Article(id=1307087585403236618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767110400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-31, revisedDate=1772899200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-08, acceptedDate=1773331200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineDate=1789563564873, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563564873, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563564872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563564872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087585591980299, articleId=1307087585403236618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluids of the Jing'erquan Granitic Pegmatite-type Lithium-Beryllium Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Crystal-rich fluid inclusions serve as a crucial carrier in the evolution of pegmatitic melts-fluids, providing the most direct evidence for unraveling the origin, migration, phase transitions, and associated element enrichment mechanisms of pegmatitic fluids. The Jing'erquan rare metal deposit is a typical granite-pegmatite type lithium-beryllium deposit in the East Tianshan, western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the source and evolutionary characteristics of its ore-forming fluids remain unclear. This study conducted detailed petrographic observations, along with laser Raman spectroscopy, microthermometry, gas chromatography, and ion chromatography analyses on fluid inclusions from pegmatites in this deposit. The results indicate that the fluid inclusions at Jing'erquan are diverse in type. They are generally characterized by moderate-low temperatures (mainly ranging from 240 ℃ to 380 ℃) and salinities (predominantly between 1.0 wt% NaCleqv and 5.5 wt% NaCleqv), as well as low densities (0.5~0.9 g/cm3). The fluid is rich in CO2, H2O, and N2, with minor amounts of C2H2 and CH4, and is relatively enriched in F−, Cl−, and alkali metal cations. This study proposes that the ore-forming fluids for the Jing'erquan Li-Be deposit were primarily magmatic in origin, resulting from the high fractional crystallization of granitic magma in a relatively closed environment. Two distinct pegmatite veins, dominated by spodumene and beryl, respectively, were formed during different stages of granitic magma differentiation. During the mineralization process, the fluid properties transitioned from moderate-low temperature-low salinity-low density to low temperature-moderate-low salinity-low density. The primary reason for this shift is that CO2 gradually reached saturation and separated from the ore-forming fluid, as the temperature, pressure, and solubility of CO2 and NaCl-H2O decreased. In this process, CO2 acted as an important carrier, facilitating the transportation and enrichment of lithium. Furthermore, the relative enrichment of F−, Cl−, and alkali metal cations played a significant role. Specifically, F− was conducive to the formation of complexes or compounds with rare metal cations such as Li+ and Be2+, aiding their migration and subsequent precipitation and enrichment to form ore.

, authors=Yilizhati JUMAHONG1, Qijun TU1, Yonggang FENG2, Shibao WU2, Yueyu ZHONG2, Ping LI1, Changzhi WU2, 3, *, authorsList=Yilizhati JUMAHONG, Qijun TU, Yonggang FENG, Shibao WU, Yueyu ZHONG, Ping LI, Changzhi WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changzhi WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087588527993128, articleId=1307087585403236618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=东天山镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床成矿流体演化与稀有金属富集机制, columnId=1307087508710380014, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

富子晶流体包裹是伟晶岩熔–流体演化的关键载体,为揭示伟晶岩流体的起源、迁移、相态转变及其伴生的元素富集机制提供了最直接的证据。镜儿泉稀有金属矿床位于中亚造山带西段,是东天山最为典型的花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床,其成矿流体来源及演化特征仍不清楚。笔者对该矿床的伟晶岩中的流体包裹体开展了详细的岩相观察、激光拉曼光谱、显微测温及气相色谱和离子色谱等分析。结果表明,镜儿泉流体包裹体类型丰富、成矿流体整体表现为中低温(主要为240~380 ℃)、中低盐度(集中在1.0~5.5 wt%NaCleqv)、低密度(0.5~0.9 g/cm3)的特征,流体包裹体成分富含CO2、H2O、N2,还含有少量C2H2、CH4,相对富集F−、Cl−及碱金属阳离子。研究认为,镜儿泉锂铍矿成矿流体主要为岩浆来源,是花岗质岩浆在相对封闭环境下高度结晶分异演化的产物。花岗质岩浆不同阶段分异演化分别形成了以锂辉石和绿柱石为主的两条伟晶岩脉。成矿过程中流体性质发生了从中低温度、低盐度、低密度向低温、中低盐度、低密度的演化。其主要原因为,随着CO2和NaCl-H2O的温度、压力和溶解度的降低,CO2逐渐达到饱和并与成矿流体分离。在此过程中,CO2作为重要的载体,有利于锂的运移并富集成矿。此外,相对富集F−、Cl−及碱金属阳离子,其中F−有利于与Li+、Be2+等稀有金属阳离子形成络合物或化合物的形式迁移并沉淀富集成矿。

, authors=依力扎提·居马洪1, 涂其军1, 凤永刚2, 吴世保2, 钟岳蔚2, 李平1, 吴昌志2, 3, *, authorsList=依力扎提·居马洪, 涂其军, 凤永刚, 吴世保, 钟岳蔚, 李平, 吴昌志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴昌志, authorNote=

依力扎提·居马洪(1998−),男,硕士研究生,矿床学专业。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴昌志(1975−),男,教授,博士/硕士研究生导师,主要从事金属矿床形成机制研究。E−mail:。
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依力扎提·居马洪(1998−),男,硕士研究生,矿床学专业。E−mail:

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依力扎提·居马洪(1998−),男,硕士研究生,矿床学专业。E−mail:

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a. 1号矿体平面图;b. 2号矿体平面图;c. 1号矿体1号勘探线剖面图;d. 1号矿体掌子面剖面图;e. 2号矿体掌子面剖面图

, figureFileSmall=ogpg1kGDj/YCrZBP6awzQQ==, figureFileBig=nEMzOgwvgTqNpouk3GIBwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592411918696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Typical spodumene and beryl pegmatite hand-specimen from Jing'erquan, figureFileSmall=+GJwhopzokEbe+UriCjt7A==, figureFileBig=SDo+gTKXTn+g5VFufFAS8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592495804777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=图4, caption=镜儿泉锂辉石型伟晶岩与绿柱石型伟晶岩样品的手标本

a. 1号伟晶岩脉绿云母带中的绿柱石;b. 1号伟晶岩脉锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带中锂辉石单矿物;c. 2号伟晶岩脉中的绿柱石与石英共生;d. 2号伟晶岩脉中的绿柱石与钠长石共生

, figureFileSmall=+GJwhopzokEbe+UriCjt7A==, figureFileBig=SDo+gTKXTn+g5VFufFAS8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592583885162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Photomicrographs of the spodumene, garnet and beryl, figureFileSmall=gajEFqjTfcHy63V1TlqbhQ==, figureFileBig=EYQLVZJE1YMqF247epYnQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592642605419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=图5, caption=镜儿泉锂辉石、石榴子石和绿柱石镜下特征

a. 1号伟晶岩脉中的锂辉石镜下特征(单偏光);b. 1号伟晶岩脉中的绿柱石镜下特征(单偏光);c. 1号伟晶岩脉中的石榴子石镜下特征(单偏光);d. 2号伟晶岩脉中的绿柱石镜下特征(单偏光);e. 2号伟晶岩脉中的绿柱石镜下特征(单偏光);Spd. 锂辉石;Brl. 绿柱石;Qz. 石英;Grt. 石榴子石;Ms. 白云母

