Article(id=1307033162811470392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0134.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=1779033600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550589516, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550589516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550589516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550589516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033163037962809, articleId=1307033162811470392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Research on demand prediction of emergency supplies for typhoon disasters, columnId=1307033132415349106, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Emergency management study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the challenge of emergency supplies demand forecasting in the early stages of typhoon disasters, where data are often incomplete and traditional methods are highly dependent on prior assumptions, this paper innovatively optimizes a case-based reasoning forecasting model. First, the entropy weight method and principal component analysis are integrated to determine the weights of disaster characteristic attributes, and case similarity is calculated through weighted distance metrics. Second, a random forest regression model is introduced, which incorporates demographic and socioeconomic indicators, to construct an event-outcome-based case revision mechanism. Furthermore, a multi-case weighted comprehensive reasoning approach is adopted to predict disaster consequences, and the total demand is estimated by integrating established material supply standards. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively forecast emergency material needs under data-scarce conditions. It is operationally straightforward and highly adaptable, providing reliable support for emergency decision-making and material allocation during the initial disaster response phase.

, authors=Hongchen Jia, Qinpei Chen, Haoxuan Wang, Hao Luo, authorsList=Hongchen Jia, Qinpei Chen, Haoxuan Wang, Hao Luo, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033163763577404, articleId=1307033162811470392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=台风灾害应急物资需求预测研究, columnId=1307033132608287092, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=应急管理研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对台风灾害初期数据信息不全、传统预测方法依赖性强所导致的应急物资需求预测难题,本文对基于案例推理的预测模型进行了创新优化。首先,融合熵权法与主成分分析法确定灾害特征属性的权重,并通过加权距离实现案例相似度计算;其次,引入随机森林回归模型,结合人口与经济社会指标,构建基于事件后果的案例修正机制;进而采用多案例加权综合推理方法实现灾情后果预测,并整合物资需求标准进行需求总量估算。结果表明,该方法能够在数据有限的条件下有效预测应急物资需求,具有操作简便、适应性强的优势,可为灾害初期应急决策与物资调配提供可靠支撑。

, authors=贾洪琛, 陈钦佩, 王皓轩, 罗昊, authorsList=贾洪琛, 陈钦佩, 王皓轩, 罗昊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

贾洪琛,应急管理部天津消防研究所,助理研究员,主要从事火灾分析研判和灾情辅助决策方面的研究,天津市南开区卫津南路110号,300381,。

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贾洪琛,应急管理部天津消防研究所,助理研究员,主要从事火灾分析研判和灾情辅助决策方面的研究,天津市南开区卫津南路110号,300381,。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

贾洪琛,应急管理部天津消防研究所,助理研究员,主要从事火灾分析研判和灾情辅助决策方面的研究,天津市南开区卫津南路110号,300381,。

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Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2018., articleTitle=Rapid assessment of typhoon disaster based on case-based reasoning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307033173305619076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=6, pageStart=440, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=20, authorNames=兰培真, journalName=集美大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=兰培真. 基于GM(1, 1)模型的台风灾害救灾物资需求量预测[J]. 集美大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 18(6): 440-444., articleTitle=基于GM(1, 1)模型的台风灾害救灾物资需求量预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307033173456614021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=6, pageStart=440, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=21, authorNames=Lan P Z, journalName=Journal of Jimei University (Natural Science), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lan P Z. 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Journal of Jimei University (Natural Science), 2013, 18(6): 440-444., articleTitle=Demand forecasting of typhoon disaster reliet supplies based on GM(1, 1) model, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307033163969098301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307033163977486910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, companyId=1307033163969098301, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM , Tianjin 300381 , China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307033163990069823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, companyId=1307033163969098301, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1应急管理部天津消防研究所 ,天津 300381)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307033167592976988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Application workflow, figureFileSmall=HZfwkSOptD/TZMpFa4GrCQ==, figureFileBig=nwEHxmJTEtARiYVTdAPOZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307033167676863069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=图1, caption=应用流程, figureFileSmall=HZfwkSOptD/TZMpFa4GrCQ==, figureFileBig=nwEHxmJTEtARiYVTdAPOZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307033167924327006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of typhoon disasters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风灾害特征属性含义
year台风登陆时间
P7七级风圈相对影响人数
T7七级风圈平均影响时间
P10十级风圈相对影响人数
T10十级风圈平均影响时间
Smax登陆过程极大风速
Smax-min极大、极小风速之差
PR强降雨相对影响人数
PRmax过程最大降雨量
H台风路径相对影响人数
POP紧急安置人数
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168033378911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

