Article(id=1307033208479044286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0049.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=1765728000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550600404, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550600404, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550600404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550600404, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=49, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033208697148095, articleId=1307033208479044286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Study on fire-induced smoke spread characteristics and heat dissipation efficiency in tunnel-shed-tunnel structures, columnId=1307033115155788049, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Building fire protection design, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the smoke spread characteristics and the heat exhaust efficiency of shed tunnel structures under fire conditions in a tunnel-shed-tunnel configuration, this paper conducted numerical simulation studies. The effects of factors such as the opening mode, opening ratio, and shed length on smoke spread characteristics and heat exhaust efficiency were analyzed. The results show that there is a significant difference in heat exhaust efficiency between top-opening and side-opening shed structures. Under the side-opening shed structure, the opening ratio has a relatively small effect on heat exhaust efficiency, with the maximum efficiency reaching only 10%. As the shed length increases, the smoke exhaust performance improves, but the smoke concentration beneath the shed roof remains high. Under the top-opening shed structure, the opening ratio significantly affects the smoke exhaust capacity of the tunnel group, with heat exhaust efficiency reaching up to 85%. As the shed length increases, the smoke concentration at the top of the shed decreases. This study provides a scientific and rational basis for controlling tunnel group fires, reducing the loss and severity following such fires, and offers guidance for future tunnel construction.

, authors=Hongya Huang1, 2, Tao Li1, Xinhao Liu3, Eryu'an Wang3, Yuchun Zhang3, authorsList=Hongya Huang, Tao Li, Xinhao Liu, Eryu'an Wang, Yuchun Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033213642232536, articleId=1307033208479044286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=隧-棚-隧结构下火灾烟气蔓延特性及排热效率研究, columnId=1307033117097750803, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=建筑防火设计, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究隧-棚-隧结构在火灾情况下烟气蔓延特性及棚洞结构的排热效率,本文开展了数值模拟研究,分析了棚洞结构的开口方式、开口率及棚洞长度等因素对烟气蔓延特性与排热效率的影响。研究表明,顶开棚洞结构与侧开棚洞结构在排热效率上存在明显差异。侧开棚洞结构下,开口率对排热效率的影响较小,排热效率最高仅为10%;随着棚洞长度的增加,其排烟效果有所增强,但顶棚下方烟气浓度依然较高。顶开棚洞结构下,开口率显著影响隧道群的排烟能力,排热效率最高可达85%;随着棚洞长度的增加,棚洞顶部的烟气浓度呈现下降趋势。本研究为控制隧道群火灾、降低灾害损失与严重程度提供科学依据,并为今后的隧道建设提供技术指导。

, authors=黄红亚1, 2, 李涛1, 刘欣昊3, 王尔御安3, 张玉春3, authorsList=黄红亚, 李涛, 刘欣昊, 王尔御安, 张玉春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

黄红亚,四川高速公路建设开发集团有限公司,主要从事隧道工程方面研究,四川省成都市武侯区二环路西一段90号四川高速大厦,610044, 。

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2四川沿江宜金高速公路有限公司,四川 西昌 615099, bio={"content":"

黄红亚,四川高速公路建设开发集团有限公司,主要从事隧道工程方面研究,四川省成都市武侯区二环路西一段90号四川高速大厦,610044, 。

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黄红亚,四川高速公路建设开发集团有限公司,主要从事隧道工程方面研究,四川省成都市武侯区二环路西一段90号四川高速大厦,610044, 。

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ArticleFig(id=1307033222936810273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033208479044286, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Working cases of shed tunnels with different opening configurations and lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别开口方式棚洞长度/m开口率

风速

/m/s

1~3侧开2 m窗户30、60、9032.9%3.53
4~6侧开3 m窗户30、60、9051.1%3.53
7~9侧开4 m窗户30、60、9069.2%3.53
10~12顶部开口方式a30、60、905.5%3.53
13~15顶部开口方式a30、60、9011.0%3.53
16~18顶部开口方式a30、60、9016.5%3.53
19~21顶部开口方式a30、60、9022.0%3.53
22~24顶部开口方式a30、60、9027.5%3.53
25~27顶部开口方式b30、60、9022.0%3.53
28~30顶部开口方式b30、60、9044.0%3.53
), ArticleFig(id=1307033223037473570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033208479044286, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同开口方式及长度棚洞工况列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别开口方式棚洞长度/m开口率