, figureFileSmall=gajEFqjTfcHy63V1TlqbhQ==, figureFileBig=EYQLVZJE1YMqF247epYnQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592697131372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in spodumene, figureFileSmall=HFvVqioYsad/MMBjFgeRjQ==, figureFileBig=jpjvEDYyqPvUICsKfzCyFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592760045933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=图6, caption=镜儿泉1号脉锂辉石流体包裹体镜下特征

a. 锂辉石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体;b. 锂辉石中的碳酸锂子晶正交偏光镜下特征;c. 锂辉石中的气–液两相型包裹体;d. 锂辉石中的磷锰矿子晶镜下特征

, figureFileSmall=HFvVqioYsad/MMBjFgeRjQ==, figureFileBig=jpjvEDYyqPvUICsKfzCyFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592818766190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in beryl, figureFileSmall=f7DiBTlFLoSDVS1z+eyXMg==, figureFileBig=4iJAmislL+/KjArLUF/Aaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592898457967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=图7, caption=镜儿泉1号脉绿柱石流体包裹体镜下特征

a. 绿柱石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体;b. 绿柱石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体;c. 绿柱石中的气–液两相型包裹体;d. 绿柱石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体

, figureFileSmall=f7DiBTlFLoSDVS1z+eyXMg==, figureFileBig=4iJAmislL+/KjArLUF/Aaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087592973955440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in garnet, figureFileSmall=gGbiO2/vNiJqCVKWzzeuTg==, figureFileBig=yY80hvwU5vW77jjA4lMs7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087593049452913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=图8, caption=镜儿泉1号脉石榴子石流体包裹体镜下特征

a. 石榴子石中的原生包裹体;b. 石榴子石中的次生包裹体;c. 石榴子石中的气–液两相型包裹体;d. 石榴子石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体

, figureFileSmall=gGbiO2/vNiJqCVKWzzeuTg==, figureFileBig=yY80hvwU5vW77jjA4lMs7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087593116561778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Microscopic characteristics of fluid inclusions in beryl, figureFileSmall=l5SRwbwZDNXVrwqTVQiYhQ==, figureFileBig=CoJPLQ/f5twkv/T4ghCBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087593179476339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=图9, caption=镜儿泉2号脉绿柱石流体包裹体镜下特征

a. 绿柱石中的气–液两相型包裹体;b. 绿柱石中的气–液两相型包裹体;c. 绿柱石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体;d. 绿柱石中的气–液–固三相型包裹体

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Lithology and collection locations of samples for fluid inclusion research in Jing'erquan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号岩性(主矿物)采样位置
J19伟晶岩(石榴子石)1号伟晶岩脉
J23伟晶岩(绿柱石)1号伟晶岩脉
J24伟晶岩(锂辉石)1号伟晶岩脉
J25(1)伟晶岩(绿柱石)2号伟晶岩脉
J25(2)伟晶岩(绿柱石)2号伟晶岩脉
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594022531455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

镜儿泉流体包裹体研究样品岩性及采集位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号岩性(主矿物)采样位置
J19伟晶岩(石榴子石)1号伟晶岩脉
J23伟晶岩(绿柱石)1号伟晶岩脉
J24伟晶岩(锂辉石)1号伟晶岩脉
J25(1)伟晶岩(绿柱石)2号伟晶岩脉
J25(2)伟晶岩(绿柱石)2号伟晶岩脉
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594106417536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main parameters of standard gases(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准气CH4C2H2C2H6C3H8CO2O2N2CO
参数1.05×10450.277.778.32.08×1042.14×1031.05×1042.04×104
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594173526401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标准气体主要参数(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准气CH4C2H2C2H6C3H8CO2O2N2CO
参数1.05×10450.277.778.32.08×1042.14×1031.05×1042.04×104
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594265801090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main parameters of standard solutions(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子Li+Na+K+Mg2+Ca2+F−Cl−Br−NO2−NO3−SO42−
参数1.001.001.002.002.001.001.001.001.000.101.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594349687171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

标准溶液主要参数(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子Li+Na+K+Mg2+Ca2+F−Cl−Br−NO2−NO3−SO42−
参数1.001.001.002.002.001.001.001.001.000.101.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594416796036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Gas chromatography data of fluid inclusion components in Jing'erquan(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号J-1_SpdJ-2_SpdJ-3_BrlJ-4_BrlJ-5_Grt
矿物名称锂辉石锂辉石绿柱石绿柱石石榴子石
取样温度(℃)100~500100~500100~500100~500100~500
CH40.620.910.530.410.25
C2H41.131.370.210.820.45
C2H6–0.230.080.09–
CO2509.94863.35593.09666.87539.24
H2O445.83317.57238.46248.5099.97
O2129.89163.11131.47198.18213.65
N2127.791035.26232.46919.871113.07
CO–––––
Sum1215.202381.801196.292034.741966.63
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镜儿泉流体包裹体成分的气相色谱数据(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号J-1_SpdJ-2_SpdJ-3_BrlJ-4_BrlJ-5_Grt
矿物名称锂辉石锂辉石绿柱石绿柱石石榴子石
取样温度(℃)100~500100~500100~500100~500100~500
CH40.620.910.530.410.25
C2H41.131.370.210.820.45
C2H6–0.230.080.09–
CO2509.94863.35593.09666.87539.24
H2O445.83317.57238.46248.5099.97
O2129.89163.11131.47198.18213.65
N2127.791035.26232.46919.871113.07
CO–––––
Sum1215.202381.801196.292034.741966.63
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Microthermometric table of fluid inclusions in Jing'erquan

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编号主矿物(分析点数)均一状态冰点(℃)均一温度(℃)盐度(wt.%NaCleqv)
J19石榴子石(40)液相2.0~0.5215.2~293.50.88~3.39
J23绿柱石(40)液相1.8~0.5176.8~397.50.87~3.06
J24锂辉石(40)液相4.9~1.8163.5~325.53.06~7.72
J25绿柱石(30)液相1.8~0.5176.8~419.30.87~3.06
JE-20绿柱石(40)液相1.5~0.2328.2~417.10.35~2.57
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594647482759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

