Article(id=1307087631477662477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773158400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-11, revisedDate=1775145600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-03, acceptedDate=1775491200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-07, onlineDate=1789563575857, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563575857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563575857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563575857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=367, endPage=376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087631637046030, articleId=1307087631477662477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Response Characteristics of the Geo-Electric Field During Grouting in Water-Saturated Sand Layer at Wugou Coal Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To address the unclear grout diffusion mechanism and the insufficient understanding of geoelectrical response characteristics during grouting in saturated sand strata, indoor grouting simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the grout diffusion behavior and its geoelectrical response characteristics in saturated sand layers, so as to provide a theoretical basis for real-time monitoring and performance evaluation of grouting-based water control and strata reinforcement in underground engineering. Methods: A saturated sand layer was constructed in a three-dimensional physical model with dimensions of 82 cm × 82 cm × 82 cm, and grouting experiments were carried out under a grouting pressure of 0.3 MPa. Based on the indoor three-dimensional model and a parallel electrical monitoring system, the exciting current, self-potential, primary field potential, and apparent resistivity were dynamically monitored throughout the entire grouting process. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of these electrical parameters during grout diffusion and consolidation were then systematically analyzed. Results: The experimental results showed that the exciting current was a sensitive electrical parameter for characterizing the grout diffusion and consolidation processes, effectively reflecting the advance of the grout front and the evolution of conductive pathways. At the initial stage of grouting, the exciting current decreased from approximately 0.75 mA to 0.65 mA. Subsequently, with the displacement and mixing of grout and pore water, the electrical conductivity increased, and the exciting current rose to approximately 0.80 mA before gradually stabilizing. Both the self-potential and primary field potential exhibited pronounced fluctuations and increasing trends during grouting, which effectively revealed the migration pathways and diffusion range of grout at different strata levels. Owing to the heterogeneity of the weathered zone, the variations in electrical parameters were more complex, with stronger spatial differences and instability, whereas the responses in the saturated sand layer were relatively consistent. The three-dimensional inversion results of apparent resistivity indicated that the resistivity generally decreased first and then increased during the grouting process. During the grouting stage, grout entered the formation and mixed with pore water, forming a low-resistivity zone of approximately 50 Ω·m. During the consolidation stage, as cement hydration intensified and pore spaces were progressively filled, the free water content decreased and the conductive pathways within the pores were weakened, resulting in a gradual increase in resistivity to above 150 Ω·m. Conclusions: Grout diffusion and consolidation in saturated sand strata induce significant geoelectrical responses during the grouting process. Among the monitored parameters, the exciting current is the most sensitive to the advancing grout front and consolidation evolution, while the self-potential, primary field potential, and apparent resistivity can characterize grout migration and consolidation features from different perspectives. Grout consolidation in saturated sand strata exerts a pronounced weakening effect on conductive pathways, leading to significant electrical property variations. The results of this study can provide a reference for the real-time monitoring, dynamic identification, and engineering evaluation of grouting-based water control and reinforcement effects in underground engineering such as coal mines.

, authors=Maolin XING1, 2, 3, Wei WANG1, 2, 3, *, Shaolei ZHAO1, 2, 3, Yanjun WU1, 2, 3, Botao DU1, 2, 3, Yongli SHI1, 2, 3, Xiangdong XU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Maolin XING, Wei WANG, Shaolei ZHAO, Yanjun WU, Botao DU, Yongli SHI, Xiangdong XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087633595786011, articleId=1307087631477662477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=五沟煤矿饱水砂层注浆过程中地电场响应规律, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对饱水砂层注浆过程中浆液扩散机理不清及其电学响应特征认识不足的问题,开展室内注浆模拟试验,研究浆液在饱水砂层中的扩散规律及其地电响应特征,为地下工程注浆防水与地层加固过程的实时监测和效果评估提供理论依据。在尺寸为82 cm× 82 cm × 82 cm的三维物理模型中构建饱水砂层,并在0.3 MPa注浆压力条件下开展注浆试验。依托室内三维模型与并行电法监测系统,对注浆全过程中的激励电流、自然场电位、一次场电位及视电阻率进行动态监测,系统分析各电性参数在浆液扩散与固结过程中的时空演化特征。试验结果表明,激励电流是反映浆液扩散与固结过程的敏感电性参数,能够表征浆液前沿推进及导电通道演化特征。注浆初期,激励电流由约0.75 mA下降至0.65 mA,随后随着浆液与孔隙水的置换和混合,电导率提高,激励电流回升至约0.80 mA并趋于稳定。自然场电位和一次场电位在注浆过程中均表现出明显波动和上升特征,可有效揭示浆液在不同层位的迁移路径及扩散范围。受风化带层非均质性影响,其电性参数变化更为复杂,空间差异与不稳定性更强,而饱水砂层整体响应较为一致。视电阻率三维反演结果显示,注浆过程中电阻率总体呈现先降低后升高的变化规律。注浆阶段,浆液进入地层并与孔隙水混合,形成约50 Ω·m的低电阻率区;固结阶段,随着浆液水化作用增强并填充孔隙空间,自由水减少、孔隙电导通道减弱,电阻率逐步升高至150 Ω·m以上。饱水砂层注浆过程中,浆液扩散与固结会引起显著的地电场响应,其中激励电流对浆液扩散前沿及固结演化最为敏感,自然场电位、一次场电位和视电阻率能够从不同侧面表征浆液迁移与固结特征。饱水砂层浆液固结对电导通道的削弱作用明显,电性变化特征显著。研究结果可为煤矿等地下工程注浆防水与加固效果的实时监测、动态识别与工程评价提供参考。

