Article(id=1307033128183292075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0098.09, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748880000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-03, revisedDate=1758384000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550581259, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550581259, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550581259, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550581259, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=98, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033128661442733, articleId=1307033128183292075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation of the effect of fuel type and load on the spread characteristics of upslope surface fires, columnId=1307033128569168044, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Forest fire control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The propagation of forest fires is primarily characterized by surface fires. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating surface fires, with particular attention paid to the interactive effects of low slope angles and wind on their propagation characteristics. In contrast, studies on the coupled effects of fuel load and slope on surface fire spread characteristics remain relatively limited. In this study, a slope‑adjustable experimental setup was used to conduct comparative experiments on surface fire spread under varying slope angles (0°, 20°, 30°, 40°), fuel loads (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 kg/m²), and fuel types (Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica). Quantitative analyses were performed on the evolution of fire front shape, flame geometry parameters, rate of fire spread, and flame plume temperature. The results revealed that the time required for the fireline pinch‑shaped front to transition from its initial state to a steady state during surface fire spread on a variable slope exhibited a negative correlation with slope angle. When the slope angle was below 30°, its influence on the flame inclination angle was relatively weak; however, when the slope angle exceeded 30°, this influence became even less pronounced. Additionally, fuel type notably affected both the spread rate and flame length. Under identical operating conditions, the flame length and spread rate of Pinus koraiensis were greater than those of Quercus mongolica. The spread rate increased significantly when the slope angle exceeded 30°. Furthermore, correlation analysis was used to evaluate the effects of slope angle and fuel load on the characteristic parameters of fire spread. The results showed that slope angle significantly influenced flame angle, flame length, spread rate, and combustion temperature, whereas fuel load mainly determined flame length, spread rate, and combustion temperature.

, authors=Long Sun1, 2, Zhenbo Qi1, 2, Hanwen Guo1, 2, authorsList=Long Sun, Zhenbo Qi, Hanwen Guo, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hanwen Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033135821119687, articleId=1307033128183292075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=燃料类型和载荷对上坡地表火蔓延特性影响研究, columnId=1307033128950849710, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=森林火灾防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地表火是森林火灾蔓延的主要形式。现有地表火的研究多集中于低坡度和风速耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征的影响,关于载荷和坡度耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征影响的研究较为欠缺。本试验基于可调节坡度的地表火蔓延试验平台,开展了不同坡度(0°、20°、30°、40°)、载荷(0.8、1.0、1.2 kg/m2)和燃料种类(红松、蒙古栎)的火蔓延对比试验。系统分析了火线形态演变、火几何特征参数、蔓延速率及火羽流温度等关键指标的变化规律。试验发现,在变坡度地表火蔓延过程中,火线夹角形态从初始状态过渡到稳定状态所需时间与坡度呈反比关系;当坡度≤30°时,火焰倾角随坡度的增加而减小,而坡度>30°时,坡度对火焰倾角的影响略微降低。此外,不同燃料种类也会对蔓延速率和火焰长度产生影响:在相同工况下,红松的火焰长度和蔓延速率均优于蒙古栎。当坡度>30°时火焰蔓延速率显著增加。此外,通过相关性分析,评估坡度、载荷等因素对火蔓延特征参数的影响,发现坡度对火焰倾角、火焰长度、火蔓延速率以及火线夹角具有显著影响;燃料载荷主要决定火焰长度、蔓延速率以及燃烧温度。

, authors=孙龙1, 2, 齐振博1, 2, 郭瀚文1, 2, authorsList=孙龙, 齐振博, 郭瀚文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭瀚文, authorNote=

孙龙,东北林业大学林学院,教授,博士,主要从事森林火灾防控与林火生态研究,黑龙江省哈尔滨市香坊区和兴路26号,150040。

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭瀚文,东北林业大学林学院,讲师,博士,。
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孙龙,东北林业大学林学院,教授,博士,主要从事森林火灾防控与林火生态研究,黑龙江省哈尔滨市香坊区和兴路26号,150040。

