Article(id=1307033157941875096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0087.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=1757347200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550588355, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550588355, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550588355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550588355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033158193533337, articleId=1307033157941875096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=A determination threshold model for fire detection based on multivariate parameter fusion and experimental study, columnId=1307033137213624599, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Study of fire equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the judgment accuracy of fire detection, this study proposed an intelligent fire judgment model based on multivariate data fusion for the first time, integrating wind speed, temperature and fire scale, breaking through the traditional single parameter limitation. Firstly, the determination principle and response threshold of smoke sensing and temperature sensing flame detector are analyzed, and the application characteristics and limitations of various detectors are clarified. Subsequently, fire entity tests of wood stacks with various ignition methods and different ignition positions were carried out in a space with a net height of 3 m. The results show that the response time of the detector is positively correlated with the distance of the fire source, that is, the farther the distance, the longer the response time, and the ignition mode has little influence on the response time. The smoke detector can accurately determine the fire when the critical wind speed is 0.15 m/s, and the temperature detector can trigger the alarm when the ambient temperature reaches 67 ℃. Finally, a mathematical model of fire judgment is constructed based on AHP, and the test results are brought into the formula to obtain the comprehensive fire judgment threshold of the test scene, which is Y=0.781. When the actual value exceeds this threshold, it is judged as a fire. The formula combines the parameters of wind speed, temperature and fire size, and verifies that the error range is less than 15%. This study provides the test basis for the accuracy evaluation of the fire detector and has important significance for the comprehensive evaluation of the detector performance.

, authors=Zhaoke Liu1, Xiaojia Huang1, 2, Jinsuo Lu1, Shuibo Xie3, Guangyang Liu2, Ziru Li1, authorsList=Zhaoke Liu, Xiaojia Huang, Jinsuo Lu, Shuibo Xie, Guangyang Liu, Ziru Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaojia Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033163021177274, articleId=1307033157941875096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=基于多元参数融合的火灾探测判定阈值模型及试验研究, columnId=1307033137440117017, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=消防设备研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高火灾探测的判定精度,本研究提出了一种基于多元数据融合的火灾判定模型,融合风速、温度及火灾规模参数,突破传统单一参数限制。首先,对感烟、感温和火焰探测器的判定原理及响应阈值进行分析,明确了各类探测器的应用特点与局限性。随后,在净高3 m的空间内,开展了多种点火方式和不同点火位置的木垛火灾试验。研究结果表明,探测器的响应时间与火源距离相关,即距离越远,响应时间越慢,而点火方式对响应时间的影响较小。感烟探测器在临界风速0.15 m/s时能准确判定火灾,感温探测器在环境温度达到67 ℃时触发报警。最后基于层次分析法构建了火灾判定数学模型,将试验结果代入公式中,得到了试验场景的综合火灾判定阈值为Y=0.781,当实际值超过此阈值时判定为火灾。该公式综合了风速、温度和火灾规模参数,并验证了其误差范围在15%以内。本研究为火灾探测器性能的综合评估及早期精准报警提供了新的方法和依据,对综合评价探测器性能具有重要意义。

, authors=刘兆科1, 黄晓家1, 2, 卢金锁1, 谢水波3, 刘广阳2, 李自茹1, authorsList=刘兆科, 黄晓家, 卢金锁, 谢水波, 刘广阳, 李自茹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄晓家, authorNote=

刘兆科,西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院硕士研究生,主要从事消防火灾研究,陕西省西安市碑林区雁塔北路13号,710055。

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黄晓家,中国中元国际工程有限公司总工程师,。
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刘兆科,西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院硕士研究生,主要从事消防火灾研究,陕西省西安市碑林区雁塔北路13号,710055。

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刘兆科,西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院硕士研究生,主要从事消防火灾研究,陕西省西安市碑林区雁塔北路13号,710055。

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Fire scene data judgment matrix

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风速温度火灾规模
风速10.20.125
温度510.25
火灾规模841
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火场数据判断矩阵

