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Article(id=1320165862129127800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1320165840046117035, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0059.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747497600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-18, revisedDate=1758816000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681669027, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681669027, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681669027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681669027, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165840046117035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681663762, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681663762, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=59, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165862330454393, articleId=1320165862129127800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Study on the effectiveness of compressed air foam fire extinguishing in underground substations and system design parameters, columnId=1320165844915700648, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Design of fire extinguishing system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-pressure fine water mist systems are commonly used in underground substations. Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS), as a measure to enhance firefighting capabilities, is gradually being applied in the fire suppression process of substations. To evaluate CAFS performance in underground substations, this study established a full-scale 110 kV underground substation fire suppression test platform. By adjusting parameters such as flow rate, foam type, and combustion area, the extinguishing effectiveness of CAFS was investigated. Results indicate that the CAFS extinguishing process comprises three distinct phases: initiation, sustained suppression, and flame extinction. Increasing the foam mixture supply intensity significantly accelerates flame expansion and shortens extinguishing time. When supply intensity rose from 13.3 L/(min·m²) to 26.7 L/(min·m²), extinguishing time decreased from 22 s to 7 s. Foam liquid type had minimal impact on extinguishing effectiveness, and the presence of spreading fires had little effect on extinguishing duration. Simultaneously, wall surface cooling rates were influenced by flow rate. Higher supply intensities resulted in significantly lower wall temperatures upon successful extinguishment. Oxygen concentration increased after CAFS activation. As supply intensity increased, oxygen concentration at the moment of successful extinguishment first rose then fell, indicating no direct correlation between the extinguishing process and oxygen concentration changes. Comprehensive analysis suggests selecting a CAFS supply intensity between 17.8~22.2 L/(min·m²) with 3% AFFF foam type.

, authors=Junyu Zhu1, Changyang Zhang2, Weiguang Kong2, Jinlong Zhao2, authorsList=Junyu Zhu, Changyang Zhang, Weiguang Kong, Jinlong Zhao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinlong Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165866126299526, articleId=1320165862129127800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=地下变电站压缩空气泡沫灭火效果及系统设计参数研究, columnId=1320165845343519658, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=灭火系统设计, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地下变电站通常采用高压细水雾系统，压缩空气泡沫系统（CAFS）作为一种提升消防能力的措施，逐渐应用于变电站的灭火过程中。为了评估地下变电站CAFS的灭火效果，建立了全尺寸110 kV地下变压器灭火测试平台，通过调节流量、泡沫类型及燃烧面积等参数，研究CAFS的灭火效果。研究结果表明，CAFS灭火过程可分为启动、持续灭火和火焰熄灭3个阶段。泡沫混合液供给强度增大时，火焰膨胀明显且灭火时间缩短。供给强度从13.3 L/（min·m2）增加至26.7 L/（min·m2）时，灭火时间从22 s缩短至7 s。泡沫液类型变化对灭火效果的影响较小，且流淌火的存在对灭火时间影响较小。同时，壁面温度冷却速率受流量影响，供给强度增大时，灭火成功时壁面温度显著下降。氧气浓度在CAFS启动后升高，随着供给强度增大，灭火成功时刻的氧气浓度先增后降，表明灭火过程与氧气浓度变化无直接关联。综合分析，建议CAFS供给强度选择17.8～22.2 L/（min·m2），泡沫类型为3%AFFF。

, authors=朱均煜1, 张长洋2, 孔维珖2, 赵金龙2, authorsList=朱均煜, 张长洋, 孔维珖, 赵金龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵金龙, authorNote=

朱均煜，揭阳市消防救援支队副支队长，灭火救援指挥部部长，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事灭火救援、消防监督等工作，广东省揭阳市榕城区淡浦路1号，522000。

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵金龙，中国矿业大学（北京）应急管理与安全工程学院，。
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朱均煜，揭阳市消防救援支队副支队长，灭火救援指挥部部长，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事灭火救援、消防监督等工作，广东省揭阳市榕城区淡浦路1号，522000。