风速

/m/s

1~3侧开2 m窗户30、60、9032.9%3.53
4~6侧开3 m窗户30、60、9051.1%3.53
7~9侧开4 m窗户30、60、9069.2%3.53
10~12顶部开口方式a30、60、905.5%3.53
13~15顶部开口方式a30、60、9011.0%3.53
16~18顶部开口方式a30、60、9016.5%3.53
19~21顶部开口方式a30、60、9022.0%3.53
22~24顶部开口方式a30、60、9027.5%3.53
25~27顶部开口方式b30、60、9022.0%3.53
28~30顶部开口方式b30、60、9044.0%3.53
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隧-棚-隧结构下火灾烟气蔓延特性及排热效率研究
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黄红亚 1, 2 , 李涛 1 , 刘欣昊 3 , 王尔御安 3 , 张玉春 3
消防科学与技术 | 建筑防火设计 2026,45(8): 49-56
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消防科学与技术 |建筑防火设计 2026 , 45 (8) : 49 -56
隧-棚-隧结构下火灾烟气蔓延特性及排热效率研究
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黄红亚1, 2 , 李涛1, 刘欣昊3, 王尔御安3, 张玉春3
作者信息
  • 1四川高速公路建设开发集团有限公司 , 四川 成都 610044
  • 2四川沿江宜金高速公路有限公司,四川 西昌 615099
  • 3西南交通大学 地球科学与工程学院 , 四川 成都 610031
作者简介:

黄红亚,四川高速公路建设开发集团有限公司,主要从事隧道工程方面研究,四川省成都市武侯区二环路西一段90号四川高速大厦,610044, 。

Study on fire-induced smoke spread characteristics and heat dissipation efficiency in tunnel-shed-tunnel structures
Hongya Huang1, 2 , Tao Li1, Xinhao Liu3, Eryu'an Wang3, Yuchun Zhang3
Affiliations
  • 1Sichuan Expressway Construction & Development Group Co., Ltd. , Chengdu Sichuan 610044 , China
  • 2Sichuan Yanjiang Yijin Expressway Co., Ltd., Xichang Sichuan 615099 , China
  • 3Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu Sichuan 610031 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0049.08
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为探究隧-棚-隧结构在火灾情况下烟气蔓延特性及棚洞结构的排热效率,本文开展了数值模拟研究,分析了棚洞结构的开口方式、开口率及棚洞长度等因素对烟气蔓延特性与排热效率的影响。研究表明,顶开棚洞结构与侧开棚洞结构在排热效率上存在明显差异。侧开棚洞结构下,开口率对排热效率的影响较小,排热效率最高仅为10%;随着棚洞长度的增加,其排烟效果有所增强,但顶棚下方烟气浓度依然较高。顶开棚洞结构下,开口率显著影响隧道群的排烟能力,排热效率最高可达85%;随着棚洞长度的增加,棚洞顶部的烟气浓度呈现下降趋势。本研究为控制隧道群火灾、降低灾害损失与严重程度提供科学依据,并为今后的隧道建设提供技术指导。

隧道火灾  /  隧-棚-隧结构  /  棚洞开口率  /  棚洞开口方式  /  烟气蔓延特性  /  排热效率

To investigate the smoke spread characteristics and the heat exhaust efficiency of shed tunnel structures under fire conditions in a tunnel-shed-tunnel configuration, this paper conducted numerical simulation studies. The effects of factors such as the opening mode, opening ratio, and shed length on smoke spread characteristics and heat exhaust efficiency were analyzed. The results show that there is a significant difference in heat exhaust efficiency between top-opening and side-opening shed structures. Under the side-opening shed structure, the opening ratio has a relatively small effect on heat exhaust efficiency, with the maximum efficiency reaching only 10%. As the shed length increases, the smoke exhaust performance improves, but the smoke concentration beneath the shed roof remains high. Under the top-opening shed structure, the opening ratio significantly affects the smoke exhaust capacity of the tunnel group, with heat exhaust efficiency reaching up to 85%. As the shed length increases, the smoke concentration at the top of the shed decreases. This study provides a scientific and rational basis for controlling tunnel group fires, reducing the loss and severity following such fires, and offers guidance for future tunnel construction.