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风速温度火灾规模
风速10.20.125
温度510.25
火灾规模841
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AHP analytic hierarchy process results

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参数特征向量权重值最大特征根CI值
风速0.2926.434%3.0940.047
温度1.07723.704%
火灾规模3.17569.862%
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AHP层次分析结果

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参数特征向量权重值最大特征根CI值
风速0.2926.434%3.0940.047
温度1.07723.704%
火灾规模3.17569.862%
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One time inspection

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最大特征根CI值RI值CR值一致性检验结果
3.0940.0470.5250.09通过
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一次性检验

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最大特征根CI值RI值CR值一致性检验结果
3.0940.0470.5250.09通过
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基于多元参数融合的火灾探测判定阈值模型及试验研究
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刘兆科 1 , 黄晓家 1, 2 , 卢金锁 1 , 谢水波 3 , 刘广阳 2 , 李自茹 1
消防科学与技术 | 消防设备研究 2026,45(8): 87-97
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消防科学与技术 |消防设备研究 2026 , 45 (8) : 87 -97
基于多元参数融合的火灾探测判定阈值模型及试验研究
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刘兆科,西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院硕士研究生,主要从事消防火灾研究,陕西省西安市碑林区雁塔北路13号,710055。

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刘兆科1, 黄晓家1, 2 , 卢金锁1, 谢水波3, 刘广阳2, 李自茹1
作者信息
  • 1西安建筑科技大学 环境与市政工程学院 ,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2中国中元国际工程有限公司 ,北京 100089
  • 3南华大学 土木工程学院 ,湖南 衡阳 421001
通讯作者:
黄晓家,中国中元国际工程有限公司总工程师,。
作者简介:

刘兆科,西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院硕士研究生,主要从事消防火灾研究,陕西省西安市碑林区雁塔北路13号,710055。

A determination threshold model for fire detection based on multivariate parameter fusion and experimental study
Zhaoke Liu1, Xiaojia Huang1, 2 , Jinsuo Lu1, Shuibo Xie3, Guangyang Liu2, Ziru Li1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an Shaanxi 710055 , China
  • 2China Zhongyuan International Engineering Co., Ltd. , Beijing 100089 , China
  • 3School of Civil Engineering, University of South China , Hengyang Hunan 421001 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0087.11
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为了提高火灾探测的判定精度,本研究提出了一种基于多元数据融合的火灾判定模型,融合风速、温度及火灾规模参数,突破传统单一参数限制。首先,对感烟、感温和火焰探测器的判定原理及响应阈值进行分析,明确了各类探测器的应用特点与局限性。随后,在净高3 m的空间内,开展了多种点火方式和不同点火位置的木垛火灾试验。研究结果表明,探测器的响应时间与火源距离相关,即距离越远,响应时间越慢,而点火方式对响应时间的影响较小。感烟探测器在临界风速0.15 m/s时能准确判定火灾,感温探测器在环境温度达到67 ℃时触发报警。最后基于层次分析法构建了火灾判定数学模型,将试验结果代入公式中,得到了试验场景的综合火灾判定阈值为Y=0.781,当实际值超过此阈值时判定为火灾。该公式综合了风速、温度和火灾规模参数,并验证了其误差范围在15%以内。本研究为火灾探测器性能的综合评估及早期精准报警提供了新的方法和依据,对综合评价探测器性能具有重要意义。

