳庆2, 刘畅3
作者信息
  • 1应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院 ,北京 100085
  • 2国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 电力火灾与安全防护安徽省重点实验室 ,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 3国网电力工程研究院有限公司 ,北京 100053
通讯作者:
刘爱春,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院研究员,主要从事基于光纤传感技术的地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾监测预警应用研究,。
作者简介:

王文龙,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院助理研究员,博士,主要从事抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾风险监测技术研究,北京市海淀区清河安宁庄路1号,100085。

Review of fire safety risk monitoring technology for tunnel and cavern groups in pumped storage power stations
Wenlong Wang1, Yueqin Zhu1, Aichun Liu1 , Jiaqing Zhang2, Chang Liu3
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China , Beijing 100085 , China
  • 2State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Electric Fire and Safety Protection , Hefei Anhui 230601 , China
  • 3State Grid Electric Power Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd. , Beijing 100053 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0030.11
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隧道洞室群火灾安全风险监测是保障地下交通、能源、电力设施建设施工和安全运行的关键环节。本文系统回顾了面向抽水蓄能电站的隧道洞室群火灾燃烧特性、监测技术及智慧化防控体系的研究现状。通过分析典型火灾案例,总结了隧道火灾隐蔽性强、烟气毒性高、疏散救援困难等特征,梳理了气体探测、感烟探测、火焰探测、感温探测及视频探测等单参量火灾探测技术的原理与应用场景。指出了单火灾参数传感器误报漏报率高、复杂场景下数据融合效率低等问题,探讨了多传感器组网通信技术与信息融合算法在提升监测精度与抗干扰能力中的作用。未来亟须结合数字孪生与人工智能技术构建“感知-决策-控制”一体化智慧监测体系,推动隧道火灾监测从“被动预警”向“主动防控”转型,为地下空间安全运维提供理论支撑与技术保障。

隧道洞室群  /  火灾监测  /  通信组网  /  信息融合  /  智能防控

Fire safety risk monitoring of tunnel and cavern groups is crucial to ensure the construction and safe operation of underground transportation, energy, and power facilities. This study systematically reviews the research progress of combustion characteristics, monitoring technologies, and intelligent prevention and control systems for fires in tunnel and cavern groups, which located at the pumped storage power stations. By analyzing typical fire cases, the characteristics of tunnel fires are summarized, which includes the strong concealment, the high toxicity of smoke, and the difficulty in evacuation and rescue. In the meantime, the principles and application scenarios