Article(id=1269679040177795102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, issueId=1269678996485734867, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2026.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780644672674, onlineDateStr=2026-06-05, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780644672674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780644672674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780644672674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1269678996485734867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, year='2026', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='3', pageEnd='183', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780644662255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780644725097, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1269679260173234368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, issueId=1269678996485734867, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1269679260173234369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, issueId=1269678996485734867, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1269679040496562209, articleId=1269679040177795102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, language=EN, title=The Impact of Skeuomorphic Affordances on Aging Perception Among Older Adults in Human-AI Interaction, columnId=1269679040400093216, journalTitle=Journal of Modern Information, columnName=HUMAN-INTELLIGENCE INTERACTION and INFORMATION BEHAVIOR, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Purpose/Significance

Cultivating older adults’ perception of aging is crucial for promoting their mental health and subjective well-being. This study explores the moderating effect of skeuomorphic affordances—from the dual dimensions of representation and manipulation in human-AI interaction—on aging perception. The goal is to provide theoretical contribution for enhancing older adults’ technical adaptability and designing cognition-friendly agents.

Method/Process

This study employed a 2(representational skeuomorphism: machine-like appearance vs. animal-like appearance)×2(operational skeuomorphism: light feedback interaction vs. blink feedback interaction) between-subjects design experiment. This study examined the impact of skeuomorphic affordances in the dual dimensions of representation and manipulation on older adults’ perception of aging, as well as the chain mediating mechanism of sense of control and self-efficacy within this network.

Result/Conclusion

Animal-shaped monitoring devices significantly enhanced the perceived level of aging among older adults, achieving optimal effects when combined with blinking responses; Sense of control and self-efficacy demonstrated chain mediation effects between skeuomorphic design combinations and aging perception; Consistency between manipulative and representational skeuomorphism reduced cognitive load and improved interaction experiences. This study reveals the cognitive compatibility advantages of skeuomorphic design for senior users, proposing a dual-dimensional design framework (representation and manipulation) for aging-adapted AI design. The identified chain-mediating mechanisms enrich the theoretical framework of how human-AI interaction shapes aging perceptions.

, correspAuthors=Yuxiang Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinxin Sun, Zuozhenzi Huang, Yuxiang Zhao, Qianling Jiang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1269679042157506606, articleId=1269679040177795102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, language=CN, title=人智交互情境中拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响研究, columnId=1269679040597225506, journalTitle=现代情报, columnName=人智交互与信息行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的/意义

老年人的老化感知对促进其心理健康与主观幸福感具有重要意义,从人智交互情境中拟物化示能性设计的表征与操作双维度,探究其对老化感知的调节效应,为提升科技适老及构建认知友好的智能体提供理论支撑。

方法/过程

采用2(表征层面拟物化:类机器外形/类动物外形)×2(操作层面拟物化:灯光反馈交互/眨眼反馈交互)两因素组间设计实验,考察表征与操作双维度拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响,以及掌控感和自我效能感在其中的链式中介作用机制。

结果/结论

类动物外形的监控设备显著提升老年人老化感知水平,配合眨眼反馈交互效果最佳;掌控感和自我效能感在拟物化表征与操作组合和老化感知间发挥链式中介作用;操作与表征一致性可降低老年人认知成本,提升交互体验。揭示了拟物化示能性对老年用户认知适配的优势,为人智交互中的适老化设计提供了表征与操作的双维度设计启示。研究发现的链式中介机制丰富了人智交互影响老化感知的理论框架。

, correspAuthors=赵宇翔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵宇翔(1983-),男,教授,研究方向:人机交互,用户信息行为。
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孙辛欣(1987-),女,副教授,研究方向:智能设计

黄佐真子(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:交互设计

蒋乾灵(1991-),男,副研究员,研究方向:用户信息行为。

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注:ns表示p>0.05,*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01 ,***表示p<0.001。

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注:ns表示p>0.05,*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01 ,***表示p<0.001。

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注:*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01 ,***表示p<0.001。以上数据为标准化的结果,括号内为总效应。

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Scale After Sinicization

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测量维度问题编号测量项来源
自我老化感知社会心理丧失S1我发现自己年纪大了,更难通过监控来倾诉自己的感受13
S2随着年龄的增长,我的身体越来越差,没法打开监控
S3我觉得自己的年龄被排除在这种新的科技之外
心理获得P1随着年龄的增长,我能够更好地应对生活,包括使用智能监控
P2随着年龄增长,我变得更加智慧,能够使用监控这样的监控设备
P3在这个年纪,使用监控也是一件令人愉快的事情
焦虑N1当我不能很好地使用监控时,我很烦恼12
N2大多数时候使用监控这件事对我来说很难
N3在用监控的时候,我比以前更容易生气
老化态度A1虽然年纪增大,但是使用监控这件事比我想象得要顺利
A2我的年纪大了,对监控可以进行的操作越来越少了
A3我觉得我已经老了
掌控感C1打开监控时,监控的反应出乎我的意料64
C2开启监控的一切操作都在我的掌控之中
C3我没法解决在开启监控时可能遇到的问题63
C4只要下定决心,我几乎能完成所有操作
自我效能感I1我自信能有效地应对使用过程中可能的突发事情65
I2当使用监控出现问题时,我相信自己有能力可以处理
I3当使用监控出现问题时,我通常能想到一些解决的方法
), ArticleFig(id=1269679048528654437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, articleId=1269679040177795102, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

