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Article(id=1307033156230603055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0064.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772553600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-04, revisedDate=1777132800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550587946, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550587946, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550587946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550587946, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=64, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033157631500592, articleId=1307033156230603055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Research on safety distance and protective strategies for mobile emergency flares under combined thermal-noise exposure, columnId=1307033137213624599, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Study of fire equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of the coupled thermal radiation and noise effects of mobile emergency flares on safe distances and personnel protection strategies, this study adopted a combined method of engineering simulation and theoretical analysis. The thermal radiation and noise impact ranges of a flare of a given specification under different operating conditions were explored, and a quantitative method for determining the minimum on-site safe distance based on work duration, along with a classified personnel protection strategy, was proposed. The results show that, in the absence of protective measures, the noise-determined safe distance of the flare is significantly greater than the thermal radiation-determined safe distance. The minimum safe distance can be defined according to work duration: for long-term operations, the impact distance corresponding to the 85 dB(A) noise limit is defined as the minimum safe distance; for medium-term operations, the impact distance corresponding to the equivalent noise exposure limit is adopted as the minimum safe distance; and for short-term operations, the safe distance corresponding to a downwind thermal radiation intensity of 1.58 kW/m² is taken as the minimum safe distance. In non-safe zones, it is necessary to first identify the thermal radiation intensity and noise sound pressure level at the location, and then determine the protection priorities and strategies based on the duration of stay. Thus, delimiting flare safe distances based on the coupled thermal-noise impact ranges and work duration, and implementing zoned and classified protection measures, can effectively reduce the risk of injury to on-site personnel.

, authors=Hongliang Chen1, 2, Jianguo Shen3, authorsList=Hongliang Chen, Jianguo Shen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033159716069697, articleId=1307033156230603055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=移动应急火炬热噪复合暴露下安全距离与防护策略研究, columnId=1307033137440117017, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=消防设备研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究移动应急火炬热辐射与噪声复合作用对安全距离的影响以及人员防护策略，采用工程化模拟和理论分析相结合的方法，探究了某规格火炬在不同工况下的热辐射和噪声影响范围，并提出了基于作业时间的最小安全距离定量划定方法和人员分类防护策略。结果表明，无防护下的火炬噪声安全距离远大于热辐射安全距离。最小安全距离可根据作业时间判定：长时作业时，85 dB（A）噪声影响距离为最小安全距离；中时作业时，等效噪声接触限值的影响距离为最小安全距离；短时作业时，下风向热辐强度1.58 kW/m2对应的安全距离为最小安全距离。在非安全距离内，需知悉所处位置的热辐射强度与噪声声压级，再根据对应停留时间长短判定防护重点和策略。因此，根据热噪复合影响范围和作业时间划定火炬安全距离，并制定分区域、分类别的防护措施，可有效降低现场人员受伤害风险。

, authors=陈洪亮1, 2, 沈建国3, authorsList=陈洪亮, 沈建国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

陈洪亮，应急管理部上海消防研究所特聘副研究员，主要从事抢险救援技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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陈洪亮，应急管理部上海消防研究所特聘副研究员，主要从事抢险救援技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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陈洪亮，应急管理部上海消防研究所特聘副研究员，主要从事抢险救援技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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Human body injuries and protection requirements corresponding to different thermal radiation thresholds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热辐射阈值/kW/m2对人体的伤害及防护要求
25.0010 s内产生重大损伤
12.5010 s内产生一级烧伤
9.46工作人员须穿防护服，且必须马上撤离
6.31工作人员须穿防护服，可工作1 min
4.73工作人员须穿防护服，可工作2～3 min
1.58工作人员可持续工作
), ArticleFig(id=1307033166452121967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033156230603055, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同热辐射阈值对应的人体伤害及防护要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热辐射阈值/kW/m2对人体的伤害及防护要求