, authors=邢茂林1, 2, 3, 王威1, 2, 3, *, 赵少磊1, 2, 3, 吴燕军1, 2, 3, 杜博涛1, 2, 3, 史永理1, 2, 3, 徐向东1, 2, 3, authorsList=邢茂林, 王威, 赵少磊, 吴燕军, 杜博涛, 史永理, 徐向东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王威, authorNote=

邢茂林(1991–),男,博士,副研究员,长期从事水文地质及煤矿水害防治工作。E–mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王威(1984–),男,高级工程师,长期从事从事煤矿水害防治工作。E–mail:。
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307087636204643115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, authorId=1307087636015899430, language=CN, stringName=邢茂林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1中煤科工西安研究院(集团) 有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077, bio={"content":"

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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307087640805794624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, authorId=1307087640415724347, language=CN, stringName=吴燕军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1中煤科工西安研究院(集团) 有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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Minerals, 2019, 13(12): 1483., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307087633977467676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087633985856285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, companyId=1307087633977467676, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087633994244894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, companyId=1307087633977467676, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中煤科工西安研究院(集团) 有限公司,陕西 西安 710077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307087635671966495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087635680355104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, companyId=1307087635671966495, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087635688743713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, companyId=1307087635671966495, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307087635772629794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087635781018403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, companyId=1307087635772629794, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087635789407012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, companyId=1307087635772629794, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307087647344714590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Layout of the three-dimensional model for the Wugou Coal Mine, figureFileSmall=1ADLMjDxyRuXqktzfk9jTA==, figureFileBig=ptHOq7cZtHudBK0q7dk1uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087647449572191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=图1, caption=五沟煤矿三维模型铺设示意图, figureFileSmall=1ADLMjDxyRuXqktzfk9jTA==, figureFileBig=ptHOq7cZtHudBK0q7dk1uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649253122913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Electrode arrangement, figureFileSmall=mGF194dvt9YtHeqFR7Gmng==, figureFileBig=o9cA4JmX0TxMl5vkumm0MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649441866594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电极布设示意图, figureFileSmall=mGF194dvt9YtHeqFR7Gmng==, figureFileBig=o9cA4JmX0TxMl5vkumm0MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649521558371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variation of exciting current with time, figureFileSmall=laljYcAlTIEkKj3ufs8U8A==, figureFileBig=Z2C5QYev6aNYrOMZEASQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649626415972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=图3, caption=激励电流随时间的变化曲线

a.风化带激励电流信号(注浆阶段);b.风化带激励电流信号(固结阶段);c.饱水砂层激励电流信号(注浆阶段);d.饱水砂层激励电流信号(固结阶段)

, figureFileSmall=laljYcAlTIEkKj3ufs8U8A==, figureFileBig=Z2C5QYev6aNYrOMZEASQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649701913445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation of self-potential with time, figureFileSmall=/6PALuPCnF5hKYQqiWbiDQ==, figureFileBig=bcucNPH+lT/2BNgiFPaOWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649861296998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=图4, caption=自然场电位随时间的变化曲线

a.风化带自然场电位变化曲线(注浆阶段);b.风化带自然场电位变化曲线(固结阶段);c.饱水砂层自然场电位变化曲线(注浆阶段);d.饱水砂层自然场电位变化曲线(固结阶段)

, figureFileSmall=/6PALuPCnF5hKYQqiWbiDQ==, figureFileBig=bcucNPH+lT/2BNgiFPaOWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649924211559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variation of primary field potential with time, figureFileSmall=dumhPD1FDkFhued3PLoipw==, figureFileBig=bC5JRhNyfR14bmcOZtlA6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087649999709032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=图5, caption=一次场电位随时间的变化曲线

a.风化带一次场电位变化曲线(注浆阶段);b.风化带一次场电位变化曲线(固结阶段);c.饱水砂层一次场电位变化曲线(注浆阶段);d.饱水砂层一次场电位变化曲线(固结阶段)