汉化后的量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测量维度问题编号测量项来源
自我老化感知社会心理丧失S1我发现自己年纪大了,更难通过监控来倾诉自己的感受13
S2随着年龄的增长,我的身体越来越差,没法打开监控
S3我觉得自己的年龄被排除在这种新的科技之外
心理获得P1随着年龄的增长,我能够更好地应对生活,包括使用智能监控
P2随着年龄增长,我变得更加智慧,能够使用监控这样的监控设备
P3在这个年纪,使用监控也是一件令人愉快的事情
焦虑N1当我不能很好地使用监控时,我很烦恼12
N2大多数时候使用监控这件事对我来说很难
N3在用监控的时候,我比以前更容易生气
老化态度A1虽然年纪增大,但是使用监控这件事比我想象得要顺利
A2我的年纪大了,对监控可以进行的操作越来越少了
A3我觉得我已经老了
掌控感C1打开监控时,监控的反应出乎我的意料64
C2开启监控的一切操作都在我的掌控之中
C3我没法解决在开启监控时可能遇到的问题63
C4只要下定决心,我几乎能完成所有操作
自我效能感I1我自信能有效地应对使用过程中可能的突发事情65
I2当使用监控出现问题时,我相信自己有能力可以处理
I3当使用监控出现问题时,我通常能想到一些解决的方法
), ArticleFig(id=1269679048616734822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, articleId=1269679040177795102, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of Descriptive Statistics

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表征操作N自我老化感知(M±SD)掌控感(M±SD)自我效能感(M±SD)
类机器外形灯光交互344.711±0.7483.831±1.0804.677±1.210
眨眼交互354.374±0.8524.550±1.0793.771±1.390
类动物外形灯光交互344.733±0.7734.772±0.9504.569±1.010
眨眼交互365.132±0.5645.000±0.8245.611±0.620
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描述性统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表征操作N自我老化感知(M±SD)掌控感(M±SD)自我效能感(M±SD)
类机器外形灯光交互344.711±0.7483.831±1.0804.677±1.210
眨眼交互354.374±0.8524.550±1.0793.771±1.390
类动物外形灯光交互344.733±0.7734.772±0.9504.569±1.010
眨眼交互365.132±0.5645.000±0.8245.611±0.620
), ArticleFig(id=1269679048755146856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, articleId=1269679040177795102, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Results of Data Analysis for Hypothetical Pathways H4、H5

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假设路径效应类型EffectBootstrap 95% CI
H4(a)拟物化示能性→掌控感→自我老化感知间接效应0.127[0.07,0.19]
H4(b)拟物化示能性→自我效能感→自我老化感知间接效应0.056[0.02,0.10]
H5拟物化示能性→掌控感→自我效能感→自我老化感知总效应0.204[0.13,0.29]
间接效应0.020[0.00,0.05]
), ArticleFig(id=1269679048839032937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1269656373470969926, articleId=1269679040177795102, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

H4与H5假设路径的数据分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设路径效应类型EffectBootstrap 95% CI
H4(a)拟物化示能性→掌控感→自我老化感知间接效应0.127[0.07,0.19]
H4(b)拟物化示能性→自我效能感→自我老化感知间接效应0.056[0.02,0.10]
H5拟物化示能性→掌控感→自我效能感→自我老化感知总效应0.204[0.13,0.29]
间接效应0.020[0.00,0.05]
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人智交互情境中拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响研究
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孙辛欣 1 , 黄佐真子 1 , 赵宇翔 2, * , 蒋乾灵 3
现代情报 | 人智交互与信息行为 2026,46(3): 68-80
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现代情报 | 人智交互与信息行为 2026, 46(3): 68-80
人智交互情境中拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响研究
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孙辛欣1, 黄佐真子1, 赵宇翔2, *, 蒋乾灵3
作者信息
  • 1南京理工大学设计艺术与传媒学院,江苏南京210094
  • 2南京大学信息管理学院,江苏南京210008
  • 3江南大学设计学院,江苏无锡214122
  • 孙辛欣(1987-),女,副教授,研究方向:智能设计

    黄佐真子(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:交互设计

    蒋乾灵(1991-),男,副研究员,研究方向:用户信息行为。

通讯作者:

赵宇翔(1983-),男,教授,研究方向:人机交互,用户信息行为。
The Impact of Skeuomorphic Affordances on Aging Perception Among Older Adults in Human-AI Interaction
Xinxin Sun1, Zuozhenzi Huang1, Yuxiang Zhao2, *, Qianling Jiang3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Design Art & Media,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing210094,China
  • 2School of Information Management,Nanjing University,Nanjing210008,China
  • 3School of Design,Jiangnan University,Wuxi214122,China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2026.03.006
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目的/意义

老年人的老化感知对促进其心理健康与主观幸福感具有重要意义,从人智交互情境中拟物化示能性设计的表征与操作双维度,探究其对老化感知的调节效应,为提升科技适老及构建认知友好的智能体提供理论支撑。

方法/过程

采用2(表征层面拟物化:类机器外形/类动物外形)×2(操作层面拟物化:灯光反馈交互/眨眼反馈交互)两因素组间设计实验,考察表征与操作双维度拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响,以及掌控感和自我效能感在其中的链式中介作用机制。

结果/结论

类动物外形的监控设备显著提升老年人老化感知水平,配合眨眼反馈交互效果最佳;掌控感和自我效能感在拟物化表征与操作组合和老化感知间发挥链式中介作用;操作与表征一致性可降低老年人认知成本,提升交互体验。揭示了拟物化示能性对老年用户认知适配的优势,为人智交互中的适老化设计提供了表征与操作的双维度设计启示。研究发现的链式中介机制丰富了人智交互影响老化感知的理论框架。

人智交互  /  老化感知  /  拟物化示能性  /  适老化设计  /  智慧养老
Purpose/Significance

Cultivating older adults’ perception of aging is crucial for promoting their mental health and subjective well-being. This study explores the moderating effect of skeuomorphic affordances—from the dual dimensions of representation and manipulation in human-AI interaction—on aging perception. The goal is to provide theoretical contribution for enhancing older adults’ technical adaptability and designing cognition-friendly agents.