探测器  /  火灾判定  /  响应阈值  /  火灾试验  /  数学模型

In order to improve the judgment accuracy of fire detection, this study proposed an intelligent fire judgment model based on multivariate data fusion for the first time, integrating wind speed, temperature and fire scale, breaking through the traditional single parameter limitation. Firstly, the determination principle and response threshold of smoke sensing and temperature sensing flame detector are analyzed, and the application characteristics and limitations of various detectors are clarified. Subsequently, fire entity tests of wood stacks with various ignition methods and different ignition positions were carried out in a space with a net height of 3 m. The results show that the response time of the detector is positively correlated with the distance of the fire source, that is, the farther the distance, the longer the response time, and the ignition mode has little influence on the response time. The smoke detector can accurately determine the fire when the critical wind speed is 0.15 m/s, and the temperature detector can trigger the alarm when the ambient temperature reaches 67 ℃. Finally, a mathematical model of fire judgment is constructed based on AHP, and the test results are brought into the formula to obtain the comprehensive fire judgment threshold of the test scene, which is Y=0.781. When the actual value exceeds this threshold, it is judged as a fire. The formula combines the parameters of wind speed, temperature and fire size, and verifies that the error range is less than 15%. This study provides the test basis for the accuracy evaluation of the fire detector and has important significance for the comprehensive evaluation of the detector performance.