镜儿泉流体包裹体显微测温表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号主矿物(分析点数)均一状态冰点(℃)均一温度(℃)盐度(wt.%NaCleqv)
J19石榴子石(40)液相2.0~0.5215.2~293.50.88~3.39
J23绿柱石(40)液相1.8~0.5176.8~397.50.87~3.06
J24锂辉石(40)液相4.9~1.8163.5~325.53.06~7.72
J25绿柱石(30)液相1.8~0.5176.8~419.30.87~3.06
JE-20绿柱石(40)液相1.5~0.2328.2~417.10.35~2.57
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594743951752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Ion chromatography test results of fluid inclusion components in Jing'erquan(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物名称及编号Li+Na+K+Mg2+Ca2+F−Cl−NO2−Br−NO3−SO42−
锂辉石J-16.594.510.200.020.220.461.880.26−−2.43
锂辉石J-29.210.980.870.050.500.151.990.16−−3.27
绿柱石J-30.0710.289.200.242.320.512.100.04−1.1711.35
绿柱石J-40.1011.7118.544.722.600.634.050.07−0.297.46
石榴子石J-51.262.289.781.287.311.113.251.41−0.483.88
), ArticleFig(id=1307087594819449225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087585403236618, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

镜儿泉流体包裹体成分的离子色谱测试结果(μg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物名称及编号Li+Na+K+Mg2+Ca2+F−Cl−NO2−Br−NO3−SO42−
锂辉石J-16.594.510.200.020.220.461.880.26−−2.43
锂辉石J-29.210.980.870.050.500.151.990.16−−3.27
绿柱石J-30.0710.289.200.242.320.512.100.04−1.1711.35
绿柱石J-40.1011.7118.544.722.600.634.050.07−0.297.46
石榴子石J-51.262.289.781.287.311.113.251.41−0.483.88
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东天山镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床成矿流体演化与稀有金属富集机制
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依力扎提·居马洪 1 , 涂其军 1 , 凤永刚 2 , 吴世保 2 , 钟岳蔚 2 , 李平 1 , 吴昌志 2, 3, *
西北地质 | 中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026,59(3): 60-79
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西北地质 |中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026 , 59 (3) : 60 -79
东天山镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床成矿流体演化与稀有金属富集机制
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依力扎提·居马洪1 , 涂其军1, 凤永刚2, 吴世保2, 钟岳蔚2, 李平1, 吴昌志2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆维吾尔自治区地质研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 2西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3新疆自然资源与生态环境研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
通讯作者:
吴昌志(1975−),男,教授,博士/硕士研究生导师,主要从事金属矿床形成机制研究。E−mail:。
作者简介:

依力扎提·居马洪(1998−),男,硕士研究生,矿床学专业。E−mail:

Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluids of the Jing'erquan Granitic Pegmatite-type Lithium-Beryllium Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan
Yilizhati JUMAHONG1 , Qijun TU1, Yonggang FENG2, Shibao WU2, Yueyu ZHONG2, Ping LI1, Changzhi WU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institue of Geology, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Western Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 3The Research Center for Resource and Environment of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025174
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富子晶流体包裹是伟晶岩熔–流体演化的关键载体,为揭示伟晶岩流体的起源、迁移、相态转变及其伴生的元素富集机制提供了最直接的证据。镜儿泉稀有金属矿床位于中亚造山带西段,是东天山最为典型的花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床,其成矿流体来源及演化特征仍不清楚。笔者对该矿床的伟晶岩中的流体包裹体开展了详细的岩相观察、激光拉曼光谱、显微测温及气相色谱和离子色谱等分析。结果表明,镜儿泉流体包裹体类型丰富、成矿流体整体表现为中低温(主要为240~380 ℃)、中低盐度(集中在1.0~5.5 wt%NaCleqv)、低密度(0.5~0.9 g/cm3)的特征,流体包裹体成分富含CO2、H2O、N2,还含有少量C2H2、CH4,相对富集F−、Cl−及碱金属阳离子。研究认为,镜儿泉锂铍矿成矿流体主要为岩浆来源,是花岗质岩浆在相对封闭环境下高度结晶分异演化的产物。花岗质岩浆不同阶段分异演化分别形成了以锂辉石和绿柱石为主的两条伟晶岩脉。成矿过程中流体性质发生了从中低温度、低盐度、低密度向低温、中低盐度、低密度的演化。其主要原因为,随着CO2和NaCl-H2O的温度、压力和溶解度的降低,CO2逐渐达到饱和并与成矿流体分离。在此过程中,CO2作为重要的载体,有利于锂的运移并富集成矿。此外,相对富集F−、Cl−及碱金属阳离子,其中F−有利于与Li+、Be2+等稀有金属阳离子形成络合物或化合物的形式迁移并沉淀富集成矿。

稀有金属伟晶岩  /  流体包裹体  /  成矿流体  /  镜儿泉  /  东天山  /  气相色谱及离子色谱

Crystal-rich fluid inclusions serve as a crucial carrier in the evolution of pegmatitic melts-fluids, providing the most direct evidence for unraveling the origin, migration, phase transitions, and associated element enrichment mechanisms of pegmatitic fluids. The Jing'erquan rare metal deposit is a typical granite-pegmatite type lithium-beryllium deposit in the East Tianshan, western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the source and evolutionary characteristics of its ore-forming fluids remain unclear. This study conducted detailed petrographic observations, along with laser Raman spectroscopy, microthermometry, gas chromatography, and ion chromatography analyses on fluid inclusions from pegmatites in this deposit. The results indicate that the fluid inclusions at Jing'erquan are diverse in type. They are generally characterized by moderate-low temperatures (mainly ranging from 240 ℃ to 380 ℃) and salinities (predominantly between 1.0 wt% NaCleqv and 5.5 wt% NaCleqv), as well as low densities (0.5~0.9 g/cm3). The fluid is rich in CO2, H2O, and N2, with minor amounts of C2H2 and CH4, and is relatively enriched in F−, Cl−, and alkali metal cations. This study proposes that the ore-forming fluids for the Jing'erquan Li-Be deposit were primarily magmatic in origin, resulting from the high fractional crystallization of granitic magma in a relatively closed environment. Two distinct pegmatite veins, dominated by spodumene and beryl, respectively, were formed during different stages of granitic magma differentiation. During the mineralization process, the fluid properties transitioned from moderate-low temperature-low salinity-low density to low temperature-moderate-low salinity-low density. The primary reason for this shift is that CO2 gradually reached saturation and separated from the ore-forming fluid, as the temperature, pressure, and solubility of CO2 and NaCl-H2O decreased. In this process, CO2 acted as an important carrier, facilitating the transportation and enrichment of lithium. Furthermore, the relative enrichment of F−, Cl−, and alkali metal cations played a significant role. Specifically, F− was conducive to the formation of complexes or compounds with rare metal cations such as Li+ and Be2+, aiding their migration and subsequent precipitation and enrichment to form ore.

