Article(id=1307087658782581663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025126, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=1748534400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-30, acceptedDate=1760371200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-14, onlineDate=1789563582368, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563582368, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563582368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563582368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=355, endPage=366, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087659088765856, articleId=1307087658782581663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Analysis of Ecuador’s Copper Resources, Exploration & Development Situation and Investment Potential, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ecuador has a relatively low level of geological exploration but possesses significant potential for copper resources. It has emerged as a hotspot for copper exploration and development on a global scale. Currently, investment in copper exploration and development ranks first among all mineral types and is experiencing rapid growth. This sector is primarily dominated by mining companies from Europe and the United States, although China and Ecuador also play important roles. Since the beginning of the 21st century, substantial progress has been made in the exploration and development of copper resources. Four major copper deposits have been discovered, leading to a rapid increase in reserves, resources, and production. Over the past decade, the total of new reserves and resources has accounted for 11.56% of the global increase, positioning Ecuador fourth in the world. From 2019 to 2024, the output of copper has surged by more than 15 times, which has become a crucial source for China's copper resource security. By systematically analyzing the endowment characteristics and the current status of exploration and development of Ecuador's copper resources, along with the country's resource and investment environment, this paper evaluates the investment potential of copper ore, as well as the opportunities and risks involved. It is recommended that Chinese enterprises enhance their research on the rules of copper mineralization, focus on the changes in mining rights registration and mining laws, and stay informed about the latest discoveries in major copper projects .

, authors=Xiufa CHEN1, 2, Xuezhou HE1, 2, *, Zhenfang ZHANG1, 2, Xifeng CHEN1, 2, Yulong LI1, 2, Lirong HAO1, 2, authorsList=Xiufa CHEN, Xuezhou HE, Zhenfang ZHANG, Xifeng CHEN, Yulong LI, Lirong HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuezhou HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087663094326196, articleId=1307087658782581663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发形势及投资潜力分析, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

厄瓜多尔地质工作程度较低但铜矿资源潜力巨大,已经成为全球铜矿勘查开发的热土,铜矿勘查开发投资位列各矿种之首且增长迅速,主要由欧美等国家矿业公司主导,中国和厄瓜多尔矿业公司也占有一席之地。21世纪以来厄瓜多尔铜矿资源勘查开发取得重要进展,先后发现4个大型铜矿床,储量、资源量和产量取得快速提升,十年间新增储量和资源量之和占全球增量的11.56%,位居全球第4位。2019~2024年,铜矿产量增长超过15倍,已经成为中国铜矿资源供应的重要来源国之一。通过系统梳理厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋特点及勘查开发现状,结合该国资源和投资环境实际分析了铜矿投资潜力及面临的机遇和风险,建议中资企业在该国铜矿勘查开发投资合作中,应加强铜矿成矿规律研究、密切关注矿业权登记和矿业法等变化,关注重要铜矿项目新进展。

, authors=陈秀法1, 2, 何学洲1, 2, *, 张振芳1, 2, 陈喜峰1, 2, 李玉龙1, 2, 郝丽荣1, 2, authorsList=陈秀法, 何学洲, 张振芳, 陈喜峰, 李玉龙, 郝丽荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何学洲, authorNote=

陈秀法(1976−),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事境外地质矿产相关研究。E−mail:

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何学洲(1982−),男,正高级工程师,主要从事境外信息化和地质矿产相关研究。E−mail:。
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Technical report update on the copper, gold, and silver resources and pit optimizations Mirador Project, Ecuador[R]. Corriente resources Inc: 2006.1−138., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087692295069721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tripodi D, Chiaradia M, Fontbote L. Geological setting, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Early Tertiary Au-rich volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit of La Plata (Western Cordillera, Ecuador)[A]. In: Eliopoulos D G A (eds.). Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the 7th Biennial SGA Meeting[M]. Athens (Greece): Millipress, 2003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087694337695770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=UN Comtrade. Trade Statistics[DB/OL].UN, 2024. https://comtrade.un.org/data., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087695159779356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=US Deparment of State. 2024 Investment Climate Statements: Ecuador [EB/OL]. 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The Geological characteristics of main copper deposits in Ecuador