fire detector  /  fire identification  /  response threshold  /  fire test  /  mathematical model
刘兆科, 黄晓家, 卢金锁, 谢水波, 刘广阳, 李自茹. 基于多元参数融合的火灾探测判定阈值模型及试验研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 87 -97 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0087.11
Zhaoke Liu, Xiaojia Huang, Jinsuo Lu, Shuibo Xie, Guangyang Liu, Ziru Li. A determination threshold model for fire detection based on multivariate parameter fusion and experimental study[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 87 -97 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0087.11
火是人类生存和发展的重要因素,但其失控也可造成重大灾难。统计数据显示,近十年来全国发生了重大高层建筑火灾事故3万余起。应急管理部统计资料表明[1]:2021年我国共接报重大高层建筑火灾事故4 057起,导致168人遇难,造成财产损失达67.5亿元。研究表明,在部分发达国家中,火灾造成的经济损失甚至占国内生产总值的1%[2]。因此,火灾早期精准识别对建筑安全至关重要。传统探测器通过烟雾、温度或火焰辐射等单一参数识别火灾[3],但实际火灾环境中存在大量干扰因素,会影响探测器的正常运行,导致探测器难以判定火灾,严重影响火灾报警系统的可靠性[4]。
统计数据表明,火灾探测器存在显著的误报问题[5]。英国政府统计,伦敦2020-2021年度火灾探测器误报率达98%[6];美国联邦航空局报告,飞机货舱感烟探测器每200次报警中仅有1次为真实火警,误报率高达99.5%[7];瑞士安全系统安装商协会报告2015年火灾探测器误报率为90.54%[8];瑞典民事应急机构报告2015年火灾探测器误报率为94.74%[9];奥地利国家统计报告显示,2008-2015年奥地利的火灾探测器误报率平均为92.4%[10];德国消防部门统计,2003-2010年德国的火灾探测器误报率平均为96%[11];丹麦消防应急响应部门的报告显示,2009-2018年丹麦的火灾探测器误报率平均为90%[12];国内某A市与B市报告,A市误报率为99.86%,B市更高,达99.99%。上述数据表明,火灾探测器的误报问题在全球范围内存在,且主要集中在单设备的局限性和外界环境干扰上。
随着信息技术的发展,火灾探测器检测火灾的方法也取得了显著进展[13-14]。如今,火灾探测器技术发展迅速,各种多元复合火灾探测器相继而出,如集成多元气体探测和采用红蓝光的双光探测技术,旨在通过多数据融合提升火灾判定的精准度,满足火灾探测的需求。但在特殊干扰环境下仍可能误报[15]。另外,一些多元火灾探测器的算法复杂,无法在所有火灾场景中具有良好的表现,难以预测火势演变[16]。因此,研究探测器模型以降低误报率、提高检测准确性和可靠性,仍是火灾预警技术的关键研究方向。
本研究旨在通过误报机理分析,提出多元数据融合技术,解决传统探测器误报率高的问题。为了提高多元探测器对火灾的精确判定,研究火场中探测器各参数的变化,并建立预测火灾的判定模型具有重要的意义。为此,黄晓家团队[17]在成熟的仿真模拟基础上,进行了实体火灾试验并采集了火场参数。基于试验数据,本研究提出了一种基于温度、烟气流速和火灾规模的多元火灾判定技术,整合多参数数据并构建了多元智能火灾判定模型,以此实现更为精确的火灾识别。
感烟探测器是目前应用最广泛的火灾探测器之一[18-19],主要包括离子型和光电型两类[20]。其中,光电式感烟探测器应用更广,按光源可分为适用于检测大颗粒烟雾的红光型[21]、适用于检测小颗粒烟雾的蓝光型[22-23]和可极早期预警的激光型等[24]。然而,粉尘污染会影响感烟探测器灵敏度,可能引发误报或漏报。因此,建立精准的感烟探测模型具有重要意义。
