Article(id=1307033099288731711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0016.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=1746547200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550574371, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550574371, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550574371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550574371, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=16, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033099720745024, articleId=1307033099288731711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Experimental study of the effect of nitrogen doping on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen jet flames, columnId=1307033097116086459, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Fire theory study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogen energy as a clean fuel has a broad application prospect, but its violent combustion and poor stability is easy to induce safety hazards. Nitrogen doping to regulate the combustion characteristics of the hydrogen flame is a key technology to enhance the safe utilization of hydrogen energy. In this study, the effect of nitrogen doping on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen jet flames was investigated through experiments, and the influence of different nitrogen doping ratios on the temperature field, stable combustion time and morphology of the flame was systematically analyzed. The experimental results show that the maximum flame temperature decreases significantly with the increase of nitrogen doping ratio. The maximum temperature of the pure hydrogen flame in vertical flame reaches 842.8 ℃, which decreases to 726.5 ℃ with 30% of nitrogen doping, with a decrease of 13.8%, and that of the horizontal flame decreases from 859.3 ℃ to 706.0 ℃, with a decrease of 17.8%. When the nitrogen doping volume fraction reached 40%, the gas mixture could not maintain continuous combustion and reached the stability critical value. The stabilized combustion time of the flame was nonlinearly shortened with the doping ratio, and the pure hydrogen flame lasted 15.58 s, which was sharply reduced to 2.61 s with 30% of nitrogen doping. After nitrogen doping, the brightness of the flame was significantly reduced, and the horizontal flame jet showed an elongated jet-like propagation. Nitrogen doping can effectively regulate the core region temperature and combustion intensity of hydrogen flame.

, authors=Haiwei Sha, Qianqian Han, authorsList=Haiwei Sha, Qianqian Han, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033105890566229, articleId=1307033099288731711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=氮气掺混对氢气射流火焰燃烧特性影响的试验研究, columnId=1307033099062243517, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=消防理论研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氢能作为清洁燃料应用前景广阔,但其燃烧剧烈、稳定性差,易诱发安全隐患,氮气掺混调控氢气火焰燃烧特性是提升氢能安全利用的关键技术。本研究通过试验探究了氮气掺混对氢气射流火焰燃烧特性的影响,系统分析了不同氮气掺混比例对火焰的温度场、稳定燃烧时间及形态演化的影响规律。结果表明:随着氮气掺混比例增加,火焰最高温度显著降低,垂直火焰纯氢火焰最高温度达842.8 ℃,掺混30%时降至726.5 ℃,降幅为13.8%,水平火焰则从859.3 ℃降至706.0 ℃,降幅达17.8%。氮气掺混体积分数达到40%时,混合气体无法维持连续燃烧,达到了稳定性临界值。火焰稳定燃烧时间随掺混比例呈非线性缩短,纯氢火焰可持续15.58 s,掺混30%时锐减至2.61 s。掺混氮气后,火焰亮度明显降低,水平火焰射流呈现细长射流状传播。氮气掺混可有效调控氢气火焰的核心区域温度与燃烧强度。

, authors=沙海伟, 韩倩倩, authorsList=沙海伟, 韩倩倩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

沙海伟,中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司,主要从事氢能相关的设计研究工作,江苏省南京市渡江路10号,211102,。

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沙海伟,中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司,主要从事氢能相关的设计研究工作,江苏省南京市渡江路10号,211102,。

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沙海伟,中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司,主要从事氢能相关的设计研究工作,江苏省南京市渡江路10号,211102,。

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Experimental conditions

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序号氮气体积分数氢气体积分数火焰方向
10%100%垂直/水平
210%90%
320%80%
430%70%
540%60%
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试验工况表

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序号氮气体积分数氢气体积分数火焰方向
10%100%垂直/水平
210%90%
320%80%
430%70%
540%60%
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氮气掺混对氢气射流火焰燃烧特性影响的试验研究
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沙海伟 , 韩倩倩
消防科学与技术 | 消防理论研究 2026,45(8): 16-23
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消防科学与技术 |消防理论研究 2026 , 45 (8) : 16 -23
氮气掺混对氢气射流火焰燃烧特性影响的试验研究
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沙海伟,中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司,主要从事氢能相关的设计研究工作,江苏省南京市渡江路10号,211102,。

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沙海伟,中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司,主要从事氢能相关的设计研究工作,江苏省南京市渡江路10号,211102,。