, figureFileSmall=dumhPD1FDkFhued3PLoipw==, figureFileBig=bC5JRhNyfR14bmcOZtlA6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087650071012201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Three-dimensional inverted apparent resistivity maps at different time periods, figureFileSmall=mzdqTfqzNDUr9mX5RRV6Lg==, figureFileBig=MXraNX2IZzEHxHciXAC8ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087650276533098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同时段下三维反演视电阻率云图

蓝色区域表示低电阻率区(0~100 Ω·m);红色区域表示高电阻率区(> 200 Ω·m)

, figureFileSmall=mzdqTfqzNDUr9mX5RRV6Lg==, figureFileBig=MXraNX2IZzEHxHciXAC8ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087650347836267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proportions of similar materials for the model rock layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标岩层质量配比抗压强度(MPa)模型层厚(cm)实际层厚(m)
隔水黏土层5∶3∶2(膨润土∶水泥∶黏土)1.573432
饱水砂层石英砂颗粒−1918
风化带层6∶3∶1(砂∶黏土∶石膏)1.122322
基岩层7∶2∶1(砂∶水泥∶石膏)3.7144
), ArticleFig(id=1307087650440110956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087631477662477, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型岩层相似材料配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标岩层质量配比抗压强度(MPa)模型层厚(cm)实际层厚(m)
隔水黏土层5∶3∶2(膨润土∶水泥∶黏土)1.573432
饱水砂层石英砂颗粒−1918
风化带层6∶3∶1(砂∶黏土∶石膏)1.122322
基岩层7∶2∶1(砂∶水泥∶石膏)3.7144
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五沟煤矿饱水砂层注浆过程中地电场响应规律
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邢茂林 1, 2, 3 , 王威 1, 2, 3, * , 赵少磊 1, 2, 3 , 吴燕军 1, 2, 3 , 杜博涛 1, 2, 3 , 史永理 1, 2, 3 , 徐向东 1, 2, 3
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(3): 367-376
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (3) : 367 -376
五沟煤矿饱水砂层注浆过程中地电场响应规律
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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邢茂林1, 2, 3 , 王威1, 2, 3, * , 赵少磊1, 2, 3, 吴燕军1, 2, 3, 杜博涛1, 2, 3, 史永理1, 2, 3, 徐向东1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中煤科工西安研究院(集团) 有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
  • 2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
  • 3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
通讯作者:
王威(1984–),男,高级工程师,长期从事从事煤矿水害防治工作。E–mail:。
作者简介:

邢茂林(1991–),男,博士,副研究员,长期从事水文地质及煤矿水害防治工作。E–mail:

Response Characteristics of the Geo-Electric Field During Grouting in Water-Saturated Sand Layer at Wugou Coal Mine
Maolin XING1, 2, 3 , Wei WANG1, 2, 3, * , Shaolei ZHAO1, 2, 3, Yanjun WU1, 2, 3, Botao DU1, 2, 3, Yongli SHI1, 2, 3, Xiangdong XU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025186
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针对饱水砂层注浆过程中浆液扩散机理不清及其电学响应特征认识不足的问题,开展室内注浆模拟试验,研究浆液在饱水砂层中的扩散规律及其地电响应特征,为地下工程注浆防水与地层加固过程的实时监测和效果评估提供理论依据。在尺寸为82 cm× 82 cm × 82 cm的三维物理模型中构建饱水砂层,并在0.3 MPa注浆压力条件下开展注浆试验。依托室内三维模型与并行电法监测系统,对注浆全过程中的激励电流、自然场电位、一次场电位及视电阻率进行动态监测,系统分析各电性参数在浆液扩散与固结过程中的时空演化特征。试验结果表明,激励电流是反映浆液扩散与固结过程的敏感电性参数,能够表征浆液前沿推进及导电通道演化特征。注浆初期,激励电流由约0.75 mA下降至0.65 mA,随后随着浆液与孔隙水的置换和混合,电导率提高,激励电流回升至约0.80 mA并趋于稳定。自然场电位和一次场电位在注浆过程中均表现出明显波动和上升特征,可有效揭示浆液在不同层位的迁移路径及扩散范围。受风化带层非均质性影响,其电性参数变化更为复杂,空间差异与不稳定性更强,而饱水砂层整体响应较为一致。视电阻率三维反演结果显示,注浆过程中电阻率总体呈现先降低后升高的变化规律。注浆阶段,浆液进入地层并与孔隙水混合,形成约50 Ω·m的低电阻率区;固结阶段,随着浆液水化作用增强并填充孔隙空间,自由水减少、孔隙电导通道减弱,电阻率逐步升高至150 Ω·m以上。饱水砂层注浆过程中,浆液扩散与固结会引起显著的地电场响应,其中激励电流对浆液扩散前沿及固结演化最为敏感,自然场电位、一次场电位和视电阻率能够从不同侧面表征浆液迁移与固结特征。饱水砂层浆液固结对电导通道的削弱作用明显,电性变化特征显著。研究结果可为煤矿等地下工程注浆防水与加固效果的实时监测、动态识别与工程评价提供参考。