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孙龙,东北林业大学林学院,教授,博士,主要从事森林火灾防控与林火生态研究,黑龙江省哈尔滨市香坊区和兴路26号,150040。

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journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=地表火), Keyword(id=1307033140036395239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=坡度), Keyword(id=1307033140137058536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=载荷), Keyword(id=1307033140220944617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=火几何特征), Keyword(id=1307033140300636394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=蔓延速率), Keyword(id=1307033140426465515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=相关性分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1307033146680172806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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pageStart=1403, pageEnd=1419, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=40, authorNames=Guo H W, Kong L Y, Gao Y J, journalName=Fire Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo H W,Kong L Y,Gao Y J,et al.Transition from surface fire to crown fire and effects of crown height,moisture content and tree flower[J].Fire Technology,2024,60(2):1403-1419., articleTitle=Transition from surface fire to crown fire and effects of crown height,moisture content and tree flower, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307033136517374152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307033136525762761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033128183292075, companyId=1307033136517374152, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University , 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Experimental settings

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燃料种类坡度载荷/kg/m2
红松0°、20°、30°、40°0.8、1.0、1.2
蒙古栎0°、20°、30°、40°0.8、1.0、1.2
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试验工况设置

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燃料种类坡度载荷/kg/m2
红松0°、20°、30°、40°0.8、1.0、1.2
蒙古栎0°、20°、30°、40°0.8、1.0、1.2
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燃料类型和载荷对上坡地表火蔓延特性影响研究
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孙龙 1, 2 , 齐振博 1, 2 , 郭瀚文 1, 2
消防科学与技术 | 森林火灾防控 2026,45(8): 98-106
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消防科学与技术 |森林火灾防控 2026 , 45 (8) : 98 -106
燃料类型和载荷对上坡地表火蔓延特性影响研究
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孙龙1, 2, 齐振博1, 2, 郭瀚文1, 2
作者信息
  • 1东北林业大学 林学院 ,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 2森林生态系统可持续经营教育部重点实验室(东北林业大学) ,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
通讯作者:
郭瀚文,东北林业大学林学院,讲师,博士,。
作者简介:

孙龙,东北林业大学林学院,教授,博士,主要从事森林火灾防控与林火生态研究,黑龙江省哈尔滨市香坊区和兴路26号,150040。

Experimental investigation of the effect of fuel type and load on the spread characteristics of upslope surface fires
Long Sun1, 2, Zhenbo Qi1, 2, Hanwen Guo1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 , China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management(Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education , Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0098.09
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地表火是森林火灾蔓延的主要形式。现有地表火的研究多集中于低坡度和风速耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征的影响,关于载荷和坡度耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征影响的研究较为欠缺。本试验基于可调节坡度的地表火蔓延试验平台,开展了不同坡度(0°、20°、30°、40°)、载荷(0.8、1.0、1.2 kg/m2)和燃料种类(红松、蒙古栎)的火蔓延对比试验。系统分析了火线形态演变、火几何特征参数、蔓延速率及火羽流温度等关键指标的变化规律。试验发现,在变坡度地表火蔓延过程中,火线夹角形态从初始状态过渡到稳定状态所需时间与坡度呈反比关系;当坡度≤30°时,火焰倾角随坡度的增加而减小,而坡度>30°时,坡度对火焰倾角的影响略微降低。此外,不同燃料种类也会对蔓延速率和火焰长度产生影响:在相同工况下,红松的火焰长度和蔓延速率均优于蒙古栎。当坡度>30°时火焰蔓延速率显著增加。此外,通过相关性分析,评估坡度、载荷等因素对火蔓延特征参数的影响,发现坡度对火焰倾角、火焰长度、火蔓延速率以及火线夹角具有显著影响;燃料载荷主要决定火焰长度、蔓延速率以及燃烧温度。