25.0010 s内产生重大损伤
12.5010 s内产生一级烧伤
9.46工作人员须穿防护服，且必须马上撤离
6.31工作人员须穿防护服，可工作1 min
4.73工作人员须穿防护服，可工作2～3 min
1.58工作人员可持续工作
), ArticleFig(id=1307033166556979568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033156230603055, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Human body injuries and protection requirements corresponding to different noise thresholds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
噪声阈值/dB(A)对人体的伤害及防护要求
＜85人员可正常交流，无须听力防护
85~115须听力防护，噪声每增加3 dB(A)，允许暴露时间应减半
＞115可能导致听觉器官急性损伤，须加强听力防护，严禁裸耳进入该区域
), ArticleFig(id=1307033166657642865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033156230603055, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同噪声阈值对应的防护要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
噪声阈值/dB(A)对人体的伤害及防护要求
＜85人员可正常交流，无须听力防护
85~115须听力防护，噪声每增加3 dB(A)，允许暴露时间应减半
＞115可能导致听觉器官急性损伤，须加强听力防护，严禁裸耳进入该区域
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移动应急火炬热噪复合暴露下安全距离与防护策略研究
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陈洪亮 1, 2 , 沈建国 3
消防科学与技术 | 消防设备研究 2026,45(8): 64-70
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消防科学与技术 |消防设备研究 2026 , 45 (8) : 64 -70
移动应急火炬热噪复合暴露下安全距离与防护策略研究
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陈洪亮，应急管理部上海消防研究所特聘副研究员，主要从事抢险救援技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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陈洪亮，应急管理部上海消防研究所特聘副研究员，主要从事抢险救援技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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陈洪亮1, 2 , 沈建国3
作者信息
  • 1应急管理部上海消防研究所 ，上海 200032
  • 2灭火救援技术与装备应急管理部重点实验室 ，上海 200032
  • 3上海市金山区消防救援支队 ，上海 201507
作者简介:

陈洪亮，应急管理部上海消防研究所特聘副研究员，主要从事抢险救援技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

Research on safety distance and protective strategies for mobile emergency flares under combined thermal-noise exposure
Hongliang Chen1, 2 , Jianguo Shen3
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM , Shanghai 200032 , China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Fire Rescue Technology and Equipment of MEM , Shanghai 200032 , China
  • 3Jinshan Fire and Rescue Division of Shanghai , Shanghai 201507 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0064.07
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摘要
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为了研究移动应急火炬热辐射与噪声复合作用对安全距离的影响以及人员防护策略，采用工程化模拟和理论分析相结合的方法，探究了某规格火炬在不同工况下的热辐射和噪声影响范围，并提出了基于作业时间的最小安全距离定量划定方法和人员分类防护策略。结果表明，无防护下的火炬噪声安全距离远大于热辐射安全距离。最小安全距离可根据作业时间判定：长时作业时，85 dB（A）噪声影响距离为最小安全距离；中时作业时，等效噪声接触限值的影响距离为最小安全距离；短时作业时，下风向热辐强度1.58 kW/m2对应的安全距离为最小安全距离。在非安全距离内，需知悉所处位置的热辐射强度与噪声声压级，再根据对应停留时间长短判定防护重点和策略。因此，根据热噪复合影响范围和作业时间划定火炬安全距离，并制定分区域、分类别的防护措施，可有效降低现场人员受伤害风险。

应急火炬  /  热噪复合  /  安全距离  /  防护

To investigate the impact of the coupled thermal radiation and noise effects of mobile emergency flares on safe distances and personnel protection strategies, this study adopted a combined method of engineering simulation and theoretical analysis. The thermal radiation and noise impact ranges of a flare of a given specification under different operating conditions were explored, and a quantitative method for determining the minimum on-site safe distance based on work duration, along with a classified personnel protection strategy, was proposed. The results show that, in the absence of protective measures, the noise-determined safe distance of the flare is significantly greater than the thermal radiation-determined safe distance. The minimum safe distance can be defined according to work duration: for long-term operations, the impact distance corresponding to the 85 dB(A) noise limit is defined as the minimum safe distance; for medium-term operations, the impact distance corresponding to the equivalent noise exposure limit is adopted as the minimum safe distance; and for short-term operations, the safe distance corresponding to a downwind thermal radiation intensity of 1.58 kW/m² is taken as the minimum safe distance. In non-safe zones, it is necessary to first identify the thermal radiation intensity and noise sound pressure level at the location, and then determine the protection priorities and strategies based on the duration of stay. Thus, delimiting flare safe distances based on the coupled thermal-noise impact ranges and work duration, and implementing zoned and classified protection measures, can effectively reduce the risk of injury to on-site personnel.