Method/Process

This study employed a 2(representational skeuomorphism: machine-like appearance vs. animal-like appearance)×2(operational skeuomorphism: light feedback interaction vs. blink feedback interaction) between-subjects design experiment. This study examined the impact of skeuomorphic affordances in the dual dimensions of representation and manipulation on older adults’ perception of aging, as well as the chain mediating mechanism of sense of control and self-efficacy within this network.

Result/Conclusion

Animal-shaped monitoring devices significantly enhanced the perceived level of aging among older adults, achieving optimal effects when combined with blinking responses; Sense of control and self-efficacy demonstrated chain mediation effects between skeuomorphic design combinations and aging perception; Consistency between manipulative and representational skeuomorphism reduced cognitive load and improved interaction experiences. This study reveals the cognitive compatibility advantages of skeuomorphic design for senior users, proposing a dual-dimensional design framework (representation and manipulation) for aging-adapted AI design. The identified chain-mediating mechanisms enrich the theoretical framework of how human-AI interaction shapes aging perceptions.

human-AI interaction  /  aging perception  /  skeuomorphic affordance  /  age-friendly design  /  smart aging
孙辛欣, 黄佐真子, 赵宇翔, 蒋乾灵. 人智交互情境中拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响研究. 现代情报, 2026 , 46 (3) : 68 -80 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2026.03.006
Xinxin Sun, Zuozhenzi Huang, Yuxiang Zhao, Qianling Jiang. The Impact of Skeuomorphic Affordances on Aging Perception Among Older Adults in Human-AI Interaction[J]. Journal of Modern Information, 2026 , 46 (3) : 68 -80 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2026.03.006
随着中国人口老龄化加速,迫切需要通过优化健康管理、促进社会参与,助力老年人维持自主性与生活质量,积极老龄化应运而生1。数字化与智能化技术的快速发展,为养老服务质量提升和模式创新提供了新的可能。然而,在家庭结构小型化与代际分居常态化的社会背景下,老年人面临着技术适应、社会互动及生理机能衰退等方面的多重挑战2。即使近年来以家庭安全监控为代表的智慧家居产品已广泛应用,但老年用户对该类产品的技术接受度与使用意愿仍然较低,实际应用中存在着诸多障碍。这主要是由于部分老年人对远程监护系统存在认知偏差,将其定位为失能老人专用设备而非普惠性健康管理工具。加之老年人更倾向于人性化的交互方式,对机械化的人机对话接受度较低3。因此,有必要深入探究智能体与老年用户之间的信息传递与行为模式,将有助于优化用户体验设计,提升老年人的主观幸福感。
示能性(Affordance)是描述技术媒介与用户行为之间潜在交互可能性的核心概念4。在对话智能体与机器人领域5,不少学者聚焦拟人化示能性的视觉表征6-7,并关注代际间使用差异的比较以及特定场景下的用户体验评估8。尽管有学者指出老年用户比年轻用户更偏爱拟物化设计,且其理解度和接受度与拟物化呈现的真实程度呈正相关9。然而,在拟物化示能性如何影响老年人的认知和情感体验,特别是对老年人主观老化感知能力的调节机制方面,仍存在研究不足。第一,现有拟物化示能性设计多聚焦视觉表征,缺乏将视觉表征与操作反馈整体性地考虑。第二,现有研究仅指出了拟物化示能性设计对用户体验的影响,但未系统性剖析拟物化元素如何缓解老化焦虑的具体路径。为此,本研究结合示能性理论,从人智交互视觉和操作视角出发,探究拟物化设计如何通过提升掌控感和自我效能来改善老化感知,以拓展示能性在适老化设计中的理论内涵与实践路径。