rare-metal pegmatite  /  fluid inclusions  /  ore-forming fluid  /  Jing'erquan  /  eastern Tianshan  /  gas and ion chromatography
依力扎提·居马洪, 涂其军, 凤永刚, 吴世保, 钟岳蔚, 李平, 吴昌志. 东天山镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床成矿流体演化与稀有金属富集机制. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 60 -79 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025174
Yilizhati JUMAHONG, Qijun TU, Yonggang FENG, Shibao WU, Yueyu ZHONG, Ping LI, Changzhi WU. Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluids of the Jing'erquan Granitic Pegmatite-type Lithium-Beryllium Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 60 -79 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025174
锂具有高电化学活性、优异的导热导电性、低密度和高强度等物理化学性质,在能源转型、高端制造和医药健康等领域有着重要的应用前景,已成为现代工业和高新技术领域不可或缺的材料(翟明国等,2019;李建康等,2021)。尤其是随着电动汽车与可再生能源产业的迅猛发展,市场对锂的需求持续攀升,锂资源的勘探、开采及提取工作也随之愈发关键(Chakhmouradian et al.,2015;毛景文等,2019;徐兴旺等,2023)。目前,锂的主要资源类型可分为盐湖卤水型、黏土型与花岗伟晶岩型3类(Kesler et al.,2012;李建康等,2014)。其中,花岗伟晶岩型锂资源具有矿石品位高、采选冶技术成熟、提锂周期短等优势,已成为国内锂资源供给的重要来源。中国的花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床主要分布在阿尔泰锂成矿带、阿尔金锂成矿带、西昆仑–松潘甘孜锂成矿带、喜马拉雅锂成矿带、秦岭锂成矿带及东天山锂成矿带(李建康等,2014;李侃等,2019;任广利等,2022;孔会磊等,2023)。
东天山造山带作为中亚造山带重要的组成部分,是一个由俯冲、碰撞、陆内伸展等多期构造和岩浆活动形成的带状区域,发育了铜、镍、金、铁、铅锌及稀有金属等多种类型矿床(Chen et al.,2012;张连昌等,2021;穆合塔尔·麦麦提尼亚孜等,2023)。镜儿泉是东天山地区目前唯一已报道的花岗岩伟晶岩型锂铍稀有金属矿床,是认识东天山印支期岩浆演化及成矿规律的重要研究对象。前人对镜儿泉矿床已开展过细致的矿物学、岩石地球化学和成岩成矿年龄研究(陈郑辉等,2006;顾连兴等,2007;Liu et al.,2019;李寄邦等,2020; Muhtar et al.,2020;凤永刚等,2021;田祥雨等,2024;依力扎提·居马洪等,2025;Gu et al.,2026),但对于成矿流体来源、性质及演化等方面仍不清楚。
作为熔–流体演化研究的关键载体,流体包裹体为揭示伟晶岩流体的起源、迁移、相态转变及其伴生的元素富集机制提供了最直接的证据(Stefanova et al.,2014)。伟晶岩中的富子晶流体包裹体较完整地记录了分异作用过程产生的富挥发分伟晶岩熔–流体系统的温压条件与成分特征(London et al.,1986)。镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床伟晶岩中的矿物发育了大量流体包裹体,较为完整地记录了晚期岩浆活动与成矿作用过程,是研究该矿床成矿过程的理想研究对象。笔者选取镜儿泉伟晶岩矿物中的流体包裹体作为研究对象,开展了系统的流体包裹体岩相观察、激光拉曼光谱、显微测温及气相色谱和离子色谱等分析,以期揭示花岗岩伟晶岩型锂铍稀有金属矿床成矿流体性质及其演化征,进一步揭示成矿过程,并为东天山同类矿床的找矿部署提供理论依据。
天山造山带位于中亚造山带南缘,东西伸展约2500 km,横跨中国、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦4国,中国天山是中国境内天山造山带的一部分,大致沿~ E 88°或托克逊–库米什高速公路分为东天山和西天山(Gao et al.,2009;Huang et al.,2020)(图1a )。东天山位于准噶尔–吐哈地块和塔里木地块的聚合部位,是一个由陆块、岛弧及增生杂岩碰撞和增生形成的古生代造山拼贴体。区域内构造–岩浆活动强烈,陆壳增生显著。构造上,东天山自北向南可分为:哈尔里克岛弧带、大南湖–头苏泉岛弧带、康古尔–黄山韧性剪切带、阿齐山–雅满苏岛弧带及中天山地块北缘构造带(周国超等,2025)。东天山以大草滩断裂、康古尔断裂、雅满苏断裂及阿其库都克断裂等4条深部大型断裂为代表,形成了该区域的大地构造框架。区域内的深部大断裂带不仅是天山构造单元的关键组成部分,更是对区内的构造、岩浆活动和矿床形成起着决定性的影响(杨富全2025;图1b)。
镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床位于康古尔–黄山韧性剪带的东侧。矿区主要出露地层是中元古界咸水泉组角闪岩和上石炭统干墩组片岩(赵献军等,2012;张亮等,2017)。镜儿泉岩体侵位于石炭系变质地层中,出露的花岗岩均为中–细粒花岗结构、块状构造,按照矿物的组成的不同可划分为白云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩,三者呈过渡渐变的接触关系(李寄邦等,2020)。北部的辉长岩与白云母花岗岩呈侵入接触。伟晶岩脉发育在白云母花岗岩岩体内,与白云母花岗岩具有过渡渐变的接触关系,大多数规模小、矿化程度低、均赋存在白云母花岗岩的顶部,其中规模最大、具有经济效益的是镜儿泉1号锂辉石伟晶岩脉和2号绿柱石伟晶岩脉(依力扎提·居马洪等,2025;图2)。
1号锂辉石伟晶岩脉走向为NE–SW,倾角大约50°~70°,长达280 m,不规则透镜状,中间膨胀,向两头变窄,膨胀处岩脉分带明显。伟晶岩从核部向边缘可划分出石英–锂辉石核部带、锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带、石英–微斜长石–白云母带和文象结构带(李寄邦等,2020;图3a)。锂辉石主要分布在锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带内,石英–锂辉石核部带内次之。该伟晶岩脉的矿石矿物以锂辉石为主、还含少量绿柱石、锂云母及铌钽铁矿,脉石矿物主要有石英、长石和云母等(邓小华等,2023)。
2号绿柱石伟晶岩脉走向为NE–SE,倾角为30°~50°,长达230 m,呈不规则透镜状,岩脉最大膨胀处分带明显。绿柱石主要发育在核部带南侧的钠长石内,尤其是特别集中分布在该带靠地表地段。绿柱石主要呈浅绿色六方柱状或粒状产出(图3b;刘思宇等,2021)。