emergency flare  /  thermal-noise coupling  /  safe distances  /  protection
陈洪亮, 沈建国. 移动应急火炬热噪复合暴露下安全距离与防护策略研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 64 -70 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0064.07
Hongliang Chen, Jianguo Shen. Research on safety distance and protective strategies for mobile emergency flares under combined thermal-noise exposure[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 64 -70 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0064.07
正文
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移动应急火炬作为一种撬块式机动应急处置装备，因其可通过控制易燃易爆介质有序泄放、燃烧，进一步降低现场大范围扩散或爆炸风险，现已被广泛应用于城市燃气管网维护、LPG/LNG/CNG罐车事故引流控烧、石化装置应急抢修等任务中。与传统的高架火炬不同，移动应急火炬具有机动性强、架设高度低（通常3~9 m）、火炬头距离作业面更近等显著特征，这种“低空、近人”的作业模式虽然提高了应急处置的灵活性，但也使得作业区域面临更为严峻的热辐射与噪声双重威胁。若安全距离划定不清，应急人员极易遭受高温灼伤或听力损伤；若防护策略制定不当，则可能导致作业中断甚至引发次生事故。
目前，火炬安全距离的研究多集中在固定火炬的热辐射影响分布规律上［1-4］，对移动式火炬研究较少，而热辐射和噪声的时空复合对安全距离的影响研究更属空白。在实际应急处置中，热辐射强度随距离衰减的规律与噪声声压级的衰减特性存在差异，单纯依据热辐射确定的安全半径可能处于高噪声危险区，反之亦然。这种单一的安全评价模式易导致安全区域划定出现偏差，不利于现场安全作业与防护。
鉴于此，本研究以某型撬块式移动应急火炬为对象，采用数值模拟与理论分析相结合的方法，探究移动应急火炬在不同排放工况下的热辐射与噪声影响范围，确立两者复合暴露下的安全距离划分方法，并提出分级分类的人员防护策略，旨在填补热噪复合暴露视角下应急火炬安全作业的研究空白，以期为移动应急火炬的标准化作业与现场安全管控提供科学依据。
1　火炬热噪风险判定准则
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1.1　热辐射损伤判定准则
热辐射对人体的伤害主要取决于辐射强度（热通量）的大小以及暴露时间的长短。美国石油协会在API RP 521《泄压和减压系统指南》中推荐了安全许可热辐射阈值，并给出不同热辐射阈值下人体伤害及防护要求［5］，见表1。该成果也被国际、国内多个石油化工标准认可并采纳引用［6］。据此，选取1.58 kW/m²作为无须特殊防护的安全边界，以此界定移动火炬作业时的热辐射安全半径。
1.2　噪声损伤判定准则
火炬排放时产生的高强度射流噪声和燃烧噪声不仅会造成现场人员听力损伤［7］，还会干扰现场指挥通信，诱发心理恐慌。依据GBZ 2.2—2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值 第2部分：物理因素》［8］及ISO 1999：2013《声学 噪声性听力损失评估》［9］，连续8 h工作日内的噪声暴露限值规定为85 dB（A），声压级每增加3 dB（A），暴露时间需减半。具体的噪声阈值分级与防护要求如表2所示。选取85 dB（A）为移动火炬作业时的噪声无防护安全警戒阈值，以此界定移动火炬作业时的噪声安全半径。
1.3　复合暴露风险判定准则
