Article(id=1307033132205633905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0123.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=1759939200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550582219, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550582219, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550582219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550582219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=123, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033132507623795, articleId=1307033132205633905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Study on psychological factors affecting firefighters' wayfinding task performance, columnId=1307033132415349106, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Emergency management study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing complexity of building structures, firefighters face greater wayfinding challenges during internal rescue missions. This study aimed to explore the effects of psychological factors, including sense of direction, spatial anxiety, spatial navigation strategies, and mental rotation ability, on firefighters’ wayfinding performance, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing firefighter selection and training. Fifty-eight male frontline firefighters from Shanghai and Jiangsu were selected as participants. Psychological characteristics were measured using Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD), Spatial Anxiety Scale (SAS), Wayfinding Strategy Scale (WSS), and Mental Rotation Test (MRT). Wayfinding performance was assessed through a self-developed virtual maze task. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression models. Results show that, sense of direction significantly influenced wayfinding performance, with the high-directional group completing tasks faster; Among spatial navigation strategies, the survey-strategy group performed best, while the route-strategy group performed worst; Spatial anxiety had no significant effect on performance; Mental rotation ability showed a significant positive impact. Sense of direction, survey strategy, and mental rotation ability are critical psychological factors for enhancing firefighters' wayfinding efficiency in complex environments, while the impact of spatial anxiety is context-dependent. It is recommended to incorporate spatial cognition assessments in firefighter selection and strengthen survey-strategy training through targeted programs.

, authors=Xia Zhong1, Jingyi Wang1, Yu Yan1, Yun Zuo2, Guang Ge3, Jinzhen Zhao3, authorsList=Xia Zhong, Jingyi Wang, Yu Yan, Yun Zuo, Guang Ge, Jinzhen Zhao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033135892427137, articleId=1307033132205633905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=影响消防员寻路任务表现的心理因素研究, columnId=1307033132608287092, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=应急管理研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着建筑结构日益复杂,消防员在建筑内部救援任务中面临更高的寻路挑战。本研究旨在探讨方向感、空间焦虑、空间导航策略及心理旋转能力等心理因素对消防员寻路任务表现的影响,为优化消防员选拔与训练提供理论依据。选取上海、江苏两地58名一线男性消防员为研究对象,采用《圣巴巴拉方向感量表(SBSOD)》《空间焦虑量表(SAS)》《空间导航策略量表(WSS)》及《心理旋转能力测验(MRT)》测量心理特征,并通过自主开发的虚拟迷宫任务评估寻路表现。数据分析采用独立样本t检验、方差分析和线性回归模型。结果表明,方向感显著影响寻路表现,高方向感组完成任务用时更短;空间导航策略中,定向策略组表现最优,路线策略组最差;空间焦虑对寻路表现无显著影响;心理旋转能力对寻路表现具有显著正向作用。方向感、定向策略和心理旋转能力是提升消防员复杂环境寻路效率的关键心理因素,而空间焦虑的影响受情境特异性限制。建议在消防员选拔中纳入空间认知评估,并通过针对性训练强化定向策略运用。

, authors=仲夏1, 王婧一1, 闫宇1, 左云2, 葛光3, 赵锦祯3, authorsList=仲夏, 王婧一, 闫宇, 左云, 葛光, 赵锦祯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

仲夏,应急管理部上海消防研究所助理研究员,硕士,主要从事消防员职业健康、作战训练、精神卫生等方面的研究工作,上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号,200030,。

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仲夏,应急管理部上海消防研究所助理研究员,硕士,主要从事消防员职业健康、作战训练、精神卫生等方面的研究工作,上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号,200030,。

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仲夏,应急管理部上海消防研究所助理研究员,硕士,主要从事消防员职业健康、作战训练、精神卫生等方面的研究工作,上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号,200030,。

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Comparison of wayfinding performance between high and low sense of direction groups

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方向感寻路任务用时/s
低(n=32)611.17±316.50
高(n=21)452.34±205.45
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高/低方向感被试的寻路任务表现差异分析表

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方向感寻路任务用时/s
低(n=32)611.17±316.50
高(n=21)452.34±205.45
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ANOVA results for the effects of spatial navigation strategies on wayfinding performance