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序号矿床名称主矿种产出位置铜储量及资源量矿床类型成矿时代开发状态所属矿业公司参考文献
1卡斯卡维尔(Cascabel)铜金矿床铜、金西科迪勒拉储量319.6×
104 t,资源量
1120×104 t
斑岩型渐新世—中新世可行性研究索尔黄金公司(SolGold Plc)Artica et al., 2022;郑璐等,2023
2米拉多(Mirador)铜矿铜、金、银次安第斯资源量
469×104 t
斑岩型侏罗纪生产铜陵有色、中国铁建Drobe et al., 2013;郑璐等,2023
3胡宁(Junin)铜钼矿铜、钼西科迪勒拉资源量
1692×104 t
斑岩型中新世预可行性
研究
厄瓜多尔国家矿业公司、智利国家铜业公司Schütte et al.,2012
4拉普拉塔(La Plata)金银铜矿床金、银、铜西科迪勒拉储量3.56×104 t,资源量5.34×104 tVHMS型古近纪—新近纪可行性研究阿蒂科矿业公司(Atico Mining Corp.)卢民杰,2018; Chiaradia et al.,2008
), ArticleFig(id=1307087673785607163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

厄瓜多尔主要铜矿床地质特征

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序号矿床名称主矿种产出位置铜储量及资源量矿床类型成矿时代开发状态所属矿业公司参考文献
1卡斯卡维尔(Cascabel)铜金矿床铜、金西科迪勒拉储量319.6×
104 t,资源量
1120×104 t
斑岩型渐新世—中新世可行性研究索尔黄金公司(SolGold Plc)Artica et al., 2022;郑璐等,2023
2米拉多(Mirador)铜矿铜、金、银次安第斯资源量
469×104 t
斑岩型侏罗纪生产铜陵有色、中国铁建Drobe et al., 2013;郑璐等,2023
3胡宁(Junin)铜钼矿铜、钼西科迪勒拉资源量
1692×104 t
斑岩型中新世预可行性
研究
厄瓜多尔国家矿业公司、智利国家铜业公司Schütte et al.,2012
4拉普拉塔(La Plata)金银铜矿床金、银、铜西科迪勒拉储量3.56×104 t,资源量5.34×104 tVHMS型古近纪—新近纪可行性研究阿蒂科矿业公司(Atico Mining Corp.)卢民杰,2018; Chiaradia et al.,2008
), ArticleFig(id=1307087674632856572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Degree of exploration & development of copper mine in Ecuador

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勘查阶段草根勘查勘查预可研可研矿山建设生产
铜矿项目数(个)2165311
铜矿项目数占比(%)7.1457.1417.8610.713.573.57
), ArticleFig(id=1307087676352521213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2024年厄瓜多尔铜矿勘查开发阶段统计

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勘查阶段草根勘查勘查预可研可研矿山建设生产
铜矿项目数(个)2165311
铜矿项目数占比(%)7.1457.1417.8610.713.573.57
), ArticleFig(id=1307087676797117438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Net increment (104 t) of copper reserves and resources of major countries in global from 2014 to 2023

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国家(地区)截至2023年末铜总量(储量+资源量)截至2014年末铜总量(储量+资源量)2014~2023年铜净增量
美国30523.6922721.807801.89
秘鲁26879.4521922.844956.61
墨西哥11055.267574.963480.31
厄瓜多尔5339.282299.153040.13
印度尼西亚9142.996284.262858.74
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2014~2023年全球主要国家铜净增量(储量+资源量)(104 t)

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国家(地区)截至2023年末铜总量(储量+资源量)截至2014年末铜总量(储量+资源量)2014~2023年铜净增量
美国30523.6922721.807801.89
秘鲁26879.4521922.844956.61
墨西哥11055.267574.963480.31
厄瓜多尔5339.282299.153040.13
印度尼西亚9142.996284.262858.74
), ArticleFig(id=1307087677648561152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087658782581663, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The main importer-countries of copper ore and concentrates (t) from Ecuador from 2014 to 2023

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国家2014201520162017201820192020202120222023
中国68701099212105626042742893164853311789527949567615
秘鲁19451151049491910424156522070227472259268577
其他0154454069665532915932545561
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2014~2023年厄瓜多尔铜矿砂和铜精矿主要出口国统计(t)

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国家2014201520162017201820192020202120222023
中国68701099212105626042742893164853311789527949567615
秘鲁19451151049491910424156522070227472259268577
其他0154454069665532915932545561
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厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发形势及投资潜力分析
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陈秀法 1, 2 , 何学洲 1, 2, * , 张振芳 1, 2 , 陈喜峰 1, 2 , 李玉龙 1, 2 , 郝丽荣 1, 2
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(3): 355-366
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (3) : 355 -366
厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发形势及投资潜力分析
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陈秀法1, 2 , 何学洲1, 2, * , 张振芳1, 2, 陈喜峰1, 2, 李玉龙1, 2, 郝丽荣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局发展研究中心, 北京 100037
  • 2中国地质调查局中国–阿拉伯国家地学合作研究中心,北京 100037
通讯作者:
何学洲(1982−),男,正高级工程师,主要从事境外信息化和地质矿产相关研究。E−mail:。
作者简介:

陈秀法(1976−),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事境外地质矿产相关研究。E−mail:

Analysis of Ecuador’s Copper Resources, Exploration & Development Situation and Investment Potential
Xiufa CHEN1, 2 , Xuezhou HE1, 2, * , Zhenfang ZHANG1, 2, Xifeng CHEN1, 2, Yulong LI1, 2, Lirong HAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China
  • 2China-Arabs Countries Geosciences Cooperation Reseach Center, Beijing 100037, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025126
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厄瓜多尔地质工作程度较低但铜矿资源潜力巨大,已经成为全球铜矿勘查开发的热土,铜矿勘查开发投资位列各矿种之首且增长迅速,主要由欧美等国家矿业公司主导,中国和厄瓜多尔矿业公司也占有一席之地。21世纪以来厄瓜多尔铜矿资源勘查开发取得重要进展,先后发现4个大型铜矿床,储量、资源量和产量取得快速提升,十年间新增储量和资源量之和占全球增量的11.56%,位居全球第4位。2019~2024年,铜矿产量增长超过15倍,已经成为中国铜矿资源供应的重要来源国之一。通过系统梳理厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋特点及勘查开发现状,结合该国资源和投资环境实际分析了铜矿投资潜力及面临的机遇和风险,建议中资企业在该国铜矿勘查开发投资合作中,应加强铜矿成矿规律研究、密切关注矿业权登记和矿业法等变化,关注重要铜矿项目新进展。

铜矿  /  勘查开发  /  投资潜力  /  厄瓜多尔

Ecuador has a relatively low level of geological exploration but possesses significant potential for copper resources. It has emerged as a hotspot for copper exploration and development on a global scale. Currently, investment in copper exploration and development ranks first among all mineral types and is experiencing rapid growth. This sector is primarily dominated by mining companies from Europe and the United States, although China and Ecuador also play important roles. Since the beginning of the 21st century, substantial progress has been made in the exploration and development of copper resources. Four major copper deposits have been discovered, leading to a rapid increase in reserves, resources, and production. Over the past decade, the total of new reserves and resources has accounted for 11.56% of the global increase, positioning Ecuador fourth in the world. From 2019 to 2024, the output of copper has surged by more than 15 times, which has become a crucial source for China's copper resource security. By systematically analyzing the endowment characteristics and the current status of exploration and development of Ecuador's copper resources, along with the country's resource and investment environment, this paper evaluates the investment potential of copper ore, as well as the opportunities and risks involved. It is recommended that Chinese enterprises enhance their research on the rules of copper mineralization, focus on the changes in mining rights registration and mining laws, and stay informed about the latest discoveries in major copper projects .