of single-parameter fire detection technologies are also sorted, which includes the gas detection, the smoke detection, the flame detection, the temperature detection, and the video detection respectively. The problems existed in the sensors for single fire parameter are pointed out, which includes the high false and missed alarm rates and low data fusion efficiency in complex scenarios, and the multi-sensor networking communication technologies and information fusion algorithms are also discussed, which is conducive to improving monitoring accuracy and anti-interference ability. In the future, it is urgent to build an integrated intelligent monitoring system of "perception-decision-control" by combining digital twin and artificial intelligence technologies, promoting the transformation of tunnel fire monitoring from "passive early warning" to "active prevention and control", so as to provide theoretical support and technical guarantee for the safe operation and maintenance of underground spaces.

tunnel and cavern groups  /  fire monitoring  /  communication networking  /  information fusion  /  intelligent prevention and control
王文龙, 朱月琴, 刘爱春, 张佳庆, 刘畅. 面向抽蓄电站的隧道洞室群火灾安全风险监测技术综述. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0030.11
Wenlong Wang, Yueqin Zhu, Aichun Liu, Jiaqing Zhang, Chang Liu. Review of fire safety risk monitoring technology for tunnel and cavern groups in pumped storage power stations[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0030.11
随着现代化进程的加快,过度集聚的人口、资源与有限的建设用地之间的矛盾愈发凸显,向高空和深层空间要地,城市的发展格局由二维平面模式向三维立体模式转变。与之配套的交通运输、能源电力、网络通信等基础设施建设,形成了大量具有复杂结构的地下空间,如公路隧道、地铁隧道、跨海隧道、电缆隧道、光纤光缆隧道、地下综合体等[1-2]。深中通道海底沉管隧道长约6.845 km,由标准管节、非标管节和水中接头组成[3]。秦岭终南山双洞单向隧道为世界上最长的公路隧道,长度达18.02 km [4]。此外,抽水蓄能技术作为成熟稳定的新型电力系统调峰填谷手段,在光伏发电、风力发电、潮汐发电、波浪发电等新能源发电技术大发展的背景下,响应了极端天气条件下提升电网运行质量和稳定性的需求,因而获得了大力发展和应用。截至2023年底,我国抽水蓄能电站已建容量达5.094万MW,规划容量约82.3万MW[5]。抽蓄电站地下洞室群由引水洞、地下厂房、尾水洞、交通洞、通风洞、出线洞、主变洞、施工支洞、电缆竖井等组成,它们之间互相交错,立体互通,形成了复杂的隧洞网络[6-12]。
