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Article(id=1307033096793125050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0001.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729008000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-16, revisedDate=1736956800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789550573776, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789550573776, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789550573776, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789550573776, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307033095836823737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789550573547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789610016151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282417023214448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1307033095836823737, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=6, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307033098860916924, articleId=1307033096793125050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Effect of ambient temperature on aging and thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries, columnId=1307033097116086459, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Fire theory study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the application and promotion of new energy vehicles in China, the study of aging and thermal safety performance of lithium-ion batteries in low temperature environments in winter is of great significance for the safe application of batteries. This paper selects 30 Ah prismatic LiFePO4 batteries as experimental samples to explore the effects of ambient temperature (25 ℃, 10 ℃ and 0 ℃) on the aging and thermal safety performance of lithium-ion batteries. The results show that low-temperature aging can lead to a significant degradation in battery capacity. The electrochemical characterization, X-ray CT and SEM-EDS results show that lithium plating, electrode material damage and gas production are the main factors causing the degradation of battery cycle performance. In terms of thermal safety performance, low-temperature aging will aggravate the thermal runaway behavior of the battery, and its safety valve opening time and thermal runaway triggering time will be significantly advanced. Furthermore, by analyzing the changing trend of multi-point temperature on the battery surface during thermal runaway, it is proved that the surface temperature monitoring at the bottom of the battery (Tbot) is more suitable for accurate assessment of battery thermal runaway status. This work can provide theoretical reference and data support for the construction of safety assessment and early warning models for lithium-ion batteries under different ambient temperatures.

, authors=Zhipeng Wang, Song Xie, authorsList=Zhipeng Wang, Song Xie, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Song Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307033104531615953, articleId=1307033096793125050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=环境温度对锂离子电池老化及热安全的影响, columnId=1307033099062243517, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=消防理论研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着我国新能源汽车的应用推广，其冬季低温环境下锂离子电池老化与热安全性能的研究对于电池的安全应用具有重要意义。本文选用30 Ah方形LiFePO4电池作为试验样品，探究了环境温度（25、10、0 ℃）对锂离子电池老化与热安全性能的影响。结果表明，低温老化会导致电池容量显著衰减。电化学表征、X-ray CT和SEM-EDS分析表明，电池内部析锂、电极材料损伤以及产气是造成电池循环性能衰退的主要因素。在热安全性能方面，低温老化将加剧电池的热失控行为，其安全阀开启时间和热失控触发时间显著提前。此外，通过对热失控过程中电池表面多点温度变化趋势的分析，证明了电池底部表面温度（TBot）更适用于电池热安全状态的准确监测。该工作可为不同环境温度下锂离子电池安全评估与预警模型的构建提供理论参考和数据支撑。

, authors=王志鹏, 谢松, authorsList=王志鹏, 谢松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢松, authorNote=

王志鹏，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院硕士研究生，主要从事锂离子电池热安全方面的研究，四川省广汉市南昌路四段46号，618307。

, correspAuthorsNote=
谢松，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院教授，。
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王志鹏，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院硕士研究生，主要从事锂离子电池热安全方面的研究，四川省广汉市南昌路四段46号，618307。

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王志鹏，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院硕士研究生，主要从事锂离子电池热安全方面的研究，四川省广汉市南昌路四段46号，618307。

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figureFileSmall=OUfBynu2lJSgdqI7sN/4vw==, figureFileBig=e+KLhgOHBHqA2i82SoMf5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307033110378475771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033096793125050, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Battery parameters