地表火  /  坡度  /  载荷  /  火几何特征  /  蔓延速率  /  相关性分析

The propagation of forest fires is primarily characterized by surface fires. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating surface fires, with particular attention paid to the interactive effects of low slope angles and wind on their propagation characteristics. In contrast, studies on the coupled effects of fuel load and slope on surface fire spread characteristics remain relatively limited. In this study, a slope‑adjustable experimental setup was used to conduct comparative experiments on surface fire spread under varying slope angles (0°, 20°, 30°, 40°), fuel loads (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 kg/m²), and fuel types (Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica). Quantitative analyses were performed on the evolution of fire front shape, flame geometry parameters, rate of fire spread, and flame plume temperature. The results revealed that the time required for the fireline pinch‑shaped front to transition from its initial state to a steady state during surface fire spread on a variable slope exhibited a negative correlation with slope angle. When the slope angle was below 30°, its influence on the flame inclination angle was relatively weak; however, when the slope angle exceeded 30°, this influence became even less pronounced. Additionally, fuel type notably affected both the spread rate and flame length. Under identical operating conditions, the flame length and spread rate of Pinus koraiensis were greater than those of Quercus mongolica. The spread rate increased significantly when the slope angle exceeded 30°. Furthermore, correlation analysis was used to evaluate the effects of slope angle and fuel load on the characteristic parameters of fire spread. The results showed that slope angle significantly influenced flame angle, flame length, spread rate, and combustion temperature, whereas fuel load mainly determined flame length, spread rate, and combustion temperature.