研究表明，较高强度下的热噪复合暴露对人体的影响显著高于单一暴露，但其协同影响机理和限值界定尚无统一结论［10-11］。当前的火炬排放工程标准中也未建立热噪复合影响安全距离模型，出于安全考虑，认为在某一点位，安全区域必须同时满足热辐射和噪声声压级的双重阈值要求，如式（1）所示。
Ωsafe=P∈ΩqP≤qthr⋂LpP≤Lthr
式中：Ωsafe为安全区域；P为空间中的任意一点；qP为P点处的热辐射强度，kW/m2；LpP为P点处的A计权声压级，dB（A）；qthr为热辐射安全阈值，kW/m2；Lthr为噪声安全阈值，dB（A）。
该判定原则通过约束热、噪两项指标，为移动火炬作业安全距离的划定提供理论依据。
2　数值模拟方法与工况设置
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2.1　数值模拟方法
采用Flaresim软件［12］进行多工况下的热辐射与噪声场模拟。该软件基于API RP 521标准及ISO 23251：2019《石油、石化和天然气工业 降压和减压系统》［13］开发，是火炬系统设计领域通用的工程计算工具。在热辐射计算方面，其集成了API标准模型、点源模型、扩散源模型、点源与扩散源混合模型等。本文选用点源与扩散源混合模型进行计算，该模型通过将火焰沿中心线离散为多个辐射点源，能够较好地模拟火焰形状对辐射分布的影响；在噪声计算方面，采用基于声功率级的计算方法，重点考虑射流噪声与燃烧噪声两类主要声源。通过计算声源的声功率级，结合几何衰减与大气吸收模型，预测不同位置的声压级分布。
2.2　火炬型式与规格
为便于描述，建立以火炬底部中心为坐标原点的空间坐标系，南北方向为横轴，东西方向为纵轴、垂直向上为竖轴。选取海拔高度2 m处（模拟人体高度偏上处）的水平面作为热辐射和噪声的监测基准面。研究对象为常规管式火炬（适用于高压、低压排放工况），火炬筒体高为5 m，火炬筒直径为100 mm，火炬头高度为0.5 m。工作时，火炬筒垂直水平面向上，如图1所示。
2.3　排放燃烧介质及工况
考虑到甲烷在城市与工业燃气应用场景中的高占比及其在应急处置中的典型性，介质组分设定为100%纯度的甲烷（CH4），其摩尔质量为16 g/mol，火炬气平均温度20 ℃。排放质量流量依据API RP 521推荐的出口马赫数（0.2~0.5）范围确定［14］，为分析不同排放负荷下的风险规律，在该范围内选取了5个典型工况点（1 700、2 325、2 950、3 575、4 200 kg/h）进行模拟计算。
2.4　天气环境条件
环境温度取年平均气温15 ℃，环境湿度取年平均相对湿度65%，风向正北风，考虑到应急情况下的风速不确定性和作业条件限值，风速分别取0、3、6、9、12 m/s。环境噪声取60 dB（A），不考虑太阳辐射（约0.8 kW/m2）。
3　模拟计算结果与分析
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3.1　热辐射影响范围
基于人体长期暴露的安全热辐射阈值（1.58 kW/m²），计算得到的下风向热辐射安全距离如图2所示。
为进一步阐释不同风速下的火炬形态变化及热辐射影响规律，以排量3 575 kg/h为例，在正北风向0、6、9、12 m/s风速下，其不同等级热辐射强度影响范围如图3所示。
由模拟结果可知，火炬火焰受气流作用向下风向倾斜，热辐射强度呈“火焰中心向外侧递减”的分布特征，且下风向辐射影响距离随风速增大与排放流量增加而显著延长。对比12 m/s和其他风速条件下的热辐射影响范围不难看出，风速的提升可强化排放介质与空气的湍流混合，促进燃烧反应，进而提升单位时间内的热量释放强度。由此可见，各排量允许的最大作业风速往往对应着热辐射影响距离的极值（即最远影响范围）。
3.2　噪声影响范围
研究表明，在短距离（小于100 m）内，风速引起的声压级变化通常小于1 dB（A），在工程计算内可忽略不计［15-16］。为进一步验证和方便对比风速影响，分别模拟1 700、2 950、3 575 kg/h在无风条件下的噪声影响范围，并与排量3 575 kg/h在12 m/s风速下的噪声影响范围进行对比，见图4。
结果显示，噪声影响距离与排量正相关，排量越大，射流速度越快，介质与湍流混合越剧烈，燃烧更充分，喷射和燃烧噪声也就越大，其影响的距离越远。噪声强度以球面波形式几何发散，且随距离增加规律性衰减。排量3 575 kg/h在0、12 m/s两种风速下的噪声等值线基本一致，说明在噪声近距离传播中（100 m左右），风速对声压级变化影响忽略不计。