抽水蓄能电站等关键场景下的隧道洞室群具有变坡度、大曲率、多分岔、长距离等复杂结构特征,为典型的非常规狭长受限空间[13-16]。与开放空间相比,隧道内流场结构、通风条件、边界约束、气体扩散等发生显著变化,从而深刻影响着隧道火灾的反应动力学机制和应急救援策略。与单一洞室相比,洞室群中多个隧道或洞室相互连通,火灾烟气和火焰可通过连接通道扩散至非火灾区域,形成多方向、非线性的蔓延路径,探测器需覆盖交叉口、连通段等关键节点并具备快速响应和多点定位能力。隧道火灾具有以下特点:(1)火灾隐蔽性强,存在监控盲区,难以在火灾发生早期及时探测到火灾风险隐患[17];(2)火灾发生后,热量在受限空间内积聚,温度升高,易与通风、监测、照明系统耦合作用,剧烈燃烧蔓延,增大火势;(3)氧气供给不充分,可燃物在隧道内发生不完全燃烧,释放大量有毒有害烟气,降低了隧道内的能见度,容易造成人员中毒或窒息;(4)人员疏散通道与烟气传输路径重叠,而火灾扑救路线与烟气传输路径相反,增大了人员疏散和火灾扑救难度,容易造成二次伤害和踩踏事故。隧道火灾造成人员伤亡和结构坍塌的主要原因是剧烈燃烧放热形成的高温环境和不完全燃烧产生的有毒烟气[18]。
近年来,国内外研究学者通过改变可燃物种类、火源功率、阻塞比、通风排烟方式、火源位置等参数开展了不同隧道尺寸和结构下的火灾小尺度模型试验、全尺寸试验、数值模拟和理论分析研究,发现了吸穿现象和活塞风效应,揭示了隧道火灾烟气输运和分层规律、火源燃烧速率、顶棚下方温度分布、防火隔烟分区划分、人员疏散策略等方面的深层次理论机制[19-22]。钟茂华等[23]回顾了列车车内、列车车体、区间隧道、车站隧道、配线隧道、地铁车站、地铁停车场发生火灾的全尺寸试验研究进展,综述了地铁列车、区间隧道及复杂结构隧道火灾的烟气输运规律与控烟模式。郭志国等[24]系统阐述了我国公路隧道火灾烟气特性、预测方法、探测技术、预警机制及控制手段,并认为隧道火灾探测应朝着数字化、智慧化的方向发展。邓军等[25]从智能感知、预测模型、预警平台3个角度总结了面向矿井火灾的智能监测预警现状,并提出基于大数据和大模型技术提升矿井火灾智能研判和自适应防控能力的未来发展方向。蔡晶菁等[26]基于从中国知网(CNKI)上检索到的2 406篇隧道火灾相关文献,使用CiteSpace软件进行了共现分析,发现关键词“火灾探测”的出现频次仅为25次。本文基于CNKI和Web of Science等中英文数据库,使用VOSviewer软件补充了关键词共现图谱,发现关键词“隧道火灾探测”“tunnel fire detection”的出现频次仅占“火灾探测”“fire detection”的2.25%、0.49%。综上,尽管前人已就隧道火灾的燃烧科学和火灾动力学机制进行了深入研究并取得了丰硕成果,然而对超前期火灾安全风险的监测机理和技术研究仍显不足,亟须系统梳理和总结隧道洞室群火灾监测现有成果,为构建及时准确高效的“点、线、网”抽水蓄能电站地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾智能监测系统平台提供必要的研究思路和技术方法参考。
隧道内铺设的电缆线路、行驶的机动车辆、运转的机械设备、堆放的燃油木垛等易燃品、洞壁释放的瓦斯等岩层可燃气,均存在较大的火灾安全风险隐患,一旦引燃着火,后果不堪设想。隧道火灾的主要起火原因有:(1)电气设备或电气线路发生过电流短路放热、高电压击穿放电等故障;(2)机械部件长时间运转导致的热量积聚,如地铁和车轨摩擦生热导致局部高温;(3)作业人员因对技术规范不熟悉导致的误操作;(4)动火作业产生的火花、高温焊渣等;(5)情绪失控或精神失常人员进行的人为纵火或恐怖袭击[27-29]。近年来,重特大隧道火灾事故多发频发,造成了巨大的人员伤亡、经济损失和极其恶劣的社会影响。
隧道火灾的燃烧蔓延过程大致可以分为4个主要阶段:(1)固体可燃物发生阴燃或凝聚相燃料受热降解,释放出小分子气体,与周围空气形成可燃性气体混合物,此时可以采用气体探测器进行监测,实现早期状态下隧道火灾的预警、警戒和报警;(2)大量可燃性气体以粉尘等颗粒物为凝结核生成肉眼可见的大粒径白色烟雾,此时可以采用感烟探测器进行监测;(3)可燃性气体烟雾在电火花、局部高温热流的激励下突破点火能阈值,触发自由基链式反应,在剧烈分子碰撞下发生电子跃迁,形成明火,此时可以采用火焰探测器进行监测;(4)火焰在外界通风和自然对流等作用下剧烈燃烧,不断引燃周围可燃物,火势迅速扩大,伴随着强烈的发光发热过程并释放大量浓烟,热量在狭窄受限空间内积聚,形成典型的高温环境,此时采用感温探测器进行监测[30]。另一方面,还可以从火灾理化特性角度,梳理火灾参量与火灾探测手段的关系,如通过声音探测器对火灾过程中发出的燃烧音进行监测,通过图像探测器对火焰和烟雾形状进行监测,通过静电探测器对微粒等火灾固体产物进行监测[31-35]。通过声学系统可以探测到火焰脉动,这是因为火灾对周围气体的加热效应改变了局部声速,从而形成了特征压力波[36]。综上,基于典型隧道火灾特征,识别出相应的安全风险类型,从而有针对性地研发专门的火灾探测手段,降低误报、漏报率,实现对火灾现场质量流、能量流的即时感知和有效监测,为火灾发生与否的分析研判提供必要支撑。
燃烧是可燃性物体发生快速氧化的过程,而火灾的本质是失去控制的燃烧,常常伴随着气体、烟雾、光亮和热量的产生和释放。借助火灾探测器,可以提取出火灾参量的绝对值及其时间变化率,从而能够在火灾发生早期实现快速识别和预警,推动安全关口前置前移,为火灾扑灭及人员疏散赢得更多宝贵时间。经过四十多年的发展,我国火灾探测技术实现了从以固定阈值为特点的开关量型探测器,到以依靠火灾控制器进行集中式信号处理为特点的模拟量型探测器,再到以集成微处理器就地完成信号处理为特点的分布智能型探测器的转变。接下来,将对单参量火灾探测技术进行系统梳理和阐述。