流体包裹体研究样品以赋存在1号伟晶岩脉锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带中的锂辉石、石英–微斜长石–白云母带中的石榴子石,以及与绿云母集合体共生的绿柱石中的流体包裹体为主;以赋存在2号伟晶岩脉钠长石–白云母带中绿柱石的流体包裹体为主(表1)。1号伟晶岩脉中的绿柱石呈浅黄色、六方柱状,与绿色鳞片状云母集合体共生(图4a)。锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带中的锂辉石为浅粉色、晶型完整,是主成矿阶段的产物(图4b)。石英–微斜长石–白云母样品中的石榴子石呈暗红色、自形程度高、粒度较大。2号伟晶岩脉钠长石–白云母带中的绿柱石分为两种类型:①呈浅绿色、典型的六方柱状、晶型完整,包裹在石英中,形成于主成矿阶段(图4c);②呈暗绿色,包裹在钠长石中,形成时间相对较晚(图4d)。
激光拉曼光谱仪(LA-Raman)分析在长安大学成矿作用及其动力学实验室完成。拉曼光谱分析法是以拉曼散射效应为基础,通过对不同入射光频率的散射光谱进行分析,获得分子振动、旋转等方面信息,从而应用于分子结构研究的一种分子结构研究方法。对石榴子石、锂辉石、绿柱石中流体包裹体进行了激光拉曼光谱分析,所用仪器为法国HORIBA JOBIN YVON公司生产的LabRam HR evolution 800 mm焦长大型共焦激光拉曼光谱仪,激发光源设置为532 nm,采用600 刻线密度/mm光栅,激光光源能量为100 mW,激光束斑直径1 μm,使用50倍物镜,分析波段为0~4000 cm−1,扫描时间10 s,叠加次数3次,激光能量50 %。利用HR evolution拉曼光谱仪配套的Labspec6软件对测试结果进行了光谱基线校正及平滑处理。
镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍稀有金属矿床流体包裹体的显微测温在长安大学成矿作用及其动力学实验室流体包裹体实验室完成的,LinkamTHMS600型显微测温的冷热台测温范围−196~600 ℃,400 ℃时相对于标准物质误差为±2 ℃,−22 ℃时误差为±0.1 ℃。本次测试的均一温度和冷冻数据精确度分别为±1 ℃和±0.1 ℃(仪器本身精度±0.1 ℃),其余具体仪器参数和实验流程见(范宏瑞等,2005)。
本次研究采用均一法、冷冻法测定镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍稀有金属矿床石榴子石、锂辉石、绿柱石样品中的流体包裹体均一温度及冰点。首先以30 ℃/min速率大约降至−100 ℃后,再逐渐升温至−20 ℃时观察液相有没有变化,若有变化速率降低至5 ℃/min,接近相变时的升温速率降至1 ℃/min,注意观察包裹体相变并记录。根据盐水溶液包裹体的冰点和均一温度估算即可得到盐度。
流体包裹体气相色谱及离子色谱分析在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所流体包裹体实验室完成。气相色谱分析仪器采用日本岛津公司GC-2010型气相色谱仪和澳大利亚SGE公司生产的PIU-F型热爆裂炉。色谱柱使用日本岛津公司13X分子筛分离柱:粒径178~250 μm(60~80目),2 mm ×3 m;Porapak Q分离柱:粒径178~250 μm(60~80目),2 mm × 2 m。标准气体(国家标准物质研究中心)具体参数见表2。实验用水为 Mili-Q水(电阻率18 MΩ·cm)。色谱工作条件:色谱柱柱温为50 ℃,气化室温度是150 ℃,热导检测器(TCD)温度为150 ℃,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)温度大小为150 ℃,TCD桥电流大小50 mA,不分流进样(杨丹等,2007)。
离子色谱分析仪器采用日本岛津公司HIC-10A Super 型离子色谱仪:LP-10ADSP 型输液泵、SIL-10ASP 型自动进样器、DGU-12A 型脱气装置、CDD-10ASP 型电导检测器。色谱柱(日本岛津公司):阴离子柱SHIM-PACK IC-SA3(250 mm×4.0 mm i. d)和阳离子柱SHIM-PAC IC-SCI(150 mm×4.6 mm i. d)。主要试剂—标准溶液(国家标准物质研究中心),阴离子包括F−、Cl−、Br−、NO2−、NO3−、SO42−,阳离子包括Li+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+(均为100 μg/g),具体参数见表3。实验室用水为 Simplicity 纯水系统产出的纯水(Milipore 公司),电阻率为18.2 MΩ·cm,溶解氧浓度小于5×10−9,总有机碳浓度小于10−9。阴离子流动相为Na2CO3 3.6 mmol/L,流速为0.8 mL/min。阳离子流动相为H2SO4 3.5 mmol/L,流速大小为0.8 mL/min。柱温箱温度为45 ℃。进样量为1000 μL(杨丹等,2014)。
1号脉锂辉石镜下呈板状、晶面具纵纹、见裂理、近正交的两组解理;绿柱石呈无色、半自形;石英–微斜长石–白云母带的石榴子石颜色呈红褐色、无解理、有不规则的裂纹。2号脉绿柱石镜下特征为:与石英共生的绿柱石呈自形柱状、浅绿色、具有不完全解理、与石英有显明的界限;与钠长石、云母共生的绿柱石呈无色、发育平行柱面的裂理(图5)。
1号脉锂辉石中的流体包裹体均属于原生包裹体,具体的包裹体类型主要有气–液两相型(富液相包裹体)、液–固两相型(含子晶包裹体)及气–液–固三相型(含子晶包裹体)(图6)。气–液–固三相型包裹体部分单个包裹体大小大于100 µm,形状较为规则、呈近长方形产出,气相所占百分比一般为5 %~20 %。气–液两相型包裹体大小较小,主要为近椭圆形、不规则形。气–液–固三相型包裹体内部固相部分呈近六边形、在正交偏光镜下具有高的干涉色,是典型的碳酸盐矿物,主要成分为Li2CO3(图6b)。液–固两相型包裹体固相还存在浅绿色的近方块形磷锰矿(图6d)。
1号脉包裹体寄主矿物绿柱石中发育原生包裹体,以气–液两相型、气–液–液三相型包裹体为主,富含CO2。气–液–液三相型包裹体单个包裹体大小为25~100 µm,形状主要呈近椭圆形、不规则形,气相所占百分比一般在10 %~30 %;液相以水、盐水溶液及液态CO2为主。纯液相包裹体和气–液两相型包裹体一般成群分布,也可见孤立分布,形状呈近椭圆形、菱形和不规则形,大小主要为5~30 μm(图7)。
1号脉包裹体寄主矿物石榴子石中出现原生和次生的两种不同成因类型的流体包裹体。原生包裹体沿主矿物显微晶面呈平行条带状分布,单个包裹体大小2~25 µm,包括气–液两相型、气–液–固三相型包裹体,形状大部分近椭圆形、不规则形,气相所占百分比一般为5 %~30 %。次生包裹体沿主矿物颗粒的裂隙分布,单个包裹体大小为2~25 µm,包括气–液两相型、气–液–固三相型包裹体,形状近椭圆形、不规则形,气相所占百分比一般为5 %~20 %(图8)。
2号脉包裹体寄主矿物绿柱石根据共生矿物的不同,其发育的包裹体也有区别。与石英共生的绿柱石包裹体以气–液两相型包裹体为主,沿着绿柱石晶面定向分布,单个包裹体大小2~20 µm,形状近椭圆形、长方形,气相所占百分比一般为5 %~30 %。其中也存在纯液相包裹体一般成群分布,形状呈近椭圆形、近菱形、近长方形和不规则形,大小主要为2~10 μm(图9a、图9b)。