老化感知(Self-Perception of Aging,SPA)指个体对衰老过程的多维主观认知,涵盖身体机能、社会角色和心理调适等维度10,会受到自身健康条件和社会支持等因素的影响,并对老年人的认知功能及主观幸福感具有重要作用11。因此非常有必要通过相关养老产品及服务,对老年人进行心理干预,促进积极老化感知。
老化感知的测量经历了从线性单维向立体多维的转变。早期研究主要采用线性评估框架,如Lawton M P12通过焦虑程度、老化态度和孤独感3个维度评估。随后,Laidlaw K等13开发了包含心理社会丧失、生理变化和心理成长的多维评估工具。Westerhof G J等14进一步拓展该概念,强调老化感知应同时包含生理认知和社会情感评价。
近年来,在人智交互层面探讨老化感知的研究愈发受到关注。Baltes P B15提出选择性优化与补偿理论(Selective Optimization with Compensation,SOC),认为老年人在认知功能衰退时会主动调整行为策略以维持能力平衡,这一观点为优化人智交互提供了重要理论依据。Levy B R10的老化刻板印象理论指出,社会对老年人的固有观念会影响其健康行为与数字服务使用意愿。Barker M等16在此基础上,进一步提出自我感知老化理论,强调老年人对生理、心理及社会角色转变的主观体验会直接影响其技术接受度,消极的老化感知可能导致老年人因“数字自卑”而主动回避智能体。老化感知与个体生理心理因素17和宏观社会技术环境18有着密切关系,作为连接老年人心理状态与行为决策的关键中介变量,既是老年人对自身衰老过程的主观认知整合,也是其应对外部技术使用环境的心理基础19。在人智交互场景下探究老化感知的影响因素,对丰富人智交互与积极老龄化的交叉研究具有创新意义。
从心理学视角看,示能性理论将拟物化(Skeuomorphism)视为一种基础的认知图式,反映了生物与环境之间的互动关系20。拟物化通过高度还原真实物体的形态、材质、光影等视觉特征,遵循日常经验来降低用户的学习成本。在交互界面拟物化与扁平化设计风格的选择倾向中,老年用户呈现出对拟物化设计的偏好,如Backhaus N等21和Chen R Y等22的研究均发现老年受试者对拟物化图标接受度更高。
在智能体拟物化设计方面,现有研究主要关注智能体的外形23、姿态24、面部表达25等非语言信息对老年用户体验的影响,其中外形设计尤为关键,将直接影响老年用户的初始接受度26。同时,老年用户对智能体外形的认知具有特殊性,过度简化的设计可能导致功能识别困难27,过于科技化则易引发使用焦虑28,这些负面体验将导致老年人产生社会孤立感,进而影响其老化感知。
拟物化设计以隐喻认知为基础,其认识论源于示能性概念9。Gibson J J20从生态心理学角度首次界定示能性为“环境提供给生物体的行动可能性”,强调其客观属性。Norman D A29将其引入设计学领域,提出产品形态应直观体现功能属性的设计原则,奠定了拟物化设计研究的理论基础。这一演进揭示了示能性具有双重性,既包含环境客观属性,又涉及用户主观认知。Gaver W W30在此基础上提出示能性分层理论,将“行动可能性的直接感知”划分为技术示能性与感知示能性,其研究突破性地指出示能性不仅包含物理功能,还包括社会文化背景下的象征性意义。Lee C H等31将表征和操作纳入拟物化设计,这样示能性被解构为象征性表达与功能性表达两个维度32-33。而Krippendorff K34特别强调两者的协同作用,指出物理功能设计必须与用户心智模型中的符号意义系统相匹配。基于Wright P等35的体验原型理论,有效的拟物化设计需要在视觉表征和交互逻辑层面保持一致性。Zhao Y C等36研究表明,老年用户对示能性的感知存在代际差异,其认知图式更依赖现实隐喻引导和可预见的功能路径。也有学者在二分法的基础上进一步拓展,Zhang H等37提出的三维模型包括表征维度、操纵维度和意义维度。赵宇翔等提出感知示能性的四维框架,从物理、认知、情感及控制层面解析用户与技术的互动机制38-39。这些理论框架虽让示能性研究更为完善,但其中最为核心的仍然是表征和操作两个因素。
据此,本文重点关注拟物化示能性的表征与操作属性,在面向老年用户的智能体设计中,表征维度是用户形成产品第一印象和功能认知的基础,直观、熟悉的形态设计对于老年人克服技术焦虑和提高初始接受度至关重要。而操作维度直接决定了交互过程的流畅性和用户对功能的可达性感知,符合直觉且与形态隐喻一致的交互反馈能降低操作学习成本,增强老年用户的掌控信心40。本文基于拟物化示能性理论,从表征与操作双维度考察人智交互过程中影响老化感知的关键因素,由此揭示拟物化设计提升老年用户掌控感和自我效能的机制。
拟物化视觉表征作为模仿现实物理属性的设计范式,还原用户熟悉的日常感官环境41。依据视觉表征可以将智能体拟物化类型划分为类人型、类动物型及类机器型三类42。研究表明,老年用户对不同类型的拟物化智能体接受度存在显著差异,Liberman-Pincu E等43发现老年人对类机器型智能体的接受度高于类人型。Lee H R等44则揭示部分老年用户排斥真人形态机器人,过度具象化的机器人外观可能触发老年用户的自主权焦虑。Kunold L等45进一步证实老年用户更倾向选择“类似家居环境中常见物品”的与环境融合的隐形机器人。但是,Gollasch D等46研究表明,老年用户对类动物外形智能体表现出更高的接受度。因此,类机器外形和类动物外形的智能体对老年人老化感知水平的提升作用目前尚不明确。