火焰探测器通过检测火焰辐射特征实现火灾探测,按原理可分为紫外、红外、双波段和多波段等类型[25-28]。紫外、红外复合火焰探测器结合两者优势,可减少非火焰干扰,提高准确性[29]。随着火灾探测技术的进步,紫外和红外火焰探测器正逐步向多光谱融合探测方向发展[30]。利用紫外和红外波段的优势,将其与其他火灾探测器相结合判定火灾,从而提高探测精度并降低误报率,为火灾防控提供更加可靠的技术支持。
感温探测器是最早的火灾探测设备之一,主要通过监测温度或温升速率是否超过阈值实现火灾探测。但其对早期火灾响应滞后,准确性受限,因此需优化火灾判定模型,以提升探测性能。
Brozovsky E L[31]的研究表明,烟雾进入感烟探测器感测室需要达到最小临界速度,当风速低于临界速度时探测器不响应,如果达到临界速度,则天花板喷射气流中有足够的烟雾浓度来产生报警信号。Brozovsky E L提出探测器临界流速为0.15 m/s。对于缓慢和中等增长率的火灾,t2火灾可以被建模为一系列稳态火灾。因此,在火焰羽流中心线与探测器之间,流速变化见式(1)。
u=u2*(AαH)15 
式中:H为燃料表面与天花板之间的距离,m;α为幂律火灾增长系数,kW/sn;A为探测器原件表面积,m2;u为火焰气体速度,m/s;u2*为无量纲火焰气体速度,m/s。
根据火灾t²公式可以得到式(2)。临界流速uc取0.15 m/s时,可得到火灾探测时间为式(3)。
u=3.879.11512(AαH)15[(AαH)15t-0.861H+r0.146H+0.242r],  rH≤0.30.59rH-0.63(AαH)15[(AαH)15t-0.861H+r0.146H+0.242r],  rH>0.3 
t=9.11534uc320.146H+0.242r3.8732AαH12+0.861H+rAαH15,  rH≤0.3uc32rH0.9450.146H+0.242r0.5932AαH12+0.861H+rAαH15,  rH>0.3
式中:r为探测器距起火点的水平距离,m。
基于式(3)可计算出感烟探测器响应时烟雾进入内部的实际速度,同时可求解感烟探测器的理论响应时间,据此可评估感烟探测器判定火灾是否准确。
火焰探测器通过检测火焰的紫外或红外光谱特征判定火灾,如式(4)所示。
SIR>TIR,SUV>TUV
式中:SIR为紫外信号的波长,μm;SUV为红外信号的波长,μm;TIR、TUV为对应的预设阈值波长,μm。
对于感温探测器,Beyler C L[32]给出了感温探测器温度的变化公式,见式(5)~式(7)。
dTdtdt=43∆T∆T2*∆T2*0.251-e-Ytt2*(0.146+0.242rH) 
Tdt=Td0+∆T∆T2*∆T2*1-1-e-YY 
       Y=34uu2*12u2*∆T2*1212∆T2*RTItt2*(0.146+       0.242rH)
式中:∆T为探测器周围温度与环境温度的差值(Tg-Td),℃;Td(t)为t时刻的温度,℃;Td(0)为初始温度,℃;∆T2*为平方火焰温度,℃;t2*为无因次时间;RTI为响应时间指数,(m·s)1/2。
通过式(5)~式(7)计算出感温探测器响应时的温度,进而确定探测器判定火灾是否准确;另外,可以通过公式反向得到感温火灾探测器响应所需的时间。
搭建的厂房长×宽×高为12 m×10 m×3 m。为防止高温破坏钢结构,在试验场地内壁安装保温隔热层。仪器的布置如图1所示,感烟探测器型号为JTY‒GD‒JBF5100,感温探测器型号为JTW‒ZD‒JBF5110A,火焰探测器型号为JTGB‒UF‒YJLH101EX。感温探测器、感烟探测器各12个,布置在天花板上方,每个感烟探测器旁边放置风速仪测量风速;2种探测器与火灾报警器连接,报警器置于场地外并配置手动控制模块;火焰探测器放置在场地正北边;热对流仪装置放置在距点火位置1 m处。
试验采用4种点火方式模拟典型的火灾场景:工况1~4烟头点火、工况5~8电火花点火、工况9~12电热丝点火和工况13~16电焊渣点火,分别对应现实中的烟头、电线短路、电热毯的电热丝以及施工电焊作业的电焊渣引起的火灾。点火位置如图1所示,每种工况的点火位置依次为探测器的正下方、靠近探测器处、2个探测器中间和4个探测器的中心处。以此来模拟不同位置的起火。
试验燃烧物为木垛,材料选用1A级白松。木垛由横截面为(38±2) mm×(38±2) mm、长度为(500±2) mm 的木条纵横交错搭建,每层6根,共12层,总计72根木条。木垛的外形尺寸为500 mm×500 mm ×480 mm,质量为24 kg。如图2所示,木垛被放置在铁架上,底部距地面0.2 m。木垛底部设置400 g褶皱A4纸作为标准引火源。每次试验前,使用电子分析天平进行称量。