饱水砂层  /  三维模型  /  注浆试验  /  地电场响应

Objective: To address the unclear grout diffusion mechanism and the insufficient understanding of geoelectrical response characteristics during grouting in saturated sand strata, indoor grouting simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the grout diffusion behavior and its geoelectrical response characteristics in saturated sand layers, so as to provide a theoretical basis for real-time monitoring and performance evaluation of grouting-based water control and strata reinforcement in underground engineering. Methods: A saturated sand layer was constructed in a three-dimensional physical model with dimensions of 82 cm × 82 cm × 82 cm, and grouting experiments were carried out under a grouting pressure of 0.3 MPa. Based on the indoor three-dimensional model and a parallel electrical monitoring system, the exciting current, self-potential, primary field potential, and apparent resistivity were dynamically monitored throughout the entire grouting process. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of these electrical parameters during grout diffusion and consolidation were then systematically analyzed. Results: The experimental results showed that the exciting current was a sensitive electrical parameter for characterizing the grout diffusion and consolidation processes, effectively reflecting the advance of the grout front and the evolution of conductive pathways. At the initial stage of grouting, the exciting current decreased from approximately 0.75 mA to 0.65 mA. Subsequently, with the displacement and mixing of grout and pore water, the electrical conductivity increased, and the exciting current rose to approximately 0.80 mA before gradually stabilizing. Both the self-potential and primary field potential exhibited pronounced fluctuations and increasing trends during grouting, which effectively revealed the migration pathways and diffusion range of grout at different strata levels. Owing to the heterogeneity of the weathered zone, the variations in electrical parameters were more complex, with stronger spatial differences and instability, whereas the responses in the saturated sand layer were relatively consistent. The three-dimensional inversion results of apparent resistivity indicated that the resistivity generally decreased first and then increased during the grouting process. During the grouting stage, grout entered the formation and mixed with pore water, forming a low-resistivity zone of approximately 50 Ω·m. During the consolidation stage, as cement hydration intensified and pore spaces were progressively filled, the free water content decreased and the conductive pathways within the pores were weakened, resulting in a gradual increase in resistivity to above 150 Ω·m. Conclusions: Grout diffusion and consolidation in saturated sand strata induce significant geoelectrical responses during the grouting process. Among the monitored parameters, the exciting current is the most sensitive to the advancing grout front and consolidation evolution, while the self-potential, primary field potential, and apparent resistivity can characterize grout migration and consolidation features from different perspectives. Grout consolidation in saturated sand strata exerts a pronounced weakening effect on conductive pathways, leading to significant electrical property variations. The results of this study can provide a reference for the real-time monitoring, dynamic identification, and engineering evaluation of grouting-based water control and reinforcement effects in underground engineering such as coal mines.

