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Article(id=1320165923940586232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1320165840046117035, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0101.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681683763, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681683763, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681683763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681683763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165840046117035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681663762, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681663762, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=101, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165924099969785, articleId=1320165923940586232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Overview and comparative of occupational health and safety standards for firefighters at home and abroad, columnId=1307033132415349106, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Emergency management study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the significant expansion of fire service functions and tasks, new occupational hazard factors continue to emerge, leading to a further increase in occupational health risks for fire and rescue personnel. The construction of a systematic standard system for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel serves as the foundation and support for conducting occupational health management and protection work. This paper systematically sorts out the development status of occupational health and safety standards for fire and rescue personnel in different countries, regions and international standardization organizations, summarizes the management characteristics and system structures of these standards across various countries, and conducts a comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign standard frameworks. The advantages and deficiencies of China's current standard construction are concluded, aiming to provide references for further constructing and improving a standard system for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel that integrates Chinese characteristics with advanced international concepts in the future.

, authors=Linfeng Li1, Xiaoyan Xu2, Haidong Guo1, Siyong Liu1, Xu Yang1, Yaoyao Zhu1, Jin He1, authorsList=Linfeng Li, Xiaoyan Xu, Haidong Guo, Siyong Liu, Xu Yang, Yaoyao Zhu, Jin He, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin He, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165925710582522, articleId=1320165923940586232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=国内外消防职业健康与安全标准概述与对比, columnId=1307033132608287092, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=应急管理研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着消防职能任务大幅拓展，新的职业危害因素不断显现，导致消防救援人员职业健康风险进一步增加，而构建系统性的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系是开展职业健康管理和保障工作的基础和支撑。本文系统梳理了不同国家地区及国际标准化组织消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准的发展现状，归纳了各国标准的管理特色与体系结构，并对国内外标准框架进行对比分析，总结得到我国现阶段标准建设的优势和不足，以期为未来进一步构建并完善兼具中国特色与国际先进理念的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系提供参考和借鉴。

, authors=李林峰1, 徐晓燕2, 郭海东1, 刘思永1, 杨旭1, 朱垚垚1, 何瑾1, authorsList=李林峰, 徐晓燕, 郭海东, 刘思永, 杨旭, 朱垚垚, 何瑾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何瑾, authorNote=

李林峰，应急管理部四川消防研究所助理研究员，主要从事消防救援人员职业健康与安全方面的研究，四川省成都市金牛区金科南路69号，610036。

, correspAuthorsNote=
何瑾，应急管理部四川消防研究所副研究员，。
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李林峰，应急管理部四川消防研究所助理研究员，主要从事消防救援人员职业健康与安全方面的研究，四川省成都市金牛区金科南路69号，610036。

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李林峰，应急管理部四川消防研究所助理研究员，主要从事消防救援人员职业健康与安全方面的研究，四川省成都市金牛区金科南路69号，610036。

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Current NFPA standards for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel

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标准名称标准应用
NFPA 1500《消防部门职业安全、健康和保健标准》规定了消防救援部门及组织制定职业健康与安全计划的最低标准
NFPA 1581《消防部门感染性疾病控制程序标准》用于指导消防救援人员对感染性疾病的预防和早期识别
NFPA 1582《消防部门综合职业医疗标准》通过建立科学有效的职业医学干预方案来保障消防救援人员的健康安全与履职能力
NFPA 1583《消防部门成员健康锻炼标准》制定了消防救援人员科学健康的锻炼计划，以提升其职业活动能力与健康水平
NFPA 1584《消防救援人员应急操作和训练康复过程标准》用于指导消防救援人员对职业危害的预防及受到危害后的康复
NFPA 1010《消防员职业资格标准》规定了消防救援人员最低职业资格要求
NFPA 1006《技术类救援人员职业资格标准》规定了从事技术类救援的最低职业资格要求
NFPA 1020《消防与紧急服务部门教官、消防官员、急诊医学官员职业资格标准》规定了消防救援队伍的教官、官员及紧急医学服务部门官员的职业资格要求
NFPA 1403《消防实战演习标准》规定了参加消防实战演习的要求，以保证参演队员的安全
NFPA 1521《消防部门安全官员标准》明确了消防救援队伍内职业健康与安全管理人员的职业资格要求
NFPA 1561《消防部门应急事故管理系统标准》包含应急事件处置管理系统的要求，以及救援指挥的安全原则
), ArticleFig(id=1320165930773107501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165923940586232, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NFPA现行消防救援人员职业健康与安全相关标准