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沙海伟 , 韩倩倩
作者信息
  • 1中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司 ,江苏 南京 211102
作者简介:

沙海伟,中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司,主要从事氢能相关的设计研究工作,江苏省南京市渡江路10号,211102,。

Experimental study of the effect of nitrogen doping on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen jet flames
Haiwei Sha , Qianqian Han
Affiliations
  • 1China Energy Engineering Group, Jiangsu Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. , Nanjing Jiangsu 211102 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0016.08
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氢能作为清洁燃料应用前景广阔,但其燃烧剧烈、稳定性差,易诱发安全隐患,氮气掺混调控氢气火焰燃烧特性是提升氢能安全利用的关键技术。本研究通过试验探究了氮气掺混对氢气射流火焰燃烧特性的影响,系统分析了不同氮气掺混比例对火焰的温度场、稳定燃烧时间及形态演化的影响规律。结果表明:随着氮气掺混比例增加,火焰最高温度显著降低,垂直火焰纯氢火焰最高温度达842.8 ℃,掺混30%时降至726.5 ℃,降幅为13.8%,水平火焰则从859.3 ℃降至706.0 ℃,降幅达17.8%。氮气掺混体积分数达到40%时,混合气体无法维持连续燃烧,达到了稳定性临界值。火焰稳定燃烧时间随掺混比例呈非线性缩短,纯氢火焰可持续15.58 s,掺混30%时锐减至2.61 s。掺混氮气后,火焰亮度明显降低,水平火焰射流呈现细长射流状传播。氮气掺混可有效调控氢气火焰的核心区域温度与燃烧强度。

燃烧  /  火焰  /  氮气惰化  /  射流  /  氢能安全

Hydrogen energy as a clean fuel has a broad application prospect, but its violent combustion and poor stability is easy to induce safety hazards. Nitrogen doping to regulate the combustion characteristics of the hydrogen flame is a key technology to enhance the safe utilization of hydrogen energy. In this study, the effect of nitrogen doping on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen jet flames was investigated through experiments, and the influence of different nitrogen doping ratios on the temperature field, stable combustion time and morphology of the flame was systematically analyzed. The experimental results show that the maximum flame temperature decreases significantly with the increase of nitrogen doping ratio. The maximum temperature of the pure hydrogen flame in vertical flame reaches 842.8 ℃, which decreases to 726.5 ℃ with 30% of nitrogen doping, with a decrease of 13.8%, and that of the horizontal flame decreases from 859.3 ℃ to 706.0 ℃, with a decrease of 17.8%. When the nitrogen doping volume fraction reached 40%, the gas mixture could not maintain continuous combustion and reached the stability critical value. The stabilized combustion time of the flame was nonlinearly shortened with the doping ratio, and the pure hydrogen flame lasted 15.58 s, which was sharply reduced to 2.61 s with 30% of nitrogen doping. After nitrogen doping, the brightness of the flame was significantly reduced, and the horizontal flame jet showed an elongated jet-like propagation. Nitrogen doping can effectively regulate the core region temperature and combustion intensity of hydrogen flame.