凝聚相燃料受热分解和气相燃烧过程中往往伴随着旧物质的消耗和新物质的生成,尤其是气态物质的浓度将发生显著变化,如作为反应物的O2将随着反应的进行逐渐减少,即氧耗特征,而作为生成物的CO、H2O、CO2、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物、硫化物等的浓度变化则具有演变特征[37]。表1展示了火灾中常用的气体特征吸收波长统计情况[38],可以看出,CO、H2O、CO2等具有多条红外谱线。多数燃烧产气与作为还原剂的燃料种类有关,而CO和CO2的演变特征往往不随特定燃料变化,具有良好的普遍适用性,常被选作探测火灾的特征气体。常见气体浓度检测方法包括非光学法和光学法,探测原理包括气电化学反应和红外吸收等,其中热催化检测法、超声波多普勒检测法、被动检气管法、气敏传感器和气相色谱法等为非光学方法,通常存在响应慢、只能进行单点测量的局限,而可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)、差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)、差分吸收激光雷达技术(DIAL)、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)、激光光声光谱技术(PAS)、激光诱导荧光光谱技术(PLIF)等为光学方法,具有非接触测量、实时性好、响应时间短等优点[39]。
通过探测器敏感元件与气体界面发生氧化还原反应等作用,分析敏感元件的晶体频率、导电性能和电容参数等的变化,从而反演出气体浓度,即为化学分析法。该方法作为早期气体检测的核心方法,最初应用于工业生产中单一气体的浓度监测,随着工业安全需求的提升,逐渐由单点测量拓展到多点点位测量,但始终未能突破实时连续现场测量的技术瓶颈,具有响应时间长、测量精度低、容易发生探测器堵塞中毒等缺点。
气体物质发生分子振动或分子转动时,会吸收红外光,形成特征红外吸收光谱。可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS,Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy)以可调谐激光二极管为检测光源,激光线宽远小于被测气体谱线宽度,具有良好的单模特性和调制精度,可以有效避免火场多种气体共存造成的交叉干扰和检测误差,在20世纪90年代后逐步应用于火场气体浓度测量。通过对二极管激光器进行精准调谐,发射出与被检气体特征吸收波长相匹配的激光,随后该激光进入充满火灾气体的反射吸收池,激光束被反复吸收后光强发生衰减。如式(1)所示,通过测量并计算吸收前后的激光束光强之比,基于Lambert-Beer定律可以反演出被检气体浓度[30]。
It=I0e-kcL
式中:It为激光束通过吸收池后的残余光强;I0为可调谐二极管激光光源出射光强;k为吸收常数;c为被检气体浓度;L为测量区域特征长度。
差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy)主要借助可见光或紫外线特征吸收光谱区分气体类型和测量气体浓度,核心原理是Lambert-Beer定律,常用于NO2、SO2和O3等气体的浓度监测。DOAS通过数学工具实现光谱中窄带吸收(气体分子特征吸收)与宽带吸收(Rayleigh散射、Mie散射等)的分离,从而提取出差分吸收光谱,并结合已知气体吸收截面反演出气体浓度。DOAS早期主要应用于环境空气质量监测,后逐步拓展至火灾烟气监测领域,优点是可消除宽带吸收的影响,适用于远程大范围监测,但易受水蒸气的干扰。
傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)基于迈克尔逊干涉原理,通过分束器将红外检测光分成两束,分别经定镜与动镜反射并与待测气体相互作用后形成干涉信号,随后通过检测器将带有被测气体吸收信息的干涉信号进行光电转换,并利用傅里叶变换完成时域干涉图向频域红外光谱图的转变,从而借助得到的红外吸收光谱计算气体浓度。FTIR初期聚焦实验室高精度气体分析,后拓展至现场监测领域,具有灵敏度和分辨率高、光谱范围宽、扫描速度快、信噪比高等优点,但傅里叶变换用时较长,无法实现实时监控。
火灾早期小分子热解产物在空气中遇冷凝结形成的雾状白烟,过剩的高温裂解可燃气重新组合形成的炭烟颗粒[40],固体燃料过火后残留的灰烬,这些都是火灾烟雾的重要组成部分,与周围空气形成混合气溶胶。在燃烧过程早期的阴燃和热解阶段,以释放烟雾气溶胶为主,因此烟雾探测器是用于较早探测到火灾发生的最主要火灾传感器[41]。烟雾气溶胶能够减小激光束光强和电离室离子电流,改变电容器介电常数和半导体性质,因而感烟火灾探测器通常可以分为光电型、离子型、电容型和半导体型等类型。