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因变量差异平方和自由度均方
寻路任务用时组间520 173.8112260 086.906
组内3 749 119.4035074 982.388
总计4 269 293.21552-
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空间导航策略对寻路任务表现影响的方差分析表

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因变量差异平方和自由度均方
寻路任务用时组间520 173.8112260 086.906
组内3 749 119.4035074 982.388
总计4 269 293.21552-
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Bonferroni multiple comparisons of different navigation strategy types

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名称I名称JI平均值J平均值差值(I-J)

标准

误差

p
定向型混合型413.791515.898-102.107100.2110.939
定向型路线型413.791652.574-238.78292.8220.039
混合型路线型515.898652.574-136.67689.1430.395
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不同策略类型的多重比较分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称I名称JI平均值J平均值差值(I-J)

标准

误差

p
定向型混合型413.791515.898-102.107100.2110.939
定向型路线型413.791652.574-238.78292.8220.039
混合型路线型515.898652.574-136.67689.1430.395
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Linear regression analysis of wayfinding task duration on spatial anxiety and mental rotation ability

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参数非标准化系数标准化系数tp共线性诊断
B标准误差BetaVIF容忍度
常数698.722182.712-3.824<0.01--
空间焦虑指数4.5985.4950.1050.8370.4071.0020.998
心理旋转能力得分-21.7936.072-0.452-3.589<0.011.0020.998
R20.210
调整R20.179
FF(2,50)=6.663,p=0.003
D-W值2.399
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寻路任务用时对空间焦虑和心理旋转能力的线性回归分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数非标准化系数标准化系数tp共线性诊断
B标准误差BetaVIF容忍度
常数698.722182.712-3.824<0.01--
空间焦虑指数4.5985.4950.1050.8370.4071.0020.998
心理旋转能力得分-21.7936.072-0.452-3.589<0.011.0020.998
R20.210
调整R20.179
FF(2,50)=6.663,p=0.003
D-W值2.399
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影响消防员寻路任务表现的心理因素研究
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仲夏 1 , 王婧一 1 , 闫宇 1 , 左云 2 , 葛光 3 , 赵锦祯 3
消防科学与技术 | 应急管理研究 2026,45(8): 123-128
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消防科学与技术 |应急管理研究 2026 , 45 (8) : 123 -128
影响消防员寻路任务表现的心理因素研究
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仲夏1 , 王婧一1, 闫宇1, 左云2, 葛光3, 赵锦祯3
作者信息
  • 1应急管理部上海消防研究所 ,上海 200030
  • 2泰州市消防救援支队 ,江苏 泰州 225300
  • 3上海市消防救援总队训练与战勤保障支队 ,上海 200336
作者简介:

仲夏,应急管理部上海消防研究所助理研究员,硕士,主要从事消防员职业健康、作战训练、精神卫生等方面的研究工作,上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号,200030,。

Study on psychological factors affecting firefighters' wayfinding task performance
Xia Zhong1 , Jingyi Wang1, Yu Yan1, Yun Zuo2, Guang Ge3, Jinzhen Zhao3
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Fire Scinece and Technology Research Institute of MEM , Shanghai 200030 , China
  • 2Taizhou Fire and Rescue Division , Taizhou Jiangsu 225300 , China
  • 3Training and War Service Support Detachment, Shanghai Fire and Rescue Brigade , Shanghai 200336 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0123.06
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随着建筑结构日益复杂,消防员在建筑内部救援任务中面临更高的寻路挑战。本研究旨在探讨方向感、空间焦虑、空间导航策略及心理旋转能力等心理因素对消防员寻路任务表现的影响,为优化消防员选拔与训练提供理论依据。选取上海、江苏两地58名一线男性消防员为研究对象,采用《圣巴巴拉方向感量表(SBSOD)》《空间焦虑量表(SAS)》《空间导航策略量表(WSS)》及《心理旋转能力测验(MRT)》测量心理特征,并通过自主开发的虚拟迷宫任务评估寻路表现。数据分析采用独立样本t检验、方差分析和线性回归模型。结果表明,方向感显著影响寻路表现,高方向感组完成任务用时更短;空间导航策略中,定向策略组表现最优,路线策略组最差;空间焦虑对寻路表现无显著影响;心理旋转能力对寻路表现具有显著正向作用。方向感、定向策略和心理旋转能力是提升消防员复杂环境寻路效率的关键心理因素,而空间焦虑的影响受情境特异性限制。建议在消防员选拔中纳入空间认知评估,并通过针对性训练强化定向策略运用。