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标准名称标准应用
NFPA 1500《消防部门职业安全、健康和保健标准》规定了消防救援部门及组织制定职业健康与安全计划的最低标准
NFPA 1581《消防部门感染性疾病控制程序标准》用于指导消防救援人员对感染性疾病的预防和早期识别
NFPA 1582《消防部门综合职业医疗标准》通过建立科学有效的职业医学干预方案来保障消防救援人员的健康安全与履职能力
NFPA 1583《消防部门成员健康锻炼标准》制定了消防救援人员科学健康的锻炼计划，以提升其职业活动能力与健康水平
NFPA 1584《消防救援人员应急操作和训练康复过程标准》用于指导消防救援人员对职业危害的预防及受到危害后的康复
NFPA 1010《消防员职业资格标准》规定了消防救援人员最低职业资格要求
NFPA 1006《技术类救援人员职业资格标准》规定了从事技术类救援的最低职业资格要求
NFPA 1020《消防与紧急服务部门教官、消防官员、急诊医学官员职业资格标准》规定了消防救援队伍的教官、官员及紧急医学服务部门官员的职业资格要求
NFPA 1403《消防实战演习标准》规定了参加消防实战演习的要求，以保证参演队员的安全
NFPA 1521《消防部门安全官员标准》明确了消防救援队伍内职业健康与安全管理人员的职业资格要求
NFPA 1561《消防部门应急事故管理系统标准》包含应急事件处置管理系统的要求，以及救援指挥的安全原则
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国内外消防职业健康与安全标准概述与对比
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李林峰 1 , 徐晓燕 2 , 郭海东 1 , 刘思永 1 , 杨旭 1 , 朱垚垚 1 , 何瑾 1
消防科学与技术 | 应急管理研究 2026,45(5): 101-106
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消防科学与技术 |应急管理研究 2026 , 45 (5) : 101 -106
国内外消防职业健康与安全标准概述与对比
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李林峰，应急管理部四川消防研究所助理研究员，主要从事消防救援人员职业健康与安全方面的研究，四川省成都市金牛区金科南路69号，610036。

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李林峰1, 徐晓燕2, 郭海东1, 刘思永1, 杨旭1, 朱垚垚1, 何瑾1
作者信息
  • 1应急管理部四川消防研究所，四川 成都 610036
  • 2国家消防救援局，北京 100097
通讯作者:
何瑾，应急管理部四川消防研究所副研究员，。
作者简介:

李林峰，应急管理部四川消防研究所助理研究员，主要从事消防救援人员职业健康与安全方面的研究，四川省成都市金牛区金科南路69号，610036。

Overview and comparative of occupational health and safety standards for firefighters at home and abroad
Linfeng Li1, Xiaoyan Xu2, Haidong Guo1, Siyong Liu1, Xu Yang1, Yaoyao Zhu1, Jin He1
Affiliations
  • 1Sichuan Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Chengdu Sichuan 610036, China
  • 2National Fire and Rescue Administration, Beijing 100097, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0101.06
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随着消防职能任务大幅拓展，新的职业危害因素不断显现，导致消防救援人员职业健康风险进一步增加，而构建系统性的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系是开展职业健康管理和保障工作的基础和支撑。本文系统梳理了不同国家地区及国际标准化组织消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准的发展现状，归纳了各国标准的管理特色与体系结构，并对国内外标准框架进行对比分析，总结得到我国现阶段标准建设的优势和不足，以期为未来进一步构建并完善兼具中国特色与国际先进理念的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系提供参考和借鉴。

消防救援人员  /  职业健康与安全  /  标准体系  /  健康管理

With the significant expansion of fire service functions and tasks, new occupational hazard factors continue to emerge, leading to a further increase in occupational health risks for fire and rescue personnel. The construction of a systematic standard system for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel serves as the foundation and support for conducting occupational health management and protection work. This paper systematically sorts out the development status of occupational health and safety standards for fire and rescue personnel in different countries, regions and international standardization organizations, summarizes the management characteristics and system structures of these standards across various countries, and conducts a comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign standard frameworks. The advantages and deficiencies of China's current standard construction are concluded, aiming to provide references for further constructing and improving a standard system for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel that integrates Chinese characteristics with advanced international concepts in the future.