3.3　热噪影响距离规律分析
为量化火炬排量与影响距离的定量关系，分别对不同排量下的热辐射和噪声最大影响距离进行拟合分析。结果表明，两者的影响距离与火炬排量均呈现出显著的幂函数相关性，且拟合优度R2均大于0.9，见图5和图6。
影响距离与火炬排量的函数关系如式（2）所示。
y=axb
式中：y为影响距离，m；x为火炬排量，kg/h；a为影响距离比例系数，与热辐射/噪声阈值相关；b为影响距离增长指数，反映距离随排量变化的速率。
对比可知，85 dB（A）噪声方程的系数（2.063）远大于1.58 kW/m²热辐射方程的系数（0.265），这表明在实际火炬排放工况下，噪声的影响距离显著大于热辐射，构成了主导性的安全约束边界。另一方面，热辐射方程的指数（0.606）略大于噪声方程的指数（0.485），说明随着排放量的增加，热辐射影响距离的增长速率快于噪声，但在允许排量范围内，噪声始终控制着最小安全距离。
3.4　热噪复合影响距离判定
图7为各排量12 m/s风速下的热辐射强度与噪声最大影响距离对比。不难看出，现场下风向热辐射强度阈值1.58 kW/m2对应的安全距离远小于噪声限值85 dB（A）对应的安全距离，接近于94 dB（A）对应的安全距离。而94 dB（A）允许暴露时间限值为1 h，但在实际作业中，不同应急处置对象的作业时长存有差异，如长输燃气管道、液化石油气槽罐车的火炬放烧可能持续十几个小时，小型储罐或局部管道的火炬放烧可能只需要1 h甚至更短时间，其允许噪声接触限值各有差异，噪声安全距离也相应发生变化。因此，根据前文提出的热噪复合暴露风险判定准则，可根据连续作业时间对安全距离进行动态划分，以确定最小安全距离。
1）长时作业（t≥8 h）：噪声的时间累积效应显著，应将85 dB（A）噪声影响距离划为最小安全距离。
2）中时作业（1 h＜t＜8 h）：随着允许暴露时间缩短，应将等效噪声接触限值的影响距离划为最小安全距离。
3）短时作业（t≤1 h）：短时工况下，噪声允许接触限值较高，应把下风向热辐强度1.58 kW/m2的影响距离划为最小安全距离。
为进一步验证上述基于作业时间的安全距离划分规律的普适性，将排放介质替换为常见液化石油气（丙烷∶丁烷∶烯烃=3∶6∶1），在保持其他条件不变的前提下，通过模拟计算得到了热辐射与噪声的最大影响距离，见图8。
结果表明，在允许排放的马赫数范围内，相较于甲烷，液化石油气因排放质量流率更大、燃烧热值更高，其声压级与热辐射强度均显著提升，导致影响距离更远。然而，尽管绝对数值有所增加，各热辐射强度阈值与噪声限值所对应的安全距离依然严格遵循本文提出的随作业时间变化的划定规律。因此，该安全距离划分方法不仅适用于甲烷，对液化石油气等其他典型排放介质同样具有良好的适用性与工程指导价值。
4　人员防护策略
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在紧急情况下，应急人员须进入火炬非安全距离内作业时，需知悉所进入位置处的热辐射强度与噪声声压级，再结合停留时间长短，采取针对性的防护措施。例如，从图7、图8可知，热辐射强度达4.73 kW/m2与噪声达100 dB（A）的距离接近，但热辐射允许暴露时间只有2～3 min，而噪声允许暴露时间却有15 min，在此位置时，应急人员应把热辐射防护放在首位，并以热辐射强度4.73 kW/m2允许暴露时间作为无专业防护的最小停留时间。除了时间控制外，还可以从热辐射和噪声两个维度分别加强人员防护，降低伤害风险。
4.1　热辐射防护策略
针对热辐射防护，可分别从安全区域划定、躯体防护、热辐射阻隔等方面考虑。
一是划定安全区域。通过工程化模拟计算，建立不同排放介质组分在最大排放工况以及当地最不利风速情况下（允许作业时）的辐射距离对应关系，按辐射值划分安全区（≤1.58 kW/m2）、限制区（1.58～4.73 kW/m2）、禁入区（≥4.73 kW/m2）。另外，作业人员应选择在上风向开展作业，且尽可能采用可远程遥控操作的火炬系统，非必要不进入限制区和禁入区。