消防员  /  寻路任务  /  方向感  /  空间导航策略  /  心理旋转能力

With the increasing complexity of building structures, firefighters face greater wayfinding challenges during internal rescue missions. This study aimed to explore the effects of psychological factors, including sense of direction, spatial anxiety, spatial navigation strategies, and mental rotation ability, on firefighters’ wayfinding performance, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing firefighter selection and training. Fifty-eight male frontline firefighters from Shanghai and Jiangsu were selected as participants. Psychological characteristics were measured using Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD), Spatial Anxiety Scale (SAS), Wayfinding Strategy Scale (WSS), and Mental Rotation Test (MRT). Wayfinding performance was assessed through a self-developed virtual maze task. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression models. Results show that, sense of direction significantly influenced wayfinding performance, with the high-directional group completing tasks faster; Among spatial navigation strategies, the survey-strategy group performed best, while the route-strategy group performed worst; Spatial anxiety had no significant effect on performance; Mental rotation ability showed a significant positive impact. Sense of direction, survey strategy, and mental rotation ability are critical psychological factors for enhancing firefighters' wayfinding efficiency in complex environments, while the impact of spatial anxiety is context-dependent. It is recommended to incorporate spatial cognition assessments in firefighter selection and strengthen survey-strategy training through targeted programs.