台风灾害特征属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风灾害特征属性含义
year台风登陆时间
P7七级风圈相对影响人数
T7七级风圈平均影响时间
P10十级风圈相对影响人数
T10十级风圈平均影响时间
Smax登陆过程极大风速
Smax-min极大、极小风速之差
PR强降雨相对影响人数
PRmax过程最大降雨量
H台风路径相对影响人数
POP紧急安置人数
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168129847904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Per capita demand standard for life related disaster relief supplies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类

饮用水/

L/(人·天)

食品/

kg/(人·天)

帐篷/

顶/人

衣被/

套/人

药品/

箱/人

需求标准211/1011/1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168255677025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生活类救灾物资人均需求标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类

饮用水/

L/(人·天)

食品/

kg/(人·天)

帐篷/

顶/人

衣被/

套/人

药品/

箱/人

需求标准211/1011/1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168331174498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Weight coefficients of attributes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征属性熵权法PCA混合权重
year0.0510.0860.072
P70.1250.1100.116
T70.0900.0910.091
P100.1720.1040.131
T100.1170.1080.112
Smax0.0740.1040.092
Smax-min0.1270.1050.114
PR0.1250.0950.107
PRmax0.0510.0960.078
H0.0670.1010.088
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168419254883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

属性指标的权重系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征属性熵权法PCA混合权重
year0.0510.0860.072
P70.1250.1100.116
T70.0900.0910.091
P100.1720.1040.131
T100.1170.1080.112
Smax0.0740.1040.092
Smax-min0.1270.1050.114
PR0.1250.0950.107
PRmax0.0510.0960.078
H0.0670.1010.088
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168519918180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Similarity between the target case and the source case

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份台风编号紧急安置人数/万人相似度
20141409威马逊16.5062.39%
20141415海鸥16.8452.61%
20131213启德34.6038.82%
20111117纳沙12.5036.26%
20161622海马10.6036.07%
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168620581477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

目标案例与源案例的相似度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份台风编号紧急安置人数/万人相似度
20141409威马逊16.5062.39%
20141415海鸥16.8452.61%
20131213启德34.6038.82%
20111117纳沙12.5036.26%
20161622海马10.6036.07%
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168704467558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correction results of model method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风编号

修正前紧急安置人数

/万人

特征差值随机森林预测人数

/万人

随机森林修正人数/万人
1409威马逊16.506.9323.43
1415海鸥16.847.0123.85
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168817713767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模型法修正结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风编号

修正前紧急安置人数

/万人

特征差值随机森林预测人数

/万人

随机森林修正人数/万人
1409威马逊16.506.9323.43
1415海鸥16.847.0123.85
), ArticleFig(id=1307033168909988456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Correction results of social indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份台风编号紧急安置人数/万人相似度社会指标再修正结果/万人
20141409威马逊16.5062.39%26.07
20141415海鸥16.8452.61%26.54
), ArticleFig(id=1307033169090343529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

社会指标修正结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份台风编号紧急安置人数/万人相似度社会指标再修正结果/万人
20141409威马逊16.5062.39%26.07
20141415海鸥16.8452.61%26.54
), ArticleFig(id=1307033169191006826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comprehensive correction results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份台风编号修正前紧急安置人数/万人修正后紧急转移安置人数/万人

随机森林

修正

社会指标

修正

综合

修正

20141409威马逊16.5023.4326.0726.29
20141415海鸥16.8423.8526.54
), ArticleFig(id=1307033170856145515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

综合修正结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份台风编号修正前紧急安置人数/万人修正后紧急转移安置人数/万人

随机森林

修正

社会指标

修正

综合

修正

20141409威马逊16.5023.4326.0726.29
20141415海鸥16.8423.8526.54
), ArticleFig(id=1307033171023917676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Accuracy of disaster prediction results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值
紧急转移安置人数实际值/万人24.00
紧急转移安置人数预测值/万人26.29
准确度90.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1307033171149746797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