烟雾粒子对光路具有遮挡作用和散射效应,基于此,光电型感烟探测器可以分为减光型和散光型。前者如红外光束型感烟探测器,它由发射端和接收端组成,工作时从发射端发出红外光,经过充满烟雾粒子的火场后进入接收端,由于烟雾粒子的吸收作用,接收到的红外光光强减弱,当接收光强低于一定阈值时,视为火灾发生。后者主要基于Mie散射原理[42],发光管和收光管通常具有一定夹角,入射光在进入光学暗室时,会与粒径介于0.1~3.0倍光波长的烟雾粒子发生Mie散射,从而使收光管接收到更强的光信号和电信号,当其超过设定阈值时,视为火灾发生。非火灾气溶胶(如粉尘、雾霾、小液滴等)往往具有更大的粒径和更强的消光能力,白烟能够通过散射作用增强接收光信号强度,而黑烟则会通过吸收效应减弱接收光信号强度,极易造成光电感烟探测器的误报漏报。后期发展出了基于不同波长的入射光Sauter平均粒径、表面积浓度和体积浓度等气溶胶粒度分布特征的双波长多通道多参数火灾探测方法,通过调节浓度转换系数来平衡探测器对白烟和黑烟的响应,有效排除了非火灾气溶胶干扰,提高了光电感烟探测器准确率。
放射源释放的α射线进入电离室后,会使空气发生电离,并在平板电极的作用下形成电离电流。而当电离室内存在烟雾气溶胶时,烟雾粒子会吸附离子并降低α射线的电离能力,从而使接收到的电离电流减少,当低于一定阈值时,视为火灾发生。离子型感烟探测器对阴燃的响应速度较慢,容易受污物堆积影响,并具有一定的放射性,因而应用场景较少。
火焰探测又可以称为热辐射探测,主要是基于火焰辐射中的红外光、紫外光和微波成分等光谱分布和能量特征对早期火灾进行探测,原理包括光电效应、热电效应、压电效应和电磁效应等。在近红外、中红外和远红外各存在一个大气窗口,分别对应1~3、3~5、8~14 μm,此时可以忽略大气对红外线的吸收作用的影响,物体辐射能量由自身温度决定,对应于同一波长的辐照度随着温度的升高而增大[43]。20世纪50年代后,数字图像处理技术兴起,逐步应用于火灾探测,通过红外图像去噪、边缘提取优化识别精度。对于单波段红外火焰探测器,辐照度强弱体现在图像像素值的大小,易受距离远近的影响,而双波段红外火灾探测器,通过两个波段图像像素值的比值与温度的对应关系进行火焰探测,可以规避距离因素的干扰。水蒸气和CO2对火焰中碳氢化合物红外辐射的2.7 μm和4.4 μm波段光谱具有特征增强效应,因此可用H2O-CO2的特征组合对火焰进行探测,应用场景包括隧道、地铁等密闭空间。消防系统中常采用三波段红外火焰探测器,即3.8、4.3、5.2 μm,通过解耦运算,消除高温热源红外辐射和低温物体红外辐射的干扰[44]。红外传感器在火焰与周围环境之间的温度梯度较大时优势显著,但存在图像质量差、火焰特征提取精度低等缺点,可与可见光传感器搭配使用,提高火灾检测系统的适用性、实时性和准确性[45]。紫外火焰探测是检测因火焰中的CO2、CO和OH成分而产生的185~260 nm短波长光谱,由于大气中水分和臭氧对紫外线的吸收强烈,可以排除太阳光的干扰,因而紫外火焰探测常用在户外场景。Tsai C F等[46]搭配使用在440 nm响应良好的蓝色传感器与峰值响应在280 nm的紫外传感器,以消除人工辐射源对火焰监测的干扰。尽管与红外传感器相比,微波辐射计的空间分辨率较低、难以提供直观的视觉图像,但火焰微波成分具有更强的穿透性,可以克服红外辐射因混凝土材料、植被和浓烟层存在而衰减的弊端,因而也可以采用微波手段有效探测被障碍物遮挡的火点。
燃烧过程中,可燃物与氧化性气体发生有效碰撞,导致化学键的断裂和重组,反应物与生成物之间的能量差值即为释放出的热量。这些热量通过传导、对流、辐射等方式输运到周围环境,造成温度的升高,可以通过热敏元件对火灾的热特征进行探测,即感温探测。19 世纪末,英国研制出首批感温式火灾探测器。按照门限响应类型,感温火灾探测器可以分为定温式、差温式和差定温式。定温式火灾探测器在温度达到设定阈值后进行报警,差温式火灾探测器在温度上升速率达到设定阈值后进行报警,差定温式火灾探测器则是将二者结合起来使用。按照热敏元件是否与火场直接接触,感温火灾探测器可以分为接触式和非接触式。接触式火灾探测器基于传感器的应力应变、电流、电压、电阻等参量变化反演测量点位的温度信息,包括热电阻、热电偶、膨胀式温度计、黑体辐射测温法和压力表式温度计等;非接触式火灾探测器基于光学、声学信号与温度间的关系转换实现间接测温,包括图像辐射光谱法、辐射强度双色法、激光光谱干涉法、激光光谱散射法、红外激光吸收光谱法和声学声速与频率法等。Lou C等[47]基于CCD辐射图像方法进行了火焰温度场重建,并将其与热电偶结果进行对比,二者测温差值约为20 K,验证了该方法的可靠性。此外,感温火灾探测器还可以分为点式、多点式和连续式(线式),如热电偶为典型的点式感温探测器,通过构建热电偶树,可实现多点式温度测量,而空气管温差探测器、热敏合金线差温探测器、感温电缆等为线式感温探测器[48]。贾伯岩等[49]在感温电缆中嵌入消防芯片,优化多源数据自适应与融合算法,有效提升了隧道火灾定位精准度和预警精确性。感温火灾探测器具有技术成熟、成本低、维护简单等优点,适用于相对封闭空间,但其依赖温度阈值触发,对高大空间、开阔区域易因距离远导致参数未达阈值而延误报警,此外其抗干扰能力较弱,易受环境温度波动影响。
光纤传感技术是基于布拉格光栅、拉曼散射、布里渊散射等光学原理建立起来的空间温度场实时测量技术,从早期简单温度感知,发展为可实现温度分布可视化、定位精准的监测系统,具有敏感性强、定位精度高、性能稳定、抗干扰能力强、灵敏度高、测量数据量大等优点,可实现多点式和连续式温度监测,已广泛应用在各类隧道火灾的广域长距离温度分布测量中[50-51]。