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参数数值
额定容量/Ah30.0
标称电压/V3.2
尺寸（长×宽×厚）/mm×mm×mm140 × 100 × 20
充电截止电压/V3.65
放电截止电压/V2.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307033110470750460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033096793125050, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电池参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
额定容量/Ah30.0
标称电压/V3.2
尺寸（长×宽×厚）/mm×mm×mm140 × 100 × 20
充电截止电压/V3.65
放电截止电压/V2.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307033110558830845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033096793125050, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The parameter change of characteristic peak ① in dQ/dV curve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化工况①号峰电压/V①号峰幅值/Ah/V
新电池3.3661 616
25 ℃‒90圈3.3681 181
10 ℃‒90圈3.371854
0 ℃‒30圈3.373823
), ArticleFig(id=1307033112257523966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033096793125050, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

dQ/dV曲线①号特征峰的参数变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化工况①号峰电压/V①号峰幅值/Ah/V
新电池3.3661 616
25 ℃‒90圈3.3681 181
10 ℃‒90圈3.371854
0 ℃‒30圈3.373823
), ArticleFig(id=1307033112379158783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033096793125050, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Elemental analysis on the anode electrode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化工况元素
O/at%F/at%
25 ℃-90圈4.265.37
10 ℃-90圈14.7626.54
0 ℃-30圈9.6317.48
), ArticleFig(id=1307033112479822080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1307033096793125050, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

负极表面的元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化工况元素
O/at%F/at%
25 ℃-90圈4.265.37
10 ℃-90圈14.7626.54
0 ℃-30圈9.6317.48
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环境温度对锂离子电池老化及热安全的影响
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王志鹏 , 谢松
消防科学与技术 | 消防理论研究 2026,45(8): 1-6
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消防科学与技术 |消防理论研究 2026 , 45 (8) : 1 -6
环境温度对锂离子电池老化及热安全的影响
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王志鹏, 谢松
作者信息
  • 1中国民用航空飞行学院 民航安全工程学院，四川 广汉 618307
通讯作者:
谢松，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院教授，。
作者简介:

王志鹏，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院硕士研究生，主要从事锂离子电池热安全方面的研究，四川省广汉市南昌路四段46号，618307。

Effect of ambient temperature on aging and thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries
Zhipeng Wang, Song Xie
Affiliations
  • 1College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan Sichuan 618307 , China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0001.06
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摘要
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随着我国新能源汽车的应用推广，其冬季低温环境下锂离子电池老化与热安全性能的研究对于电池的安全应用具有重要意义。本文选用30 Ah方形LiFePO4电池作为试验样品，探究了环境温度（25、10、0 ℃）对锂离子电池老化与热安全性能的影响。结果表明，低温老化会导致电池容量显著衰减。电化学表征、X-ray CT和SEM-EDS分析表明，电池内部析锂、电极材料损伤以及产气是造成电池循环性能衰退的主要因素。在热安全性能方面，低温老化将加剧电池的热失控行为，其安全阀开启时间和热失控触发时间显著提前。此外，通过对热失控过程中电池表面多点温度变化趋势的分析，证明了电池底部表面温度（TBot）更适用于电池热安全状态的准确监测。该工作可为不同环境温度下锂离子电池安全评估与预警模型的构建提供理论参考和数据支撑。

锂离子电池  /  环境温度  /  老化  /  热安全  /  热失控

With the application and promotion of new energy vehicles in China, the study of aging and thermal safety performance of lithium-ion batteries in low temperature environments in winter is of great significance for the safe application of batteries. This paper selects 30 Ah prismatic LiFePO4 batteries as experimental samples to explore the effects of ambient temperature (25 ℃, 10 ℃ and 0 ℃) on the aging and thermal safety performance of lithium-ion batteries. The results show that low-temperature aging can lead to a significant degradation in battery capacity. The electrochemical characterization, X-ray CT and SEM-EDS results show that lithium plating, electrode material damage and gas production are the main factors causing the degradation of battery cycle performance. In terms of thermal safety performance, low-temperature aging will aggravate the thermal runaway behavior of the battery, and its safety valve opening time and thermal runaway triggering time will be significantly advanced. Furthermore, by analyzing the changing trend of multi-point temperature on the battery surface during thermal runaway, it is proved that the surface temperature monitoring at the bottom of the battery (Tbot) is more suitable for accurate assessment of battery thermal runaway status. This work can provide theoretical reference and data support for the construction of safety assessment and early warning models for lithium-ion batteries under different ambient temperatures.