试验场地中布置50个K型热电偶(0~1 000 ℃),热电偶按照不同工况进行布置,天花板处热电偶布置在喷头旁边,各个工况均一致。热流计与热电偶通过数据采集系统实时记录,实现试验数据的自动采集。在木垛前方设置高清摄像机和红外摄像机,用于全程记录燃烧过程。
图3展示了工况1中木垛燃烧过程的3个典型时刻的试验图像。如图3(a)所示,烟气从木垛上方涌出,此时感烟探测器开始响应。图3(b)显示助燃物开始燃烧,火焰逐渐引燃下方的木垛,并伴随大量浓烟,此时火焰探测器达到报警阈值。图3(c)显示木垛发生轰燃,上方火势显著增强,火焰高度明显上升,此时感温探测器响应。在探测器采集数据后,采用干粉灭火器扑灭火灾,并用水降温控制。
图4展示了不同工况下首个感烟探测器响应时风速仪的监测数据。结果显示,探测器报警时间与火源距离显著正相关,即感烟探测器与火源点距离的增大会延长其响应时间,其中位于4个探测器中心位置的工况最为不利。
不同点火方式下的探测器响应时间基本一致,这表明感烟探测器的响应时间与点火方式无关。探测器响应时,腔内风速均值维持在0.15 m/s左右,其中探测器正下方点火工况的数据均值最为接近该数值,而远距离工况的平均方差较大,这主要归因于烟雾在天花板扩散过程中流速的不稳定性,从而导致远距离感烟探测器在火灾判定时存在较大误差。
不同位置感烟探测器响应时对应的温度如图5所示。
结果表明,首个与第二个感烟探测器报警时的温度差异较小,均接近当日环境温度(25~30 ℃)。这表明感烟探测器受温度的影响较小,且判定火灾发生并报警时温度趋近于环境温度。
如图6所示,当火焰出现时,不同工况下火焰上方天花板的热电偶温度稳定在40~43 ℃区间,相比初始环境温度平均上升了13 ℃。此时明显观察到火焰,可以明确判定火灾的发生。相较于感烟/感温探测器,不同点火位置对火焰探测器没有影响。
不同工况的第一个感温探测器响应时旁边热电偶的温度如图7所示。分析表明,相同位置不同点火方式的感温探测器响应时间相近,且动作时间均值随距离增大而延长,其中近距离与远距离试验的误差可达80 s。将试验数据通过二次多项式拟合(R²=0.998)得到响应时间与距离的关系,见式(8)。
t=12.14r2+25.71r+40                      
GB 4716—2024《点型感温火灾探测器》[33]中5.8规定,在最高升温速率下,A2感温探测器的响应时间不大于145 s。将t=145 s代入式(8),可计算得到距离r=2.83 m。因此,在3 m高度下,当火源水平距离大于2.83 m时不宜使用感温探测器。
试验数据显示,感温探测器在火灾触发时的温度普遍超过A2探测器动作温度上限(70 ℃)。不同点火方式会影响感温探测器的动作温度,整体响应温度均值为67 ℃。
烟头点火触发感温探测器响应时温度相对较低,处于63 ℃左右。由于烟头引燃功率较低,助燃物长期处于阴燃状态,内部温度呈现均匀上升趋势,最终实现木垛的稳定燃烧。相比于其他点火方式,后续人工灭火时可以快速控制住火情。电火花与电热丝点火触发感温探测器响应的温度处于70 ℃左右,由于这两种点火方式初期点火功率较大,最终的响应温度明显大于烟头点火。电焊渣点火触发感温探测器的温度较高,处于72 ℃左右。
随着火源与探测器距离的增大,不同点火方式下感温探测器的响应时间与温度基本接近。这主要是因为近距离时不同点火方式的功率差异导致初期燃烧不稳定,使得感温探测器接收到的热量存在显著差异;而在远距离情况下,长时间燃烧使木垛火趋于稳定,通过天花板传递至感温探测器的热量相近,从而导致火灾判定时间相近。而在相同位置条件下,不同点火方式对探测器响应时间的影响相对较小。
火灾规模用于量化火灾的严重程度,合理使用该数据,可以更高效地应对火灾,减少人员伤亡和财产损失,并为火灾防控和火灾判定提供科学依据。因此,本研究引入该数据完成对火灾判定的研究。试验通过热流计监测单位时间内的辐射热流,并转换为燃烧物单位时间内的总热量[34],如式(9)所示。由此得到火灾规模如式(10)所示。
Q=∫0t4πR2q"χdt                           
P=Qt                                   
式中:q"为对目标可燃物的单位辐射热流,kW/m2;R为热流计与目标可燃物之间的距离,m;χ为热辐射效率,对于一般可燃物,热辐射效率取0.3;t为时间,s;Q为火源的总热释放量,kW。
感烟探测器响应时不同工况的火灾规模如图8所示。试验数据显示,感烟探测器响应时的火灾规模平均小于2.5 kW,属于火灾初期,感烟探测器报警时火灾还处于阴燃状态,没有明显的火焰出现。