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朱均煜，揭阳市消防救援支队副支队长，灭火救援指挥部部长，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事灭火救援、消防监督等工作，广东省揭阳市榕城区淡浦路1号，522000。

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Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 62: 262-280., articleTitle=A review of fire⁃extinguishing agent on suppressing lithium⁃ion batteries fire, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320165866356986247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165866365374856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, companyId=1320165866356986247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Jieyang Fire and Rescue Division, Jieyang Guangdong 522000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165866373763465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, companyId=1320165866356986247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1揭阳市消防救援支队，广东 揭阳 522000)]), 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articleId=1320165862129127800, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Fire extinguishing system test platform schematic diagram and physical diagram, figureFileSmall=oJsrD3m//FhpGQI8TiCeEw==, figureFileBig=U6QsoEch2HzB3cZL2X3LTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165868449943980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=CN, label=图1, caption=灭火系统试验平台示意图与实物图, figureFileSmall=oJsrD3m//FhpGQI8TiCeEw==, figureFileBig=U6QsoEch2HzB3cZL2X3LTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165868659659181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Compressed air foam fire extinguishing process under different working conditions, figureFileSmall=SJQ/STsfd7igUhRD09t6+w==, figureFileBig=gIA5zgUq85THjwHEn2aubQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165868718379438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, 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figureFileSmall=tqwCoP/EOkyN0QKXCHd/oQ==, figureFileBig=dNwz19uIMI0JhpaM+Cse7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165869020369330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CAFS灭火过程中的温度变化, figureFileSmall=tqwCoP/EOkyN0QKXCHd/oQ==, figureFileBig=dNwz19uIMI0JhpaM+Cse7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165869121032627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The change of oxygen volume fraction in CAFS fire extinguishing process, figureFileSmall=QdWVfVuyiPSs5MHVf2kilA==, figureFileBig=FX0EQ6a2gvOQYnNsKzRJ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165869196530100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CAFS灭火过程中的氧气体积分数变化, figureFileSmall=QdWVfVuyiPSs5MHVf2kilA==, figureFileBig=FX0EQ6a2gvOQYnNsKzRJ6Q==, tableContent=null), 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Setting table of working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号燃烧场景供给强度/L/（min·m2）/类型
1立体火13.3/3%AFFF
2立体火17.8/3%AFFF
3立体火22.2/3%AFFF
4立体火26.7/3%AFFF
5立体火17.8/1%AFFF
6立体火17.8/6%AFFF
7顶部全表面+有流淌火17.8/3%AFFF
8顶部全表面+无流淌火17.8/3%AFFF
), ArticleFig(id=1320165869532074424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工况设置表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号燃烧场景供给强度/L/（min·m2）/类型
1立体火13.3/3%AFFF
2立体火17.8/3%AFFF
3立体火22.2/3%AFFF
4立体火26.7/3%AFFF
5立体火17.8/1%AFFF
6立体火17.8/6%AFFF
7顶部全表面+有流淌火17.8/3%AFFF
8顶部全表面+无流淌火17.8/3%AFFF
), ArticleFig(id=1320165869599183289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fire extinguishing parameter statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况灭火时间
/s		泡沫液
用量/L		灭火用水量
/L		壁面平均冷却速率/℃/s
122（0.32）6.6（0.30）213.4（0.61）3.68 （0.25）
214（0.50）5.6（0.36）181.07（0.72）6.29 （0.42）
38（0.88）4.0（0.50）129.33（1.00）12.38 （0.83）
47（1.00）4.2（0.48）135.8（0.95）14.86 （1.00）
515（0.47）2.0（1.00）198.0（0.65）6.00 （0.40）
611（0.64）10.3（0.19）136.4（0.95）7.82 （0.53）
), ArticleFig(id=1320165869687263674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165862129127800, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