water-saturated sand layer  /  3D physical model  /  grouting test  /  geoelectric field response
邢茂林, 王威, 赵少磊, 吴燕军, 杜博涛, 史永理, 徐向东. 五沟煤矿饱水砂层注浆过程中地电场响应规律. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 367 -376 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025186
Maolin XING, Wei WANG, Shaolei ZHAO, Yanjun WU, Botao DU, Yongli SHI, Xiangdong XU. Response Characteristics of the Geo-Electric Field During Grouting in Water-Saturated Sand Layer at Wugou Coal Mine[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 367 -376 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025186
松散含水层下采煤地质体深埋隐蔽、结构复杂,采掘扰动易加剧破坏,使突水溃砂、水砂突涌等灾害风险突出,严重威胁矿井安全与经济效益(吕兆海等, 2015)。因此,安全高效开采的关键在于对地下水进行科学管控与疏导,并建立可验证的治理效果评价体系。注浆防渗与地层加固是防治此类灾害的核心技术(傅旭等, 2021;贺俊等,2025;谢鲍等, 2025),适用范围广且材料与工艺不断发展。研究饱水砂层中浆液扩散规律及其演化特征,对煤矿水害防控和类似工程条件下的安全开采具有重要指导意义。
目前,注浆技术已逐步形成较为系统的理论体系与技术方法。其工程应用可追溯至1864年,水泥注浆法首次用于解决英国阿里因普瑞贝硬煤矿井筒施工中的复杂工程难题,标志着注浆技术在矿山工程中的初步应用。随后,Daw et al.(1986)对煤矿地下水防治中的钻孔注浆工艺及注浆形式进行了系统阐述,为注浆技术规范化应用奠定了基础。随着开采条件日趋复杂,水泥注浆由经验性堵水逐步发展为兼具堵水、加固与围岩稳定控制功能的重要工程技术。赵祥龙(2021)采用定向钻进注浆技术,对韩城煤矿底板奥陶系上部含水层开展探查与治理,注浆后透水性进一步降低并实现工作面安全回采。李凯等(2022)依托渭北煤田韩城矿区桑树坪煤矿奥灰水害治理,基于井下近水平定向钻进提出“探查–注浆–检查”的防治体系,有效延伸了安全开采下限。
注浆效果本质上取决于浆液在地层中的扩散、充填固结范围及其连续性。但在饱水砂层等非均质介质中(吉小明等, 2009;袁克阔等, 2017),注浆过程隐蔽、运移路径难以直接观测,导致效果评价与稳定性判断存在较大不确定性。因此,需要开展注浆过程的实时监测与定量评价,以指导参数优化并提升施工安全与工程质量。地电响应监测为此提供了有效手段(苏天明等, 2015):电法对孔隙流体变化敏感,可借助电极阵列观测与反演成像,对浆液动态变化进行识别与追踪。Pedro et al.(2019)利用10 m间距电极阵列圈定潜在矿化带高可极化区域,并结合电学与地表地质数据相关性提出识别方法。在煤矿与岩土工程场景中,谭磊等(2018)将并行电法多维成像与地质雷达结合用于渗漏成因识别。刘盛东等(2019)系统阐述并行电法原理与优势,提出其在多相介质多场耦合作用与演化探查中的应用潜力。韩德品等(2020)采用直流电法探测工作面底板潜在导水通道,识别注浆影响范围与浆液沿构造裂隙的分布规律。杨小勇等(2025)研究裂隙岩体对不同掺量粉煤灰与不同硅酸钠含量水泥浆液的波速响应特征,分析不同裂隙倾角结石体波速的响应机理。邢茂林等(2026)将压汞试验的定量精度与数字图像技术的空间分析能力相结合,构建针对注浆结石体孔隙结构与空间形态的微观与宏观相结合的表征方法。此外,韩云春等(2024)、王东伟等(2024))、赵睿等(2024)、李东红等(2025)采用瞬变电磁法开展注浆效果评价研究,杨帆等(2023)、邢修举(2025)使用高密度电法对注浆效果过程进行检测,进一步丰富了注浆监测技术谱系。
综上所述,现有注浆监测方法已从单一工艺参数监测逐步发展为多源信息融合与过程响应识别,但在地层注浆过程中地电场多参量协同表征、三维时空演化规律揭示及其与浆液扩散过程的对应关系方面仍缺乏系统的实验支撑与统一解释框架。为弥补上述不足,笔者团队针对五沟煤矿饱水砂层的注浆改造,利用室内注浆模拟试验系统(杨晓桐等, 2018),并开展了注浆模拟试验研究。部分学者通过并行电法监测系统(王程等, 2023; 蒋忠祥等, 2025),研究注浆过程中地电场响应变化特征,为煤矿等地下工程的注浆防水与地层加固技术优化(钟宏伟等, 2025)、监测与评估提供理论支持。