lithium-ion battery  /  ambient temperature  /  aging  /  thermal safety  /  thermal runaway
王志鹏, 谢松. 环境温度对锂离子电池老化及热安全的影响. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (8) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0001.06
Zhipeng Wang, Song Xie. Effect of ambient temperature on aging and thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (8) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0001.06
正文
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随着我国新能源汽车的逐渐普及，其冬季低温环境对锂离子电池的影响备受关注。相比于常温环境（25 ℃），冬季低温环境将给电池的循环性能和安全带来严峻的挑战［1］。因此，为保证锂离子电池的安全使用，加强不同环境温度下老化锂离子电池的热安全研究十分必要。
目前，研究人员对低温环境下老化电池的热安全特性已有相关研究。Wu S M等［2］研究了LiCoO2电池（4.2 Ah，软包）在低温老化后的热失控特性，研究结果指出，低温老化引起的负极析锂是锂离子电池全生命周期安全性降低的关键因素。由于金属锂的高反应活性，电池热失控的触发温度和触发时间明显降低和提前。Kong D P等［3］探究了LiNiCoAlO2电池（3.2 Ah，圆柱）在低温老化后的热失控行为，研究发现，随着环境温度的降低，老化电池热失控的触发温度和持续时间均显著减小。对于-10 °C下的老化电池，在安全阀打开后，电池还表现出严重的燃烧和爆炸。对于低温环境下LiFePO4电池的老化及热安全研究，Ouyang M G等［4］研究了充电电流倍率和截止电压对LiFePO4电池（11.5 Ah，方形）低温老化机理的影响，结果表明，当电流倍率和截止电压达到0.25 C和3.55 V时，活性锂沉积加剧，电池容量出现显著衰减。王绥军等［5］探究了退役LiFePO4电池（25 Ah，软包）在低温环境下梯次利用的可行性，研究发现，在低温循环后，电池均表现出明显的胀气现象。Ma W B等［6］探究了低温启动条件下LiFePO4电池（10 Ah，软包）的热安全性能变化，相比于25 ℃常温启动的电池，-20、-30 ℃环境下循环启动10次的电池，其热失控触发温度分别降低了14、18 ℃；热失控触发时间分别提前了55 s和160 s。以上研究表明，环境温度对电池的电化学性能和热安全性均具有显著影响。
综上可以看出，目前对于不同种类锂离子电池在低温环境老化后的热安全特性已有初步探索，但目前的研究主要聚焦小容量的软包或圆柱电池，对于较大容量方形电池的研究还相对较少。尤其是方型LiFePO4电池，其在我国的应用率已占到70%以上。因此，系统开展较大容量方形LiFePO4电池在低温环境老化后的热安全研究十分必要。
对此，本文将锂离子电池置于不同环境温度下进行循环老化，并对循环老化电池进行热失控试验。通过对电池老化特性和热安全特性进行深入分析，揭示电池循环性能和热安全性的演变规律。本工作有助于进一步认识不同环境温度下LiFePO4电池的循环老化特性和热失控风险，可为电池热安全监测及预警模型的构建提供重要参考。
1　试验概况
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1.1　试验电池
采用商用方形锂离子电池作为试验对象。电池的正极材料为LiFePO4，负极材料为石墨。通过小电流C/3（10 A）对电池进行循环测试，选取容量差异在±0.3 Ah内的电池作为试验样品。电池参数见表1。
1.2　电池循环测试