灭火参数统计表

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工况灭火时间
/s		泡沫液
用量/L		灭火用水量
/L		壁面平均冷却速率/℃/s
122（0.32）6.6（0.30）213.4（0.61）3.68 （0.25）
214（0.50）5.6（0.36）181.07（0.72）6.29 （0.42）
38（0.88）4.0（0.50）129.33（1.00）12.38 （0.83）
47（1.00）4.2（0.48）135.8（0.95）14.86 （1.00）
515（0.47）2.0（1.00）198.0（0.65）6.00 （0.40）
611（0.64）10.3（0.19）136.4（0.95）7.82 （0.53）
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地下变电站压缩空气泡沫灭火效果及系统设计参数研究
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朱均煜 1 , 张长洋 2 , 孔维珖 2 , 赵金龙 2
消防科学与技术 | 灭火系统设计 2026,45(5): 59-64
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消防科学与技术 |灭火系统设计 2026 , 45 (5) : 59 -64
地下变电站压缩空气泡沫灭火效果及系统设计参数研究
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朱均煜，揭阳市消防救援支队副支队长，灭火救援指挥部部长，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事灭火救援、消防监督等工作，广东省揭阳市榕城区淡浦路1号，522000。

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朱均煜，揭阳市消防救援支队副支队长，灭火救援指挥部部长，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事灭火救援、消防监督等工作，广东省揭阳市榕城区淡浦路1号，522000。

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朱均煜1, 张长洋2, 孔维珖2, 赵金龙2
作者信息
  • 1揭阳市消防救援支队，广东 揭阳 522000
  • 2中国矿业大学 （北京） 应急管理与安全工程学院，北京 100083
通讯作者:
赵金龙，中国矿业大学（北京）应急管理与安全工程学院，。
作者简介:

朱均煜，揭阳市消防救援支队副支队长，灭火救援指挥部部长，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事灭火救援、消防监督等工作，广东省揭阳市榕城区淡浦路1号，522000。

Study on the effectiveness of compressed air foam fire extinguishing in underground substations and system design parameters
Junyu Zhu1, Changyang Zhang2, Weiguang Kong2, Jinlong Zhao2
Affiliations
  • 1Jieyang Fire and Rescue Division, Jieyang Guangdong 522000, China
  • 2College of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0059.06
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摘要
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地下变电站通常采用高压细水雾系统，压缩空气泡沫系统（CAFS）作为一种提升消防能力的措施，逐渐应用于变电站的灭火过程中。为了评估地下变电站CAFS的灭火效果，建立了全尺寸110 kV地下变压器灭火测试平台，通过调节流量、泡沫类型及燃烧面积等参数，研究CAFS的灭火效果。研究结果表明，CAFS灭火过程可分为启动、持续灭火和火焰熄灭3个阶段。泡沫混合液供给强度增大时，火焰膨胀明显且灭火时间缩短。供给强度从13.3 L/（min·m2）增加至26.7 L/（min·m2）时，灭火时间从22 s缩短至7 s。泡沫液类型变化对灭火效果的影响较小，且流淌火的存在对灭火时间影响较小。同时，壁面温度冷却速率受流量影响，供给强度增大时，灭火成功时壁面温度显著下降。氧气浓度在CAFS启动后升高，随着供给强度增大，灭火成功时刻的氧气浓度先增后降，表明灭火过程与氧气浓度变化无直接关联。综合分析，建议CAFS供给强度选择17.8～22.2 L/（min·m2），泡沫类型为3%AFFF。