灾情结果预测的准确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值
紧急转移安置人数实际值/万人24.00
紧急转移安置人数预测值/万人26.29
准确度90.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1307033171229438574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Prediction results of emergency material demand

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类

饮用水

/L/天

食品

/kg/天

帐篷

/顶

衣被

/套

药品

/箱

总需求量525 800262 90026 290262 900262.9
), ArticleFig(id=1307033171317518959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033162811470392, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

应急物资需求量预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类

饮用水

/L/天

食品

/kg/天

帐篷

/顶

衣被

/套

药品

/箱

总需求量525 800262 90026 290262 900262.9
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台风灾害应急物资需求预测研究
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贾洪琛 , 陈钦佩 , 王皓轩 , 罗昊
消防科学与技术 | 应急管理研究 2026,45(8): 134-139
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消防科学与技术 |应急管理研究 2026 , 45 (8) : 134 -139
台风灾害应急物资需求预测研究
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贾洪琛 , 陈钦佩, 王皓轩, 罗昊
作者信息
  • 1应急管理部天津消防研究所 ,天津 300381
作者简介:

贾洪琛,应急管理部天津消防研究所,助理研究员,主要从事火灾分析研判和灾情辅助决策方面的研究,天津市南开区卫津南路110号,300381,。

Research on demand prediction of emergency supplies for typhoon disasters
Hongchen Jia , Qinpei Chen, Haoxuan Wang, Hao Luo
Affiliations
  • 1Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM , Tianjin 300381 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0134.06
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针对台风灾害初期数据信息不全、传统预测方法依赖性强所导致的应急物资需求预测难题,本文对基于案例推理的预测模型进行了创新优化。首先,融合熵权法与主成分分析法确定灾害特征属性的权重,并通过加权距离实现案例相似度计算;其次,引入随机森林回归模型,结合人口与经济社会指标,构建基于事件后果的案例修正机制;进而采用多案例加权综合推理方法实现灾情后果预测,并整合物资需求标准进行需求总量估算。结果表明,该方法能够在数据有限的条件下有效预测应急物资需求,具有操作简便、适应性强的优势,可为灾害初期应急决策与物资调配提供可靠支撑。

台风灾害  /  物资需求预测  /  案例推理  /  案例修正机制

To address the challenge of emergency supplies demand forecasting in the early stages of typhoon disasters, where data are often incomplete and traditional methods are highly dependent on prior assumptions, this paper innovatively optimizes a case-based reasoning forecasting model. First, the entropy weight method and principal component analysis are integrated to determine the weights of disaster characteristic attributes, and case similarity is calculated through weighted distance metrics. Second, a random forest regression model is introduced, which incorporates demographic and socioeconomic indicators, to construct an event-outcome-based case revision mechanism. Furthermore, a multi-case weighted comprehensive reasoning approach is adopted to predict disaster consequences, and the total demand is estimated by integrating established material supply standards. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively forecast emergency material needs under data-scarce conditions. It is operationally straightforward and highly adaptable, providing reliable support for emergency decision-making and material allocation during the initial disaster response phase.