与钠长石共生的绿柱石包裹体以气–液–液三相型包裹体为主,也具有气–液两相型包裹体,在绿柱石晶面孤立状分布,单个包裹体大小为2~25 µm,形状呈不规则形、也有部分流体包裹体近椭圆形,气相所占百分比一般为5 %~35 %,液相以水、盐水溶液及液态CO2为主。气–液两相型包裹体相对较小,大小主要为2~10 μm,包裹体气相占比大于5 %~30 %(图9c、图9d)。
利用激光拉曼分析方法对上述石榴子石、绿柱石流体包裹体进行成分分析。由于锂辉石在测试过程中出现强烈的荧光效应,无法使用相应特征峰判别。对1号脉绿柱石包裹体周围主晶进行激光拉曼光谱仪检测,特征峰为以685 cm−1、3604.96 cm−1的峰为主,是绿柱石典型的拉曼峰。对该矿物中的流体包裹体检测之后,去除绿柱石主矿物背景拉曼信号,气相以峰位1279.69 cm−1和1384.38 cm−1为特征,是典型的CO2特征峰;液相以峰位2924.76 cm−1为特征,是典型的H2O特征峰。总体而言,成矿流体属于H2O-NaCl-CO2体系(图10a、图10b )。
1号脉石榴子石包裹体周围主晶进行激光拉曼光谱仪检测,特征峰为以350 cm−1、552 cm−1、905 cm−1的峰为主,是石榴子石典型的拉曼峰。对该矿物中的流体包裹体检测之后,去除石榴子石主矿物背景拉曼信号,气相以峰位2871.00 cm−1、1534.25 cm−1、1335.68 cm−1为特征,分别是H2O、CH4、CO2特征峰;液相以峰位1361.23 cm−1、1532.47 cm-1、2868.35 cm−1、2929.17 cm−1为特征,分别是CO2、CH4、H2O特征峰;成矿流体属于H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4体系(图10c、图10d)。
对2号脉两种类型的绿柱石包裹体周围主晶进行激光拉曼光谱仪检测,特征峰为以685 cm−1、1068 cm−1、3604 cm−1的峰为主,是典型的绿柱石拉曼峰。对该矿物中的流体包裹体检测之后,去除绿柱石主矿物背景拉曼信号,Ⅰ型流体包裹体气相与液相表现相同的峰位2859.28 cm−1为特征,是典型的H2O特征峰;成矿流体属于H2O-NaCl体系(图11a、图11b) 。
2号脉绿柱石Ⅱ型流体包裹体气相以峰位1281.32 cm−1和1384.55 cm−1为特征,是典型的H2O和CO2特征峰;液相以峰位1646.32 cm−1、2907.03 cm−1为特征,是典型的H2O特征峰;成矿流体属于H2O-NaCl-CO2体系(图11c、图11d)。
镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床不同矿物的流体包裹体气相色谱测定之后,发现锂辉石(J-1)中流体测得CO2为509.94 μg/g、H2O为445.83 μg/g、N2为127.79 μg/g、C2H4为1.13 μg/g、CH4为0.62 μg/g;锂辉石(J-2)中流体测得CO2为863.35 μg/g、H2O为317.57 μg/g、N2为1035.26 μg/g、C2H4为1.37 μg/g、C2H6为0.23 μg/g、CH4为0.91 μg/g,总体上富CO2和H2O、含有少量CH4和C2H4(表4)。
绿柱石(J-3)中流体测得CO2为593.09 μg/g、H2O为238.46 μg/g、N2为232.46 μg/g、C2H4为0.21 μg/g、C2H6为0.08 μg/g、CH4为0.53 μg/g;绿柱石(J-4)中流体测得CO2为666.87 μg/g、H2O为248.50 μg/g、N2为919.87 μg/g、C2H4为0.82 μg/g、C2H6为0.09 μg/g、CH4为0.41 μg/g,总体上富CO2和H2O、含有少量CH4和C2H4、C2H6(表4)。
石榴子石(J-5)中流体测得CO2为539.24 μg/g、H2O为99.97 μg/g、N2为1113.07 μg/g、C2H4为0.45 μg/g、CH4为0.25 μg/g,总体上富CO2和H2O、含有少量CH4和C2H4(表4)。以上特征显示,镜儿泉锂辉石型伟晶岩及绿柱石型伟晶岩的成矿流体富CO2、N2和H2O,含有少量CH4、C2H4的流体。
1号脉石榴子石流体包裹体的均一温度为215.2~293.5 ℃,大部分包裹体的均一温度集中在240 ~260 ℃,平均温度为252 ℃;盐度为0.88~3.39 wt.%NaCleqv,大多数集中在1.5~2.5 wt.%NaCleqv,平均盐度为1.89 wt.%NaCleqv(表5,图12a、图12e )。
1号脉锂辉石流体包裹体的均一温度为163.5~325.5 ℃,大部分包裹体的均一温度集中在240 ~260 ℃,平均温度为232 ℃;盐度为3.06~7.73 wt.%NaCleqv,大多数集中在4.5~5.5 wt.%NaCleqv,平均盐度为5.69 wt.%NaCleqv(表5,图12b、图12f)。
1号脉绿柱石流体包裹体的均一温度为176.8~397.5 ℃,大部分包裹体的均一温度集中在280~320 ℃,平均温度为310 ℃;盐度为0.88~3.06 wt.%NaCleqv,大多数集中在1.0~2.0 wt.%NaCleqv,平均盐度为1.68 wt.%NaCleqv(表5,图12c、图12g )。
2号脉绿柱石流体包裹体的均一温度为229.7 ~419.3 ℃,大部分包裹体的均一温度集中在360~380 ℃,平均温度为346 ℃;盐度为0.35~2.74 wt.%NaCleqv,大多数集中在1.5~2.5 wt.%NaCleqv,平均盐度为1.73 wt.%NaCleqv(表5,图12d、图12h )。
不同矿物的流体包裹体离子色谱测定之后,锂辉石(J-1)主要阳离子包括Li+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,测试结果分别是6.59 μg/g、4.51 μg/g、0.20 μg/g、0.02 μg/g、0.22 μg/g;主要阴离子包括F−、Cl−、NO2−、SO42−,测试结果分别为0.46 μg/g、1.88 μg/g、0.26 μg/g、2.43 μg/g。锂辉石(J-2)主要阳离子包括Li+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,测试结果分别是9.21 μg/g、0.98 μg/g、0.87 μg/g、0.05 μg/g、0.50 μg/g;主要阴离子包括F−、Cl−、NO2−、SO42−,测试结果分别为0.15 μg/g、1.99 μg/g、0.16 μg/g、3.27 μg/g,总体上富Li+、Na+和F−、Cl−(表6)。
绿柱石(J-3)主要阳离子包括Li+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,测试结果分别是0.07 μg/g、10.28 μg/g、9.20 μg/g、0.24 μg/g、2.32 μg/g;主要阴离子包括F−、Cl−、NO2-、SO42−,测试结果分别为0.51 μg/g、2.10 μg/g、0.04 μg/g、1.17 μg/g、11.35 μg/g。绿柱石(J-4)主要阳离子包括Li+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,测试结果分别是0.10 μg/g、11.71 μg/g、18.54 μg/g、4.72 μg/g、2.60 μg/g;主要阴离子包括F−、Cl−、NO2−、SO42−,测试结果分别为0.63 μg/g、4.05 μg/g、0.07 μg/g、0.29 μg/g、7.46 μg/g,总体上富Na+、K+和F−、Cl−、SO42−(表6)。