surface fire  /  slope  /  fuel load  /  flame geometry parameters  /  rate of spread  /  correlation analysis
孙龙, 齐振博, 郭瀚文. 燃料类型和载荷对上坡地表火蔓延特性影响研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 98 -106 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0098.09
Long Sun, Zhenbo Qi, Hanwen Guo. Experimental investigation of the effect of fuel type and load on the spread characteristics of upslope surface fires[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 98 -106 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0098.09
森林草原火灾被联合国列为世界八大自然灾害之一,不仅严重破坏森林资源和生态环境,而且对人民生命财产和公共安全产生极大危害[1]。历史上,中国、加拿大、美国、澳大利亚、葡萄牙等国家是森林火灾频发的重灾区,当地的生态环境饱受严重威胁[2]。新中国成立以来,我国共发生森林火灾80余万次,受害森林总面积将近4 000万hm2[3]。根据火灾发生的空间位置可以将森林火灾划分为3类,地下阴燃、地表火、树冠火。其中,地表火是森林火灾的主要形式,也是森林大火的初级阶段,约占森林火灾总数的94%[4]。因此,探究不同燃料类型地表火的蔓延特征及其发展规律,不仅为构建地表火蔓延预测模型提供了理论基础,也丰富了森林防火的知识体系,对实现科学防火与高效灭火具有重要意义。
针对地表火蔓延特征的研究始于20世纪初,研究重点大都集中于坡度对地表火蔓延特性的影响。Mendes-Lopes J M C等[5]通过改变坡度的地表火蔓延试验,探究了火焰几何特征参数、火前锋蔓延速率等地表火关键特征参数在不同坡度下的变化情况。Dupuy J L等[6]通过地表火蔓延试验,揭示了燃料床宽度和坡度耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征的影响,结果表明,火线夹角和火焰夹角随坡度的增加而减小,火焰蔓延速率随坡度和燃料床宽度的增加而增加。Sullivan A L等[7]以松木刨花为研究对象,探究变坡(0°~30°)条件下地表火火线形状、火焰几何特征的演化规律,试验发现当燃料床坡度为30°时,火线形态随火线的蔓延由线性逐渐演化为倒“V”形。Xie X D等[8]通过峡谷火蔓延试验,探究不同坡度和地形对火蔓延速率及火线演化形态的影响。Liu N A等[9]以松针为研究对象,探究不同坡度条件下火焰几何特征参数的变化规律。许红升等[10]利用计算流体力学(CFD)分析了不同坡度条件下火焰的传播速度、燃烧时间等,试验发现坡度越大,火焰蔓延速率越快,燃烧时间越短。陶奇等[11]通过改变引燃方式,探究不同坡度条件下火线演化特征和火蔓延速率的变化规律,试验发现,平坡条件下点火源引燃后会形成圆形火线,随着坡度的升高,火线形态会逐渐演化为泪滴状。此外,研究还发现,当坡角大于20°时火蔓延速率会迅速增加。上述研究均针对坡度、宽度等对地表火蔓延特征的影响进行分析,缺乏关于坡度和载荷耦合作用对火焰几何形态、火蔓延速率等地表火蔓延特征影响的研究。此外,部分学者[12-15]还利用松木刨花等作为燃料,或用火灾模拟软件对地表火进行模拟,探究火蔓延特性的演化规律,缺乏对真实火灾的反映。
此外,燃料载荷也是影响地表火蔓延特性的主要因素之一,针对燃料载荷变化对地表火蔓延影响的研究也取得了一定成果。Tihay V等[16]以南欧海松针作为燃料,在坡度为0°和20°两个工况下,研究不同载荷对火蔓延速率的影响,试验发现,平坡条件下,火蔓延可达到稳定状态,且蔓延速率随着载荷的增加而增加。Dupuy J L[17]利用2种松针作为燃料,探究不同载荷条件下燃料质量损失速率与蔓延速率的关系,试验结果表明,火焰蔓延速率随载荷的增加呈指数形式增长。Cheney N P等[18]通过野外点烧试验,揭示了地表火蔓延速率的影响因素,研究表明燃料的含水率是影响火焰蔓延速率的主要因素。Guo H W等[19]以松针为研究对象,探究不同载荷条件对火焰几何形态、火焰蔓延速率等火蔓延特征的影响,研究表明,火焰长度随载荷的增加而增加。任孟林等[20]以红松为对象,分析了坡度、载荷等因素对地表火蔓延速率的影响,结果表明坡度和载荷是影响火蔓延速率的重要因素。张运林等[21]以贵州典型树种马尾松和云南松为研究对象,分析不同燃料载荷对地表火蔓延速率的影响。