受限空间火灾  /  地下变电站  /  压缩空气泡沫  /  灭火效果  /  参数设计

High-pressure fine water mist systems are commonly used in underground substations. Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS), as a measure to enhance firefighting capabilities, is gradually being applied in the fire suppression process of substations. To evaluate CAFS performance in underground substations, this study established a full-scale 110 kV underground substation fire suppression test platform. By adjusting parameters such as flow rate, foam type, and combustion area, the extinguishing effectiveness of CAFS was investigated. Results indicate that the CAFS extinguishing process comprises three distinct phases: initiation, sustained suppression, and flame extinction. Increasing the foam mixture supply intensity significantly accelerates flame expansion and shortens extinguishing time. When supply intensity rose from 13.3 L/(min·m²) to 26.7 L/(min·m²), extinguishing time decreased from 22 s to 7 s. Foam liquid type had minimal impact on extinguishing effectiveness, and the presence of spreading fires had little effect on extinguishing duration. Simultaneously, wall surface cooling rates were influenced by flow rate. Higher supply intensities resulted in significantly lower wall temperatures upon successful extinguishment. Oxygen concentration increased after CAFS activation. As supply intensity increased, oxygen concentration at the moment of successful extinguishment first rose then fell, indicating no direct correlation between the extinguishing process and oxygen concentration changes. Comprehensive analysis suggests selecting a CAFS supply intensity between 17.8~22.2 L/(min·m²) with 3% AFFF foam type.