fire and rescue personnel  /  occupational health and safety  /  standard system  /  health management
李林峰, 徐晓燕, 郭海东, 刘思永, 杨旭, 朱垚垚, 何瑾. 国内外消防职业健康与安全标准概述与对比. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (5) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0101.06
Linfeng Li, Xiaoyan Xu, Haidong Guo, Siyong Liu, Xu Yang, Yaoyao Zhu, Jin He. Overview and comparative of occupational health and safety standards for firefighters at home and abroad[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (5) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0101.06
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作为高风险的职业之一，消防救援经常需要面对复杂多变、危险未知的工作环境［1-2］。队伍改革转制以来，随着“全灾种、大应急”职能任务的拓展，消防救援人员的任务范围由原来的火灾扑救转变为综合性灾害事故救援，潜在的职业危害因素范围也相应扩大，进一步增加了消防救援的职业健康风险［3］。
伴随国家综合性消防救援队伍“职业化”“专业化”进程的推进，消防救援人员职业健康保障越来越受到重视。中共中央、国务院印发的《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中明确要强化安全生产和职业健康，要求从标准体系完善等多个方面发力，加强工伤事故、职业病的预防和控制［4］。国务院印发的《“十四五”国家应急体系规划》中强调要“壮大安全应急产业，重点发展消防员职业健康产品”［5］。国家卫生健康委等多部门联合印发的《关于进一步推进职业健康保护行动提升劳动者职业健康素养水平的通知》（国卫办职健函〔2024〕32号）要求加强职业健康管理，积极保障职业健康保护行动稳步推进［6］。2025年8月1日实施的新版《职业病分类和目录》将消防救援等应急救援人员相关创伤后应激障碍纳入法定职业病［7］，不仅意味着消防救援职业相关疾患开始受到法律监督管理，也充分证明了对消防救援人员职业健康保障力度的提升。
在大安全、大应急的框架背景下，消防救援人员职业健康管理步入了新的阶段。加强顶层设计，建立全面完善、层次清晰、科学适用的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系是进一步推进职业卫生管理工作和职业健康保护行动的基石。本文总结了国内外消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准的现状并对标准进行了对比分析，以期为未来逐步完善我国消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系提供借鉴和参考。
1　我国消防职业健康与安全相关标准现状
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目前，我国的消防救援人员职业健康管理和保障工作主要依据GBZ 221—2009《消防员职业健康标准》［8］开展。该标准分为4个部分：第一部分为职业健康条件，包括消防救援人员体格检查标准、心理健康标准以及体能要求；第二部分为职业健康监护，涵盖消防救援人员履职期间身体健康检查要求、心理测验要求以及体能测试要求，其中特别指出消防救援人员在上岗前、在岗期间、离岗时以及执行危险任务后等重要时间节点需要进行体格检查；第三部分为职业健康管理，主要规范了消防救援人员职业健康管理机构、管理人员、管理计划及管理资料；第四部分为职业健康保障，重点描述了消防救援人员职业危害防护装备以及医疗卫生服务的相关内容。
此外，由国家消防救援局等单位起草的《消防救援人员职业健康保护指南》［9］对消防组织和消防队员的职业健康保障作出了基本规定，分类说明消防救援人员在职业活动中可能接触的危害因素及风险管理计划。此外，还重点阐释了消防救援人员职业健康保障工作的具体细则，包括卫勤部门和人员建设、医疗急救培训、传染病防治、职业病防治、职业相关疾病防治、职业健康监护、膳食营养与食品卫生、训练伤防护、伤病康复、心理健康促进等。最后，根据事故类型提出火灾、自然灾害、化学放射事故、生物突发事件等不同应急救援场景下的消防救援人员职业防护要求。