电池的循环测试试验在高低温试验箱（THE‒408PF）中进行。测试前，电池先在试验舱模拟的环境温度（25、10、0 ℃）中静置6 h，待电池整体性能稳定后再进行循环老化试验。循环老化试验：采用电池测试仪（5 V‒100 A）以恒流‒恒压模式对电池进行充放电。具体流程：首先以2C（60 A）倍率恒流充电至截止电压（3.65 V），转恒压充电至0.05C，静置15 min；随后以2C倍率恒流放电至2.0 V，静置15 min。按上述步骤，25 ℃和10 ℃工况电池均进行90次充放电循环。由于低温（0 ℃）对LiFePO4电池性能影响显著，依据动力电池的退役标准（健康状态（SOH）衰减为80%），该工况仅进行了30次充放电循环，见2.1节。
1.3　电池表征
电池循环试验完成后，利用dQ/dV曲线和X‒ray CT分析老化电池内部结构变化。其中，为了获得 dQ/dV 数据，先采用0.05C（1.5 Ah）小电流将电池恒流放电至截止电压（2.00 V），随后以0.05C小电流将电池恒流充电至截止电压（3.65 V），取小电流充电阶段的数据绘制dQ/dV曲线。此外，在对电池进行拆解后，采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线谱仪（EDS）对电极材料的表面形貌和元素组成变化进行表征。
1.4　热失控试验
采用C/3电流将老化电池充至满电，静置12 h后，在防爆箱中进行热失控试验。图1为电池热失控的温度监测示意图。如图1所示，为了实时监测电池热失控的温度变化，在电池不同位置粘贴K型铠装热电偶（量程：-40~1 150 ℃），以分别监测电池顶部表面温度（Ttop）、电池中心表面温度（Tmid）以及电池底部表面温度（Tbot）。
在热失控试验中，采用与电池尺寸相同的铸铝加热板（400 W）作为外部热源触发电池热失控。当电池电压降为0时，关闭加热板，待电池冷却，试验结束。
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　电池电化学特性分析
图2给出了不同环境温度下电池的性能变化。图2（a）中，相比于25 ℃工况，在10 ℃和0 ℃工况下电池容量表现出更显著的下降趋势。图2（b）中，在25 ℃和10 ℃工况下经过90次循环后，电池的放电容量分别为28.83、24.79 Ah。在0 ℃工况下，经过30次循环后，电池的放电容量为23.56 Ah。新电池的初始放电容量为30.20 Ah。此外，由电池容量计算的SOH可用于表示电池的性能状态［7］，计算公式见式（1）。
SOH=CdCc×100%
式中：Cd代表当前放电容量；Cc代表电池的初始容量。
经计算，25 ℃‒90圈、10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的SOH分别降为95.46%、82.08%和78.01%。这些现象表明，环境温度降低显著加速了电池的性能衰退。
如图2（c）所示，随着环境温度降低和电池老化程度加剧，不同温度老化电池的放电电压平台呈现下降趋势。相比于新电池（3.07 V），由于25 ℃‒90圈工况电池的容量衰减较小，电池性能未发生严重衰减，其放电电压平台未出现明显变化。当电池性能发生严重衰减时，电池内部副反应加剧，电极界面动力学降低，电阻增大等因素将导致电池的放电电压平台出现明显下降。相比于新电池，10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的中值电压分别相差约0.05 V和0.14 V。
图3为电池充电阶段的dQ/dV曲线。通过研究dQ/dV曲线中每个峰的幅值和位置变化，可对锂离子电池内部老化状态进行评估。在充电阶段，LiFePO4电池的dQ/dV曲线会出现3个特征峰，对应于电池负极材料的3个相变过程。相关研究表明，①号峰幅值变化主要与活性锂的损失有关，②、③号峰幅值变化主要与电极活性材料的损失有关［8］。表2 为dQ/dV曲线①号特征峰的参数变化。如图3和表2所示，相比于新电池（1 616 Ah/V），25 ℃‒90圈工况电池的①号特征峰幅值下降为1 181 Ah/V，表明循环老化加速了电池内部的活性锂损失。10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的①、②号特征峰幅值均出现明显降低，表明环境温度降低还会进一步加剧电池内部的活性材料损失。其中，10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的①号特征峰幅值分别下降为854 Ah/V和823 Ah/V。此外，相比于新电池（3.366 V），10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的①号特征峰对应的电压分别提高到3.371 V和3.373 V，如表2所示。特征峰位置向更高电压的偏移也反映了电池内阻的显著增加［8］。该现象也与图2（c）中电压平台的下降相对应。