综上所述,目前关于地表火的研究多集中于小坡度对地表火蔓延特征的影响,普遍采用单一燃料类型、单一载荷,且较少使用真实燃料。针对燃料载荷和坡度变化耦合作用对火焰几何形态的影响关注不足,难以准确反映森林火灾的实际情况。因此,本研究采用2种燃料进行对比,系统研究坡度与燃料载荷耦合作用下地表火的蔓延特征,旨在揭示各因素对地表火蔓延特征变化的影响。重点分析各影响因子对火焰几何形态、蔓延速率与火焰温度等参数变化规律的影响。研究成果将有助于丰富森林防火的基础理论,为复杂环境下火灾蔓延的动态预测及科学扑救提供理论支持。
试验基于可调节坡度的地表火蔓延试验平台,见图1。试验平台主要由燃料床(长4.0 m×宽4.4 m)、液压坡度调节系统、温度测量系统、图像采集系统、数据采集系统等组成。燃料床变坡系统由一根液压千斤顶构成,用于模拟不同坡度变化。平台两侧设有尺寸标注,以控制燃料铺设和观测火前锋位置。温度测量系统由17根K型热电偶(TC1~TC17)沿燃料床中心线均匀布置,间距为20 cm,热电偶导线距离燃料表面3~5 cm。为确保测量精度,试验前使用沸水对热电偶进行校准,使其误差控制在3%以内。图像采集系统由两台高清摄像机构成。一台摄像机位于燃料床侧面,用于记录火焰长度和火焰倾角在燃烧旺盛期的动态变化;另一台摄像机置于燃料床前侧,用于观测火焰蔓延过程中的火线变化趋势。此外,在燃料床坡度变化时,相机位置和高度需根据具体试验工况进行调节。
试验所选用的燃料均采自黑龙江省尚志市境内的东北林业大学帽儿山试验林场(45°20′~45°25′N,127°30′~127°34′E)。红松和蒙古栎是该地区的优势树种,具有较高的经济价值,但其枝叶富含油脂,火灾风险较高[20-22]。因此,选取红松和蒙古栎作为本次试验的研究对象。在2024年秋季防火期,于帽儿山林场收集红松和蒙古栎凋落物,收集后的叶片放置在干燥箱中(60 ℃,24 h),使燃料含水率降低至5%绝干状态,放置在干燥通风处,留存备用。每次试验前,使用测定仪确定燃料含水率,使其含水率保持在 (10±3)%,以降低燃料含水率对试验的影响。为使燃料床结构更接近自然状态,试验采用模拟野外燃料自然凋落过程来铺设燃料床。燃料部分长4.0 m,宽1.0 m;共设置2种燃料类型:红松松针、蒙古栎叶; 4个坡度梯度:0°、20°、30°、40°;3种燃料载荷:0.8、1.0、1.2 kg/m2。试验设置如表1所示。
地表火线形态变化典型图片如图2所示。其中,图2(a)为红松燃料在20°、1.2 kg/m2工况条件下火线随时间的变化过程,图2(b)展示了蒙古栎燃料在0°、1.2 kg/m2工况条件下火线形态随时间的变化过程,图2(c)和图2(d)分别展示了红松燃料在 0.8 kg/m2、20°、30°条件下火线形状随时间的变化情况。从图中可以看出,火线形态的演化模式与前人结论基本相同,当坡度<20°时,由于燃料床中心线的火蔓延速率显著高于火线两翼,因此火线形态由初始的线性逐渐演化为弧形。其原因可能与燃料床两侧的侧向空气卷吸作用密切相关。由于侧向空气卷吸的影响,燃料床两侧的火线向燃料床中轴线倾斜。同时,由于燃料床两侧受对流冷却作用的影响,损失了部分热量,因此燃料床中轴线上的热量传递大于两侧,使得燃料床中轴线区域的火焰蔓延速率大于两侧,最终导致火线呈弧形。当坡度≥20°时,火线夹角随着坡度的增加逐渐减小,最终蔓延形态也会演化为倒“V”形,并始终保持相对于燃料床中轴线的对称性。此外,值得关注的是,火线的演化时间随着坡度和载荷的增加而降低,其原因可能是坡度和载荷的增加导致蔓延速率增大,从而缩短了演化所需时间。
火焰几何形态由试验台侧视摄像机拍摄获得,已有研究表明[23-24]火焰长度和火焰倾角是两个关键的火几何参数,其对火蔓延起着至关重要的作用。火焰长度和火焰倾角示意如图3所示,火焰长度定义为火焰尖端到火焰底部的长度[25],记作为Lf。火焰倾角是指火头与火焰底部中心连线,与燃料床面上坡方向所成的夹角[26],记作α。为探究不同因素对火焰几何参数的影响,在处理试验数据时,针对不同试验工况,选取火前锋燃烧过程中相对稳定的阶段作为分析对象。