本文将研究对象设定为与老年人密切相关的智能监控产品,重点考察类机器型和类动物型这两类拟物化类型,探究智能体外形是否能够通过隐喻触发老年人情感联结,提升老化感知水平。目前智能监控产品大多采用类机器型外形设计,视觉特征表现为摄像头与几何形体基座的组合,整体拟物化程度较低。相比之下,类动物型设计具有更高的拟物化水平,整体形态上模仿生物特征,局部形态上多基于“眼睛”进行隐喻设计,在隐蔽摄像头弱化技术侵入感的同时,也增强监控功能的可理解性,这种设计策略与老年人偏好“熟悉化”认知图式的特征相契合。综上,提出以下假设:
H1:与类机器外形智能监控设备相比,采用类动物外形的智能监控可以更有效地提升老年人的老化感知水平
在智能体交互设计过程中,拟物化设计不仅体现为视觉表征,还在此基础上通过与操作反馈的拟物设计协同作用。Ellis A等8实验发现,相较于仅依赖视觉隐喻的界面设计,结合操作反馈的拟物化设计在提升老年用户操作效率的同时,能显著降低因操作挫折而引发的负面情绪。Cao X C等47证实操作反馈实时性与老年人积极的情绪感知呈正相关。Norman D A29强调功能可见性的实现必须确保操作路径与用户心智模型一致,例如书本界面的拟物化设计需配合翻页式滑动操作,以此创建符合用户认知的原型变体从而提升产品接受度48。Olatunji S等49证实在人智交互设计中,当智能体外形高度拟物时,老年人会自然激活生物行为图式,此时一致性操作反馈可降低认知负荷及强化功能可达性,进而增强老化感知的良好状态。然而,其实验也显示出高拟物化操作可能增加反馈延迟。
本研究中智能监控产品的交互反馈主要采用灯光提示和模拟眼皮动作两种形式,两者均延续了“眼睛”的隐喻逻辑。现有研究表明,类机器外形的生物特征关联相对较低,而灯光反馈因其抽象性更符合技术设备的交互逻辑,若强行引入生物行为可能导致认知失调50。这种视觉表征与交互反馈的不一致性可能引发操作困惑,进而阻碍老年人的老化感知。综上,根据智能监控产品交互反馈与视觉表征是否一致,提出以下假设:
H2:拟物化表征与拟物化操作的一致性对老年人的老化感知有显著影响
H2a:当采用类动物外形时,眨眼反馈交互比灯光反馈交互更能提升老年人的老化感知水平
H2b:当采用类机器外形时,灯光反馈交互比眨眼反馈交互更能提升老年人的老化感知水平
掌控感是一种反映个体对自身生活及环境控制能力的主观评估,高内控倾向的个体通常表现出更强的控制感51。在老年人使用智能体的过程中,掌控感与老化感知之间存在密切关联。当产品信息传递方式与用户认知模式出现偏差时,易削弱老年人的掌控感,进而强化消极老化感知。Li T Y52指出,掌控感较强的老年人往往表现出更积极的老化态度,更倾向于以积极框架看待老化过程。Nieto A C等53发现,用户对感觉自己能够控制的智能体表现出更高的接受度。这些研究表明,采用老年人熟悉的形象作为拟物化原型,能有效提升其对智能体的掌控感。然而,在老化感知研究情境下,现有研究关于拟物化表征与操作对掌控感的差异性影响以及中介作用尚不清晰。
在理论建构层面,O’Leary A54指出,掌控感是自我效能的核心前因,自我效能感指个体对自己是否有能力完成某一行为的推测与判断。Fritson K K55证实,结构化提升个体对任务过程的掌控感可通过降低认知不确定性间接提高自我效能水平。在动态关系验证方面,Neupert S D等56采用交叉滞后模型验证了控制信念与自我效能的动态关系,揭示了掌控感与自我效能在时间维度上的动态耦合机制。而老年群体的自我效能感与老化感知呈显著正相关,Turner S等57验证了自我效能感对老化感知的直接预测作用,表明提升自我效能感可有效改善老化态度58。然而,关于拟物化示能性如何通过掌控感影响自我效能感,进而作用于老化感知的研究仍不充分,特别是拟物化表征与操作对自我效能感的差异化影响及其调节机制尚需实证验证。
现有研究已确立掌控感与老化感知的正向关联51,自我效能感也被证实对老化感知具有显著正向预测作用,且掌控感通过增强个体对技术操作的自主性认知,能够正向预测自我效能水平59。这两个关键心理机制共同构成老年人评估智能体交互体验的核心维度,当老年人感知到对智能设备的有效控制时,其对自身能力的信心随之提升60,进而将技术使用体验内化为应对衰老的积极信号。因此,为研究拟物化示能性对老年人老化感知的影响路径,探究“掌控感→自我效能感”的链式中介路径具有重要价值,本研究假设:
H3:拟物化示能性(表征与操作)影响老年人的(a)掌控感和(b)自我效能感
H4:拟物化示能性(表征与操作)分别通过影响老年人的(a)掌控感和(b)自我效能感,进而影响老化感知水平
H5:拟物化示能性可以通过掌控感→自我效能感的路径影响老化感知水平
综上,本文提出如下研究模型,如图1所示。
实验借助见数(Credamo)平台,同时结合线下招募实验参与者。要求如下:①60岁以上的老年人;②日常生活中无障碍交流沟通;③居家养老或独立居住空间的养老院养老;④能够在居住环境中自由行动、独立使用各项智能设备。实验共招募144名被试者,随机均分至A/B/C/D 4个实验组,经数据清洗排除5份操作异常样本后,最终获得139份有效数据。所有研究流程均遵循伦理规范,参与者均在知情同意前提下完成实验,并获得了相应报酬。
研究采用2(表征层面拟物化:类机器外形/类动物外形)×2(操作层面拟物化:灯光反馈交互/眨眼反馈交互)的两因素组间设计实验,设计开发了4组实验视频材料。该实验材料设计严格遵循人机交互研究规范,确保不同拟物化维度的操作定义具有明确的区分效度。