firefighters  /  wayfinding task  /  sense of direction  /  spatial navigation strategy  /  mental rotation ability
仲夏, 王婧一, 闫宇, 左云, 葛光, 赵锦祯. 影响消防员寻路任务表现的心理因素研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 123 -128 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0123.06
Xia Zhong, Jingyi Wang, Yu Yan, Yun Zuo, Guang Ge, Jinzhen Zhao. Study on psychological factors affecting firefighters' wayfinding task performance[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 123 -128 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0123.06
随着社会经济的发展,不断增多的建筑数量和日益复杂的建筑结构给消防救援人员开展建筑内部救援处置带来了更大的挑战。
复杂环境下的人员定位和寻路一直是消防救援领域的研究热点,但过往的研究主要聚焦于定位相关装备和技战术[1],如导向绳[2]、惯性定位[3]、卫星定位[4]等,较少关注消防员自身心理因素对寻路行为的影响。寻路被定义为在环境中编码和转换空间关系以进行自我定向和导航的技能。一般认为,寻路是一种心理认知过程,即寻路者通过对环境信息进行感知、处理和提取,从而做出空间判断和决策的过程[5],其效果受到个体自身的方向感、空间焦虑程度、空间导航策略等多种心理认知因素影响[6]。
方向感是空间认知的重要组成部分,直接影响个体的寻路行为表现。心理学界目前并未形成对于方向感的明确定义,但一般认为方向感是大脑对环境信息的动态编码与整合能力,方向感好的人加工环境信息的速率更快、准确性更高,更容易在大脑中构建出所处环境的认知地图和空间坐标系[7]。
空间焦虑是个体在涉及空间导航或方向判断的任务中产生的紧张、担忧或回避的心理状态。有研究表明,空间焦虑通过认知资源挤占和策略选择偏差间接损害个体的空间学习能力,表现为对潜在错误线索(如复杂岔路口、模糊地标)的过度警觉,从而导致注意力被非核心环境信息占据,削弱对全局空间布局的整合能力[8]。但也有部分研究表明空间焦虑的影响并不会直接表现为对寻路任务表现的削弱[9],因此,空间焦虑程度对寻路任务的具体影响还需进一步验证。
空间导航策略是指个体在特定环境中通过整合感官信息、认知表征与行为决策,实现从起点到目标点有效位移的系统性认知模式。国内外研究表明,空间导航策略可以分为路线策略和定向策略两类。路线策略者依赖于环境中的路标和指示物,通过对路标与路标间的路径进行序列记忆来实现空间导航,倾向于用“前、后、左、右”等来表征空间信息。而定向策略者则依赖于环境中各地点间的方位关系来建构认知地图,倾向于用“东、西、南、北”等方式来描述空间关系[10]。当前关于空间导航策略对寻路任务影响的研究结论存在争议,有研究表明二者在不同类型的寻路任务中各有优势,定向策略在探索新环境时表现更好[11],而路线策略则在记忆熟悉环境时更有优势[12]。因此,空间导航策略对消防员寻路任务表现的具体影响有待进一步验证。
除上述心理特征外,近年来有很多研究开始关注心理旋转能力对复杂环境空间信息加工的影响。心理旋转能力被认为是空间认知的核心能力之一,指个体在脑海中对二维或三维物体进行旋转操作并判断其空间一致性的能力[13]。与上述心理特征对寻路表现的直接影响相比,心理旋转能力作用于更为基础的认知神经过程。有研究表明,执行心理旋转任务时,被试的大脑后顶叶皮层(PPC)、海马旁回(PHG)等空间认知的核心脑区有显著激活[14]。因此,有理由推测心理旋转能力与实际的寻路任务表现存在关联。
由此,本研究提出以下假设:方向感对消防员的寻路任务表现有显著正向影响;定向策略者在寻路任务中更有优势;空间焦虑和心理旋转能力对寻路任务表现有显著正向影响。
本研究选取上海、江苏两地的一线消防员为研究对象,探索方向感、空间焦虑、空间导航策略和心理旋转能力等心理认知因素对消防员寻路任务表现的影响机制,从而为消防队伍针对性人员选拔、职业胜任评估、针对性训练等提供理论支撑。
来自上海市、江苏省昆山市10个消防救援站的58名消防员参与了本次研究。所有被试均为灭火战斗员,性别均为男性。其中最小年龄18岁,最大年龄42岁,平均年龄(24.57±4.79)岁。所有被试均满足以下条件:知情同意、自愿参与本研究;均已完成所有的入职培训,正式入职服役于消防站;至少参与过一次消防救援任务。具有以下情况之一的被试未纳入研究中:因休假、备勤、出警等原因不在岗或施测中途离岗的;有精神疾病史或家族有遗传性精神疾病的;入职以来从未参加过消防救援任务的;因其他因素不愿参与本次研究的。