除了上述两项主要标准外，国内还有XF/T 1039—2012《消防员心理训练指南》、XF/T 968—2011《消防员现场紧急救护指南》、XF/T 620—2006 《消防职业安全与健康》、XF/T 1464—2018《火灾调查职业危害安全防护规程》、XF 943—2011《消防员高空心理训练装置技术要求》等针对特定消防岗位的健康、防护标准［10-14］。
2　国外消防职业健康与安全标准建设情况
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2.1　美 国
美国消防救援人员职业健康的保障和管理工作由美国消防协会（National Fire Protection Association，NFPA）、美国职业安全卫生管理局（Occupational Safety and Health Administration，OSHA）、国家职业安全与健康研究所（National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health，NIOSH）及各地消防部门等多机构共同负责［15］，有关标准的制定由NFPA主导。目前，NFPA关于消防救援人员职业健康与安全的标准主要有NFPA 1500《消防部门职业安全、健康和保健标准》、NFPA 1581《消防部门感染性疾病控制程序标准》、NFPA 1582《消防部门综合职业医疗标准》、NFPA 1583《消防部门成员健康锻炼标准》和NFPA 1584《消防救援人员应急操作和训练康复过程标准》。其中，NFPA 1500于2024年重新修订并与NFPA 1521、NFPA 1561合并为NFPA 1550（2024年版）《应急处置人员健康与安全标准》［16］；NFPA 1581、NFPA 1582、NFPA 1583和NFPA 1584于2025年重新修订并合并为NFPA 1580（2025年版）《应急处置人员职业健康标准》［17］；但各合并版本仍按原有标准应用方向独立地以版块形式罗列相应内容，并保留原有标准号。本文亦按原有标准号呈现NFPA职业健康标准体系。除此之外，NFPA还制定了其他与消防救援人员职业健康与安全有关的标准，见表1［18］。
NFPA 1500（2024年版）［16，19］主要规定了消防救援人员职业健康及职业安全的最低要求。此标准规定消防监管部门的职责与要求，例如监管部门需要制定风险前计划、健康管理计划等；同时还划定了不同职位人员的具体职责。标准说明了消防救援人员在训练、培训及专业发展中如何维护职业健康及避免职业伤害；同时还提出消防装备及操作者在职业健康方面的要求，例如消防车辆驾驶或操作人员在作业过程中应当如何操作从而降低受伤及患病的风险。NFPA 1500还规定了消防救援人员职业健康防护装备的要求，包括适用于各种作战环境的着装、医疗设备、呼吸道保护装置、面部防护、视觉听觉系统防护、个人报警设备等。标准规定了消防救援人员在遭遇职业健康紧急情况时的处置方法，以及在道路交通事故中潜在职业健康风险的规避措施。同时深化了消防救援人员身体健康保障的细则，包含就诊求医方面的规程，并要求建立消防救援人员职业健康计划和项目。此外，标准描述了部分潜在的职业健康风险暴露源，这些危险因素虽然暂时不会导致救援人员出现明显的功能性及器质性改变，但能够对健康产生潜在危害。最后，罗列了消防救援人员在训练、实战等环境下可能接触的环境污染物以及应对策略。
NFPA 1581（2025年版）［17，20］重点关注感染性疾病的预防。标准第一部分为消防单位传染病防控预案的编制要求，包含部门建设、健康教育与维护、消毒设施与方案等；第二部分为传染病防控的硬件设施，主要涵盖隔离区域的规划、专用车辆的配备，以及针对日常训练、办公与生活区域的应急管控预案等；第三部分为消防队员防护方案，包括个人防护装备配置和暴露风险预防；最后一部分是消防救援人员在发生疑似暴露后的消毒、清洁操作细则。
NFPA 1582（2025年版）［17，21］主要规定了消防救援人员职业健康医疗计划的建设方案，包括各级主管部门的角色与职责、维护职业健康的基本工作任务（如佩戴呼吸防护设备的工作要点、轮班制下的工作时长等）、消防救援人员职业健康损害的鉴定和诊断要点、年度健康体检的要求，以及职业健康损害事件的评定细则（按照身体部位及生理系统划分，含心血管系统、神经系统、骨科、脊柱等）。
NFPA 1583（2025年版）［17，22］规定了消防救援人员的锻炼要求，以保持良好身体素质进而提高职业能力，降低受伤、患病和过早死亡的风险。标准要求消防单位建立专门的锻炼及身体评估部门，涵盖健身教练（陪练员）的选用标准、锻炼效果评估方法、锻炼计划与方案制定、锻炼及身体健康知识教育，以及健康数据的采集等多个方面。