2.2　电池内部结构变化
X‒ray CT是一种评估电池内部结构变化的无损表征技术［9］。图4为新电池和老化电池的X‒ray CT图像。如图4所示，相比于新电池，10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的极芯表现出明显弯曲褶皱。同时，电池本体也发生了一定程度的膨胀变形。据测量，新电池、10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的厚度分别为20.41、21.69、23.71 mm，与新电池相比，后两工况的电池厚度分别增加了1.28、3.30 mm。该现象主要与电池内部副反应的产气相关。相关研究表明，在电池老化过程中，锂枝晶的形成、电极材料的相变以及固体电解质界面（SEI）膜的形成与重构等伴随着H2、O2、CO等气体的产生［10］。
2.3　电池理化分析
图5为不同环境温度老化电池的拆解照片。可见，随着环境温度降低，正极材料的宏观形貌无明显变化，但隔膜表面出现了越来越多的黏附物质，这可能是副反应产物、SEI膜和电极材料的混合物，该推测可通过图5（g）～图5（i）予以证实。如图5（g）～图5（i）所示，在较低温度下，电池负极表面表现出锂沉积加剧、混合物增多以及活性材料脱落加剧等现象。这些现象证实了上述电化学表征得到的相关推断。
图6为不同环境温度老化电池的SEM图像。如图6（a）～图6（c）所示，电池的正极表面没有显著变化。如图6（d）～图6（f）所示，25 ℃‒90圈工况电池的负极表面出现白色物质，证明了长循环下活性锂的沉积。此外，随着环境温度降低，10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的负极表面还生成了致密复合层，这可能是析锂与电解液反应生成的副反应产物［4］。
通过EDS对老化电池的负极沉积物进行元素分析，如表3所示。随着环境温度降低，O元素含量增大是SEI膜生长的典型表现。F元素含量增大，证明了析锂在负极表面发生副反应，并生成了氟化物。值得注意的是，以上元素的含量在0 ℃下相较于10 ℃时更小，这可能与其更少的循环次数有关。
2.4　电池热失控特性
图7为锂离子电池的热失控演变过程。电池热失控演变过程大致可分为4个阶段。
第Ⅰ阶段：加热板开始加热，电池温度缓慢上升。第Ⅱ阶段：电池内部副反应的大量产气（SEI膜分解、负极‒电解反应）显著增大电池内部压力，导致电池安全阀开启［11］。第Ⅲ阶段：电池安全阀开启后，大量高温电解液及产气持续从安全阀喷出。此外，因电池安全阀打开，空气进入电池将加快电解液氧化分解，持续产热和产烟。同时，热量的积累又将进一步促进电极材料分解，导致电池温度快速上升，触发热失控。第Ⅳ阶段：当电池温升速率超过1 ℃/s，持续时间超过3 s，热失控发生。此时，电池内部剧烈的放热副反应将导致电池温度快速上升，并产生大量烟气。
2.5　电池热失控的温度变化
电池热失控的温度变化是反映电池安全状态的重要参数［12］。图8为锂离子电池热失控的温度变化趋势。如图8（a）～图8（c）所示，在电池安全阀开启前，电池表面温差较小。然而，当安全阀打开后，由于电池内部活性物质的不均匀喷出对电池内部不同位置放热副反应的影响，电池的表面温差将逐渐增大。针对不同老化工况的热失控电池，Tbot和Ttop通常高于Tmid。在热失控发生后，Tbot与Tmid的温度相差不大，而Ttop则明显偏低。该现象主要可归因于电池各部位参与放热副反应的活性物质差异，最终造成电池不同部位热失控温度的偏差。综上所述，自电池安全阀开启到热失控结束，在电池3个温度监测点中，Tbot能更准确地反映电池温度的实际变化。因此，Tbot更适用于电池热安全状态的准确监测。