图4展示了不同工况条件下,2种燃料类型火焰与未燃区之间夹角随坡度变化的趋势。由图4可知,在燃料相同的情况下,燃料床坡度≤30°时,火焰倾角α与坡度呈负相关,燃料床坡度越高,火焰倾角越小。以载荷0.8 kg/m2为例,平坡条件下红松和蒙古栎火焰倾角的平均值分别为107.71°和101.60°;当燃料床坡度为30°时,火焰倾角的平均值分别为46.11°和48.40°。根据前人研究可知[27],火焰倾角是由于燃烧过程中空气卷吸的作用,使火焰前后区域的压强分布不均,从而产生一定的压强差,进而使火焰沿着前进轴线方向发生倾斜。随着坡度的逐渐增大,燃烧强度逐渐增强,空气卷吸作用进一步加强,从而导致火焰倾角减小。
在各组试验中,选取火前锋相对稳定燃烧阶段内的火焰长度与倾角的平均值作为特征值,用于探究载荷与坡度变化对火焰几何特性参数的影响规律。红松和蒙古栎燃料在燃烧过程中的火焰倾角随坡度的变化如图5所示。由图5可以看出,火焰倾角α随坡度的增加而逐渐减小。在相同坡度条件下,燃料载荷对火焰倾角无明显影响。此外,对比试验结果可发现,在载荷和坡度相同的工况下,燃料种类也不会影响火焰倾角。
图6展示了不同工况条件下2种燃料火焰长度随坡度变化的趋势。在燃料类型相同的条件下,火焰长度与燃料载荷呈线性关系,燃料床坡度和载荷越大,对应的火焰长度越长。以载荷为0.8 kg/m2为例,燃料床坡度为0°时,红松和蒙古栎的火焰长度分别为30.09、39.88 cm;当燃料床坡度抬升至40°时,红松和蒙古栎的火焰长度分别为60.30、67.83 cm。其原因可能是火焰倾斜导致预热面积增加,从而提高了热传递效率。热传递效率增加导致燃料热解更快、更充分,释放出更多的可燃性气体,促使火焰长度增加。火焰长度随坡度的变化规律如图7所示。由图7可知,在燃料类型和坡度相同的条件下,火焰长度随载荷的增加而增加。以平坡条件下红松为例,载荷分别为0.8、1.0、1.2 kg/m2时,火焰长度分别为30.09、65.15、97.72 cm。此外,相较于火焰倾角,火焰长度对燃料载荷的敏感性更强。
对比红松和蒙古栎特征曲线可知,在相同工况条件下,红松燃料的火焰长度整体上大于蒙古栎燃料,其原因可能是红松的燃烧性优于蒙古栎。值得关注的是,载荷为0.8 kg/m2条件下,蒙古栎的火焰长度反而大于红松。这可能是由于红松为针叶、蒙古栎为阔叶,且红松燃料堆积密度更大,影响了燃料床内部的空气流通,使蒙古栎叶燃烧更为剧烈,从而导致其火焰长度大于红松。
地表火蔓延试验中热电偶温度随时间的变化曲线如图8所示。在地表火蔓延过程中,火前锋逐渐靠近热电偶,并在到达其位置时引起热电偶温度的骤然上升。随着火前锋继续向前推进并逐渐远离热电偶,受对流冷却作用,热电偶温度开始下降,最终恢复至室温。
在各组试验中,提取火蔓延过程中同一位置热电偶的最高温度作为特征值,探究不同工况条件下火焰温度的变化规律。如图9所示,经对比可知,在燃料种类相同的情况下火焰中心温度随坡度的增加而增加。以载荷为0.8 kg/m2的红松为例,在坡度为0°时,火焰中心温度为552.75 ℃;当坡度为40°时,火焰中心温度为692.42 ℃。以燃料床坡度为20°的红松为例,燃料载荷为0.8 kg/m2时,火焰中心温度为593.7 ℃;燃料载荷达到1.2 kg/m2时,火焰中心温度高达687.46 ℃,因此,火焰中心温度随坡度和载荷的增加而逐渐增加。并经对比图9可知,在相同试验工况条件下,红松火焰的中心温度高于蒙古栎的。
采用热电偶法获取火蔓延速率,通过提取热电偶温度首次达到300 ℃对应的时刻,表征火前锋到达热电偶的时间[28],随后根据位置与时间关系的斜率,计算火蔓延速率(vROS),如图10所示。当坡度<40°时,在线火源作用下,火蔓延速率与坡度和载荷呈线性关系,燃料床坡度越大,火蔓延速率越快。从传热角度分析,其可能原因是坡度增大导致火焰倾角变小,从而提高了传热效率,减少了热量损失。