tunnel fire  /  tunnel-shed-tunnel structure  /  shed tunnel opening ratio  /  shed tunnel opening configuration  /  smoke spread characteristics  /  heat dissipation efficiency
黄红亚, 李涛, 刘欣昊, 王尔御安, 张玉春. 隧-棚-隧结构下火灾烟气蔓延特性及排热效率研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 49 -56 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0049.08
Hongya Huang, Tao Li, Xinhao Liu, Eryu'an Wang, Yuchun Zhang. Study on fire-induced smoke spread characteristics and heat dissipation efficiency in tunnel-shed-tunnel structures[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 49 -56 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0049.08
随着西部大开发战略的深入实施,公路隧道网络持续向西部山区延伸。受该地区大量山地丘陵地貌的影响,隧道群结构得以大规模建设。在隧道工程建设过程中,棚洞结构因其良好的遮光效果与防落石功能而逐渐得到广泛应用,越来越多的隧道工程提出了架设棚洞的需求。然而,在隧-棚-隧结构中,棚洞的特殊结构形式可能导致火灾烟气由上游隧道蔓延至下游隧道,对人员安全构成严重威胁。
针对隧道内火灾烟气的蔓延特性,国内学者开展了大量试验研究。胡隆华[1]测量了隧道火灾烟气温度场及不同纵向通风风速下烟气层蔓延的热物理特性,在此基础上建立了烟气层温度纵向衰减的预测模型。王彦富等[2]获得了隧道火灾自然通风模式下烟气的纵向温度变化数据及蔓延规律。Yan Z G等[3]研究了高海拔隧道条件下的热释放速率、纵向与垂直温度分布以及烟气的传播与分层现象。陈龙飞[4]通过缩尺寸模拟试验,建立了顶棚集中排烟作用下隧道火灾烟气蔓延距离的预测模型。易欣等[5]搭建1∶10小尺寸隧道模型,揭示了隧道顶棚下方最高温度与火源功率之间的关系。Hu L H等[6]采用大涡模拟方法模拟了长通道内火灾引发的烟气蔓延特征及一氧化碳运动特性。
针对隧道群中纵向相邻隧道的火灾问题,赵尊信等[7-8]通过小尺寸试验研究了相邻隧道发生火灾后的烟气窜流特性,并利用FDS模拟分析了不同纵向风速及不同毗邻隧道间距对公路隧道群火灾烟气污染物窜流变化的影响。田伟等[9]建立了流体力学模型,分析了特长隧道群中毗邻隧道的火灾烟气窜流规律。徐湃等[10]运用Fluent研究了短距离公路隧道之间的窜流现象。杨玉容[11]针对隧道洞口结构因素对废气窜流程度的影响进行了数值分析,研究了平行隧道之间的烟气窜流现象。邱浩[12]研究了连续隧道火灾烟气扩散的基本特点与影响因素,建立了相应的数值计算模型。曹峰等[13]采用数值模拟方法,研究了特长公路隧道群火灾烟气特性及通风方式,分析了全纵向排烟及分段式排烟下的烟雾运动规律。然而,上述研究仅关注相邻隧道之间的烟气污染物窜流,未考虑棚洞结构对其的影响,针对棚洞这一特殊结构的研究仍较少。2022年,刘健等[14]结合数值模拟对洞口回流率进行了计算,揭示了棚洞对隧道内气流组织的影响。