(1)地质原型:五沟煤矿1010工作面“四含”上覆“三隔”,其分布较为稳定、厚度较大(10~180 m),隔水性能良好,岩性以黏土、砂质黏土及钙质黏土为主。“四含”底板埋深为255.00~289.83 m,平均为272.88 m,总厚度为25.30~47.88 m,平均为32.80 m。其中,中段“四含”厚度相对较大(3.25~41.45 m,平均为18.18 m),砂砾颗粒较粗,泥质含量较高,主要由砾石、砂砾、粗砂、中砂及黏土质砂等组成,沉积结构总体表现为下粗上细,底部普遍发育砾石层;颗粒组成中粘粒含量为12%~73%,粉细砂为15%~35%,中粗砂为15%~30%,砾石为2%~34%,整体富水性为弱–中等。“四含”下伏基岩风化带,平均厚度约22.0 m,岩性为强风化泥岩,属软弱或极软弱岩层。
(2)物理模拟设计:依据上述五沟煤矿1010工作面地质结构特征,笔者取地层高度相似比为100,并据此确定室内的相似模型,自下而上依次为基岩层、风化带层、饱水砂层及隔水黏土层,各层厚度分别为4 cm、23 cm、19 cm和34 cm(图1)。结合研究区地层结构特征,模型自下而上设置4类相似材料层:①基岩层采用结构相对完整且渗透性较低的材料铺设,以提供模型底部的承载与稳定约束条件;②风化带层选用具有一定可塑性与较弱结构强度的材料进行填筑,以模拟风化泥岩弱胶结、裂隙较发育的力学特征,同时在该层内布设注浆管;③饱水砂层(对应“四含”),以石英砂为主材填充,颗粒级配相对均匀、渗透性较高,用于模拟松散含水砂层环境,是浆液扩散与通道演化的主要发生区;④隔水黏土层采用黏土与膨润土混合填充,用以表征实际“三隔”低渗透性与高黏性组分特征,作为模型的隔水单元(表1)。
(3)电极布设:注浆管预埋于风化带与饱水砂层之间,使浆液可自下而上扩散并进入砂层。为保证监测数据采集的稳定性与可靠性,本试验采用纯铜网线分别接入电法仪正、负极,每个测点对应两根网线。为提高电极端连接的牢固性,将网线一端剥除绝缘层后与纯铜地钉缠绕,并使用绝缘胶带进行包扎固定;随后将地钉垂直插入模型地层中形成测点电极。电极编号以基岩层为例,自左向右、自上而下分别为D1~D16;风化带层对应D17~D32;饱水砂层对应D33~D48;隔水粘土层对应D49~D64(图2)。
(4)试验流程:按模型材料配比配制砂、水泥、石膏与膨润土并加水搅拌均匀(表1),将材料分层填入模型箱并逐层夯实;按试验要求同步埋设电极(图2),直至完成地层装填。随后安装注浆管路,持续注水使模型达到饱和;制备水泥浆液并注入注浆罐,完成注水与监测系统检查后开始注浆。注浆过程中以空气压缩机供压,缓慢升压至设计值并保持恒压注入;使用并行电法仪对注浆以及浆液的固结过程进行持续监测。
激励电流是外加电源施加于介质并在土体或岩层中传导的电流,其变化可反映介质导电性与电场响应的动态调整,因此在岩土工程监测与地下介质探测中具有重要应用价值。在本试验中,激励电流能够表征模型内部导电通道的整体演化,是响应最为敏感的电性参数之一。试验结果表明,注浆与固结过程中激励电流呈现明显的阶段性特征,在两个不同时段表现出截然不同的变化规律(图3)。
展示了风化带层与饱水砂层在注浆及固结阶段激励电流随时间的变化特征(图3a)显示,注浆开始后,浆液前缘约在5 min到达风化带层。此时电极邻域导电介质仍以原孔隙水为主,注浆扰动使电极与介质界面极化效应增强,短时间内表现为激励电流被压低。随着浆液持续推进,浆液与原孔隙水发生置换与混合。由于水泥浆液电导率通常高于原孔隙水,混合介质的整体电导率提高,激励电流随之回升并呈上升趋势。随着混合过程加深、离子逐步溶出并在孔隙空间内趋于均匀分布,有效可迁移离子数量增加,体系等效电导继续恢复,电流缓慢上升并最终趋于稳定。相比之下,饱水砂层中浆液在约25 min(二次注浆)时到达目标地层(图3b)。浆液到达初期同样受界面极化影响,激励电流出现阶段性下降;但随着浆液持续注入,水泥浆液中可溶组分溶出并释放Na+、K+、Ca2+、OH−等离子,使孔隙液导电性显著增强,从而驱动激励电流明显升高。
进入浆液固结阶段后,激励电流整体呈持续衰减,并常伴随阶段性台阶式下移,其本质反映了体系等效导电通道在水化反应过程中逐步减少。水泥水化持续进行,孔隙液中的高浓度离子不断被水化产物消耗、吸附或以沉淀形式固化,导致孔隙液电导率逐步降低。硅化钙等水化产物生成并填充孔隙,使孔隙率下降、连通性变差且曲折度增大,同时自由水减少并向结合水转化,综合导致整体电阻升高,激励电流随时间衰减。900 min附近多测点激励电流出现台阶式下降(图3),说明浆液在该时段进入凝固硬化关键阶段。最终下降幅度显示(图3),风化带层电流多收敛于0.66~0.69 mA;饱水砂层衰减更为显著,D37~D40可降至0.58~0.60 mA,表现为整体平台更低、下降幅度更大,表明饱水砂层中浆液固结对有效导电通道的削弱作用更强。