石榴子石(J-5)主要阳离子包括Li+、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,测试结果分别是1.26 μg/g、2.28 μg/g、9.78 μg/g、1.28 μg/g、7.31 μg/g;主要阴离子包括F−、Cl−、NO2−、SO42−,测试结果分别为1.11 μg/g、3.25 μg/g、1.41 μg/g、0.48 μg/g、3.88 μg/g,总体上富Ca2+、K+和F−、Cl−、SO42−(表6)。
镜儿泉1号脉绿柱石流体包裹体主要为气−液两相、气−液−液三相包裹体为主,成矿流体属于富CO2的H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,均一温度相显示出中低温(集中在280~320 ℃)、低盐度(集中在1.0~2.0 wt.%NaCleqv)的特征。1号脉锂辉石流体包裹体主要为气−液两相、液−固两相、气−液−固三相包裹体为主,成矿流体属于富含CO2的H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,均一温度相表现出低温(集中在240~260 ℃)、盐度较绿柱石流体包裹体更高(集中在4.5~5.5 wt.%NaCleqv)的特征。1号脉石英−微斜长石−白云母带石榴子石流体包裹体主要为气−液两相、气−液−固三相包裹体为主,成矿流体属于H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4体系,均一温度相呈现出低温(集中在240~260 ℃)、低盐度(集中在1.5~2.5 wt.%NaCleqv)的特征(图13)。
2号脉绿柱石流体包裹体主要为气−液两相、气−液−液三相包裹体,成矿流体属于富CO2的H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,均一温度相呈现出中低温(集中在360~380 ℃)、低盐度(集中在1.5~2.5 wt.%NaCleqv)的特征(图13)。
根据前人对镜儿泉岩体的研究(顾连兴等,2007),该岩体形成于东天山印支期造山带后碰撞伸展背景,幔源岩浆的上侵与内侵贯穿始终,表明体系整体处于相对封闭的环境,未受外部因素的显著干扰。流体包裹体镜下观察进一步支持这一认识:锂辉石和绿柱石中发育的包裹体均属原生包裹体,寄主矿物在整个演化过程中未遭受后期改造,亦未见明显蚀变现象,表明流体演化未受外来流体的混入或后期热液事件的干扰。镜儿泉流体包裹体密度值分布在0.5~0.9 g/cm3的范围内,表明其流体可能主要源自岩浆(<1.0 g/cm3;Roedder et al.,1976)。镜儿泉流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度(大多数为240~380 ℃,1.0~5.5 wt.%NaCleqv)与甲基卡86号脉(集中在250~350 ℃;熊欣等,2019)、甲基卡308号脉(291~365 ℃;杨茜等,2020)、509道班西锂矿床(256.9 ~326.5 ℃;任慧,2022)流体包裹体所表现出来的特征相似,属于中低温、低盐度的流体,成矿流体均为岩浆来源。因此,镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床的成矿流体主要为岩浆来源,是花岗质岩浆高度结晶分异演化的产物。
镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床富锂白云母花岗岩形成年龄为(246±2)Ma、(252.9±1.9)Ma(独居石SIMS U-Pb年龄),伟晶岩的形成年龄为(240.9±0.9)Ma(与斜长石和石榴子石共生的白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)、(238.0±0.4)Ma(与巨晶锂辉石共生的黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)、(235.7±0.4)Ma(与巨晶锂辉石共生的锂云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)(邓小华等,2023)。前人对该区域的成岩成矿年龄的测定工作能够说明,花岗岩到伟晶岩的形成是连续演化所致(Liu et al.,2019; Muhtar et al.,2020;李寄邦,2020;邓小华等,2023)。从黑云母花岗岩到二云母花岗岩,再到白云母花岗岩暗色矿物含量逐渐减少,长石石英含量相应增加。花岗岩与伟晶岩具有渐变过渡的接触关系,说明黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩到白云母花岗岩是持续结晶分异的产物,伟晶岩是白云母花岗岩持续演化所形成的。花岗伟晶岩的形成通常经历岩浆阶段、岩浆–热液过渡阶段和热液阶段,其中岩浆–热液过程是大陆地壳锂铍稀有金属循环–成矿系统中最重要的一环(Cuney et al.,1992;Raimbault et al.,1995;徐兴旺等,2023;申萍等,2023)。岩浆阶段以及岩浆–热液过渡阶段与可与花岗伟晶岩的内部矿物共生结构带相对应,其中花岗岩对应于岩浆阶段,岩浆–热液过渡阶段对应于1号伟晶岩脉石英–微斜长石–白云母带、锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带和锂辉石–石英核部带。镜儿泉锂铍稀有金属矿床的1号伟晶岩脉锂辉石–微斜长石–白云母带中的石榴子石、锂辉石及绿云母集合体中的的绿柱石富晶体流体包裹体为岩浆–热液过渡阶段的产物;2号伟晶岩脉钠长石–白云母带中的绿柱石流体包裹体也是岩浆–热液过渡阶段的产物。综上所述,镜儿泉1号锂辉石脉和2号绿柱石脉均与花岗质岩浆高度结晶分异演化有关。镜儿泉流体包裹体研究为此矿床在同等条件下能够形成两条不同的伟晶岩脉给出了答案。流体包裹体测温分析表明,锂辉石与绿柱石均一温度及盐度具有明显的差异,均一温度表现为绿柱石高、锂辉石低的特征,而盐度表现为锂辉石高、绿柱石低的特征。均一温度与盐度的负相关关系反映了成矿流体的演化趋势:随着岩浆结晶分异的进行,残余熔体中挥发分和盐度逐渐升高,导致后期形成的锂辉石结晶温度较低而盐度较高,而早期形成的绿柱石则温度较高、盐度较低。结合前人研究(顾连兴等,2007;凤永刚等,2021),能够形成不同的两条伟晶岩脉的主要原因是同源岩浆不同程度的演化有关。