每组视频均包含两部分:第一部分为实验引导视频,向被试者系统介绍家用智能监控的应用场景并明确实验模拟情境;本研究选取家用智能监控的视频通话功能作为核心实验情境,具体内容为“老年人主动开启处于关闭状态的智能监控,并与家人进行通话”,这一设计基于以下考量:①当老年人出于主动沟通需求使用监控设备时,其对监控技术的接受度较高,使得对实验结果的干扰效应显著降低;②通过智能监控设备进行社会互动符合老年人群体的实际需求,已有研究表明,社会支持能显著正向预测老化态度61;③突破传统将老年人视为被动接受者的研究范式,本实验将老年人定位为技术的主动使用者62,不仅考察其获得的社会支持,更关注其提供支持的意愿,从而更全面地揭示老年人在智能体使用过程中的情感表达需求与老化态度变化。第二部分为智能监控启动过程的关键刺激材料。在表征拟物化维度,低拟物组采用传统类机器外形云台监控,其外观由标准几何形态的云台支架与球形摄像头构成;高拟物组采用生物形态设计,以鸟为原型,将摄像头集成于仿生“眼部”结构内。在操作拟物化维度,实验设置了梯度化交互反馈,低拟物操作组采用常规灯光指示,表现为环绕摄像头的指示灯由黄色渐变为绿色;高拟物操作组则依据产品形态特征实施隐喻化交互,即类机器外形监控通过摄像头光圈形状的动态变化示意启动,类动物外形监控则通过电子屏幕模拟眨眼动作。
4组视频总长均为30秒,包括第一部分引入内容均长19秒,第二部分均长11秒,其中,外形展示均长3秒,交互过程均长8秒。视频中出现的使用场景、字幕字体字号、语音与气泡框等均一致。四组实验视频截图如图2所示。
本研究采用Lawton M P12开发的老化感知经典量表与Laidlaw K等13的后续修订版本,进行了量表的翻译、回译及本土化改编。针对智能监控使用情境的特殊性,研究对原有量表进行了语境化调整,重点强化了与监控功能相关的测量条目。老化感知量表包含4个子维度,即社会心理丧失、心理获得、焦虑与老化态度,分析时采用维度均值合成总分,总分越高表明老化感知越呈现良好的适应倾向。同时,为验证自我效能与掌控感在其中的中介作用,采用Pearlin L I等63与Tapal A等64开发的量表,并依据智能监控使用情境对量表条目进行针对性调整,重点评估老年人在操作监控设备过程中体验到的自主控制程度;对自我效能的衡量参考Schwarzer R等65开发的量表。两个维度的测量均保持原量表良好的信效度指标,确保中介效应分析的可靠性。所有项目均使用迭代方法从英语等效翻译成中文,问卷包括19个测量项,采用Likert 7级量表形式,1(完全不认同该说法)~7(完全认同),分数越高表示越认同,如表1所示。
在正式实验开始前,参与者均需完成前测问卷,该问卷包含以下内容:①人口统计学因素;②健康状况与家庭生活状况等背景信息;③智能体使用能力评估,包括对智能技术的学习能力、使用频率及熟练程度等关键指标。
本实验流程为:首先,通过标准化文字说明向被试者详细介绍实验目的、研究内容和操作流程。其次,要求被试观看研究人员操作智能监控设备的一组标准化视频,视频包含A组(类机器外形+灯光反馈交互)、B组(类机器外形+眨眼反馈交互)、C组(类动物外形+灯光反馈交互)、D组(类动物外形+眨眼反馈交互)。视频结束后,需要被试立即完成老化感知测量及掌控感与自我效能相关问卷。最后,所有实验数据采用SPSS 27.0进行统计分析。
对实验收集的139份有效问卷数据进行信度分析,通过Cronbach alpha系数说明问卷测量项的内部一致性。结果显示,自我老化感知(Cronbach’s α=0.827)、掌控感(Cronbach’s α=0.821)和自我效能感(Cronbach’s α=0.880)3个因子的Cronbach Alpha系数均大于推荐阈值0.7,且自我老化感知内部各维度Cronbach Alpha系数也均大于0.7,说明本研究针对家用智能监控开启功能汉化应用的经典信任量表具有较高的信度。通过KMO系数和Bartlett球形检验评估问卷的结构效度,结果显示Bartlett球形检验P<0.05,KMO=0.837>0.8,问卷具有良好的结构效度。
从描述性统计结果来看,如表2所示,类动物外形匹配眨眼反馈的监控开启交互过程对被试老年人的自我老化感知影响最积极,类动物外形条件下的两组交互效果对自我老化感知的影响得分整体高于类机器外形条件。在类机器外形条件下,灯光反馈的交互效果整体得分高于眨眼反馈交互。
基于筛选后的有效样本数据(N=139),对老年被试群体的人口学特征及前期认知水平进行了统计分析。结果显示,经过严格条件筛选的老年参与者普遍表现出对智能监控设备的基础认知(N=135,97.1%),同时在拟物化技术概念层面亦具备一定程度的理解能力(N=111,79.9%)。样本的年龄结构呈现显著分层特征:60~69岁低龄老年群体构成研究主体(N=129,92.8%),70~79岁中龄组(N=9,6.5%)与80~89岁高龄组(N=1,0.7%)所占比例较低。教育程度分析显示,高等教育群体占据相对优势,大学及以上学历者达56.1%(N=78),高中教育水平者次之(N=40,28.8%),初中(N=16,11.5%)与小学及以下学历者(N=5,3.6%)占比较小。
在建立多元线性回归模型时,以前测监控认知度、拟物化认知度及人口学变量作为控制变量,对自我老化感知进行预测。模型参数显示R²=0.015,可决系数低,说明模型拟合效果较差。方差分析结果F(6,132)=0.336,p=0.917>0.05,未达到统计显著性阈值,证明所选控制变量对老化感知的预测效应不显著,未呈现统计学意义。