NFPA 1584（2025年版）［17，23］明确了消防救援人员在训练或执行任务中针对职业危害的预防方案，以及遭遇职业危害后如何进行处置和康复治疗。标准第一部分为职业危害因素的预防方案，包括对各类暴露因素的初期识别和日常规避；第二部分为发生职业健康损害事件后的现场处理指南，明确了各方人员责任以及紧急处置的操作细则；第三部分为损害后期的康养方案及职业危害事件的上报规程。
除上述标准以外，OSHA还发布了一些涉及消防救援人员职业健康相关内容的标准，涵盖呼吸防护装备的使用、紧急避险动作规范、车辆安全操作等方面。NIOSH发布的标准中也包括一些适用于消防救援人员职业健康与安全的指南和建议［24］。
2.2　日本、韩国
在日本和韩国，消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准以《地方公共服务法》（日本）、《职业健康与安全法》（日本）、《消防法》（韩国）等政策法规为依据，由政府消防部门制定。日本和韩国要求消防救援队伍常规开展职业健康教育、职业健康检查，制定消防救援人员遭遇职业伤害后的应对措施，并做好日常职业健康维护的基础准备（包括配备防护装备、危险用品予以特殊标记、个人装备定期维保等）。另外，消防救援人员日常生活环境的卫生要求，以及外伤事故、食物中毒、感染性疾病暴发等职业健康不良事件的记录与报告制度也是标准的重点内容。日本与韩国标准对医学体检、体能测试及心理评估做出了明确规定，要求消防队伍定期开展生理和心理筛查，对不合格的队员及时进行干预，干预后仍严重影响履职的则需尽快调离一线岗位。同时，每名队员岗前需要经过个人防护装备使用方法以及基本医疗卫生处置措施的培训，并通过课程考核。值得注意的是，日、韩相关标准非常关注消防救援人员过度劳累的风险，提出要建立合理的工作轮岗方案以及员工休假制度，预防过劳性职业损伤和职业疾患［25-26］。
2.3　欧 洲
欧洲目前虽以区域一体化组织的形式建立了普适性职业健康与安全标准体系，但还缺乏消防救援人员专属的职业健康标准，仅对各类消防个人防护装备发布了相关规范指南［27］。因此，欧洲各国自行制定了本国的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准、指南，以推动职业安全监管工作。以下为部分国家消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准概述。
2.3.1　英 国
在英国，消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系主要由英国国家职业安全与健康卫生局（Health and Safety Executive，HSE）和英国国家消防员协会（National Fire Chiefs Council，NFCC）建立。HSE主要制定针对全行业的职业健康与安全标准，而NFCC则负责制定针对消防救援人员的标准。NFCC发布的系列纲领性标准中，包含关于消防救援人员执行各项操作/作业中需要遵循的步骤和要素，其中涉及职业健康和安全防护内容，如在烟尘环境应正确佩戴呼吸防护装备、重体力行动中需定期休息以防止过劳等［28］。
英国以郡为行政单位的消防部门通常都制定了本地的职业健康与安全服务框架，主要内容有消防救援人员健康评估，以确保队员身体和心理状态适应职业要求；职业健康干预，对可能出现的风险和暴露因素进行检测，以及遭遇职业健康问题时的应对指导；职业健康服务，包括生理健康和心理健康两方面的支持，以及职业健康数据的收集和上报制度［29］。
2.3.2　法 国
法国职业健康标准体系主要由法国内政部、国家劳工安全局以及国家标准化协会等机构建立和管理［30］，但用于保障消防救援人员职业健康与安全的针对性标准文件则由各地方的消防和紧急救援服务机构负责制定。各地区的标准架构大致相似，主要包含以下内容：个人防护装备、职业健康培训与教育、消防救援人员身心健康评估、职业健康检测和暴露因素监测以及消防救援人员作业环境安全［31］。
2.3.3　德 国
德国有关消防救援人员职业健康与安全的标准由各个联邦州的政府部门及消防机构共同负责制定和管理。各地区相关标准受德国联邦法规指导，具体细则与操作则由地方部门组织实施。总体上看，德国消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准主要包括对身体健康的要求，新进消防救援人员需经过入职体检评估合格后才能正式履职，队员须定期参加体能测试及健康检查。此外，德国还要求消防救援人员通过个人呼吸器适应性考核，确保每名队员均能够正确佩戴呼吸防护装备；心理适应性也是德国消防救援人员健康管理的重要考量因素，消防队伍应定期开展心理评估和干预。最后，为防止地区性流行疾病传播，消防救援人员需要接受专项免疫接种和预防性医学干预［32］。