镜儿泉绿柱石流体包裹体的测温、激光拉曼分析和气相色谱分析结果表明,绿柱石成矿流体属于富含CO2、H2O、N2,还含有少量C2H4、CH4的中低温度、低盐度流体体系;锂辉石与石榴子石成矿流体属于含少量C2H4、CH4,富CO2、H2O、N2的低温度、中低盐度流体体系(图14)。绿柱石的结晶是铍成矿的开端,锂辉石的结晶是锂矿化的开始(Li et al.,2016)。成矿过程中流体性质发生了从中低温度、低盐度、低密度到低温、中低盐度、低密度的演化。前人研究表明,伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的成矿流体通常具有多期次、多阶段演化的特征,流体成分和物理化学条件的演变直接控制了稀有金属的迁移、富集与沉淀(刘家军等,2019;王登红等,2020)。在镜儿泉,造成低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系逐渐演化为相对较高盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系的主要原因,是在锂辉石结晶过程中,随着CO2和NaCl-H2O体系的温度和压力的降低,CO2逐渐达到饱和并与成矿流体发生相分离(Mulja et al.,1996;Thomas et al.,2006;任慧,2022)。这一过程与典型LCT型伟晶岩的成矿流体演化规律一致,即早期富挥发分的流体在温度压力降低时发生不混溶,导致气相(富CO2)与液相分离,残余流体盐度相对升高,进而促进稀有金属络合物的分解与矿物的结晶(London,1986;Mulja et al.,1996)。
在此过程中,成矿流体中的CO2能够增强流体不混溶性并促进独立气相分离,在含金属络合物的形成和演化中发挥着关键作用(Lowenstern et al.,2001;Müller et al.,2015)。CO2的存在不仅提高了流体的临界温度与压力范围,还通过缓冲流体pH值和调节氧化还原状态,影响稀有金属络合物的稳定性。随着CO2等挥发分和碱性元素(如Na、K、Li)的不断富集,稀有金属在溶液中可能以不稳定络合物(如氟络合物、碳酸络合物)的形式进行迁移;在温度、压力、pH值或氧逸度等条件发生变化时,这些络合物发生分解,导致稀有金属的沉淀与富集(贾旭,2019;刘家军等,2021)。这一机制在国内外多个稀有金属伟晶岩矿床中已得到证实(Thomas et al.,2006;王登红等,2020)。
花岗伟晶岩中的岩浆–热液系统常发育富CO2的流体环境。富锂伟晶岩中的锂辉石往往含有富CO2或碳酸盐的流体包裹体(如扎布耶石Li2CO3)(刘永超,2021),而稀有金属矿物的结晶与富锂–碳酸盐流体体系密切相关,其中碳酸盐组分或溶解态CO2对锂辉石等矿物的结晶分异具有关键控制作用(任慧,2022)。因此,这类挥发性组分的存在状态可作为重要示踪指标,为揭示花岗伟晶岩中锂、铍等稀有金属的富集机制与地质演化过程提供依据(Thomas et al.,2011)。
镜儿泉稀有金属矿床的成矿流体具有多元气体耦合特征。含锂辉石伟晶岩中发育的富CO2包裹体及其伴生的CH4组分(气、液相),共同揭示了深部流体的复杂演化过程。流体中的CH4可能包括①深部幔源流体输入、②有机质沉积地层变质脱气、③H2O-CO2-CH4体系内的可逆反应(CH4+2H2O⇌ CO2+H2)动态平衡3个来源(卢焕章等,2004)。鉴于该矿床流体包裹体组合特征,尤其是H2O-CO2-CH4三相包裹体的识别,第③种来源机制在成矿过程中可能占主导。CH4的存在指示着还原性环境,在还原性条件下,CO2与CH4等气相组分可与Li+形成Li(CO3)−、Li(HCO3)等稳定络合物,从而显著提升Li的迁移能力(翟裕生等,2011)。该络合迁移机制不仅加快了解离态Li+的扩散速率,也通过降低流体过饱和度延长了锂辉石的结晶窗口,这可能是镜儿泉伟晶岩锂品位普遍较高的重要成矿因素(任慧,2022;刘永超,2021)。
值得注意的是,H2O作为成矿流体的基础介质,其含量与盐度共同控制熔体–流体的相态转变。高水含量能降低熔体粘度,从而显著促进含矿流体的迁移(Nabelek et al.,2010;任慧,2022)。镜儿泉流体包裹体整体表现为富H2O的特征,成矿流体中的 H2O 不仅是锂迁移的主要载体,其与 CO2 构成的二元挥发分体系还能通过改变熔体结构,成为控制伟晶岩结晶分异的关键因素。综上所述,镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床的流体演化以不混溶与相分离为主导,该机制有效驱动了 Li、Be 等稀有金属在残余流体中的高度富集,进而促进成矿。
镜儿泉花岗伟晶岩型锂铍矿床的成矿作用受岩浆结晶分异与岩浆–热液过渡阶段双重控制。锂铍铌钽等稀有金属作为不相容元素在岩浆结晶过程中倾向于在残余熔体中富集,London et al.(2002,2008)研究表明,花岗质岩浆较大的过冷度与较慢的冷却速率有利于绿柱石、锂辉石达到饱和并沉淀成矿。随着岩浆演化进入岩浆–热液过渡阶段,流体作用成为稀有金属富集的关键环节。镜儿泉矿床不同矿物流体包裹体成分显示,锂辉石流体富Li+、Na+和F−、Cl−,绿柱石流体富Na+、K+和F−、Cl−、SO42−,石榴子石流体富Ca2+、K+和F−、Cl−、SO42−。这一特征表明,成矿流体中相对富集的F−、Cl−等阴离子易与Li+、Be2+等稀有金属阳离子形成可溶性络合物(如[BeF4]2−、[LiCl]等),在热液中稳定迁移;而Na+、K+等碱金属阳离子则通过形成混合络合物进一步增强了稀有金属的溶解度。当含矿热液运移至温度、压力、pH值等条件发生变化的构造部位时,络合物稳定性降低并发生分解,最终导致锂辉石、绿柱石、铌钽铁矿等稀有金属矿物在伟晶岩脉中沉淀富集。
(1)镜儿泉1号脉及2号脉伟晶岩中流体包裹体类型丰富,整体表现为中低温(大多数集中在240~380 ℃)、中低盐度(集中在1.0~5.5 wt.%NaCleqv)、低密度(0.5~0.9 g/cm3)的特征,流体成分富含CO2、H2O、N2,还含有少量C2H2、CH4,相对富集F−、Cl−及碱金属阳离子。
(2)镜儿泉绿柱石和锂辉石伟晶岩脉是高分异花岗质岩浆在相对封闭环境经历不同程度的分异演化的产物。
(3)锂在成矿过程中流体性质发生了从中低温度、低盐度、低密度NaCl-H2O-CO2体系到低温、中低盐度、低密度NaCl-H2O的演化是锂辉石结晶成矿的关键过程中,而流体中CO2的相变是锂的运移沉淀的关键。
(4)岩浆–热液的过渡阶段镜儿泉锂铍稀有金属富集成矿的重要环节,流体的不混溶与相分离是Li和Be等元素在残余流体中高度富集的重要机制。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025174
  • 接收时间:2025-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-31
  • 修回日期:2026-03-08
  • 录用日期:2026-03-13
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    1新疆维吾尔自治区地质研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    2西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
    3新疆自然资源与生态环境研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000

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吴昌志(1975−),男,教授,博士/硕士研究生导师,主要从事金属矿床形成机制研究。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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