confined space fire  /  underground substation  /  compressed air foam  /  fire extinguishing effect  /  parameter design
朱均煜, 张长洋, 孔维珖, 赵金龙. 地下变电站压缩空气泡沫灭火效果及系统设计参数研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (5) : 59 -64 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0059.06
Junyu Zhu, Changyang Zhang, Weiguang Kong, Jinlong Zhao. Study on the effectiveness of compressed air foam fire extinguishing in underground substations and system design parameters[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (5) : 59 -64 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0059.06
正文
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随着地下变电站建设数量的持续增长，其消防问题日益成为关注焦点。相比于地上变电站，地下变压器火灾因烟雾热量积聚，具有发展迅猛、易轰燃、强度极高的特点，对灭火系统的高效性提出极高要求［1-2］。当前，在地下变电站消防保护中，高压细水雾灭火系统应用广泛，以北京地区为例，此类变电站多采用该系统［3］。但高压细水雾灭火系统在工程实践中的灭火有效性仍缺乏充分验证，且一旦因爆炸冲击致使系统失压，将导致灭火功能失效［4］。近年来，压缩空气泡沫因其灭火高效迅速的特性，逐步在地下变电站消防领域得到应用。然而，针对地下变电站压缩空气泡沫灭火系统（CAFS），目前尚无规范性标准予以约束。鉴于此，深入探究不同参数对地下变电站压缩空气泡沫系统灭火效果的影响，能够为该系统的科学设计提供关键参考依据，具有极为重要的理论与实践意义。
现阶段，对于压缩空气泡沫灭火的研究主要分析了CAFS对室外变压器火灾的灭火效果。2020年，陈涛等［5-6］首次开展了缩尺寸压缩空气泡沫扑灭变压器升高座溢油火灾和全液面溢油火灾试验，发现了成膜型压缩空气泡沫扑灭变压器全液面溢油火是有效的，并给出了扑灭升高座溢油火的最佳泡沫液供给强度（11.4 L/（min·m2））。此基础上，2022年，张燕等［7］搭建了大型变压器消防灭火真型试验平台，率先开展了压缩空气泡沫灭火系统扑灭户外220 kV实体变压器火灾试验，研究表明，压缩空气泡沫灭火系统在0.7 MPa的工作压力及6 L/（min·m2）的泡沫混合液供给强度下，34 s扑灭变压器火灾。陈涛等［8］建立了1∶1全尺寸特高压换流变压器实体火模型，开展了全液面溢油火灾灭火试验，研发发现，压缩空气泡沫喷淋系统在12.4 L/（min·m2）泡沫溶液供给强度下，可在28 s控制火势，但顶部油箱会出现复燃且阀厅侧防火墙温度相对较高。谢连科等［9］模拟变压器同时发生套管火、变压器本体火、油枕火、集油坑火等立体火灾现象，构建CAFS灭火试验平台，分析了CAFS和泡沫喷雾的灭火效果，研究表明CAFS可更快扑灭火灾（最短35 s）。ZHOU B等［10］搭建了燃烧面积1 m2的变压器热油火灾试验模型，开展了3种压缩空气泡沫灭火试验，研究表明，气液比为9∶1时灭火效率更高，且灭火过程中不会引发沸溢喷溅现象。CHEN T等［11］开展了不同泡沫类型的CAFS扑灭变压器油池火（燃烧面积1 m2）的试验，发现1%和3%的水成膜泡沫适用于扑灭变压器油池火。
上述研究表明，压缩空气泡沫系统可以用于扑灭变压器油池火，且具有良好的灭火效果。但上述研究多是在室外空间内进行的，与室内变压器火灾场景存在明显差别。同时，上述研究对于流量、泡沫类型等参数考虑得较少。因此，笔者搭建全尺寸110 kV地下变压器灭火测试平台，改变流量、泡沫类型与燃烧面积等参数，分析不同参数影响下的CAFS灭火效果，为地下封闭空间变压器消防设计提供参考。
1　试验装置与工况设计
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1.1　试验装置