copper resources  /  exploration and development  /  investment potential  /  Ecuador
陈秀法, 何学洲, 张振芳, 陈喜峰, 李玉龙, 郝丽荣. 厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发形势及投资潜力分析. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 355 -366 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025126
Xiufa CHEN, Xuezhou HE, Zhenfang ZHANG, Xifeng CHEN, Yulong LI, Lirong HAO. Analysis of Ecuador’s Copper Resources, Exploration & Development Situation and Investment Potential[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 355 -366 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025126
铜矿由于其优异的性能和在新兴产业等领域广泛的应用,而成为全球主要国家高度关注的重要矿产(张生辉等,2022)。近年来,随着新能源、新材料等为主的新兴产业快速发展,中国稳居全球第一大铜消费国(吕鹏瑞,2023;张丹丹等,2023)。如何利用好境外铜矿资源,服务中国铜矿资源需求已经成为近年来的研究热点之一(张楠,2023;何学洲等,2025)。南美洲地区铜矿资源极其丰富,是中国最重要的铜矿合作和贸易伙伴,是中国铜矿的最大进口来源地。除了传统的铜矿资源大国智利和秘鲁以外,21世纪以来厄瓜多尔先后发现了4个大型–超大型铜矿,铜矿资源和产量增长迅速,已经成为全球主要铜矿公司关注的热点国家,2019~2023年,厄瓜多尔向中国出口的铜矿砂和精矿数量异军突起,5年间增长了83倍(UN Comtrade,2024),已经成为中国铜矿资源供应中的重要一员。中国企业虽然在厄瓜多尔铜矿勘查开发中占有一席之地,但与欧美主要资源国家企业相比差距巨大。笔者系统梳理了厄瓜多尔铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发现状、中厄两国铜矿贸易关系,分析了厄瓜多尔铜矿投资的合作潜力等机遇与风险,提出了有针对性的铜矿投资建议,以期为“走出去”赴厄瓜多尔开展铜矿投资的中资企业提供借鉴。
厄瓜多尔地处安第斯成矿带北段,铜矿资源丰富,已经探明铜储量为404×104 t,资源量为5056×104 t。铜矿形成主要与两次构造岩浆事件相关:①侏罗纪—早白垩世洋壳向亚马孙克拉通的双东向俯冲,使洋壳地体拼合到亚马孙克拉通上,亚马孙克拉通西缘伴随大量的岩浆活动,在次安第斯山脉地区形成了众多铜矿,矿床成矿时代以晚侏罗世为主;②晚白垩世—中新世时期,随着洋壳的持续俯冲,Macuchi洋壳地体拼合到Chaucha Tahuin地体上,此次构造事件在渐新世—中新世达到高峰,并在Chaucha Tahuin地体东西两侧产生了大量岩浆活动,由此形成多个大型铜矿。
与构造岩浆事件相对应,厄瓜多尔境内主要存在两个铜相关的成矿带(图1)。①三叠纪—侏罗纪金铜钨铅锌多金属成矿带,主体位于厄瓜多尔次安第斯地区,整体呈NS向展布,长约为700 km。该带主要产出金、铜、银、铅锌、钨等众多金属,矿床类型包括斑岩型、浅成低温热液型等多种。典型矿床如米拉多(Mirador)斑岩铜矿床、弗鲁塔北(Fruta Del Norte)中硫低温热液型金银矿床等,都是该区域的大型–超大型矿床。②白垩纪—中新世铜金银多金属成矿带,该带呈NS向延伸600 km以上,矿产主要是与晚白垩世到中新世的板块俯冲及岩浆活动密切相关,主要矿床类型包括斑岩型、浅成低温热液型和VHMS型,矿种以铜、金、银等为主。卡斯卡贝尔(Cascabel)铜金矿、拉普拉塔(La Plata)金银铜矿等多个大型矿床均产在该带(表1)。
厄瓜多尔已发现以铜为主矿种的矿床近30处,作为共伴生矿种的有约40处,其中探明储量和资源量超过50×104 t的铜矿有7处(S&P Capital IQ Pro,2024)。厄瓜多尔铜矿类型包括斑岩型、VHMS型和浅成低温热液型等多种,其中以斑岩型最为重要,在VHMS型和浅成低温热液型矿床中铜通常以伴生矿的形式产出。铜矿床主要分布在西科迪勒拉和次安第斯带,从北部的卡尔奇省延伸到南部的洛哈省,其中主要分布在洛哈省、玻利瓦尔省、卡尼亚尔省等地区,在其他省份也有分布。