combustion  /  flame  /  nitrogen inertization  /  jet  /  hydrogen safety
沙海伟, 韩倩倩. 氮气掺混对氢气射流火焰燃烧特性影响的试验研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0016.08
Haiwei Sha, Qianqian Han. Experimental study of the effect of nitrogen doping on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen jet flames[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0016.08
随着氢能的快速发展,氢气在工业、交通和能源存储等领域的应用日益广泛。然而,氢气因其低点火能、宽可燃极限及高燃烧速度,在泄漏或受限空间内极易引发爆燃火灾或爆炸事故[1-3]。通过惰性气体掺混抑制火焰传播是降低氢气燃烧风险的有效手段,其中氮气因成本低廉、化学惰性等成为优选介质。
在可燃气体中掺混不同惰性剂[4-6]抑制火焰燃烧方面,Li X等[7]分析了二氧化碳对甲烷扩散火焰燃烧特性的作用,得出二氧化碳稀释对甲烷燃烧特性有显著影响。Tao C等[8]在丙烷湍流火焰中加入惰性气体二氧化碳,观察到湍流火焰高度随添加气体的增加而降低。Zhang Q W等[9]通过对隔离和连通容器中的甲烷‒空气混合物进行试验,发现泄爆操作与二氧化碳惰化联合作用能显著减少爆炸产生的超压。Battersby P N等[10]和Holborn P G等[11]使用爆炸线点火器发现,在细水雾存在的情况下,氢气‒空气‒氮气混合物的可燃区域会减小,氮气和水雾联合抑制了燃爆风险,很多研究学者也通过试验和模拟等方法验证了这一观点[12-15]。
氮气作为惰性气体,被广泛应用于电气火灾、液体燃料池火灾和建筑火灾气氛灭火等领域[16-21]。Bi Y等[22]探讨了添加氮气对烷烃扩散火焰的作用,指出氮气能够减缓并稀释火焰的燃烧过程。王雪标[23]通过试验研究发现,在氢气中掺混氮气可以有效降低燃料的点火能量,延缓火焰传播速度,降低局部燃烧强度。在研究氢气中混合氮气浓度对火焰燃烧特性的影响时,刘雪琦[24]的研究表明,氮气掺混比例增加会显著缩短火焰长度。张红光等[25]通过定容燃烧试验进一步验证,掺氢甲烷混合燃料燃烧速率因氮气掺混浓度而减缓。Tang Z等[26]试验发现,氮气掺混浓度增加导致火焰变蓝,氢气中掺混氮气降低了燃烧强度与反应区体积。吴越等[27]研究表明,氮气射流可有效抑制氢气喷射火,且吹熄距离随氮气喷射高度和水平距离的增加呈非线性变化。当氮气作用于火焰根部时,火焰熄灭效率最高。在掺混气体对可燃气体火焰几何特征的影响方面,文献[7]对甲烷‒二氧化碳与甲烷‒氮气的扩散火焰的推举高度进行了试验研究,发现两种添加剂均能使推举高度增加。
现有研究多集中于小尺度条件下的掺混效果,针对带压预混气体释放、动态点火条件下的火焰燃烧特性及其抑制机理仍缺乏系统性数据。氮气等惰性气体掺混在氢能安全领域具有一定工程应用价值,在氢气储运管道、加氢站等场景中,若发生泄漏事故,主动泄放系统需通过提前喷射压缩氮气进行安全排放。本研究通过构建4 L高压罐体释放‒点火试验系统,探究不同氮气掺混比例对氢气火焰温度场、传播形态及火焰稳定性的影响规律,旨在揭示高压动态释放条件下氮气抑制氢气射流火焰燃烧的临界掺混阈值与作用机制,为氢能储运设备泄放系统惰化配比优化等安全设计提供参考,同时为氢气泄漏应急处置及掺混抑燃技术标准制定提供理论支撑。
试验系统由高压配气装置、动态释放模块、点火装置及光学采集及数据收集系统组成,试验装置示意图如图1所示。配气系统采用分压法对氮气和氢气两种气体进行预混,向真空处理后的罐体充入高纯氢气,再按预设体积比注入氮气,混合气体总压保持恒定在0.5×(1±3%) MPa。储气装置为容积4 L的圆柱形不锈钢高压罐体,耐压等级设计为3.0 MPa。气体储罐的罐体设有压力传感器、压力表及控制气体释放的电磁阀,其中压力传感器和压力表用以监测储罐内部气体压力,通过PID控制器控制电磁阀实现气体的释放。点火装置为高压电火花发生器,电火花点火装置的点火能量为20 mJ,电极间距为2 mm。火焰燃烧过程采用三通道同步观测,其中,利用红外热像仪获取火焰温度场分布,其帧率设为30 f/s,测温范围为-40~1 600 ℃;宽光谱相机可捕捉350~1 350 nm长度的可见光,用以记录火焰锋面动态结构,帧率设置为3 000 f/s;普通相机捕捉宏观火焰形态。