通过紫外激光对光纤芯层进行间隔照射,可以改变相应点位的折射率,形成具有选择性反射波长的无源性布拉格光栅。当宽带光入射时,布拉格光栅将基于光纤芯层的折射率反射一个中心波长与之调制相位相对应的窄带光,该中心波长即为布拉格波长,将随着外界温度的不同发生线性变化,因而可以通过对布拉格波长进行监测和解调,精确反演光纤光栅的温度变化。借助于波分复用技术,可以将多达上百个光栅探测点串接到同一根光纤中,实现多点式(准分布式)温度测量[52]。该测温技术为国内自主研发技术,应用于隧道、电缆隧道、大型油罐等场景,支持波分复用,具有信号稳定、抗干扰强、远程监测、复用能力强、探测精度高等优点,但也存在成本高、安装要求严格、探测单元间距有限、受遮挡影响等缺点。
当电子发生正向跃迁时,出射光频率小于入射光频率,即为斯托克斯光,其强度几乎不受温度变化的影响;当电子发生反向跃迁时,出射光频率大于入射光频率,即为反斯托克斯光,其强度随光纤温度的升高而增强。因此,可以建立温度和反斯托克斯光强与斯托克斯光强的比值的关系式,通过测量二者光强,反推出测量点处的温度,如式(2)所示[52]。
T=h∆fkln ISIAS+4lnf0+∆ff0-∆f-1
式中:T为待测点温度;h为Planck常数;k为Boltzmann常数;IS为斯托克斯光强;IAS为反斯托克斯光强;f0为入射光频率;∆f为拉曼光频率增量。
此外,通过测量入射光与后向散射光的时间差,结合光在介质中的传播速度,可以完成对测量点的精准空间定位,实现连续式(分布式)温度测量。连续激光在传播过程中会发生非线性的布里渊散射,通过光功率的变化可以推得测量点与光源的距离。该测温技术在上世纪末由欧洲率先应用,后引入国内,初期以代理和技术合作为主,核心部件依赖进口设备,具有长距离监测、抗电磁干扰强、本质防爆、适配易燃易爆环境等优点,但需在隧道内设置恒温恒湿设备间以保护探测信号处理器,单段光纤损坏会影响全线,重建成本高。
视频火灾探测技术主要是基于图像识别、深度学习、目标检测等人工智能算法模型对火焰和烟雾的静态和动态特征进行识别监测,如火焰的颜色、外观、纹理、闪烁、面积增长、形状变化等特征,烟雾的颜色、纹理、模糊、主运动方向、轮廓变化、背景对比度、能量等特征。通过CCD或CMOS等传感器实时采集目标区域的视频并进行分析处理,自动识别画面中的火灾目标,从而实现视频火灾探测。光流法和帧差法是常用的火灾运动特征捕捉手段,前者通过提取图像运动区域特征点光流,建立反映像素点灰度变化的运动区域速度场,根据运动目标与干扰物在光流矢量上的统计差异实现动态检测[53];后者需要计算相邻两帧或者大于两帧间的图像差分,差分值超过既定阈值的为前景运动目标,否则为背景区域。与传统火焰和烟雾探测手段相比,视频火灾探测技术可以利用已有的安防监控摄像系统,不需要安装昂贵的光学设备,主要通过计算机视觉及信息处理技术识别获取起火位置、灾情严重度及火点周边情况等信息,满足高大空间和地下空间建筑的火灾探测需求[54]。
视频火焰探测主要用于夜间,基于热红外原理识别火焰,而视频烟雾探测可以在火灾发生早期快速发现火情,得到更广泛的应用和研究。Zhang D等[55]基于卷积神经网络CNN和多头注意力机制MH提出了可见光和红外光火焰图像融合算法,由编码层、融合层和解码层3部分组成,其中编码层包括共享特征提取模块、基于MH的基础特征提取模块和基于CNN的详细特征提取模块。通过开展自编译火场数据集验证试验、消融试验和YOLOv8s目标检测试验,与已有算法相比,CNN-MH融合算法无论是主观视觉效果还是客观评价指标方面都具有明显的优势,极大提高了火场中目标识别的效率。万紫玉[56]提出了新型小火焰检测网络AS-YOLOv5,将Swin Transformer视觉网络与YOLOv5结合起来,显著改善了隧道内小火焰的识别效果,精度达93.70%,与原网络相比提升了11.81%。Cheng Y Y等[57]构建了基于CNN的分段式隧道火灾视频探测模型,并通过卡尔曼滤波方法实现了实时火场信息与预测模型的数据同化,提升了多尺度火焰的检测效率,但其对小火焰和早期烟雾的敏感度相对有限。Huo Y N等[58]基于生成对抗网络(GANs)建立了样本数量大、种类多的火灾烟雾图像数据集,开发了基于时空特征融合与静态特征强化的视频烟雾探测系统,缺点是需要标注大量数据。王世东提出了基于早期火灾烟气摇摆与扩散特征的目标检测算法,通过候选区域灰度共生矩阵提取出烟气,具有较高的计算效率,适合嵌入式部署,但其环境适应性较弱、易受干扰。总而言之,深度学习方法在复杂、动态场景中的准确性和鲁棒性显著优于传统方法,轻量化CNN更适合实时监控,而图像融合技术更适合多模态感知的固定监控场景。
单参量单传感器火灾探测技术虽能针对火灾发展的特定阶段实现有效感知,但其固有的环境敏感性高、误报漏报率高等问题,在结构复杂、干扰源多的隧道洞室群中尤为突出。为突破单一传感模式的局限,构建可靠、智能的火灾监测体系,需从传感网络的物理互联、多源信息的智能处理与系统平台的智慧集成3个层面突破地下复杂洞室群火灾风险综合探测技术。