卡斯卡贝尔(Cascabel)斑岩型铜金矿床:又名Alpala,位于北部的因巴布拉省,距离哥伦比亚边界20 km,与西南部的胡宁(Junin)斑岩铜钼矿床相距约60 km,是近年来厄瓜多尔新发现的世界级斑岩型铜矿。矿床所在区域勘查历史悠久,在1980~2012年间,先后有10家矿业公司在该地区开展过工作,现为SolGold公司所有,目前处于预可研阶段。区域主岩类型包括辉长岩和玄武岩基岩,上面覆盖着白垩纪粉砂岩和少量砂岩,这些砂岩不整合地覆盖着一系列第三纪火山沉积岩和安山岩熔岩,被一系列中晚期始新世(巴顿纪)含角闪石的闪长岩、石英闪长岩和形成岩体、矿床和岩脉所侵入。侵入体是间歇性的,每次随后的侵入都会将矿化流体(特别是斑岩型石英和石英硫化物矿脉)引入 Alpala 斑岩系统。矿床受NE向、NW向的构造控制,矿体主要赋存于始新世闪长岩和石英闪长岩中(38.6±0.2 Ma)。矿化体长约为2400 m,宽约为1200 m,垂向延伸约2800 m,由NW向长条状中性岩群组成。矿床的热液蚀变分带特点显著,绿泥石–绢云母蚀变带对应高品位的矿体中心部位,以富含黄铜矿为特征;叶腊石–地开石(高级泥化)、高岭土(泥化带)蚀变带对应矿床上部,以含有丰富的黄铁矿及少量的黄铜矿和斑铜矿为特征。矿床成矿时代为始新世,根据矿化成分、相对时间关系、斑岩体相关脉体的阶段可以将矿化分为18个主要矿化阶段(Arseneau et al., 2024)。主要矿石矿物包括黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、辉铜矿、斑铜矿、辉钼矿等。Cu平均品位为0.316%,储量为319.60×104 t、资源量为1120×104 t;Au品位为0.247 g/t,储量为267 t、资源量为771 t(表1)。
拉普拉塔(La Plata)火山块状硫化物(VHMS)型金银铜矿床:位于中部的皮钦查省,距离基多西南约57 km处,海拔为1350~1700 m,是厄瓜多尔西科迪勒拉山脉最大的VHMS矿床,1975 年投产,现为Sultana del Condor矿业公司所有。矿床位于由古新世—始新世海底火山沉积序列组成的Macuchi岛弧地体中。矿区由一个向东倾斜的SN向背斜构成,大部分硫化物矿化位于背斜的东翼,处于长英质和镁铁质岩石的过渡地带。矿床受SN向走滑断层与 Chimbo-Toachi右旋剪切带的控制。下盘由被网脉横切的蚀变英安岩构成,上盘则主要由块状和角砾状玄武质至安山质火山岩构成。矿化带上方普遍发育一层块状碧玉层(厚度小于10 cm)。矿体呈块状至半块状的透镜体,厚度从零点几米到几米不等,横向延伸可达100 m。矿化主要分为3个阶段:①早期成矿阶段以块状黄铁矿成矿为特征;②主成矿阶段以黄铜矿、闪锌矿为主,斑铜矿和方铅矿为辅,几乎所有经济矿石矿物在此阶段均发生沉积;③后期阶段主要形成黄铜矿和方铅矿,斑铜矿和闪锌矿也在同期形成。矿化具有典型的VHMS垂直分带,包括黄铁矿网脉、浸染状硫化物、块状硫化物透镜体和具有喷流沉积结构的薄红碧石层。区域岩石主要存在沸石相区域变质蚀变、局部热液石英–黄铁矿–绢云母(±绿泥石)蚀变和赤铁矿蚀变3种蚀变类型,主要矿石矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、斑铜矿和方铅矿,次要矿石矿物包括砷黝铜矿、铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿、辉铜矿和自然金。矿石矿物通常呈现细密的层状结构(Chiaradia et al., 2008)。经过50年的开发,该矿目前仍处于生产状态,截至到2023年,各矿种剩余资源量分别为:10.60 t金、149.74 t银、8.9×104 t铜、1.98×104 t铅,12.90×104 t锌。
米拉多(Mirador)斑岩型铜矿床:位于东南部萨莫拉–钦奇佩省,临近秘鲁边界,海拔为800~1800 m。矿权区面积为13.64 km2,包括米拉多和米拉多北两个斑岩型矿床,两者相距仅4 km。矿床赋存于侵入萨莫拉(Zamora)岩基中的晚侏罗世花岗岩、花岗斑岩中,地表出露皆不到1 km2。萨莫拉岩基由中粒、等粒的花岗闪长岩组成,西部和西南部边缘多见浅色花岗岩。米拉多北矿床矿体露头位于淋滤岩、风化碎石等第四系盖层下,南部(米拉多矿床)被白垩纪石英砂岩覆盖。成矿主要分为早期钼矿、早期铜金、晚期铜金、后期弱多金属脉4个成矿阶段。辉钼矿主要存在于EW向的早期石英脉中,这些脉体以网脉状存在于萨莫拉花岗岩和早期斑岩体中。早期铜金矿化为细粒浸染状黄铜矿,含少量自然金。后期铜金矿化发生在中心角砾岩岩脉形成之后。两期铜金成矿阶段均以黄铜矿为主,并伴随微量的自然金(Sivertz et al.,2006)。在多金属脉成矿阶段,主要以近垂直、广泛分布的多金属硫化物脉体形式存在,包括金品位较高的块状黄铁矿脉,银、锌、铜和金品位较高的块状黄铜矿−黄铁矿−闪锌矿脉体,矿床具有典型的斑岩矿床蚀变分带特征,核心部位为钾化蚀变,泥质蚀变覆盖了大部分钾化蚀变,青磐岩化处于斑岩的最远端。