typhoon disaster  /  material demand forecasting  /  case-based reasoning  /  case revision mechanism
贾洪琛, 陈钦佩, 王皓轩, 罗昊. 台风灾害应急物资需求预测研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 134 -139 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0134.06
Hongchen Jia, Qinpei Chen, Haoxuan Wang, Hao Luo. Research on demand prediction of emergency supplies for typhoon disasters[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 134 -139 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0134.06
据统计,1949—2023年,西北太平洋及南海海域年均生成台风约27个,其中近1/4登陆我国或对我国造成显著影响。台风灾害具有突发性强、破坏力大的典型特征,其应急物资需求呈现总量庞大、品类多样、时间紧迫等特点。在灾后初期信息获取受限的背景下,若能快速、准确地实现物资需求预测,对于优化救援决策与提升物资调配效率具有关键作用。然而,传统预测方法普遍存在模型结构复杂、对历史数据依赖程度高等局限,难以有效适应灾害初期的应急响应需求。因此,构建适用于台风灾害的快速需求预测方法,对于提升应急救援能力、遏制灾情蔓延态势具有重要的理论与应用价值。
国内外学者针对灾害应急物资需求预测已提出多种模型与方法,但多聚焦于地震灾害[1-3],且普遍对数据完整性要求较高,难以直接用于数据有限的台风灾害初期快速预测。近年来,案例推理方法因能在信息不完整条件下进行预测,被逐步引入应急物资需求领域。在改进预测模型方面,Rui L[4]将案例推理与模糊推理结合,构建了应急物资预测模型;在需求预测方法方面,Zhang H Q等[5]建立了案例推理与多元线性回归相结合的预测模型;在优化案例检索方面,汪贻生等[6]提出了融合案例推理与灰色关联分析的算法。此外,张斌等[7]提出了基于精细网格的台风灾损空间模型及应急物资需求定性预测模型;王兰英等[8]基于直觉模糊案例推理构建了应急物资需求预测模型。
针对传统案例推理方法在特征权重设定上主观性较强的问题,本文在文献[9-11]的启发下,集成案例快速匹配与多维度修正技术,构建了适用于台风灾害应急物资需求的快速预测方法,旨在优化灾害初期的救援决策支持。
现有研究多选取台风等级、登陆点等静态属性进行需求预测,然而台风灾害是一个动态演化过程,其灾情严重程度受台风强度、持续时间、致灾特性(风/雨)以及受灾地区防灾能力、人口密度等多因素共同影响。因此,有必要构建更为综合的特征属性体系,以提升预测的准确性。文献[10-11]从灾害等级、灾害性质、灾害持续时间及灾害所在地区4个维度提取台风特征属性,能够较全面地反映各类因素的影响。基于此,本文在特征选择方面直接采用文献[10]的特征属性方法,具体涵盖区块受灾地常住人口、灾害防御能力、台风等级、风雨影响及灾害持续时间等指标。在输出特征方面,本文仅选取与救援物资需求直接相关的紧急安置人数作为预测目标,具体如表1所示。
在案例推理中,通常通过计算目标案例与源案例集之间的距离实现案例匹配,而权重的合理分配能够有效提升案例检索的精度。
对于目标事件的输入特征向量x=x1,x2,⋯,xn和案例库中的向量y=y1,y2,⋯,yn,加权欧氏距离的计算见式(1)。
Dw(x,y)=∑j=1nwj(xj-yj)2  ,  ∑j=1nwj=1
式中:wj为第j个特征的权重;xj为目标事件的输入特征值;yj为案例库中的特征值。
相似度通过距离的倒数或负指数函数计算得到,见式(2)。
S(x,y)=11+Dw(x,y)
1)熵权法。首先消除量纲影响,对输入和输出数据分别进行归一化。其中,xij为第i个样本第j个输入特征,xij'为标准化后的特征值,见式(3)和式(4)。
xij'=xij-min(xj)max(xj)-min(xj)
yik'=yik-min(yk)max(yk)-min(yk)
计算输入特征熵值见式(5)~式(7)。
pij=xij'∑i=1nxij'
ej=-1ln npijln pij(若pij=0,令pijln pij=0)
ek=-1ln n∑i=1nyik'∑i=1nyik'ln yik'∑i=1nyik'
式中:ej为第j个输入特征;ek为第k个输出特征。