试验开始前,将容积为4 L的高压储罐连接至真空泵系统,抽真空至100 Pa,确保罐内无残留气体干扰。然后采用分压法精确配制H₂/N₂混合气体,其中分压误差<3%。随后依次向罐内充入纯度为99.999%的高纯氢气和氮气,并静置5 min,使其充分混合。打开电火花点火器预加热,开启电磁阀以恒定流量释放混合气体,流量控制为5 L/min。气体经管口内径3 mm的渐缩喷嘴释放至开放空间,形成自由射流,气体释放至管口位置时,气体被电火花引燃。在此期间,多相机同步记录点火过程内的火焰演化过程,红外热像仪获取二维温度场分布。每组试验结束后,用高纯氮气吹扫冲洗试验管路及储罐2次,消除残留可燃物对下一组试验的影响,随后进行抽真空操作,准备下一组试验。重复上述试验步骤开展后续试验。试验工况列表如表1所示。
为验证试验可靠性,选取氮气掺混下氢气火焰最高温度的试验数据进行了重复性测试与误差分析,见图2。每组试验重复3次,计算均值与标准差,以评估数据一致性。结果表明,纯氢工况下(氮气掺混0%),垂直方向火焰温度均值为862.93 ℃,标准差仅3.07,相对误差为0.36%;水平方向均值为868.20 ℃,标准差1.37,相对误差仅有0.16%。随着氮气掺混比例从10%增至30%,垂直方向温度均值从776.57 ℃降至731.40 ℃,标准差从4.90升至5.01,相对误差在0.63%~0.68%区间;水平方向均值从768.10 ℃降至720.07 ℃,标准差从10.77降至8.56,相对误差则为1.19%~1.40%。通过数据分析可知,试验通过配气系统和严格环境控制,确保了数据的可重复性与准确性。误差棒分析表明,所有工况下标准差均远低于均值的5%,试验结果具有较高的可靠性。
图3为通过3种成像技术同步记录的纯氢气火焰点燃瞬间、发展和熄灭的图片。图3(a)为普通相机拍摄的宏观火焰形态,展示了火焰的整体形态;图3(b)为通过宽光谱相机捕捉的火焰锋面细节,显示了更详细的锋面结构;而红外相机则提供温度分布的数据,见图3(c)。3组图像协同展示了火焰形态、锋面结构及温度分布特性。但由于宽光谱相机帧率高,因此相较于普通相机和红外相机画面,宽光谱相机能够捕捉到更微观的点火瞬间,见图3(b-1)。
图4为0.5 MPa预混氢气/氮气释放后的垂直方向火焰形态演变过程。试验结果表明,氮气掺混显著缩短了火焰稳定燃烧时间,同时随着氮气体积分数从0%增至20%,火焰高度和亮度也明显降低,而纯氢火焰则呈现明亮锥形结构,锋面连续且稳定,燃烧核心区集中。如图4(b)、(c)所示,掺混10%和20%氮气时,排除初始点火受点火源的影响后,火焰燃烧亮度降低,高度明显缩减,管口锥形火焰底部呈现深蓝色,火焰前端呈现暗红色。氮气的稀释效应吸收部分反应热,抑制了燃烧强度;图4(d)中,氮气掺混体积分数为30%,火焰亮度进一步降低,可维持稳定燃烧的时间大幅度缩短。通过对火焰图像的总结和分析可知,纯氢火焰可持续燃烧15.58 s,掺混20%和30%氮气时仅可维持4.92 s和2.61 s,这一方面是由于氮气稀释使混合气体接近可燃下限,链式反应的H·、OH·自由基浓度降低;另一方面,高压释放引发的快速膨胀加剧流场的不稳定性,与氮气共同作用下加速了全局熄火。
图5为宽光谱相机捕捉的纯氢气火焰图像,观测了垂直方向氢气火焰形态。
结合图像数据,试验记录了从点火瞬间至燃烧后期的火焰长度变化及其形态演变情况。从图5(a)中可以看出,火焰在点燃后迅速形成点火核,0.06 s后火焰长度快速增长至61.66 cm,在此期间火焰平均发展速度为10.28 m/s。初始点火核呈半球形对称结构,随后受浮力驱动迅速拉伸为狭长羽流。在图5(c)中,火焰前锋已出现局部褶皱,射流前端伴随着即将脱离的氢-空燃烧云团,这一定程度上说明了带压条件下氢气火焰在初始阶段存在弱湍流扰动。随后火焰顶部不稳定云团脱离,火焰逐步进入稳定燃烧阶段。在形成射流状火焰后,管口会产生不同的推举距离,在初始燃烧阶段,推举距离达到8.03~9.45 cm;如图5(e)所示,氢气火焰进入稳定燃烧阶段后,推举距离有所缩短,达到5.43 cm。之后,随着储罐中氢气燃料的消耗,射流动量衰减,推举距离逐渐消失,火焰退化为扩散主导的小火苗,直至火焰熄灭。