2.3.4　俄罗斯
俄罗斯消防救援队伍隶属国家消防局，受俄罗斯联邦紧急情况部管辖。目前，俄罗斯消防救援人员职业健康与安全管理的法律依据为《俄罗斯联邦消防安全法》，该法规定了消防救援人员的职业健康保障与安全风险规避的措施，其中特别强调了消防救援人员依法享有职业健康保险的权利，包含罹患职业相关疾病及遭遇意外事故的赔付与福利，为队员在执行消防救援任务期间增添了额外的安全保障［33］。
2.4　澳大利亚
澳大利亚的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准主要由国家职业安全与健康委员会和各州（地区）消防部门共同建立。国家职业安全与健康委员会负责协调和制定全国性的职业健康和安全标准，其标准同样适用于消防救援人员。而各州和地区消防服务机构负责制定和执行本地的职业健康与安全标准。
以澳大利亚新南威尔士州消防与救援部门为例，其标准主要分为总述、消防救援人员健康要求（消防任务风险管理、各类消防任务对执行队员身体素质、视听觉的要求、消防救援人员需具备的基本生理与心理素质）、消防救援人员医学证明签发细则，以及针对各类疾病的消防救援人员医学评估标准。其中，标准将消防救援人员职业健康评估结果分为适合执行消防任务、可执行消防任务但部分任务类型受限、暂时不适合执行消防任务但可承担外围工作、暂时不适合承担消防工作、终身不适合承担消防工作共计5类，消防职能部门可根据职业医学评估结果对相应人员的岗位进行调整。消防救援人员医学评估按大病种分类，详细叙述了各系统疾病对患病人员履行消防职责的影响，规定了该病种的评估方法和管理手段［34］。
2.5　国际标准化组织
国际标准化组织（International Organization for Standardization， ISO）目前暂无消防救援人员职业健康的针对性标准，但有适用于全行业的职业健康与安全管理体系标准，如ISO 45001：2018《职业健康与安全管理系统—要求及使用指南》、ISO 45002：2023《职业健康与安全管理体系—实施 ISO 45001：2018 的一般准则》、ISO 45003：2021《职业健康与安全管理—工作场所的心理健康与安全—社会心理风险管理指南》、ISO/PAS 45005：2020《职业健康与安全管理—COVID-19 大流行期间安全工作的一般准则》、ISO 45006：2024《职业健康与安全管理—各组织预防和管理传染病指南》、ISO 45004：2024《职业健康与安全管理—绩效评估指南》等［35］。可见，当前ISO职业健康与安全标准体系以ISO 45001：2018为主体，ISO 45002：2023为实施准则，ISO 45003：2021和ISO/DIS 45004规定了心理健康和绩效评估方面的要求，ISO/PAS 45005：2020和ISO/FDIS 45006规定了在感染性疾病流行的环境背景下开展职业健康与安全管理工作的要求。与NFPA标准体系相比，ISO强化了职业健康与安全管理整体框架的建设，但尚无从体能保持、实战演习等消防救援职业特色的角度提升队员健康水平的具体规定。
由于ISO发布的职业健康相关标准具有普适性，亦可应用于消防救援行业。以ISO 45001：2018为例［36］，该标准为建立职业健康与安全管理体系提供了框架。在风险评估方面，由于消防任务的环境特殊性，职业危害因素复杂多变，依据标准中规定的风险识别与评估策略，可对现场潜在的危险进行有效梳理和分析。在职业健康管理与文档记录方面，该标准规定了各层级健康管理的责任及健康档案的建立，设立消防救援队伍职业健康管理部门、分配人员角色、建立消防救援人员职业健康档案时可参照执行。在职业健康培训方面，该标准强调高质量的健康教育，落实到消防救援队伍，即要求每一位消防救援人员能够正确使用个人防护装备、熟悉应急设备操作流程、掌握应急事故的处置程序等，确保队员在执行任务时能够正确、快速响应从而降低意外伤害的风险。
3　总结与展望
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整体来看，我国目前消防救援人员职业健康与安全管理以GBZ 221—2009《消防员职业健康标准》为主要依据，包含入职健康要求、日常健康检查、健康管理工作及职业健康保障等方面，而正推进的《消防救援人员职业健康保护指南》则从疾病预防与救治、日常身心健康管理、健康管理机构建设、职业安全防护等角度作出了更加翔实的规定和指导。