结合北京市某地下变压器室几何尺寸，建立全尺寸110 kV变压器灭火试验平台，试验空间与实体变压器模拟装置如图1所示。试验空间的长×宽×高为8.4 m×8.4 m×6.5 m，墙壁与顶棚均采用岩棉夹芯板，中心位置使用防火玻璃设置观察窗，观察窗距离地面高0.5 m，长、宽均为2 m。在试验空间的正面设置2个百叶窗，在点火前使用防火板进行封堵。实体变压器模拟装置使用真实的110 kV变压器，长×宽×高为5.4 m×2.2 m×2.5 m。变压器可能发生的火灾类型包括上表面火灾、流淌火灾、底部集油坑火灾及立体火灾（上表面火灾+流淌火灾+底部集油坑火灾）［12-13］。如图1（a）所示，在受限空间不同位置布置热电偶（顶棚、侧壁、变压器壁面、油池内部与上部）用于监测空间内部温度、油层温度、变压器壁面温度、火羽流温度等参数变化。受限空间内部不同高度处布置3个水冷摄像头，实现对受限空间内部燃烧情况的多角度记录。同时，在观察窗外放置高速摄像机，用于记录火焰结构。
结合实际可能出现的火灾场景，分别在变压器周围、变压器上表面与变压器套管内设置油池，见图1（b）。底部油池单侧燃烧面积约为1 m2，顶部油池燃烧面积共约3 m2。试验中通过在顶部油池与套管孔内注入油品，模拟溢油流淌火灾。
结合地下变压器室内的情况，布置压缩空气泡沫灭火系统。本次试验采用压缩空气泡沫灭火系统，由控制柜、泵组、管路、消防炮、喷淋管、消防水箱等设备组成。变压器长边两侧的墙上布置喷淋管，喷淋管长7.5 m、高6.0 m，距离试验空间墙壁0.6 m，距离变压器本体2.5 m。两侧对称安装布置，喷淋管开设4排孔，其中3排喷向中间主油箱顶部区域，1排喷向事故油池。从中部通过万向三通输入泡沫，喷淋管采用耐高温不锈钢管制作，设计压力1.2 MPa。根据T/CECS 748—2020《压缩空气泡沫灭火系统技术规程》［14］，油浸式变压器保护系统的保护面积应按保护场所内的水平面面积或水平面投影面积确定。变压器（油箱、油枕、散热器及事故油坑）按水平投影面积计算，则灭火保护面积约为45 m2，泡沫混合液流量至少为729 L/min。
1.2　工况设计
使用CAFS进行灭火时，供给强度与泡沫类型是影响灭火效果的关键参数［15］。因此，结合工程实际，设计了4种泡沫供给强度和3种泡沫液类型。同时，考虑变压器火灾后变压器油泄漏量的不同，设置了立体火、顶部火、单侧火等多种燃烧场景。具体工况设计见表1。
每次模拟开始前，在油池内注入3 cm的水，之后注入2 cm的变压器油。每次点火前，按照0.25 L/m2在各个油池内注入用于点火的正庚烷。在注油完毕后，利用电子点火器实现同时点火。杨海铭等［16］、陈庆等［17］的研究表明，变压器油预燃90 s左右即可达到稳定燃烧，本研究将预燃时间设置为90 s。
供给强度是表征本研究的一个关键设计参数，其计算公式见式（1）。
q=QA
式中：q为供给强度，L/（min·m2）；Q为CAFS系统流量，L/min；A为试验火源的保护面积，m2。
本试验中，保护面积A固定为45 m2，系统流量Q分别设置为600、800、1 000、1 200 L/min。
2　结果分析与讨论
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2.1　灭火过程
为了分析泡沫供给强度与燃烧面积对灭火的影响，图2给出了不同工况下CAFS灭火过程火灾图像。
由图2可知，无论泡沫供给强度与类型如何变化，CAFS灭火的整个过程均可以分为启动阶段、持续灭火阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。压缩空气泡沫启动初期，火焰会在短时间内出现膨胀现象，这是由新鲜空气被带入燃烧区域内导致的［18-19］。随着泡沫的持续释放，火焰被逐渐压制，直至最后熄灭。对比图2（a）与图2（b）可知，泡沫混合液供给强度增大时，泡沫喷射后的火焰膨胀更明显，同时灭火时间更短。这一观察结果表明增加泡沫供给强度能有效加速灭火效率。对比图2（a）与图2（c）可知，存在上部燃烧面时，灭火时间会明显缩短。同时，在灭火结束时刻，室内的能见度也较高，这是由于燃烧面积小时产烟量较低。
2.2　灭火时间分析
为了进一步分析供给强度等参数对CAFS灭火时间的影响，图3给出了不同工况下的灭火时间。
由图3可知：
1）随着泡沫混合液供给强度增大，灭火时间不断降低。对比工况1~工况4可知，混合液供给强度为13.3 L/（min·m2）时，灭火时间为22 s，而供给强度为26.7 L/（min·m2）时，灭火时间约为7 s。泡沫混合液供给强度大于17.8 L/（min·m2）后，继续增大供给强度，灭火时间的缩短作用有限。
2）不同类型泡沫液对灭火时间影响较小。对比工况2、5、6，在相同供给强度下，泡沫液从1%变成6%时，灭火时间缩短了仅4 s。这表明对于本文的研究而言，改变泡沫类型并不能很好地提升灭火效果。
3）燃烧面积越小（工况2、7、8），灭火时间越短。只有上部燃烧面存在时，相同供给强度下的灭火时间会缩短。有无套管流淌火对于灭火的影响较小，这可能是因为试验采用的流淌火油品温度较低（常温）。
4）综上可知，对于室内变压器火灾，灭火时间主要受泡沫混合液的供给强度影响。
2.3　灭火关键参数分析