在隧道火灾监测中,往往同时采用多个点式或线式传感器对特征火灾参量进行数据采集和分析处理,需要借助有线连接或无线通信手段实现多传感器间的互联互通,构建起火灾安全风险智能感知网络。无线传感器网络监测系统通常包括传感器节点、汇聚节点及管理节点,传感器节点采集到监测区域现场信息后,逐跳传输至汇聚节点,由管理节点配置和管理传感器网络。常见的无线组网技术包括短距离通信技术和低功耗广域网技术等,前者如BlueTooth、Wi-Fi、IrDA和ZigBee等,后者如LoRa、NB-IoT和SigFox等[59]。
ZigBee技术是应用较为广泛的自组网短距离无线通信控制方式,融合了网络、无线通信、单片机、传感器及自动控制等技术,工作频段为868、915 MHz及2.4 GHz,传输速率和距离分别可达256 kbit/s和2.5 km,具有监测范围广、精度高、可靠性好和扩展性强等优点,适用于隧道火灾多参数实时监测。基于ZigBee无线组网技术的隧道火灾探测系统包括下位机ZigBee传感器网络和上位机数据监控系统,前者由终端数据采集节点、路由节点和汇聚节点组成,路由节点将终端节点采集到的特征参量数据转发至汇聚节点,汇聚节点通过RS232串口与上位机实现通信,上位机借助编程软件实现传感器测量数据的显示和查询。此外,上位机还可以利用隧道外部的4G网络,实现远距离数据传输。
隧道火灾监测系统中,往往同时对多种类型的火灾特征进行数据采集、信息融合与综合研判,优化传感器选型和布设方案,以提高系统韧性和智能化水平,降低火灾误报、漏报率,避免使用单参量火灾探测造成的认知偏差[60]。依据信息熵理论机制中的互信息概念,兼顾最小冗余性和最大相关性准则,选取多参量火灾探测特征组合。喻凌峰[61]采用感烟传感器、火焰传感器和感温传感器的组合同时对隧道火灾烟雾、火焰和温度进行探测,有效解决了隧道火灾检测参量单一、信息获取受限导致的系统误报。楚林选用了气体传感器、感烟传感器和感温传感器的组合对隧道火灾中的CO浓度、烟雾浓度和温度进行监测,此外还监测了隧道风速和实时车流量等关键环境参量,显著提升了多传感器系统的响应速度、鲁棒性和准确性。
多参量多型号火灾传感器采集的多源异构火灾监测数据经过A/D转换、降噪、筛选等预处理流程后,需要基于一定规则进行智能融合,方能变成用于后续火灾预报预警和应急响应的有效信息。按照融合的处理层次,多火灾参量信息融合技术可以分为数据层融合(信息层融合)、特征层融合和决策层融合:数据层融合是直接对同质传感器采集的原始数据进行中低等级的融合,处理时间较长,抗干扰能力和容错能力较差;特征层融合介于数据层融合和决策层融合中间,从数据层提取特征信息,并将之传递给决策层,通过数据压缩操作降低了数据的复杂度,具有实时性高、空间灵活性好等优点,应用较为广泛;决策层融合将同质或异质传感器视为观测目标,得到对结果的一致性描述,为决策控制提供依据,具有抗干扰能力强、实时性高等优点,但精度较低、信息损失较大[62]。此外,根据融合结构,多火灾参量信息融合技术可以分为集中型融合、分散型融合、反馈型融合和混合型融合;根据融合级别,多火灾参量信息融合技术可以分为检测级融合、位置级融合、目标识别级融合、态势评估和威胁估计5个层次。
常用的多火灾参量信息融合算法可以分为传统的最优估计理论方法和统计推理方法,以及现代的信息论方法和人工智能方法:最优估计理论方法包括加权平均法、最小二乘法、最大似然估计法和卡尔曼滤波法等;统计推理方法包括Bayes估计、Dempster-Shafer证据理论、经典推理法、随机集理论、品质因数法等;信息论方法包括熵理论、模版法和聚类分析等;人工智能方法包括专家系统、模糊逻辑推理、神经网络、支持向量机SVM、产生式原则、模糊积分理论和遗传算法等。喻凌峰借助最小二乘法对源自同类传感器的数据进行局部信息融合,再借助Dempster-Shafer证据理论将源自不同种类传感器的局部最优融合数据进行全局信息融合,从而实现对隧道火灾发生与否的准确识别和判断。Yu M M等[63]提出了一种基于Bayes估计的多火灾探测器火源反演方法,该方法节省了计算资源,消除了数据集大小对反演性能的影响,缩短了火灾报警时间。几种典型的多火灾参量信息融合算法介绍如下。
该方法主要用于对实时动态的低层次多火灾参量冗余数据进行融合,可分为分散式卡尔曼滤波和扩展式卡尔曼滤波,前者可以避免单个传感器失效导致的系统整体失效,后者可以消除系统模型线性程度的误差或数据处理不稳定性对融合过程的影响。
该方法主要用于高层次数据融合,基于概率独立假设和统一识别框架,通过样本信息和先验概率形成后验分布,并对检验目标进行推理,直观性较好、易于理解和计算,但存在先验分布欠合理、受先验概率影响大等缺点。
该方法简称D-S证据理论,为Bayes估计方法的推广,主要用于决策层融合。该方法对静态和动态证据组合均具有共同的算法结构,能够区分“不知道”和“不确定”信息,但具有指数复杂度大和推理链长等缺点。
该方法基于模糊规则对多参量火灾数据进行推理,经过模糊化、模糊控制器处理和反模糊化操作后得到判断结果,能够解决决策和信息冲突问题,但算法直观性差、运算复杂。