国际上，美国形成了以NFPA 1500标准为主导，NFPA 1581、NFPA 1582、NFPA 1583和NFPA 1584标准为配套，NFPA 1010、NFPA 1020、NFPA 1403、NFPA 1521等若干标准为补充的消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系，较为完善和全面。其中NFPA 1500在多个层面提出了消防救援人员职业健康保障的最低要求，尤其是消防救援人员在履职过程中如何避免职业伤害、不同消防设备（装备）对操作者的身体要求、不同救援行动中个人防护装备的针对性选择，以及消防救援人员面对危险的应急处置预案等，值得借鉴和学习。NFPA 1581、NFPA 1582、NFPA 1583和NFPA 1584则分别从消防救援人员感染性疾病防控、职业医学干预、身体素质提升和职业危害处置共4个方向制定标准和方案，为我国未来针对消防救援人员职业健康与安全进一步建立具体操作细则和标准提供了思路。
日、韩消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准以国内相关法律法规为依据，从生理、心理指导健康管理和保障，其中特别提及过劳导致亚健康状态对消防职业的影响以及具体的预防措施，对我国消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准体系中关于重负荷工作管理、疲劳性疾患防控等相关内容的建设有一定启示作用。
欧洲目前尚无消防救援人员职业健康与安全的区域性一体化标准，而纵观各国职业健康与安全标准建设情况，大多以临床医学、预防医学等学科理论为制定基础，主要着眼于消防救援人员健康评价、风险管控、危害预防、疾患救治等方向，具备一定的参考价值。英、法标准均强调要密切开展消防救援人员身心健康评估，以应对消防职业的高风险与高压力特性，减少患病及伤亡风险，保障队伍安全与任务效能。德国则非常重视队员履职考核和感染性疾病预防，要求每名消防救援人员上岗前熟练掌握个人防护装备及救援设备的使用方法，并定期评价考核；同时，根据驻地地方性流行病学特点，针对性开展暴露前预防，最大限度降低感染性疾病对队伍健康的影响。俄罗斯强调为消防救援人员购买职业健康保险，一方面有助于更好地维护队员身心健康，解决医疗支出的后顾之忧，提升队伍稳定性；另一方面通过保险分担如长期伤残补偿等重大伤病的经济压力，减轻消防救援部门职业健康财务负担。
澳大利亚消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准在对队员生理及心理素质作出详细要求的同时，将消防救援人员职业医学评估结果进行了分类，不但明确队伍选人用人和岗位调整的健康依据，更有助于指导不同灾种和任务类型的专业化救援团队建设。我国也可参照，将消防救援人员身心健康评估的结果标准化，便于体检医疗部门、消防职业健康部门及队伍人事部门的对接和沟通。此外，澳大利亚标准还针对不同病种及其严重程度规定了医学评估方法以及相应决策，有助于未来我国针对临床各亚专业制定消防救援人员健康标准。
综上，当前我国消防救援人员职业健康与安全标准的建设工作正有力、有序、有效开展，并取得了阶段性成效。但随着消防救援职业化进程的发展，对比NFPA和ISO，我国消防职业健康与安全标准体系仍待进一步完善，需从宏观角度设计系统化管理框架，构建综合性标准架构；同时在消防救援人员职业病预防、职业医学干预、心理健康提升等方面可制定更加细化的标准。此外，GBZ 221—2009《消防员职业健康标准》发布已有15余年，原公安消防部队和原武警森林部队已转制组建国家综合性消防救援队伍，卫勤管理模式与先前存在较大差异，原标准内部分条款适用性明显减弱，并且规范性引用文件也发生了较大的变化。鉴于此，可适时推进GBZ 221—2009的修订工作，以适配国家应急救援能力现代化建设的战略目标。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0101.06
  • 接收时间：2025-02-27
  • 首发时间：2026-10-22
  • 出版时间：2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-27
  • 修回日期：2025-04-25
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    1应急管理部四川消防研究所，四川 成都 610036
    2国家消防救援局，北京 100097

通讯作者:

何瑾，应急管理部四川消防研究所副研究员，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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