二是加强躯体防护。当短时间进入限制区时，作业人员应穿着符合标准要求的头、手、脚、身等防护装备，如防护服、头盔、头套、手套、防护胶靴等；当长时间进入限制区或禁入区时，作业人员应穿着专业隔热防护服、防高温手套等，有条件的可佩戴空呼，防止热空气灼伤呼吸道。
三是建立热辐射阻隔。可在火炬燃烧区和上风向作业区之间，利用水幕发生器建立持续水幕幕墙，通过高压雾化形成一定厚度和高度的水幕层，阻隔热辐射。研究表明，减小水滴粒径、增大雾场厚度和加大荷载强度，皆有助于提高隔热效率，建议以水滴粒径100~500 μm，厚度0.3~1 m，荷载100~250 g/m3为宜［17-18］，可根据现场条件选择合适的水幕参数，以确保幕后保护区接受的热辐射强度在1.58 kW/m2以下。
4.2　噪声防护策略
针对噪声危害，可从实时监测预警、听力防护、屏障阻隔等方面考虑。
一是噪声实时监测预警。在作业区域布设实时声级监测仪，连续监测噪声声压级与暴露时长，超出设定阈值时发出声光预警，及时采取降噪或撤离措施。
二是配置分级听力防护装备。按作业区域噪声声压级分级配置防护装备：噪声85～94 dB（A）的监护区，佩戴高隔声值泡沫耳塞；噪声≥94 dB（A）的近距操作区，佩戴隔声值≥30 dB（A）的防噪声耳罩［18］，优先选配带有通信功能模块的耳罩，保障作业指令畅通传输。
三是建立噪声阻隔。有条件时，可在作业区与火炬间设置移动式隔声屏障舱，屏障舱选用具有良好隔音和吸声性能的复合材料，如带多孔泡沫铝或纤维夹层的轻质复合板［19-22］，各屏障结构拼接处应做密封处理，防止漏声，确保隔声区的声压级在允许暴露限值以内。条件不足时，也可以依托地形或现场建筑设施作为掩体进行初级隔音保护。
5　结 论
收起
通过工程模拟计算分析，研究了移动应急火炬在不同排放工况下的热辐射与噪声复合影响范围，提供了一种具有普适性的基于作业时间的安全距离划定方法，并分场景提出针对性的人员防护策略，结论如下。
1）移动应急火炬的热噪影响距离与介质排量正相关且为幂函数关系，在允许排放范围内，噪声安全距离始终大于热辐射安全距离。
2）最小安全距离需根据作业时间判定：长时作业时，85 dB（A）噪声影响距离为最小安全距离；中时作业时，等效噪声接触限值的影响距离为最小安全距离；短时作业时，下风向热辐强度1.58 kW/m2对应的安全距离为最小安全距离。
3）当应急人员在紧急情况下须进入安全距离以内时，需知悉所进入位置处的热辐射强度与噪声声压级，再根据停留时间长短，判定防护重点和策略。
4）可通过安全区域划定、声压级实时监测预警、躯体防护、听力防护、热辐射/噪声阻隔等手段，构建分场景、分级别的一体化人员防护体系，进一步降低应急人员伤害风险。
鉴于开展火炬全链条真实燃烧试验的客观限制，本文主要基于业内通用的工程火炬模型进行数值模拟分析，所提出的基于作业时间的安全距离划定方法，可为不同规格移动火炬及介质作业提供理论参考，其防护策略亦可为火炬的热防护和降噪设计提供借鉴。
然而，本文提出的热噪双重约束判定原则，本质上是一种偏保守的工程处理方法。实际工况中，热环境与噪声环境对人体的生理损伤可能存在复杂的协同叠加效应。鉴于当前该协同机制尚不明确，后续研究可着眼于开展真实生理试验，深入探究高温热辐射与高强度噪声复合环境下人体生理指标的交互影响规律，尝试构建基于生理响应的热噪复合损伤量化评估模型，以替代目前保守的“取大值”判定法，从而实现更精准的安全距离划定。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0064.07
  • 接收时间：2026-03-04
  • 首发时间：2026-09-16
  • 出版时间：2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期：2026-03-04
  • 修回日期：2026-04-26
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    1应急管理部上海消防研究所 ，上海 200032
    2灭火救援技术与装备应急管理部重点实验室 ，上海 200032
    3上海市金山区消防救援支队 ，上海 201507
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