主要矿石矿物为黄铜矿、辉钼矿、自然金、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等,在浅部有辉铜矿富集层,并导致铜品位的增高。矿床成矿时代为晚侏罗世(156 Ma;Sivertz et al.,2006)。Cu品位为0.467%,储量与资源量之和为686.12×104 t;Au品位为0.119g/t,储量与资源量之和为111 t(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024)。该铜矿床是厄瓜多尔唯一在产以铜为主的矿山,由铜陵有色和中国铁建联合拥有。2019年投产后迅速达产,2023年铜产量为12.65×104 t,目前正在二期扩产。
据不完全统计,厄瓜多尔勘查开发的主矿种为铜矿的项目共有28处(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024),其中处于草根勘查、勘查、预可行性研究、可行性研究、矿山建设和生产等阶段的项目占比分别为7.14%、57.14%、17.66%、10.71%、3.57%和3.57%,处于草根勘查和勘查等前期阶段的项目合计占比64.28%,总体勘查开发程度低。
2015~2024年厄瓜多尔固体矿产资源勘查投资呈现快速增长的态势,铜矿作为该国最重要的勘查投资矿种,投资金额也从2015年最低的1940万美元快速增长到2022年的1.66亿美元,增长了近8倍,近两年投资额有较大幅度回落,2024年为9150万美元(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024)。铜矿勘查投资在厄瓜多尔固体矿产勘查投资额中的占比在30.55%~67.23%之间波动。除了2015年铜矿勘查投资略低于金矿以外,其余年份均超过金矿而稳居各矿种之首。
厄瓜多尔不同阶段铜矿项目的勘查投资呈现棕地项目最多、绿地项目次之,在产项目最少的态势。2015年绿地项目勘查投资最大,2016~2024年棕地项目勘查投资超越绿地项目而位居首位。各阶段的勘查投资整体呈现快速增长的趋势,其中铜矿绿地项目和棕地项目勘查投资在2022年达到峰值后有较大幅度的回落,在产项目勘查投资自2018年起步以后,近年来迅速提升,2024年达到近10年的最高值700万美元(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024)。
通过对铜矿项目所属公司的国别统计发现,目前厄瓜多尔进行勘查开发的铜矿项目主要由西方国家矿业公司主导,厄瓜多尔和中国矿业公司也占据一席之地,三者所拥有铜矿项目数量在厄瓜多尔全部铜矿项目的占比依次为80%,12%和8%。
在厄瓜多尔开展铜矿勘查开发投资的西方国家主要包括英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、美国等国家,其中以英国矿业公司拥有的铜矿项目占比最高,达到厄瓜多尔铜矿项目总数的40%。英国(SolGold Plc)公司拥有最多的铜矿项目,其中包括卡斯卡贝尔和波韦尼(Porvenir)两个大型铜矿,前者位于北部的因巴布拉省,后者位于东南部萨莫拉–钦奇佩省。卡斯卡贝尔铜矿计划2025年中期完成可行性研究,并于2026年下半年开始建设,建成后,将极大改变厄瓜多尔铜矿开发格局,一期建设涉及矿石产能为1200×104 t,随后二期建设矿石产能将达到2400×104 t,矿山设计寿命28年。加拿大、美国和澳大利亚等国家的矿业公司在厄瓜多尔铜矿勘查开发领域也占有非常重要的地位。比较活跃的矿业公司及拥有的主要铜矿项目分别是:南方铜业公司的乔查(Chaucha)铜矿项目,处于可研阶段;澳大利亚太阳石金属有限公司(Sunstone Metals Limited)的埃尔帕尔马(El Palmar)铜矿项目,处于预可研阶段;加拿大希尔威金属矿业有限公司(Silvercorp Metals Inc.)的库里班巴(Curipamba)铜矿项目,处于矿山建设阶段;索拉里斯资源公司(Solaris Resources Inc. )的瓦林特萨(Warintza)铜矿项目,处于预可研阶段。
厄瓜多尔国家矿业公司(Enami EP)是其本土最大的铜矿企业,拥有多个铜矿项目,其中与智利国家铜业公司合作的胡宁铜矿,目前正处于预可研阶段,已探获的铜资源量达1692×104 t。
中资矿业公司在厄瓜多尔铜矿生产中占有一席之地,由铜陵有色和中国铁建共同建设的米拉多铜矿是目前该国唯一在产的铜矿山。一期年产量约为9×104 t,二期产能扩展预计2025年6月投产,预期年铜产量达到20×104~22×104 t。