采用独立样本t检验比较两种监控拟物化表征对老化感知的影响。结果显示,类动物外形的老化感知得分(M=4.94,SD=0.70)高于类机器外形(M=4.54,SD=0.81),t(137)=3.10,p=0.035,Cohen’s d=0.76,接近大效应量(d=0.8),H1得到支持,即拟物化表征对老年用户的老化感知具有显著差异,且相比于传统机器外形智能监控,采用类动物外形的智能监控对老化感知水平的效果更显著。
两因素方差分析结果发现,拟物化表征与操作对自我老化感知(F(1,135)=8.581,p=0.004,ηp2=0.060)的交互作用显著,如图3所示。拟物化表征提高了老化感知水平(F(1,135)=9.640,p=0.002,ηp2=0.067)。拟物化操作对自我老化感知的影响则不显著(F(1,135)=0.061,p=0.805,ηp2=0.000),说明在智能监控应用场景下,拟物化表征对老化感知的影响作用优于拟物化操作。随后进行简单效应分析发现,拟物化表征采用类动物外形时,眨眼反馈的自我老化感知(M=5.13,SD=0.56)显著高于灯光反馈(M=4.73,SD=0.77),p=0.026<0.05,H2a得到支持;拟物化表征采用类机器外形时,眨眼反馈与灯光反馈对自我老化感知的影响不显著(p=0.061>0.05),H2b的假设并未通过验证。
两因素方差分析结果发现,拟物化表征对掌控感影响显著(F(1,135)=17.237,p<0.001,ηp2=0.113),如图4所示,其中,类动物外形(M=4.89,SD=0.12)相比类机器外形(M=4.20,SD=0.12)更容易激发老年人的掌控感。拟物化操作对掌控感的影响显著(F(1,135)=7.988,p=0.005,ηp2=0.056),拟物化表征与操作对掌控感的交互作用不显著(F(1,135)=2.149,p=0.145,ηp2=0.016),H3部分得到支持,即拟物化示能性能够影响老年人的掌控感,且相对智能监控的拟物化操作,拟物化表征更容易影响老年人的掌控感。随后进行简单效应分析发现,采用类机器外形的拟物化表征时,眨眼反馈的掌控感(M=4.55,SD=1.08)显著高于灯光反馈(M=3.83,SD=1.08),p=0.003<0.01。
拟物化表征对自我效能感影响显著(F(1,135)=21.812,p<0.001,ηp2=0.139),其中,类动物外形(M=5.09,SD=0.13)相比类机器外形(M=4.22,SD=0.13)更容易激发老年人的自我效能感。拟物化操作对自我效能感的影响不显著(F(1,135)=0.137,p=0.711,ηp2=0.001),拟物化表征与操作对自我效能感(F(1,135)=27.584,p<0.001,ηp2=0.170)的交互作用显著。随后进行简单效应分析发现,采用类动物外形的拟物化表征时,眨眼反馈的自我效能感(M=5.61,SD=0.62)显著高于灯光反馈(M=4.57,SD=1.08),p<0.001;而采用类机器外形的拟物化表征时,则是灯光反馈的自我效能感(M=4.68,SD=1.21)显著高于眨眼反馈(M=3.77,SD=1.39),p<0.001,H3部分得到支持,拟物化表征能够影响老年人的自我效能感,拟物化操作则通过与拟物化表征的交互作用影响老年人的自我效能感。
使用SPSS的Process v4.2插件,采用Hayes(2013)的中介分析模型(Model 6,Bootstrapping 5 000次),以自我老化感知为因变量,以两组拟物化表征及两组拟物化操作的组合为自变量,以掌控感和自我效能感依次为中介变量进行中介检验,结果如图5所示。
自我老化感知的结果显示,回归模型总效应显著(R2=0.06,F(3,135)=8.26,p=0.0047,95% CI=[0.28,0.52],effect=0.167),表明拟物化示能性(拟物化表征和拟物化操作)对老化感知存在显著正向影响,智能监护产品的拟物化设计的一致性越高,老年人的老化感知水平越高。直接效应分析中,控制了掌控感和自我效能感后,拟物化示能性对老化感知的影响未达到统计显著性(β=0.05,p=0.461,95% CI[-0.14,0.06]),说明其对老化感知的影响完全依赖中介变量。间接总效应检验表明,拟物化示能性通过掌控感与自我效能感的中介路径,对老化感知产生显著正向影响(95% CI=[0.13,0.29],effect=0.204),其中,掌控感的中介作用显著(95% CI=[0.07,0.19],effect=0.127);自我效能感的中介作用显著(95% CI=[0.02,0.10],effect=0.056),H4得到支持,自我效能感中介于拟物化示能性对老化感知的影响,但弱于掌控感的中介路径;掌控感和自我效能感的链式中介作用显著(95% CI=[0.00,0.05],effect=0.02),H5得到支持,拟物化示能性通过掌控感与自我效能感的链式中介显著正向影响老化感知。
特定路径效应分析中,通过分解中介路径发现,如表3所示,拟物化示能性先增强掌控感(coeff=0.3707,p<0.001),掌控感再提升自我效能感(coeff=0.2610,p=0.0113),最终影响老化感知(coeff=0.2071,p<0.001),但与只通过掌控感或自我效能感的中介路径相比,效应量最小。通过间接效应对比,仅通过掌控感中介的老化感知路径相对重要性高于其他路径,表明掌控感是核心中介变量,自我效能感是部分中介,而链式中介路径作用较弱,证实了“拟物化示能性→掌控感→自我效能感→老化感知”的多重中介机制。