火焰探测器响应时不同工况的火灾规模如图9所示。试验数据显示火灾规模主要在2.5~3.0 kW,与感烟探测器触发时相比,火灾规模增加了1 kW,已经出现了明显的火焰,火焰通常局限于起火点附近,燃烧面积相对较小,且辐射热不强。此阶段可燃物质尚未完全燃烧,采取措施进行扑救,能够迅速控制火势。
感温探测器响应时不同工况的火灾规模如图10所示。试验数据显示,与火焰探测器响应时相比,火灾规模变化较大且不稳定,这种火灾可能处于初期阶段,也可能已经开始蔓延。随着火灾的发展,可燃物质开始更充分地燃烧,释放出更多的热量。热量会导致环境温度上升,此时,火灾的辐射热可能已经开始增强,对周围环境和人员构成威胁。
UL烟盒试验结论显示,当外界烟雾进入感烟探测器的临界流速为0.15 m/s时,便会触发感烟探测器动作。将感烟探测器的响应时间和其他条件代入式(2)中可算出进入探测器的理论风速。不同工况下,感烟探测器模型计算响应风速与试验响应风速对比如图11所示。试验中的感烟探测器响应风速接近0.15 m/s,且与计算得出的理论响应风速相近,误差范围在15%以内。验证了该临界速度可作为感烟探测器火灾判定的有效阈值。
从上述试验可知,在3 m空间中,发生火灾的位置是感温探测器启动快慢的重要影响因素。探测器启动报警越早,对人员撤离和灭火越有利。因此,如果已知室内空间高度、可燃物类型和该场所的火灾发展过程等基本参数,即可通过计算预测热敏元件响应温度,进而验证感温探测器的测量精度。另外,若已知探测器的响应温度,可预测出第一个探测器的响应时间,并得到探测器警报性能的综合评价。
以上述实体火灾试验数据为基础,对试验的点火距离、响应时间和火场温度等数据进行数学模型建模计算,通过t2火模型(式(6)、式(7))可以判定火灾是否发生,并计算火灾探测器的响应温度。该感温探测器A2理论响应温度区间为54~70 ℃,使用模型的计算结果如图12所示,试验结果误差在15%范围以内。
处于探测器正下方点火位置的计算温度误差较大,证明计算公式判定距离探测器较近位置的火灾具有较大误差。这是因为近距离条件下,火焰会直接冲击天花板,此时形成的高温火灾与稳态火灾的t²理论存在偏差,导致实际热释放速率变大,而公式中并不能消除该误差,最终导致温度预测误差为15 ℃。
实际火灾环境中通常未部署风速仪及热对流监测设备,仅配备温度传感器。因此,将试验中的温度和风速与火灾规模数据进行数学模型函数关系拟合,建立风速与温度和火灾规模与温度的关系式。
对16组数据进行线性回归的拟合,得到温度与风速和火灾规模的公式。拟合的直线如图13所示,所有数据的R2接近1,拟合程度好。
在实际火灾中,应考虑到最不利起火点时火场的温度变化,即当探测器可以及时判定4个探测器中心位置的火源时,其余位置火源同样可被有效探测。选取工况4、8、12和16的数据并进行归一化处理,最终得到风速v与温度T的关系和火灾规模P与温度T的关系,见式(11)、式(12)。
v=0.15+0.005T                        
P=1.5+0.033T                         
层次分析法在分析一个现象或问题前,首先将问题根据其性质分解为有关因素,并依据它们之间的关系进行分类,形成多层次的结构模型。通过经验或专家评估,判断和衡量低层因素对高层因素的相对重要性,据此得出权重排序,实现量化分析与比较。
如图14所示,对火场的风速、温度、火灾规模等数据进行权重分析,首先构建判断矩阵确定各指标的权重。火灾规模直接反映火势对人员和财产的威胁程度,该指标可以准确判定火灾的发生。感温探测器在温度达到阈值时可触发报警,但其响应时间显著滞后于火灾初期,影响灭火时效性。感烟探测器基于风速阈值判定火灾,但初期火灾缺乏明显火焰特征,导致探测器易受外界干扰影响误报率高。因此,权重排序为火灾规模>温度>风速,矩阵评估如表1所示。
然后进行层次总排序和一致性检验分析。对所有元素进行评比排序,得到矩阵的最大特征根为λmax。对应λmax的正规化的特征向量为即为各元素的权重,计算如式(13)所示。
Wi=(∏j=1nai×j)1n∑i=1n(∏j=1nai×j)1n
式中:Wi为权重;ai×j为相应元素;i为对应行数;j为对应列数;n为元素的数量。
层次分析法的权重计算结果如表2所示,风速的权重为6.434%,温度的权重为23.704%,火灾规模的权重为69.862%。
层次分析法的计算结果如表3所示,最大特征根为3.094,根据RI表查到对应的RI值为0.525,因此CR=CI/RI=0.09<0.1,满足一致性检验要求。