2023年全球铜矿产量为2243.56×104 t,其中厄瓜多尔铜矿产量为9.36×104 t,虽然仅占全球铜矿产量的0.42%,但与2019年仅为6330 t的铜矿产量相比,其在5年时间增长了近15倍,增长十分迅猛;在全球主要铜矿生产国中的位次也由2019年的全球第49位迅速提升到2023年的全球第24位(Reichl et al.,2024),已经位列全球主要铜矿生产国家之一。未来随着米拉多铜矿二期扩产和卡斯卡贝尔铜矿投产,预计到2030年厄瓜多尔铜矿年产量将提升到30×104 t以上。
2014~2023年,受卡斯卡贝尔等大型铜矿勘查发现的影响,厄瓜多尔探明铜净增量(储量+资源量)为3040.13×104 t,占全球增量2.63×108 t的11.56%(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024)。铜净增量仅次于美国、秘鲁和墨西哥,位居全球第4位。智利国家铜业公司、南方铜业公司等多家全球知名的大型铜矿公司都将厄瓜多尔作为投资重点国家,持续开展铜矿勘查工作。但受限于近年来厄瓜多尔矿权申请关闭等原因,存量勘查区域有限。未来随着矿权申请开放,厄瓜多尔的铜矿储量和资源量有望得到更大幅度的提升。
从铜矿的生产成本看,厄瓜多尔目前在产铜矿生产成本为3479美元/t,仅为全球铜矿平均生产成本4601美元/t的75.60%,与2023年全球铜矿产量在50×104 t以上的11个国家相比,厄瓜多尔铜矿生产成本仅次于哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯,比其余9个国家铜矿平均生产成本都要低。当然,也应该看到,目前厄瓜多尔仅有一个在产铜矿山,生产成本的代表性略显不足,但从这一数据也不难看出,厄瓜多尔的铜矿生产在全球相当有竞争力。
近十年特别是2019年以来,中国和厄瓜多尔在铜矿砂和精矿的贸易日益紧密,厄瓜多尔向中国出口的铜矿砂和精矿数量快速增长,从2014年6870 t迅速增长到2023年的56.76×104 t,增长了83倍;其在中国进口铜矿砂和精矿中的占比也快速提高,从2014年的0.06%到2023年的2.06%,增长了35倍。2023年,厄瓜多尔已经成为中国铜矿砂和精矿进口第11大国,比2014年第42位提升了31个位次(UN Comtrade,2024)。
从厄瓜多尔铜矿砂和精矿的出口来看,2014~2023年,其主要出口国为中国和秘鲁,向两个国家出口的铜矿砂和精矿占其总出口量的95%以上,其中出口到中国的占比平均为73.68%,中国是厄瓜多尔铜矿砂和精矿最大的出口国。中国作为全球最大的铜矿砂和精矿进口国和消费国,对于铜矿的需求在相当长的一段时间内将进一步增长;后期随着米拉多矿山扩产,卡斯卡贝尔铜矿山投产,厄瓜多尔和中国之间在铜矿砂和精矿方面的贸易预计将更加紧密。
厄瓜多尔系统的地质填图和矿产调查主要在西部地区开展,目前已出版77幅1∶10万地质图,覆盖了52.3%的国土面积。1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学调查工作主要集中在中部安第斯成矿带,涉及铜、金等主要元素,覆盖了40%的国土面积(郑璐等,2023),地质工作程度整体较低,目前矿产普查和勘探工作主要集中在中部。由于地处安第斯成矿带北段,中新生代岩浆活动活跃,成矿地质条件优越,近年来勘查发现了卡斯卡贝尔这一世界级的铜矿床,显示出该国具有巨大的铜矿找矿潜力。
近年来,矿产品已成为厄瓜多尔第四大出口产品(US Deparment of State,2024),为了加快将采矿业打造成国家发展的引擎,政府多次对矿业相关的法律法规进行调整,2013年的《矿业法》将原来的开采许可由10个减少到环境许可和水资源许可2个。2014、2018和2020年对矿业法进行的修订,存在两大变化趋势:一方面是在税负等方面放宽矿业投资的要求;另一方面加强对采矿过程中的环境保护监管(郑璐等,2023)。2024年能源与矿业部又宣布促进矿业发展的多项举措,包括矿业权审批开放后减少许可审批时间,加强对企业的税收减免力度等。铜矿是目前该国为数不多的在开发矿种,其本土企业拥有铜矿项目数量占比仅有8%,其余均为外资企业所拥有,这与厄瓜多尔实施的外资投资享受国民待遇的保障制度密切相关,显示出其铜矿开发具有较高的对外开放程度。
中国与厄瓜多尔在政治、经济和文化等领域建立了良好的关系,并成为厄瓜多尔第二大贸易伙伴,近年来双边贸易额在100亿美元以上,厄瓜多尔对华主要出口对虾、石油、铜矿和香蕉等产品。自2019年以来,厄瓜多尔对华铜矿砂和精矿的出口量稳步提升,铜精矿已经成为厄瓜多尔对华出口的重要产品之一。中资企业投资的米拉多铜矿是厄瓜多尔目前在产的唯一铜矿山。
厄瓜多尔政府自2018年关闭了矿权申请,矿业权拍卖活动暂停,虽然计划2025年分阶段重启矿权申请,但考虑到该国将于2025年进行换届选举,鉴于选举结果的不确定性,政策的连续性与稳定性将受到考验,短期内矿权申请开放的可能性不大。