输入特征权重见式(8)。
wjinput=1-ej∑k=1K(1-ek)
2)主成分分析法。该方法计算步骤如下。
步骤1:计算协方差矩阵,见式(9)。
C=-1nX'TX'
步骤2:对C进行特征分解,得到特征值λ1≥λ2≥⋯≥λJ和特征向量V。
步骤3:计算各主成分的方差贡献率,见式(10)。
wkPCA=λk∑j=1Jλj
步骤4:原始输入特征权重wjinput等于特征向量绝对值加权和(按贡献率),见式(11)。
wjinput=∑k=1n|Vjk|∙wkPCA
3)混合权重法。熵权法虽然能够基于数据本身的统计特性自动确认权重且有一定的可解释性,但容易忽略特征的相关性;主成分分析方法通过提取输入特征的主成分并根据方差贡献率分配权重。综合两者的优点,构建混合权重,见式(12)。
W=αWPCA+(1-α)WEntropy
式中:α为权重影响系数;WPCA为主成分分析法得到的权重;WEntropy为熵权法得到的权重。
4)动态权重更新。动态更新权重能够适应数据分布变化或环境波动,提升系统实时性能。引入指数衰减法,新旧权重加权融合,近期数据影响更大,见式(13)。
Wt=βWnew+(1-β)Wt-1
式中:β为衰减系数,β∈(0,1);Wnew为混合权重法得到的权重;Wt-1为上一时刻的权重;Wt为调整后当前时刻的权重。
现实中完全相同的事件案例并不存在,因此直接套用相似案例的事故后果及应对方案缺乏科学性。在检索到相似案例的基础上,结合当前问题的具体情境,构建有效的案例调整方法,已成为案例推理研究的主要方向。目前,已有不少学者对案例调整方法展开了相关研究。本文在借鉴文献[7]和文献[11]相关思路的基础上,对其进行了改进。
通过构建回归模型,建立历史案例库中各案例之间特征属性差值与灾害后果差值之间的映射关系。依据该映射关系,在求得相似案例与目标事件特征属性差值向量的基础上,进一步预测相似案例与目标事件灾害后果的差值。最后,将预测差值与相似案例的已知后果叠加,即可获得目标事件的预测后果。具体操作步骤如下。
首先,根据案例库数据创建案例间的差值数据集(∆X,∆Y),其中∆X=∆X1,∆X2,⋯,∆Xn表示输入特征差值集合,∆Y表示灾害紧急安置人数差值集合。具体计算见式(14)和式(15)。
∆xik=xik-xjk ,i≠j
∆yi=yi-yj ,i≠j 
式中:i,j=1,2,⋯,m,m为案例数;xik为第i个案例的第k个特征;yi为第i个案例的安置人数。
随机森林回归模型数据预处理简单、抗过拟合能力强、精度和异常值鲁棒性高,本文采用该模型进行偏差值预测,见式(16)。
∆yRF(X)=1T∑t=1Tht(∆Xi)
式中:T为森林中决策树的总数量;∆Xi为一个输入样本的特征向量;ht(∆Xi)为第t棵决策树对样本∆Xi的预测输出;∆yRF(X)为随机森林对样本X的最终预测输出。
回归预测的紧急安置人数调整量计算见式(17)和式(18)。
POPmodel=POPs+Q
Q=∆yRF(∆Xtarget)
式中:POPmodel为通过模型调整后的预测紧急安置人数;POPs为案例推理的相似案例紧急安置人数;∆Xtarget为目标灾害事件与相似案例的各属性差值;Q为回归预测的紧急安置人数的调整量。
人口密集程度与地区抗灾能力均与受灾人口数目密切相关。因此,本文选取地区人口密度及GDP总量的变化量作为影响因子,对受灾人口数量进行进一步修正,见式(19)和式(20)。
δ=DnowDs
φ=GDPnowGDPs
式中:δ为人口密度修正系数;Ds与Dnow分别指代历史案例与当前目标案例所对应的受灾区域在台风发生前一年的地区人口密度;φ为抗灾能力修正系数;GDPs与GDPnow分别指代历史案例与当前目标案例所对应的受灾区域在台风发生前一年的地区GDP数据。
基于单一案例的受灾人口估算公式见式(21)。
POP=δφPOPmodel
式中:POP为预测的当前事件的紧急安置人数;POPmodel为经回归模型修正后紧急安置人数。
为降低单一案例特殊性所导致的评估偏差,本文采用多个相似案例进行综合研判。首先,确定各参与评估案例的权重,然后对其独立评估结果进行加权整合,最终得出目标台风紧急安置人数的综合评估结果,见式(22)和式(23)。
POPpredict=∑i=1numθi×POPi
θi=Si∑i=1numSi
式中:POPpredict为基于多案例修正的紧急安置人数;POPi为基于第i个历史相似案例预测的紧急安置人数,由式(21)计算得到;θi为第i个相似案例的权重值;Si为第i个案例与当前目标灾害事件的相似度;num为参与评估的历史案例数。
参考文献[12]采用应急物资间接预测方法,本文则围绕紧急转移安置人数这一灾情结果,结合相应的物资种类与配置标准,计算应对目标灾情事件所需的物资需求量。鉴于物资需求种类繁多,本文选取饮用水、食品、帐篷、衣被、药品等若干具有代表性的生活类救灾物资进行分析,其人均需求标准如表2所示。