通过量表测量被试的方向感、空间焦虑指数和空间导航策略,通过测验法评估被试的心理旋转能力,采用一套自主开发的标准化虚拟迷宫任务评估被试的寻路任务表现。研究中所有的测试和评估均在被试所处的消防救援站中进行,采用单独施测的方式,每一个消防站的被试依次到会议室参与测试。施测前我们获得了研究所涉及的所有消防站主官(站长或指导员)的同意。
采用Hegarty M等[15]编制的《圣巴巴拉方向感量表(SBSOD)》测量被试的空间方向感。该量表包含15个题项,均为自评式问题(如“我通常能记住只走过一次的路线”),采用7点李克特量表计分,总分范围15~105分,60分以上代表被试的方向感较强。该量表是空间认知领域应用最为广泛的评估工具之一,重测信度在0.91以上。
采用文献[10]编制的《空间焦虑量表(SAS)》测量被试的空间焦虑指数。该量表包含8个题项,描述需要空间/导航技能的具体情境(如“在陌生停车场找车”或“超市寻路”),要求被试想象自己处于这些具体情境中的焦虑程度。量表采用5点李克特量表计分,分数越高代表被试的空间焦虑程度越高。量表的内部一致性信度在0.7以上。
采用Lawton C A等[16]编制的《空间导航策略量表(WSS)》对被试的空间导航策略类型进行判定。该量表包含14个题项,其中9项评估定向策略(总分45分),5项评估路线策略(总分25分)。量表采用5点李克特量表计分,定向策略的均分显著高于路线策略(差值≥20%)时,判定为“定向主导型”,定向策略均分显著低于路线策略时,判定为“路线主导型”,两策略得分差值介于-20%和20%之间则判定为“混合策略型”。该量表的内部一致性信度在0.8以上。
采用Vandenberg S G等[17]编制的《心理旋转能力测验(MRT)》对被试的心理旋转能力进行测定。该测验包含20个题目,每题4个选项,题目内容为各类立体几何图形,被试需要从4个选项中选择出与题干属于同一图形的2个选项,每个题目仅完全匹配得1分,总分为0~20分,分数越高代表被试的心理旋转能力越强。该测验的信度在0.70~0.85。例题见图1。
本研究采用MazeSuit虚拟迷宫开发工具开发了一套寻路任务评估程序,该工具被广泛用于空间认知领域研究[18]。评估场景为一个140 m×140 m的正方形迷宫,迷宫中有3个假人,被试的任务是进入迷宫后通过键盘鼠标操纵人物探索迷宫、搜索假人,找到所有3个假人后从预设出口撤离。被试完成任务后,程序将记录完成时间,以反映其空间寻路任务表现。具体场景见图2、图3。
测试数据将通过SPSS进行分析。采用独立样本t检验分析方向感对寻路表现的影响,采用方差分析考察不同空间导航策略在寻路任务中的差异,采用线性回归构建空间焦虑指数和心理旋转能力对寻路任务表现的影响路径。
参与测试的58人中,除5名被试因3D眩晕未完成寻路任务外,共有53份数据进入结果分析。其中最短完成时间为223.49 s,最长完成时间为1 367.27 s,平均完成时间为(548.239±286.53) s。图4呈现了具体任务表现的分布情况。
以SBSOD量表得分60分为界,将被试分为高方向感组和低方向感组,其中高方向感21人,低方向感32人。采用独立样本t检验分析两组的寻路任务用时差异。表1和图5显示了高/低方向感被试的寻路任务表现差异,低方向感组的完成任务用时高于高方向感组(t=2.032,p=0.047<0.05),表明被试自身的方向感水平显著影响其在寻路任务中的实际表现,高方向感被试的表现显著优于低方向感被试。
根据WSS量表得分将被试的空间导航策略分为3组:路线型、定向型和混合型,其中路线型23人,定向型14人,混合型16人。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)考察不同策略在寻路任务表现上的差异。表2显示,空间导航策略类型对寻路任务用时有显著的影响效应(F=3.469,p=0.039<0.05),效应量中等(偏η2=0.122,介于0.06和0.14之间),表明不同空间导航策略组在实际寻路表现上有显著差异。进一步采用Bonferroni检验比较3种策略之间的具体差异,表3、图6呈现了3种策略间的具体差异情况,比较结果显示,定向型策略的平均任务用时最短,混合型策略的平均用时次之,路线型策略的平均用时最长。这表明定向策略在空间搜索任务中有显著的优势。
采用线性回归模型分析空间焦虑和心理旋转能力对被试寻路任务表现的影响。以被试在SAS量表和MRT测验上的得分为自变量,寻路任务用时为因变量,构建线性回归模型。表4呈现了线性回归模型的具体情况。
在共线性诊断方面,VIF=1.002<5,容忍度=0.998>0.2,表明模型不存在共线性和自相关性问题,样本间不存在关联关系,模型结构良好。在模型拟合方面,模型通过了F检验(F=6.663,p=0.003<0.05),表明模型拟合度良好,R2=0.210,表明因变量(寻路任务用时)的变化有21%来源于自变量(空间焦虑、心理旋转能力)的变化。整体回归公式为:寻路任务用时=698.722+4.598×空间焦虑指数-21.793×心理旋转能力得分,其中,空间焦虑指数的回归系数值为4.598(t=0.837,p=0.407>0.05),表明空间焦虑指数对寻路任务用时的影响不显著,心理旋转能力得分的回归系数值为-21.793(t=-3.589,p=0.001<0.01),表明心理旋转能力的影响显著,即心理旋转能力越强,寻路任务用时越短,表现越好。