图6展示了本试验工况条件下宽光谱图像系统量化后不同氮气掺混比例下垂直氢气火焰的高度与管口推举距离变化规律。
由图6可知,纯氢气火焰平均高度达63.13 cm,平均管口最大推举距离为10.50 cm;掺混10%氮气时,火焰高度降至56.79 cm,降幅为10.1%,管口火焰推举距离为10.36 cm;掺混20%氮气时,平均火焰高度小幅回升至57.74 cm,可能因掺混气体密度增加削弱浮力驱动对流,部分工况条件下形成“伪增高”现象,这也体现出氮气掺混20%时,火焰燃烧不稳定性明显增强。掺混30%氮气时,火焰高度骤降至42.09 cm,推举距离达到12.36 cm,氮气稀释作用下射流动量衰减导致火焰更难稳定附着,微小扰动即可触发全局失稳。氮气掺混比超过30%后,燃烧过程由连续传播退化为瞬态点火模式,火焰无法维持稳定结构。
图7展示了泄放管道为水平状态时,宽光谱相机观测到的不同氮气掺混比例下氢气射流火焰形态。图7(a-1)为纯氢气火焰在点燃瞬间的形态,呈现球形点火核,氮气掺混后,点燃瞬间则表现出细长条射流形态。纯氢气火焰快速膨胀,图7(a-2)中火焰前端表现出明显的火球状结构,这是由于氢气的高燃烧速率与低密度特性,带压释放点燃后形成了低度欠膨胀射流结构。受到湍流脉动的影响,纯氢气火焰可燃微团回溯至管口。如图7(b-2)所示,掺混10%的氮气后,球形火焰消失,浮力驱动下气体火焰在0.87 s时显著向上弯曲,形成弓形锋面,最大抬升角达45°。随着时间推移,火焰尾部因燃料供应衰减逐渐收缩,但仍维持明显浮力驱动特征,这与纯氢气火焰后续形态演变过程一致。掺混20%、30%氮气后,如图7(c)、(d)所示,火焰形态受浮力驱动影响减弱,转为细长射流状,浮力抬升角明显减小,火焰呈现准稳定直线传播,轴向火焰高度增大。这也表明氮气的物理稀释降低了氢氧反应强度,同时混合气体密度增加,削弱了浮力效应对火焰的影响。
图8展示了垂直方向氢气火焰在不同氮气掺混比例下的最高温度随时间演化特性,数据为逐帧提取的火焰最高温度值。
通过试验结果分析可知,纯氢气体火焰在2.01 s时达到最高温度842.8 ℃,而掺混30%氮气时混合气体温度峰值显著下降至724.8 ℃,降幅达14.0%。氢气实际燃烧反应集中于内核,但高温区低于氢气火焰燃烧理论温度值,这可能是由于氢气燃烧产物为高温水蒸气,其在开放环境中快速冷凝为液态水或气液两相混合物,红外相机捕捉到了冷凝相或液态水的辐射信号,而气态高温产物的辐射被冷凝介质吸收,导致测温值偏低。另外,当氮气掺混40%时,火焰不能稳定持续燃烧,表现为瞬间失稳状态。氮气掺混比例相对于纯氢气体增加10%后,火焰温度峰值降幅较大,氮气掺混10%气体火焰最高温度为757.9 ℃,相较于纯氢气体火焰最高温度842.8 ℃降低了84.9 ℃,这是由于氮气作为惰性气体,添加之后对氢气进行了极大程度的物理稀释与化学阻化的协同抑制。混合气体中随着氮气比例增加,火焰最高温度有所降低,但当氮气比例增加至20%和30%时,火焰最高温度变化幅度较小。氮气掺入氢气体系对火焰热力学行为及燃烧稳定性具有显著调控作用。随着氮气掺混比例从0%增至30%,混合气体火焰最高温度呈现非线性衰减特征。这一现象表明,当混合气体中氮气掺混比例超过20%时,稀释效应逐渐接近饱和阈值,一方面通过物理稀释,降低了氢氧分子碰撞频率;另一方面氮气的加入抑制了自由基链式反应,在氢氧燃烧过程中产生了化学阻化作用,其二者协同作用趋于平衡,导致温度衰减速率降低。同时,随着氮气比例的增加,混合气体火焰能够维持稳定燃烧的时间显著缩短。纯氢火焰能够有效燃烧15.58 s,添加30%氮气后仅能稳定燃烧2.61 s,缩短了近1/6的时间。这表明氮气掺混不仅降低燃烧强度,还有效抑制了火焰的稳定发展与传播,惰化了燃烧过程。