综上,现有关于隧道烟气扩散及排热效率的理论研究在隧-棚-隧结构下存在明显局限,目前尚未有学者针对该结构的防火排烟问题开展专门研究。为降低隧-棚-隧结构下火灾发生后的损失与严重程度,并为后续火灾防治措施提供有效指导,本文采用数值模拟方法,利用FDS软件对全尺寸隧-棚-隧结构中的火灾发生过程进行模拟,研究该结构下火灾烟气的蔓延特性及排热效率。
本文以G4216线屏山至金阳段沿江高速隧道群为研究对象,该隧道群断面宽度为11.0 m,高度为6.9 m。模拟过程中,上游隧道长度设置为250 m,下游隧道长度设置为100 m。棚洞区长度参考沿江高速隧道群中部分隧道间距,设定为30、60、90 m。棚洞开口方式采用侧部开口与顶部开口2种形式。图1展示了本文对棚洞结构开口率的设计方案:对于侧开棚洞结构,通过改变侧部开口高度调节开口率;对于顶开棚洞结构,则通过改变开口的截面积调节开口率。开口率的具体计算方法见式(1)。
Ar=S0St×100%
式中:Ar为开口率;S0为棚洞开口部分面积之和,m2;St为顶开、侧开棚洞的顶部、侧部各自的可开口区域投影面积,m2。
本文设定的固定火源功率为30 MW。参考白赟等[15]的研究成果,所有工况下火源位置均设置在上游隧道的中心处,火源尺寸为1 m×2 m。对于顶开棚洞,开口方式a采用每个开口为2.0 m×2.0 m的正方形,通过增加开口数量增大开口率;开口方式b采用每个开口为3.5 m×4.5 m的矩形,通过增大单个开口的面积增大开口率。监测点位布置于隧道顶棚下方0.2 m处,从上游隧道入口开始,每隔1.0 m布置一个测点,直至下游隧道出口。同时,在棚洞段的入口和出口处分别设置监测切片,用于监测上游隧道出口及下游隧道入口处的温度与风速。具体模型设置如图2~图5所示。
将模型导入FDS后,需对其进行网格划分,网格精度直接影响模拟结果的准确性。根据FDS用户手册,火源特征直径与网格尺寸的比值在4~16范围内可获得较好的模拟效果。火源特征直径的计算公式见式(2)。
D*=Qρ∞cpT∞g25
式中:D*为火源特征直径,m;Q为火源功率,kW;ρ∞为空气密度,取1.204 kg/m3;cp为空气比热容,取1.005 kJ/(kg∙K);T∞为环境温度,取293.15 K;g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2。
模拟采用多重网格设计,火源下游、棚洞段以及下游隧道前半段均采用0.25 m × 0.25 m × 0.25 m的网格,其余部分则采用0.50 m × 0.50 m × 0.50 m的网格。计算时间设置为900~1 000 s,以确保隧道环境达到火灾稳定状态。
隧道火灾发生后,通常需开启风机,将烟气排向下游隧道,以保障车辆及人员的安全。在隧-棚-隧结构中,烟气会首先流向棚洞。本文采用纵向通风方式,使上游隧道内的风速达到隧道火灾的临界风速。火源功率与纵向通风风速的取值依据模拟结果确定。根据Li Y Z等[16]提出的理论,本文隧道的临界风速应设置为3.53 m/s。为保证上游隧道产生的烟气尽可能多地向下游隧道扩散,选取该值作为通风风速。由于棚洞段的开口方式与长度存在差异,本文共设计了30组不同工况,如表1所示。其中,工况1~9为侧开棚洞结构的火灾模拟,工况10~30为顶开棚洞结构的火灾模拟。本文重点分析顶开与侧开棚洞结构对隧道群火灾烟气蔓延特性及排热效率的影响,因此不对外界风作用下的烟气蔓延特性与排热效率进行详细分析。