该方法基于人脑结构和工作原理构建机器模型,根据样本相似度确定分类标准,能够完成一定的智能任务,自适应、特征分类和映射能力强,可通过并行处理提供运算效率,但学习过程运算量大,难以找到全局最优解。
智能化、网络化和技术多样化是未来隧道火灾监测体系的发展趋势。对采集到的火灾关键参量和环境参量进行综合计算分析,实现火灾监测系统与预警系统、消防系统、视频系统、管理系统的互联互通和有机结合,发展多参量传感器融合探测的新技术,基于三维实景彩色点云建筑信息模型(BIM)构建全息感知的隧道火灾数字孪生智慧监测体系,进而在全生命周期内实现对隧道火灾安全风险的精准识别判断。陈伟[64]给出了建设数字孪生抽水蓄能电站的技术方案,构建与实际电站孪生的数字模型,融合实时运行数据、环境数据、仿真预测数据、历史存储数据和专家知识,在物理实体与虚拟电站间进行双向互动反馈,依靠感知层、网络层、平台层及应用层实现对电站的实时监控、模拟仿真、操作优化和智能决策。
Zhang X N等[65]提出了隧道火灾安全数字孪生系统,该系统的功能主要集中在隧道火灾风险监测与预测、隧道设施控制与管理、火灾识别与预测、紧急疏散引导4个方面,涵盖了正常情况、火灾情况和紧急疏散情况。该数字孪生系统通过温度传感器、烟雾传感器和闭路电视监控系统(CCTV)监测隧道火灾风险,通过MQTT协议实现无线传感器网络与服务器之间的双向数据传输,基于数据融合技术整合多源火灾参数,使用机器学习算法实时识别和提前预测隧道火灾的发生,全面准确获取火灾位置、火灾规模、火势蔓延、温度分布、能见度、有毒气体分布等关键火灾信息。基于长短期记忆模型(LSTM)和转置卷积神经网络(TCNN)构建双智能体深度学习模型,以现场温度传感器采集的数据作为系统输入,在时间序列和空间分布层面进行数据融合,可以提前30 s预测位置和规模发生变化的瞬态火灾场景。此外,还可以使用YOLOv7和DeepSORT检测、分类和跟踪进出车辆,掌握隧道入口车辆和消防负荷的分布情况,在紧急情况下阻止高风险车辆的进入,提高隧道安全管理水平。
1)气体探测、感烟探测、火焰探测、感温探测及视频探测等单参量火灾探测技术已取得显著进展,能够针对火灾不同阶段(阴燃-热解、烟雾、明火、高温)实现分层监测。例如:分布式光纤测温技术可精准定位火源位置,视频探测结合深度学习算法可识别早期烟雾动态特征。然而,单一传感器受环境干扰影响显著:气体探测器易受隧道内湿度与通风扰动影响,光电感烟探测器对黑烟与白烟响应差异大,视频探测器在低能见度烟雾环境下识别精度骤降。
2)多传感器通信组网技术通过无线自组织网络实现了隧道内火灾参量监测数据的广域覆盖与实时传输。信息融合算法通过加权平均、模糊推理等方式降低了单一传感器的误报率。然而,现有无线组网技术数据传输稳定性不足,信息融合算法在多源异构数据权重分配和实时解析等方面效率较低,难以满足复杂隧道洞室群多火点并发场景需求。未来需结合变分自编码器(VAE)、长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)、生成对抗网络(GAN)等AI模型实现数据预处理与特征提取,基于轻量化模型(如MobileNet、YOLOv8-tiny)、Transformer、深度残差网络(ResNet)等构建“端-边-云”协同的智能融合体系。
3)数字孪生技术通过集成BIM模型、实时传感器数据与AI预测算法,初步实现了隧道火灾风险的动态可视化与主动防控,可提前30 s预测瞬态火灾场景。然而,现有体系多依赖数值仿真与局部试验数据,对隧道复杂结构的动态映射能力有限,导致模型预测精度与实战可靠性不足。未来需推动数字孪生系统从“静态映射”向“动态交互”升级,形成“感知-决策-控制”一体化的智慧防控生态。

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2026年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0030.11
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
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    1应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院 ,北京 100085
    2国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 电力火灾与安全防护安徽省重点实验室 ,安徽 合肥 230601
    3国网电力工程研究院有限公司 ,北京 100053

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刘爱春,应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院研究员,主要从事基于光纤传感技术的地下复杂隧道洞室群火灾监测预警应用研究,。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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