图9为管道水平放置时,不同比例下氮气掺混氢气火焰燃烧最高温度的数据图,数据为逐帧提取的火焰最高温度值。试验结果表明:纯氢火焰在水平方向达到最高温度为859.3 ℃,掺混10%、20%、30%氮气时,峰值温度分别降至755.1、737.3、706.0 ℃。掺混比例每增加10%,温度降幅逐渐趋缓,即氮气掺混10%时火焰最高温度降幅12.1%,氮气掺混30%时,火焰最高温度累计降幅为17.8%。这一现象与垂直方向火焰燃烧情况一致,较低氮气掺混比下氮气主要通过物理稀释降低氢氧反应物浓度,而高氮气掺混比(≥20%),化学阻化作用成为主导,惰性气体的加入导致化学反应自由基淬灭。水平火焰的稳定性对氮气掺混比例也极为敏感。纯氢火焰可持续燃烧14.00 s,而掺混30%氮气时稳定时间骤降至3.37 s,稳定燃烧时间缩短近76%。通过与图8对比可以发现,氮气掺混比例为20%和30%时,水平火焰的稳定燃烧时间比垂直方向的火焰稳定维持燃烧的时间相对较长,这一差异主要可能原因为水平方向受到浮力驱动的影响,而垂直方向的混合气体火焰燃烧过程主要依赖初始气体射流动量,水平方向浮力驱动作用下,混合气体卷吸周围空气的可能性增加,同时增强了氢-空的对流,进而一定程度上延长了混合气体燃烧的持续时间。
图10对比了水平与垂直方向混合气体火焰在不同氮气掺混比例下的最高温度变化规律,展示的是每组试验过程中所有时刻下的火焰最高温度极值。纯氢气体工况下,水平方向火焰最高温度达859.3 ℃,较垂直方向的842.8 ℃高出16.5 ℃。这可能是由于水平方向火焰受浮力影响向上漂移,形成非对称温度场,同时水平火焰向上漂移延长了高温区停留时间,而垂直方向浮力驱动火焰快速上升,加速了对流散热。氮气掺混比例增至10%时,水平方向温度降至755.1 ℃,垂直方向火焰最高温度降至757.9 ℃,降幅分别为12.1%和10.1%,表明水平火焰对氮气的掺混更为敏感。此差异可能的原因为水平火焰受到浮力驱动的混合强化效应,水平火焰向上漂移在加剧氢气与空气混合可能性的同时,也加剧了氮气与可燃气体的动态掺混,而垂直方向火焰因稳定上升流维持了局部富氢区域,一定程度上延缓了温度衰减。当氮气掺混比例达20%时,水平与垂直方向温度分别降至737.3 ℃与726.5 ℃,此时氮气的物理稀释效应占据主导,火焰传播由浮力驱动转向扩散控制。氮气掺混后,水平方向火焰在氮气掺混30%时温度骤降,而垂直方向火焰在氮气掺混20%时降幅显著。这表明垂直管道火焰需优先控制20%掺混比例以阻断高温风险,而水平管道火焰应关注30%掺混比例下的燃烧抑制。
本研究针对氢气中掺混氮气的混合气体,释放后在管口点燃后的射流火焰特性展开试验分析,重点探究不同氮气掺混比例对火焰温度、形态及发展方向的影响,主要结论如下。
1)氮气掺混显著降低了氢气火焰的最高温度,且呈现非线性衰减特征。纯氢火焰在垂直方向与水平方向的最高温度分别为842.8 ℃与859.3 ℃,掺混30%氮气时分别降至726.5 ℃与706.0 ℃,降幅达13.8%与17.8%。氮气掺混比例为20%和30%时,温度降幅趋缓。
2)氮气掺混导致射流火焰亮度和高度降低。当掺混氮气体积分数为30%时,火焰高度明显缩减。水平掺混氮气火焰形态为细长射流,随着掺混比例增加,浮力抬升角从45°降至15°以下。
3)随着氮气掺混体积分数的增加,火焰能够维持稳定燃烧的时间骤减。掺混30%氮气时,燃烧时间仅为至纯氢工况的16.8%和24.1%。
4)本文明确了氮气掺混体积分数达到40%时可显著阻断氢气火焰自持传播,为储氢罐、输氢管道及加氢站的泄放系统设计提供了明确的惰化参数。同时建议在高压氢系统中集成掺混模块,当压力传感器检测到泄漏时,自动触发氮气喷射,结合阻火装置确保排空安全,推动相关技术实践落地。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0016.08
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:2025-05-07
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    1中国能源建设集团江苏省电力设计院有限公司 ,江苏 南京 211102
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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