本研究证实,监控设备在高拟物化外观条件下,有助于增强老年用户在使用过程中的老化感知水平。这一发现不仅对H1假设提供了实证支持,也契合采用可爱动物外形的机器人能提升老年人使用意愿的发现66,验证了老年人更偏好类动物外形智能体的结论。此外,当采用类动物外形并辅以与之对应的生物特征行为时,例如鸟类造型组合眨眼反馈,人智交互效果最佳,验证了H2a的核心观点。结果表明,操作层面的拟物化效应在很大程度上依赖与视觉表征的一致性,这与认知一致性理论相符合。由于个体具有维持认知要素间协调一致的内在需求,因此保持设计元素间的一致性能够提供明确的操作指引,有效降低用户的认知负荷。相反,在低拟物化外观条件下,不同操作形式对老年用户老化感知的影响不存在显著差异,表明监控产品外观对老年人心理认知模式具有重要影响,H2b未通过显著性检验。老年人对技术产品的第一印象高度依赖视觉线索,类动物外形的监控通过拟物化设计传递“友好”“可信赖”的社会属性,这种积极印象降低了老年人对技术的心理防御67,使其更愿意关注操作反馈的细节。而类机器外形因缺乏拟人化线索,可能激活“复杂”“冰冷”的负面印象,导致老年人难以预判操作反馈68,从而强化技术焦虑,削弱操作反馈的影响69。低拟物化外观时操作方式的差异更容易被老年人群视为技术功能性的附加展示,而非交互友好性的直接体现。这一发现为优化老年人感知拟物化表征与操作之间交互效应的激发机制提供了实证依据。
研究还发现,拟物化表征显著影响掌控感与自我效能感,但拟物化操作的影响并不显著,H3部分成立。结合H2a与H2b的结果,表明拟物化的外形设计是驱动心理机制的核心因素。此外,H4a和H4b均得到支持,证实了掌控感和自我效能感双重心理路径的传导机制。H5的验证进一步揭示了掌控感与自我效能感在拟物化设计与自我老化感知之间发挥着链式中介作用。这一发现与Pelletier M等70认为个体掌控感水平通过改善心理情绪状态,进而正向预测自我效能感相一致。当老年人在使用智能体过程中获得较高掌控感时,其自主决策能力的确认会显著增强使用信心,从而提升自我效能感。
链式中介模型显示,拟物化设计对自我老化感知的直接效应不显著,而通过掌控感和自我效能感的独立中介路径均达到显著水平。结果表明,拟物化设计对老化感知的影响通过心理机制的中介作用实现,丰富了拟物化表征与操作共同作用老化感知的机制性解释。Frear M W等71认为任务复杂度会影响用户的认知体验,而本实验被试任务复杂度较低可能是导致间接效应占主导的原因。最后,人口统计学控制变量未呈现统计学显著性差异,表明实验结果具有群体普适性特征。
本研究的理论贡献包括3点:第一,突破了传统示能性理论在老年用户交互设计中的单一维度,系统解构了拟物化示能性中象征性与功能性的协同作用机制,通过实验验证了表征拟物化与操作拟物化的交互效应,阐明了两者一致性对促进积极老化感知水平的关键作用,丰富了拟物化示能性理论在人智交互场景的应用范畴。第二,将老化感知引入拟物化示能性的作用路径分析,通过链式中介模型明确了掌控感与自我效能感的序列中介作用,为老年心理学与人机交互的学科交叉提供了新思路。第三,通过量化实验证实了拟物化示能性对老年用户心理状态的调节效应,为构建包容性的人机交互理论框架提供了实证基础。
本研究的实践启示包括两点:第一,证实拟物化示能性设计通过优化交互流程和反馈机制增强控制感知,能显著改善老年用户的交互体验并促进积极老化态度,为构建符合老年人认知特点的人智交互模式提供了参考。第二,为开发多通道交互智能体的适老化设计提供了具体指导,特别是在融合对话智能体技术的产品设计中,应充分考虑老年人对拟物化的偏好特征,通过熟悉事物来降低认知负荷和提升使用体验。
本研究丰富了人智交互中的拟物化示能性与老化感知关系研究,为优化老年人的人智交互体验和信息行为提供了新视角。首先,老年人更偏好类动物外形智能体,有助于增强老年人的老化感知和使用意愿,验证了拟物化表征在老年人与智能体交互情境中的适应性。其次,操作与表征的一致性至关重要,当拟物化表征与拟物化操作高度匹配时,老年用户的认知成本最低,交互体验最优。最后,拟物化示能性通过提升老年人对交互过程的掌控感,间接增强其自我效能感,最终改善老化感知。链式中介模型表明,拟物化设计元素通过心理机制间接影响老化态度,而非直接作用。
本研究也存在以下不足及后续研究思路:首先,实验刺激物的多样性不足,当前仅对比了两种拟物化表征类型,未来可增加类人型和真人型开展对照组实验。其次,后续研究可采用多阶段任务设计(如“设备唤醒—功能设置—异常处理”三阶段操作),并引入眼动追踪等客观指标进行深入分析。最后,样本的代表性存在一定的局限,后续研究可以扩大样本量并平衡城乡、教育水平等人口学变量的差异。这些改进将有助于建立更具普适性的人智交互适老化设计指南。
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2026年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2026.03.006
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-06-05
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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    1南京理工大学设计艺术与传媒学院,江苏南京210094
    2南京大学信息管理学院,江苏南京210008
    3江南大学设计学院,江苏无锡214122

通讯作者:

赵宇翔(1983-),男,教授,研究方向:人机交互,用户信息行为。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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