图8（d）为不同环境温度老化电池与新电池的特征温度点变化。其中，特征温度点包括：安全阀开启温度（TSV）、热失控触发温度（TTR）和热失控峰值温度（Tmax）。图9为不同环境温度老化电池的热失控特征点时间分布。其中，时间点包括安全阀开启时间（tSV）和热失控触发时间（tTR）。如图8（d）和图9所示，随着环境温度降低，不同老化工况电池的TSV和tSV呈现递减趋势。相比于新电池（TSV=138 ℃，tSV=1 106 s），25 ℃‒90圈、10 ℃‒90圈、0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的TSV分别衰减为136、126、118 ℃；tSV分别降低为1 052、966、884 s。该现象主要与低温老化电池内部的析锂和副反应产气相关。金属锂的高反应活性将加快电池内部副反应的进程，导致安全阀提前开启。
此外，针对TTR和tTR，对比新电池，25 ℃‒90圈和10 ℃‒90圈工况电池的tTR呈现降低趋势；TTR相差较小，均接近180 ℃。然而，相比于10 ℃‒90圈工况电池，0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的TTR和tTR均出现了回升。该现象可能是由于低温快速老化造成电池内部电解液等活性物质严重损失，从而减缓了放热副反应的进程，最终造成TTR回升。同时，如图8（a）～图8（c）所示，第Ⅲ阶段（安全阀开启到热失控触发）的时间明显延长也进一步证明了低温老化对电池内部副反应的减缓。最后，如图8（d）所示，针对第Ⅳ阶段，随着环境温度降低，Tmax明显降低。对比新电池（Tmax=422 ℃），25 ℃‒90圈、10 ℃‒90圈、0 ℃‒30圈工况电池的Tmax分别衰减为420、413、389 ℃。该现象可归因于低温老化导致电池内部活性物质的严重损失，最终造成热失控期间放热副反应的产热量降低。
3　总 结
收起
以30 Ah方形LiFePO4电池为样品，探究不同环境温度对电池循环性能和热安全的影响，结论如下。
1）环境温度降低将加快电池的循环性能衰减。当环境温度从25 ℃降至0 ℃，电池的SOH从95.46%衰减到78.01%。dQ/dV分析表明，低温老化不仅会加剧电池活性锂损失，还会加剧电极活性材料损伤。X‒ray CT图像显示，随着环境温度降低，电池表现出更明显的膨胀行为，证明了副反应产气量增多。电池拆解图片中，低温老化电池的隔膜和负极表面附着物显著增加。SEM‒EDS分析结果证实，在隔膜和负极表面的副反应产物为SEI膜和析锂的混合物。
2）针对不同环境工况下，电池热失控多点温度变化趋势可知，在安全阀开启到热失控触发阶段，Tbot和Ttop通常高于Tmid；在热失控发生后，Tbot和Tmid通常高于Ttop。因此，相比于Ttop和Tmid，Tbot更适用于电池热安全状态的准确监测。
3）低温老化显著降低了电池的热安全性。随着环境温度的降低，电池内部析锂加剧以及电极材料损伤将加快电池内部放热副反应的进程，从而表现出更为迅速的热失控行为。相比于25 ℃‒90圈工况电池，10 ℃‒90圈和0 ℃‒30圈工况电池表现出更为迅速的热失控行为。电池的tSV分别提前了约86 s和168 s；tTR分别提前了约176 s和156 s。

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2026年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0001.06
  • 接收时间：2024-10-16
  • 首发时间：2026-09-16
  • 出版时间：2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-16
  • 修回日期：2025-01-16
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    1中国民用航空飞行学院 民航安全工程学院，四川 广汉 618307

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谢松，中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全工程学院教授，。
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