风化带层与饱水砂层在注浆及固结阶段自然场电位的历时曲线(图4)显示,注浆阶段自然场电位呈现先波动再上升最后下降的阶段性演化特征。在风化带层注浆阶段,各测点自然电位总体由约−30 mV上移至约−15 mV,期间在10 min附近出现一次明显起伏;个别测点在20 min左右出现更显著的上移,电位可短时抬升至约−10 mV量级(图4)。注浆初期,浆液在孔隙介质中推进时会拖曳电双层中的可动离子,产生电动势;随着浆液前缘逐步逼近测点,渗流电位幅度迅速增强,使观测电位差出现连续起伏并表现为波动状态。与此同时,水泥浆液中大量导电离子(如Ca2+、K+、Na+、OH–等)与原孔隙水之间形成显著的浓度梯度,由于不同离子的迁移率存在差异,离子扩散会引起扩散电位并叠加于渗流电位之上。随着注浆持续进行,浆液与孔隙水的置换、混合及扩散范围不断扩大,扩散电位处于持续调整过程,从而表现为自然场电位整体随时间上移。注浆结束后,随着流动压力差迅速减小,所产生的电位也越小,各电极电位迅速下降。饱水砂层在注浆阶段电位整体处于更低的负值区间,约为−110~−92 mV,并随注浆推进呈缓慢上移趋势。
进入固结阶段后,自然场电位总体呈现“上升–平台–波动”的三阶段变化过程。风化带层固结初期出现短时突变波动,电位可由负值瞬时跃升至正值;随后回落并进入以负值为主的平台期(−12~−25 mV);约在900 min出现一次较明显的突变波动,之后波动幅度增大,最低可达约−35 mV。固结初期,浆液由流动状态逐渐转为流动减弱直至近静止,渗流电位贡献随之降低;与此同时,水泥水化反应持续发生,孔隙液中离子经历溶出、迁移与沉淀的动态演化,自由水减少、孔隙连通性下降,使扩散电位的相对贡献上升,推动电位缓慢上升并进入相对稳定的平台期。约在900 min,浆体逐渐凝结硬化,随后受孔隙水再分布、局部导流通道被水化产物阶段性封堵,以及电极周围浆体硬化导致界面接触条件改变等因素影响,自然场电位进入波动阶段,并在个别时刻表现为突变式波动。饱水砂层固结阶段整体仍保持负值波动,主要为−90~−70 mV,局部时刻可出现短时上冲至约−65 mV量级。
此外,饱水砂层自然电位多在负值范围内波动,而风化带层则常出现正负交替。可能原因是:饱水砂层孔隙连通性好、介质较均一,注水后以渗流电位主导,电位极性相对稳定;风化带层非均质性强,渗流电位与由离子浓度梯度引起的扩散电位易叠加且主导项可随时空变化,从而表现为极性反转,电位在正负区间内波动。
注浆与固结阶段模型一次场电位随时间的变化曲线(图5)显示,在注浆阶段(0~30 min)一次场电位整体呈“先升后回落”的短时响应,四条曲线几乎重合,峰值出现在约15 min(由约500 mV抬升到接近580 mV,随后回落到约540 mV)。这表明砂层孔隙连通性强、渗透性高,浆液进入后能在短时间内形成较连续的导电通道并重塑电流线分布,使测得电位快速上移;随后随着浆液向外扩散、局部离子与含水状态趋于均化,电流场重新分配,电位出现回落。固结阶段(>80 min)一次场电位总体持续抬升,期间在约1500 min附近出现一次全测点同步的突降并迅速恢复。持续抬升对应水化固结引起的自由水减少、离子被固定及孔隙被水化产物填充,导致等效导电通道减少、体系电性参数演化使电位整体上移;而同步突降则反映电极接触状态的变化。
注浆阶段一次场电位也表现为先降后升的波动,但测点间差异更明显,尤其D24整体水平偏低、波动幅度较小。其原因在于风化带孔隙结构更非均质(细颗粒与裂隙并存、局部堵塞更易发生),浆液推进更受优势通道控制,不同测点处导电通道建立程度与电流场扰动幅度不一致,从而产生更明显的空间差异。固结阶段一次场电位整体同样随时间逐步上移。整体上移仍对应水化固结导致孔隙液电导下降与孔隙连通性降低;同时风化带矿物表面反应更活跃、离子交换更强,可迁移离子更易去活化,使固结期电性演化的累积效应更突出。
视电阻率三维反演是基于激励电流作用下的电位响应数据,通过数值反演重建三维空间中的视电阻率分布。视电阻率能够表征液体注入过程引起的局部电性扰动及其迁移路径。笔者对模型在注浆及固结全过程中的视电阻率数据进行三维反演,并对不同阶段的时空演化特征及差异开展对比分析。为便于展示与讨论,沿Z轴方向各选取3个典型剖面作为分析对象。考虑到注浆活动主要发生于风化带层与饱水砂层,在Z方向选取位于上述两地层范围内的XY剖面,Z分别取值为0.17 m、0.27 m、0.37 m。