如图6所示,在隧-棚-隧结构中,火源产生的热烟气在纵向风作用下由上游隧道流向棚洞。少部分烟气从侧部排烟口排出。由于纵向风速较大,热烟气沿隧道群纵向的惯性力大于其自身的热浮力,导致热烟气不断向下游隧道蔓延。当热烟气进入下游隧道时,烟气层界面高度与侧部开口的最高高度基本齐平,烟气层界面较低,表明侧开棚洞对处于隧道底部的热烟气具有一定的排烟作用,但效果不显著,隧道顶棚附近仍有大量热烟气聚集。
隧道内顶棚下方的纵向温度分布特性能够反映隧道火灾的危险程度。本文重点分析烟气离开上游隧道进入棚洞后,棚洞内部顶棚下方的纵向温度分布规律及衰减特性。图7(a)中,T表示隧道群顶棚下方的温度,Lf表示距离火源的位置。棚洞起始处的顶棚下方温度基本相同,而在棚洞终点处,顶棚下方温度存在明显差异。其中,侧部开口高度为4 m时顶棚下方温度最低,3 m高度时次之,2 m高度时顶棚下方温度最高。3种侧部开口高度下,棚洞尽头的顶棚下方温度差异逐渐减小。烟气进入棚洞后的5~20 m范围内,顶棚下方温度迅速下降,之后降幅趋缓。其原因在于:烟气流入棚洞后,在纵向风作用下,大量烟气从第一个侧部开口排出,后续开口仅排出少量烟气;在热浮力作用下,大量烟气仍聚集于顶棚下方。因此,对棚洞采用侧部开口,尤其是当开口位置较低时,其排烟效果较差。
由图7(b)可知,对棚洞顶部进行开口后,顶部开口位置附近的顶棚下方温度发生骤降。开口率越大,温度降低幅度也越大。在棚洞后半段的开口位置附近,顶棚下方温度的降幅逐渐减小,且随着棚洞长度的增加,后半段的温度衰减速率与常规隧道逐渐接近。在开口方式a下,当开口率为5.5%和11.0%时,棚洞入口与出口处的顶棚温度温差较小,与较大开口率的顶开棚洞相比,排热效果不够明显。而当开口率≥16.5%时,棚洞出入口附近的顶棚下方温度差异显著,棚洞出口处的顶棚下方温度均已降至较低水平。
由于棚洞开口不同于竖井或机械排烟口,不具备明确的排烟速率等参数,因此本节参考机械排烟中排热效率的定义,通过计算棚洞出入口截面的热量获得排热效率,并将其作为衡量不同棚洞结构排热能力的标准。首先,需要分析各棚洞结构下隧道出入口处的温差情况,温差计算公式见式(3)。
ΔT=Tup-Tdown
式中:∆T为棚洞出入口处的温差,K;Tup为上游隧道出口处的顶棚温度,K;Tdown为下游隧道入口处的顶棚温度,K。
图8(a)展示了不同棚洞长度下侧开棚洞进出口处的顶棚下方温差情况,∆T表示棚洞出入口处的温差,Ll表示棚洞长度。随着棚洞长度的增大以及侧部开口面积的增加,棚洞进出口位置的温差均不断增大。相比之下,棚洞长度的变化对进出口温差的影响更为显著,而侧部开口面积对温差的影响较小;并且随着棚洞长度的增加,不同侧部开口面积对进出口温差的影响逐渐减弱。
图8(b)展示了不同棚洞长度下顶开棚洞进出口温差。在顶部开口方式a下,随着开口率的增大,棚洞进出口温差增大。当开口率为16.5%~22.0%时,各棚洞长度下的3种开口率所对应的进出口温差相近;而当开口率为5.5%和11.0%时,温差较小,说明开口率较小时,顶棚下方的热烟气难以有效排出。在顶部开口方式b下,随着开口率的增大,棚洞进出口温差增大。当棚洞长度为30 m、开口率为22.0%时,温差较小,且与相同开口率(22.0%)下开口方式a的棚洞相比差异较大,表明在棚洞长度较短的情况下,开口方式a对顶棚下方区域的排热效果更优。
火灾发生后,常采用竖井排烟、机械排烟等方式排出热烟气。排烟效率可表征流经排烟口前后烟气的变化情况,根据不同排烟方式,其计算方法也有所不同。本文并未采用传统意义上的排烟设施,而是利用棚洞自身结构排出热烟气与热量,因此将烟气进入棚洞与离开棚洞时的热量比值定义为排热效率,具体计算公式见式(4)[17]。