本文直接采用参考文献[10]构建的2010—2019年登陆广东省的23个台风作为台风灾害案例库。以2015年台风“彩虹”为目标灾害事件,该台风共造成广东省、海南省、广西壮族自治区44万余人被紧急转移安置。选取广东省作为研究区域,并按行政区划将其划分为21个区块,即每个地级市代表一个区块。
首先,灾情信息进入相似案例检索环节,与案例库中的历史数据进行比对。随后,通过模型法修正、社会指标修正和多案例修正3种方式对检索结果进行综合调整,以确保测算的准确性。最终,基于修正后的数据,完成紧急转移安置人数的测算,并进一步用于物资需求的预测。具体流程见图1。
依据案例库中的案例数据,分别采用熵权法、主成分分析法及混合加权算法,按式(3)~式(12)计算表1中各项台风灾害特征属性的权重系数,计算结果如表3所示。
一般情况下,台风等级越高,其所引发的灾情后果越为严重。然而,受区域经济发展水平、城市建设状况等因素的影响,相似强度的台风在不同年份所造成的实际灾害后果亦可能存在显著差异。由于本文已在评估体系的其他指标中纳入人口、经济等要素,因此年份属性在权重分配中所占比例相对较低。
历史案例相似度的计算步骤如下。首先,按式(1)采用加权欧氏距离评估目标事件与各源案例的匹配程度,确定其邻近性;然后,应用案例相似度计算式(2),求得各历史案例与目标事件的相似度数值,具体计算结果如表4所示。
根据式(14)、式(15)对案例库数据进行差值计算,得到差值数据集,并进行标准化处理。选取特征差值集合作为模型输入,灾害紧急安置人数的差值集合作为输出。借助sklearn库中的随机森林回归模型进行训练,决策树数量参数设为50。经模型修正后的紧急安置人数预测结果如表5所示。
根据式(19)、式(20)计算得到人口密度修正系数δ=1.019和抗灾能力修正系数φ=1.092。对经过随机森林算法修正的方案进行再调整,结果如表6所示。
修正前后,相似案例的评估结果变化如下:台风“威马逊”的紧急转移安置人口预估值由修正前的16.50万人调整为26.07万人;台风“海鸥”则由16.84万人修正为26.54万人。
选取相似度大于50%的“威马逊”与“海鸥”两个案例,分别基于单个案例计算其预测紧急转移安置人数,并按式(23)确定各案例的权重。进一步地,依据式(22)对两个案例的预测结果进行加权综合,得出目标台风紧急安置人数的综合评估值,结果如表7所示。
模型预测准确性通过目标案例台风“彩虹”的预测灾情结果与实际观测结果之间的拟合优度进行评估,具体计算见式(24)。
P=1-Z-Z0Z0×100%
式中:Z为该灾情结果的预测值;Z0为该灾情结果的实际值。
预测的准确率如表8所示。对台风“彩虹”的预测准确率高达90.5%。相较于传统方法,本方法以其时效性、高效性和易实施性,尤为适合灾害初期对应急物资需求的快速预估。
台风“彩虹”的生活类应急物资需求量,可根据修正后的预测结果(即紧急转移安置人数)及人均每日物资需求标准进行测算,具体数量见表9。
针对台风灾害初期信息不完备、传统预测方法数据依赖性高等问题,本文提出一种基于案例推理的应急物资需求快速预测方法。首先,融合熵权法与主成分分析法构建混合权重确定方法,以优化灾害特征属性的权重分配。其次,基于案例库中特征属性数据构建差值数据集,利用随机森林回归模型预测灾情结果偏移量,并结合人口、经济等社会指标建立案例调整机制,对相似案例的解决方案进行修正。为降低单一案例推理的不稳定性,采用多案例联合修正策略,以案例相似度为权重,对多个调整后的预测结果进行加权综合,实现对灾后紧急转移安置人数的预测。最后,结合物资需求标准,计算各类主要应急物资的需求量。该方法有效降低了对数据完整性的依赖,适用于灾害初期应急物资的快速预测,能够为救援决策与物资高效供应提供辅助支撑。

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2026年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0134.06
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
  • 修回日期:2026-05-18
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    1应急管理部天津消防研究所 ,天津 300381
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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