如图11所示,在燃料类型和坡度相同的条件下,火蔓延速率随载荷的增加而增加。以平坡条件下的红松为例,载荷为0.8、1.0、1.2 kg/m2时,火蔓延速率分别为0.296、0.457、0.653 cm/s。这可能是由于载荷增加使参与燃烧的燃料增多,挥发出更多的可燃性物质,导致燃烧更加剧烈,使火蔓延速率随载荷的增加而增加。此外,经对比相同工况下蒙古栎和红松的蔓延速率可发现,在低载荷条件下,蒙古栎的蔓延速率大于红松。其可能原因是蒙古栎为阔叶,而红松燃料堆积密度较大,限制了空气在燃料床内部的流通,从而使蒙古栎叶燃烧更加剧烈。随着载荷的增加,蒙古栎叶堆积密度有所上升;同时,蒙古栎叶的燃烧性低于红松,因此,载荷为1.0 kg/m2和1.2 kg/m2时,红松的蔓延速率大于蒙古栎。此外,由图11可知,以载荷为1.2 kg/m²的红松为例,当燃料床坡度增至30°时,蔓延速率为1.77 cm/s;进一步升至40°时,蔓延速率增加至3.04 cm/s。由此可见,当坡度超过30°时,火焰蔓延速率显著增加。这可能是由于坡度增加使火焰长度明显增大、火焰倾角减小,增强了火焰对未燃区的传热作用,显著提升了其预热效果。当坡度处于该区间时,火焰对未燃区的传热作用可能达到某一临界值,从而导致火焰蔓延速率在该坡度条件下显著增加。
为进一步探究各因素对地表火蔓延特征的影响,基于Pearson相关性检验分析,解释了各影响因素与火行为特征参数之间的关系。所有图表均在R4.3.3环境下,利用“ggplot2”“tidyverse”“GGally”等程序包完成。结果表明了哪些变量是影响火蔓延特征参数的主要因素。
根据图12所示的火行为参数与影响因素相关性分析可知,火焰倾角仅与坡度呈极显著负相关,相关性系数为-0.95。结合右上角散点图可发现火焰倾角随坡度的增加而减小;火焰长度与载量和坡度呈显著正相关,相关性系数为0.85和0.44。结合右上角散点图可发现,随着坡度和载量的增加,火焰长度逐渐增加;火蔓延速率与坡度、火焰长度和载量呈显著正相关,与火焰倾角呈显著负相关,相关性系数分别为0.81,0.76、0.43和-0.69。由散点图可以看出,火蔓延速率随坡度、火焰长度和燃料载荷的增加而增加。燃料消耗速率与蔓延速率、坡度、火焰长度和载量呈显著正相关,仅与火焰倾角呈显著负相关,相关性系数分别为0.95、0.80、0.67、0.34和-0.67。由散点图可以看出,燃料消耗速率随着蔓延速率、坡度和火焰长度的增加而增加,随着火焰倾角的增加而减小。此外,从图12中可以看出,燃料载荷的变化并不影响火焰倾角的大小。
本文以红松和蒙古栎为燃料,对线火源引燃条件下的变坡度地表火进行系统试验,研究了火线演化特征、火焰倾角、火焰长度、火焰温度、火蔓延速率及影响因素对地表火蔓延特征的影响,主要得到以下结论。
1)在线火源引燃条件下,平坡条件下火前锋以线形稳定蔓延;燃料床坡度低于30°时,火线形状随着火前锋蔓延逐渐由线形演化为弧形;当坡度升至30°及以上时,火线形状由线形逐渐演化为弧形,最终以倒“V”形稳定蔓延。
2)火焰倾角随着坡度的增加而逐渐减小;
坡度<40°时,火焰倾角会随着坡度的增加显著减小,当坡度升至40°时,火焰倾角对坡度变化的影响有所减弱。火焰长度随着坡度和载量的增加而增加;同时,不同燃料类型也会对火焰长度产生影响,相同工况条件下红松的火焰长度明显大于蒙古栎。相同位置处,火焰中心温度随着坡度和燃料载荷的增加而增加;相同工况条件下,红松的火焰中心温度高于蒙古栎。
3)火焰蔓延速率随着坡度和载荷的增加而增大;坡度小于30°时,火蔓延速率呈线性增加,当坡度大于30°时,火蔓延速率显著增加。在相同工况条件下,红松的火蔓延速率大于蒙古栎。

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2026年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0098.09
  • 接收时间:2025-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03
  • 修回日期:2025-09-21
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    1东北林业大学 林学院 ,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
    2森林生态系统可持续经营教育部重点实验室(东北林业大学) ,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040

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郭瀚文,东北林业大学林学院,讲师,博士,。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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