厄瓜多尔的铜矿资源主要位于安第斯成矿带,矿区附近的原住民和当地社区对矿业开发普遍持正反两方面态度,加之环保等非政府组织参与,使得矿业开发普遍面临较为棘手的社区问题。特别是在环境敏感的热带雨林地区,矿业开发的难度更大。以厄瓜多尔国家矿业公司和智利国家铜业公司联合拥有的胡宁铜矿为例,该矿所在地区是拉丁美洲持续时间最长的反采矿运动的发源地,近30年来雨林救援组织一直在支持社区抵制采矿计划,先后让日本Bishimetals公司、加拿大Ascendant铜业公司、Mesa 铜业公司和 Cornerstone公司付出代价。据报道,2023年胡宁铜矿的环境许可证被撤销(Rainforest Rescue,2023),未来该矿能否开发存在巨大变数。
近年来,厄瓜多尔社会治安问题日趋严峻,已成为政府和民众面临的重大挑战。受治安和贫困等因素影响,非法采矿在厄瓜多尔也是非常普遍的问题,受此活动影响最大的省份之一是位于该国北部的因巴布拉省(Imbabura),非法采矿活动给采矿区附近社区带来污染、废弃物、犯罪等社会问题均需要矿业企业关注。
厄瓜多尔的铜矿资源丰富,但地质研究相对薄弱,深入研究成矿地质背景是开展铜矿投资合作的基础。尽管厄瓜多尔地质工作程度较低,但是在安第斯成矿带完成了包括铜在内的30余个元素的地球化学调查,同时完成了重点地区的地质填图和矿产调查。应立足厄瓜多尔基础地质矿床资料,结合铜矿主要为斑岩型和浅成低温热液型、成矿与构造岩浆事件密切相关的实际,聚焦晚侏罗世和古新世到中新世这两个成矿期次,深化厄瓜多尔主要构造岩浆事件研究。形成对成矿地质背景新的深入认识,为后期铜矿勘查开发投资合作奠定基础。
21世纪以来,厄瓜多尔铜矿勘查取得重大进展,先后探获瓦林特萨(2000年)、米拉多(2001年)、卡斯卡贝尔(2013年)和波韦尼(2020年)4个大型–超大型铜矿床(田)(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024),均为斑岩型或浅成低温热液型铜矿床,其在时空分布上具有较强的规律性,成矿时代主体为晚侏罗世和中新世,集中分布在三叠纪—侏罗纪、白垩纪—中新世铜多金属成矿带上。以120 km长的萨莫拉铜金带为例,其受SN向构造控制,沿萨莫拉岩基NNE向分布着Panantza-San Carlos矿床、米拉多铜矿、埃尔希托(El Hito)铜钼矿和圣巴巴拉(Santa Barbara)铜金矿等;矿床间隔约为15~20 km,矿化与小型杂岩体密切相关;斑岩矿床成对出现且相距4~6 km,呈NW向分布,通常沿着较古老的火山岩脉走向,较大的矿床位于东南方向(Drobe et al.,2013),如米拉多和米拉多北铜矿床。该区域铜矿床形成机制有待深入研究,通过构建适合的区域成矿和找矿模型,将有助于未来铜矿勘查。
厄瓜多尔自2018年关闭矿业权登记,至今已有7年时间,能源和矿业部宣称将于2025年底分阶段放开矿业权申请,近年来矿业法的修订也向进一步吸引矿业投资、加强生态环境保护的条件有利但监管趋严的方向发展,随着2025年诺沃亚总统连任,未来政府对矿业的支持态度将持续。有意赴该国开展铜矿投资的企业应持续跟踪该国矿业权登记信息,关注矿业政策变化,提前做出分析研判,制定应对策略。
据统计,厄瓜多尔现有矿业权7300余处,覆盖国土面积22700 km2,金属矿产相关的矿业权有3400多处,除了约1900处手工采矿矿权(S&P Capital IQ Pro.,2024)外,其他约1500处的矿权主要涉及铜、金等矿种。矿业公司在加强对厄瓜多尔成矿地质背景、成矿规律研究的基础上,建议重点聚焦近年来取得重大突破的铜矿床,在同一成矿带的外围和周边有潜力的地区,关注已登记的铜矿矿权的勘查进展,了解铜矿项目现状与潜力,通过技术入股、合资或并购等恰当方式开展合作。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025126
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 修回日期:2025-05-30
  • 录用日期:2025-10-14
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    1中国地质调查局发展研究中心, 北京 100037
    2中国地质调查局中国–阿拉伯国家地学合作研究中心,北京 100037

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何学洲(1982−),男,正高级工程师,主要从事境外信息化和地质矿产相关研究。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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