基于工况1~16的数据,选取火焰出现时刻的数据,根据2.4节得到的结论,风速为0.15 m/s时发挥所有权重,热电偶温度67 ℃时发挥所有权重,火灾规模到达2.5 kW时发挥所有权重。使用对应的权重乘以相关数据,可以得到判定火灾需要的数值Y,如式(14)所示。
          Y=6.434%v0.15+23.704%T-T167-T1+          69.862%P2.5 
式中:v为进入感烟探测器的风速,m/s;T为热电偶时刻温度,℃;T1为初始热电偶温度,℃;P为实体火灾试验的规模,kW。
根据图15中的相关数据,计算判定火灾需要的数值Y平均值,Y=0.781。将16种工况的平行试验数据代入式(14),令Y=0.781时,找到相关时间t理与实际火焰出现时间t实对比。计算误差如图16所示。误差分析表明,理论时间与实际火灾发生的时间相近,验证了该模型基于试验数据可以有效判定火灾的发生。
与现有其他技术相比,多元融合火灾探测模型具有显著优势。相比传统探测器,模型通过层次分析法实现动态加权决策,有效解决了单一参数探测器易受环境干扰的问题;模型引入火灾规模作为判据,有效解决了传统技术难以区分的复杂干扰场景问题;模型架构支持增加CO体积分数等新增参数,可以进一步提升判别的准确性。
研究提出的多元融合模型仍有误报的情况。首先,该技术原理本身存在局限性,模型采用风速、温度和火灾规模三重判据,虽然能有效过滤单一干扰因素,但在某些特殊场景下,非火灾因素可能同时满足多个判据条件,例如:工业高温蒸气环境可能同时触发风速和温度条件。另外,在实际复杂环境中权重的算法会带来误差,例如:在工业场所应提高火灾规模判据的权重,而在办公场所则需要加强温度的权重。
本文简述了国内外几种典型探测器的发展现状与应用情况,并总结归纳了几种探测器判定模型的技术方法。在此基础上,设计开展了多种不同点火方式和不同点火位置的全尺寸实体木垛点火试验。提出了一种多元火灾判定技术,并基于试验构建了多元火灾判定模型。通过试验研究,得出以下结论。
1)感烟探测器可于火灾阴燃初期响应,火源距离越远,响应时间越慢。临界风速0.15 m/s可作为感烟探测器判定火灾的阈值。火焰探测器能够快速响应明火阶段,但易受外界环境其他辐射的影响。感温探测器主要在环境温度67 ℃左右响应,但由于热敏元件自身的热滞后性,导致火灾的判定时间存在延迟。
2)不同点火方式对感烟探测器无明显影响,但会影响感温探测器的响应温度。例如,高功率点火方式(如电焊渣)会使响应温度升高至72 ℃,而低功率点火方式(如烟头)的响应温度仅为63 ℃。随着探测器与点火位置距离的增大,探测器判定火灾的响应时间也会增加。基于判定模型预测的响应时间,可优化探测器布设间距。
3)将不同工况的试验数据代入探测器判定模型中,验证了感烟探测器在临界风速0.15 m/s时能够准确判定火灾,感温探测器在环境温度达到67 ℃时触发报警。响应阈值计算误差控制在15%以内,证明了模型的可靠性。另外,感温探测器模型在预测较远距离的火源(如工况3或工况4)时表现出更高的精度,为火灾探测器空间布置提供了理论支持。
4)本研究提出基于多元参数融合的火灾判定公式,首先对试验数据进行线性回归拟合得到缺失的风速与火灾规模数据,解决了实际火场数据不足的问题。随后使用AHP层次分析法确定各数据的权重值并得到判定公式。最后将数据代入公式得到本试验场景的火灾判定数值Y=0.781。通过平行试验验证,计算的理论响应时间与试验时间的误差小于15%。该公式整合了烟气风速、温度及火灾规模参数,为火灾判定提供了模型支持,为制定火灾预防措施和优化应急响应策略提供了科学依据。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0087.11
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
  • 修回日期:2025-09-09
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    1西安建筑科技大学 环境与市政工程学院 ,陕西 西安 710055
    2中国中元国际工程有限公司 ,北京 100089
    3南华大学 土木工程学院 ,湖南 衡阳 421001

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黄晓家,中国中元国际工程有限公司总工程师,。
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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