不同时间段注浆与固结过程不同时段下三维反演视电阻率云图(图6)显示,在注浆与固结过程中电阻率总体随着时间的推移呈现先下降后上升的变化规律。在注浆时期,随着水泥浆液开始注入,低电阻率区始扩展,浆液通过毛细作用和重力渗透进入地层的孔隙空间并于孔隙中的孔隙水混合形成新的孔隙液。浆液中的离子增强了孔隙液的电导性,并随着浆液的持续注入,浆液沿地层中渗透性较高的路径流动(如裂缝、孔隙连接较好的区域),这些路径形成了新的导电通道,使得视电阻率大幅下降。在固结阶段,水泥浆液中的水分通过水化反应转化为结石体,这些结石体填充了孔隙空间,并且在生成的过程中减少了自由水的存在,使得孔隙中的电导通道逐渐被堵塞,地层视电阻率急速上升。随着时间的推移水化反应持续进行,造成离子在孔隙液中的迁移性降低,水泥浆液中带入的高浓度离子被岩石吸附或沉淀。部分可迁移的离子被固体颗粒表面吸附或与矿物反应固定,使得孔隙液的电导性进一步降低,视电阻率上升。最终水泥浆液固结,孔隙空间变小,孔隙液的连通性降低,电导通道的数量和有效性都随之减少。孔隙液的导电能力缓慢下降,导致视电阻率缓慢上升至不再变化为止。
综上所述,本研究对风化带层与饱水砂层注浆与固结全过程的电学响应进行了对比分析,揭示了各指标在不同阶段的共性规律与地层差异。注浆阶段整体呈现先扰动、后增强导电的特征:当浆液前缘逼近测点时,注浆扰动强化电极、介质界面极化,激励电流常出现短时压低;随后浆液与孔隙水发生置换与混合,且浆液中可溶离子逐步溶出并扩散,使孔隙液电导提升、导电通道不断完善,激励电流回升并持续增强。自然场电位在注浆期表现为波动、整体上移、停注回落的趋势,其本质是渗流电位与扩散电位叠加并随混合扩散范围扩大而调整;停注后压力差衰减,渗流贡献下降,电位随之回落。一次场电位对介质结构更为敏感:饱水砂层响应更一致,表明介质均一、导电通道易快速成形并重排电流线;风化带测点差异更明显,反映非均质孔隙结构与优势通道控制作用更强。
进入固结阶段后,电性演化转入导电通道持续削弱的主导模式,激励电流整体衰减并常呈台阶式下移,指示水化反应使孔隙液中高浓度离子被消耗、吸附或沉淀固定,同时水化产物生成填充孔隙、自由水减少并向结合水转化,导致孔隙连通性下降、曲折度增大、等效电阻升高。固结期自然场电位多表现为缓慢上升并进入平台,后期受孔隙水再分布、局部导电通道阶段性封堵及电极接触条件变化影响而波动增强;其中饱水砂层极性更稳定,而风化带更易出现正负交替,体现非均质条件下渗流与扩散两类电位源主导项的切换。一次场电位在固结期总体抬升,个别同步突变更可能对应界面接触状态的瞬态变化。
视电阻率从空间尺度与上述过程一致,呈先降后升的变化规律:注浆期离子输入与优势渗流路径促使低电阻率区扩展;固结期结构致密化与离子固定使导电网络逐步被削弱并趋于稳定。总体上,饱水砂层固结后导电通道削弱更强、衰减幅度更大;风化带则表现出更显著的空间差异与极性不稳定。上述规律为利用电学指标反演浆液运移范围与固结程度提供了清晰的过程依据。
(1)激励电流、自然场电位和一次场电位在注浆及固结阶段表现出明显的阶段性变化,反映了浆液在地层中的扩散过程和水化反应的影响。尤其是激励电流,能够准确追踪注浆体的扩散与固结特征,且饱水砂层的浆液固结对导电通道的削弱作用更强,衰减幅度更大。
(2)在注浆过程中,饱水砂层和风化带层的电性响应存在显著差异。饱水砂层因其较好的孔隙连通性和均匀的介质特性,使得浆液扩散较为均匀,激励电流和一次场电位响应更加一致;而风化带层由于其非均质性强,浆液扩散受到局部通道的主导,导致电性参数变化更为复杂,表现出更明显的空间差异和极性不稳定性。
(3)注浆过程中,视电阻率表现为先下降后上升的变化规律。浆液注入后,低电阻率区扩展,电导通道形成;随着水泥浆液水化反应,孔隙液中的离子被吸附或固化,导致电导通道逐步被削弱,视电阻率逐渐回升。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025186
  • 接收时间:2026-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-11
  • 修回日期:2026-04-03
  • 录用日期:2026-04-07
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    1中煤科工西安研究院(集团) 有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
    2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
    3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077

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王威(1984–),男,高级工程师,长期从事从事煤矿水害防治工作。E–mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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