根据上述工作,得出以下测试结果。
1)方向感对消防员的寻路任务表现有显著影响,表现为高方向感人群完成寻路任务的速度更快。
2)空间导航策略对寻路任务表现有显著影响,定向型策略的任务表现最好,混合型策略次之,路线型策略表现最差。
3)空间焦虑程度对寻路任务表现没有显著影响。
4)心理旋转能力对寻路任务表现有显著影响,具体表现为心理旋转能力越强,完成寻路任务的用时越短,速度越快。
消防员自身的方向感是影响其寻路任务表现的重要因素。方向感反映了个体对环境信息的动态编码与整合能力,本研究中高方向感组的寻路任务用时显著更低,表明方向感强的消防员在复杂环境中能够更快构建认知地图,优化路径决策。这一结果与前人的理论一致,即高方向感者通过快速提取关键空间线索(如路径拓扑关系、地标分布)构建全局表征,而非依赖局部碎片化信息[19-20]。考虑到消防救援实战场景中,消防员所获取的空间信息往往不完整不精确,因此在整合残缺空间信息从而做出关键决策这一过程中,个体自身的方向感知能力将起到重要作用。
空间导航策略是影响消防员空间搜索任务绩效的另一个重要因素。定向型策略组的寻路表现显著优于路线型策略组,这与前人的研究结论基本一致,即依赖方位关系的定向策略能够增强环境的空间整体表征,而路线策略依赖固定路标,易受环境动态变化干扰[21]。相关理论认为,定向策略需要更强的空间工作记忆和空间推理能力,如推断未探索区域的连通性,这可能使其在陌生环境中更具适应性[22]。而路线策略在动态环境中易因路标失效(如遮挡、变形)导致导航失败。因此,尽管有部分研究表明路线策略在熟悉环境中的路径记忆和决策表现更优[23],但在复杂多变的灾难场景中,定向型策略显然更有优势。
空间焦虑水平不影响消防员的寻路任务表现。尽管前人研究提出空间焦虑可能通过认知资源挤占削弱空间表现,但本研究中空间焦虑指数与寻路用时无显著关联。可能的解释是,空间焦虑的影响具有情境特异性。例如,SAS量表主要针对日常导航任务(如停车场寻车),其引发的焦虑强度可能与高压职业环境(如火场搜救)存在差异。同时,焦虑对任务表现的干扰可能被目标导向的注意力分配和消防职业训练形成的适应性策略抵消。此外,消防员的职业特点决定了其必然高频次地暴露于各类黑暗复杂的空间结构中,这种工作经历一定程度上形成了对复杂空间环境的脱敏,因此消防员寻路任务中不会产生强烈的空间焦虑体验。总体来看,空间焦虑的作用机制仍需要进一步探究。
心理旋转能力对消防员的寻路任务表现有显著正向影响。这一结果支持了心理旋转能力作为空间认知基础能力的理论框架,即在复杂空间任务中,个体需通过二维视觉信息推断三维空间的路径连通性(如拐角方向、障碍物相对位置、区域连通性等),而心理旋转能力强的人能够更快完成此类空间转换,从而缩短路径规划时间[24]。此外,心理旋转能力的影响效应可能受任务特征调节,例如,在包含多重遮挡或非对称结构的场景中,心理旋转能力的作用更为显著[25],因为此类环境要求被试整合碎片化视觉线索,以重构全局布局。本研究的虚拟迷宫设计包含复杂的交叉路径和视觉遮挡,使得心理旋转能力对导航效率的贡献进一步加大。而在真实火场中,环境的复杂多变和低能见度造成的视觉信息缺损对消防员的空间信息整合能力提出了更高要求,在这类任务情境下,优秀的心理旋转能力所带来的信息加工优势将起到重要作用。
根据以上研究结论,为系统性提升消防员在复杂环境中的寻路效率,应从选拔、训练与心理调适三方面入手推行具体对策。首先,在人员选拔与评估环节,应引入标准化的空间认知测评,可采用《圣巴巴拉方向感量表》与《心理旋转能力测验》对消防员的空间认知能力进行评估,为攻坚、搜救等不同岗位的人员安置提供科学依据。在训练方法上,需将空间认知训练融入日常技战术培训,如要求消防员使用“东、西、南、北”等绝对方位进行描述,从而强化定向策略运用。同时,可通过专门软件进行限时三维图形旋转匹配练习,或在观察建筑模型时快速判断内部结构,针对性提升心理旋转能力。最后,还需加强情境化的心理调适训练,可在烟热、黑暗等高压模拟环境中穿插寻路决策任务,运用认知行为干预技术引导消防员管理灾难化思维、保持对核心线索的注意力,并教授其在任务间歇运用呼吸控制等正念技巧快速降低生理唤醒,为后续决策储备宝贵的认知资源。

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2026年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0123.06
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
  • 修回日期:2025-10-09
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    1应急管理部上海消防研究所 ,上海 200030
    2泰州市消防救援支队 ,江苏 泰州 225300
    3上海市消防救援总队训练与战勤保障支队 ,上海 200336
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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