E=1-QdownQup×100%
式中:E为排热效率;Qdown为下游隧道入口处的热量,J/s;Qup为上游隧道出口处的热量,J/s。
Qdown与Qup的计算公式见式(5)和式(6)。
Qdown=cpmdownΔTdown=cpρdownudownAΔTdown
Qup=cpmupΔTup=cpρupuupAΔTup
式中:cp为烟气的定压比热容,J/(kg·K);ρdown、ρup分别为下游入口处、上游出口处烟气的密度,kg/m³;udown、uup分别为下游入口处、上游出口处烟气的平均流速,m/s;A为隧道出入口的截面积,m²;∆Tdown、∆Tup分别为下游隧道入口处、上游隧道出口处烟气的平均温度与环境温度的差值,K;mdown、mup分别为下游入口处、上游出口处烟气的平均质量流量,kg/s。
利用设置在上下游隧道出入口处的流速与温度切片,可获得上下游隧道出入口处的烟气平均流速与平均温度,进而计算棚洞的排热效率。由图9(a)可知,在棚洞长度较短时,侧开棚洞的排热效果较差,排热效率接近于0,表明此时棚洞对隧道群通风排烟几乎没有影响。随着棚洞长度的增加,侧开棚洞的排热效率略有提高;在90 m棚洞长度下,侧部开口高度为4 m的棚洞排热效率仅达到约10%,整体排热效果仍不理想。由图9(b)可知,随着开口率与棚洞长度的不断增加,顶开棚洞的排热效率持续升高。在3种棚洞长度下,排热效率随开口率增加的幅度基本相似,表明顶部开口数量越多,顶开棚洞的排热效果越好。在顶部开口方式b下,排热效率随开口率的变化规律与开口方式a基本相同。在相同开口率(22%)下,开口方式a的排热效果更优,增加单个开口的截面积对棚洞排热能力的提升较小。当开口率为44%时,顶开棚洞在90 m棚洞长度下的排热效率达到85%,表明上游隧道流出的烟气大部分可通过棚洞顶部开口排出,仅少部分进入下游隧道。
根据图9中不同棚洞结构下的排热效率,对棚洞长度Ll分别进行无量纲化处理,发现侧开与顶开棚洞的排热效率E与棚洞长度Ll之间存在线性关系,且斜率 k随棚洞的开口位置及开口率的不同而变化,如式(7)所示。
E=kLlLmax
式中:E为排热效率;k随着棚洞类型与开口率而发生变化;Ll为棚洞长度,m;Lmax为最大棚洞长度,取90 m。
由图10(a)可知,侧开棚洞的排热效果较差,其排热效率与开口率及棚洞长度之间存在一定的线性关系。排热效率随棚洞长度的增加而提高,但在较大开口率下,侧开棚洞的排热能力仍较弱。图10(b)展示了3种棚洞长度下7种顶开棚洞的排热效率与无量纲化棚洞长度的分布情况。对数据点进行线性拟合后发现,顶开棚洞的无量纲排热效率与无量纲棚洞长度之间的线性拟合效果较好。在棚洞长度相同时,随着开口率的增大,斜率k 值逐渐减小;在开口率相同时,随着棚洞长度的增大,所有顶开棚洞的排烟能力均有不同程度的增强。
上述研究表明,无论是侧开棚洞还是顶开棚洞,其排热效率均受开口率、棚洞长度及隧道高度的共同影响,且无量纲排热效率与无量纲棚洞长度之间存在线性关系,该线性关系在顶开棚洞中更为显著。因此,在设计棚洞结构时,应根据棚洞长度合理布置开口,以有效调控棚洞的排热能力。
当烟气层界面高度下降至人体高度附近时,将对隧道内的人员生命安全构成严重威胁。由于侧开棚洞的排热效率较低,有必要对其烟气层厚度进行分析。目前,隧道内烟气层高度的计算方法较多,包括视觉观察法、N百分比法、积分比法、浮力频率法及能见度突变法等。其中,N百分比法基于竖向温度分布确定烟气层界面高度,但受N取值影响较大;积分比法利用已知函数(通常为玻尔兹曼函数)在有限区间内的均匀性,从数学角度将该区间划分为2个函数值变化缓慢的子区间,通过处理试验中采集的竖向温度数据,计算得到分界面,进而得出烟气层高度;浮力频率法则充分利用热烟气的密度变化特性,热烟气在热浮力作用下上升,而冷空气在隧道下部向火源方向流动,从而形成密度分层,可根据密度变化情况判断烟气层的分层状况[18]。