CAFS主要依靠泡沫覆盖实现灭火，同样会有一定的冷却作用［20-21］。为了分析不同场景下CAFS灭火时的冷却作用大小，图4给出了灭火过程中的温度变化情况。由图4（a）可知，CAFS启动后，油层表面的温度会迅速下降，说明火焰被泡沫完全覆盖。随着泡沫的持续喷射，油品表面温度低于100 ℃且在90 s内不再上升，说明成功灭火且不发生复燃。由图4（b）可知，随着CAFS的供给强度增大，灭火成功时刻变压器壁面的温度降低。这是因为泡沫混合液供给强度增大时，灭火时间缩短，同时灭火介质的量会增多导致。
气体浓度是室内火灾的重要参数之一。为了分析CAFS灭火时室内气体浓度是否发生变化，图5给出了封闭空间内1.6 m高度处的氧气体积分数变化情况。由图5（a）可知，在CAFS启动前，室内氧气体积分数会不断降低，这是由燃烧消耗氧气导致的。在CAFS启动后，室内氧气体积分数会上升，这是由于泡沫降低了燃烧规模的同时引入了部分新鲜空气。由图5（b）可知，随着泡沫混合液供给强度的增大，灭火成功时刻的氧气体积分数先增大后降低。这说明，在此试验条件下，氧气体积分数的变化并非CAFS灭火效果的决定性因素。灭火成功时刻的氧气体积分数受灭火时间长短和泡沫混合液供给强度的共同影响。
2.4　系统参数优选设计
为了综合评价供给强度、泡沫类型等参数对CAFS灭火效果影响，选择灭火时间、灭火泡沫用量、灭火用水量和壁面平均冷却速率这4个参数进行统计，见表2。壁面平均冷却速率v1的计算见式（2）。
v1=T2-T1∆t
式中：T2是灭火成功时刻的温度，℃；T1是CAFS启动前的温度，℃；∆t是灭火需要的时间，s。
为了方便对比，选择最优工况对所选的4个参数进行归一化处理，归一化的参数在表2的括号中展示［22-23］。
图6为使用归一化数据制作的雷达图。由图6（a）可知，CAFS系统流量为1 000 L/min（对应供给强度22.2 L/（min·m²））时，其在灭火时间、壁面冷却效率、灭火用水量和泡沫液用量4个维度上均表现最优，表明该工况下灭火效能显著，且泡沫液与水的消耗量最低。由图6（b）可见，采用3%AFFF泡沫液可在保证灭火速度的同时，兼顾灭火剂的经济性。综合上述结果，建议室内大型变电站CAFS灭火系统的设计参数设置为：系统流量800~1 000 L/min，泡沫液类型为3%AFFF。在实际应用中，针对火焰集中区域可适当提高局部喷射强度，以增强冷却效果，进一步缩短有效控火时间。
3　结 论
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1）CAFS灭火的整个过程均可以分为启动阶段、持续灭火阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。泡沫混合液供给强度增大时，泡沫喷射后的火焰膨胀更明显，同时灭火时间更短。
2）灭火时间主要受泡沫混合液供给强度影响。随着CAFS供给强度增大，灭火时间显著缩短。改变泡沫液类型（1%和6%），CAFS灭火时间变化不明显。同时，流淌火的存在对CAFS灭火影响较小。
3）壁面温度主要受泡沫混合液供给强度影响。CAFS供给强度增大，灭火成功时刻的壁面温度降低。氧气浓度在CAFS启动后会上升，而随着泡沫混合液供给强度的增大，灭火成功时刻的氧气浓度先增大后降低。这说明，在此试验条件下，氧气浓度的变化并非CAFS灭火效果的决定性因素。
4）结合雷达图分析，建议选择CAFS的供给强度为17.8~22.2 L/（min·m²），泡沫类型为3%AFFF。
本研究通过全尺寸试验，明确了供给强度为影响CAFS灭火效能的关键参数，为室内大型变电站等受限空间的消防系统设计提供了关键参数依据与实践指导。然而，本研究主要聚焦于AFFF型泡沫，未系统比较氟蛋白、抗溶等不同种类泡沫的效能差异。未来研究可拓展泡沫类型变量，深入探究泡沫物化特性与灭火效率的关联机制，以期建立更全面的泡沫效能评估体系与选型标准。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0059.06
  • 接收时间：2025-05-18
  • 首发时间：2026-10-22
  • 出版时间：2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-18
  • 修回日期：2025-09-26
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    1揭阳市消防救援支队，广东 揭阳 522000
    2中国矿业大学 （北京） 应急管理与安全工程学院，北京 100083

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赵金龙，中国矿业大学（北京）应急管理与安全工程学院，。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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