图11分别采用积分比法和浮力频率法计算了棚洞内部部分位置的烟气层厚度,Ls代表烟气层厚度,Lf表示距离火源位置。
由图11可知,浮力频率法与积分比法计算得到的烟气层厚度存在一定差异,其中浮力频率法的计算结果偏大。然而,2种方法所获得的烟气层厚度随距火源距离增加的变化趋势基本一致。本文主要采用积分比法计算隧道群内沿程的烟气层厚度分布。图12展示了30 m侧开棚洞隧道群在棚洞区域附近的烟气层厚度情况。结果表明,热烟气进入棚洞后,3种不同开口大小的侧开棚洞的烟气层厚度均显著减小。在开口较小的侧开棚洞中,开口排烟能力有限,热烟气在流入棚洞并向下游隧道运动的过程中,烟气层厚度先减小至最小值,随后有所升高。其原因在于,纵向风作用下,大量烟气持续从上游隧道排出,而棚洞的排烟能力有限,导致棚洞后半段烟气层厚度增大。烟气层厚度的最小值出现在棚洞中段,且开口越大,该最小值对应的距火源位置越远。最终,下游隧道入口附近的烟气层厚度小于上游隧道出口处的厚度。
根据Chen T等[19]、Yi L等[20]的研究,外界峡谷风会对隧道内流场产生一定影响。由于棚洞段存在开口区域,外界环境风将对棚洞段内的流场环境造成更大的影响。本文重点研究顶开与侧开棚洞结构对隧道群火灾烟气蔓延特性及排热效率的影响,后续将开展环境风作用下隧-棚-隧结构火灾烟气蔓延特性与排热效率的相关研究。
本研究聚焦于隧-棚-隧结构下隧道火灾的烟气蔓延特性以及棚洞结构对火灾排热的影响,深入分析了不同开口方式与开口率下棚洞结构对烟气层厚度、温度衰减及排热效率的影响,结论如下。
1)棚洞长度、开口率及开口位置均对排烟能力产生不同程度的影响。对于侧开棚洞,仅前端可排出侧部开口高度以下的烟气,整体排烟能力较弱,大量热烟气仍滞留于顶棚区域,造成顶棚下方烟气浓度较高。而顶部开口则表现出更优的排烟能力,不仅能更充分地稀释顶棚附近的烟气,还能部分排出流经顶部开口的烟气。
2)在不同棚洞长度下,侧开棚洞的排热效率最高仅为10%,而顶开棚洞的排热效率最高可达85%。顶开棚洞的无量纲排热效率与无量纲棚洞长度之间存在线性函数关系,其斜率随开口率的增大而逐渐减小。
3)对于侧开棚洞,设计时应尽可能增大侧部开口面积。对于顶部开口棚洞,在开口分布均匀的前提下,增大开口率与开口截面积可有效提升排烟与排热能力,更有利于隧道群火灾的通风排烟。

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2026年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0049.08
  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
  • 修回日期:2025-12-15
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    1四川高速公路建设开发集团有限公司 , 四川 成都 610044
    2四川沿江宜金高速公路有限公司,四川 西昌 615099
    3西南交通大学 地球科学与工程学院 , 四川 成都 610031
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