Article(id=1307087508911714970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687536000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-24, revisedDate=1747756800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-21, acceptedDate=1747843200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-22, onlineDate=1789563546636, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563546636, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563546636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563546636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=19, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087509083681435, articleId=1307087508911714970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Progresses in the Study of Metamorphism of Northwest China in the Past Decade, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study of metamorphism plays an important role in deciphering the composition and evolution of the deep crust, restoring the thermal evolution history of the crust, and guiding the prospecting. Both ancient continental blocks and Phanerozoic orogenic belts in northwest China are the key areas for the study of metamorphism in China. This paper reviews ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism, ultra-high temperature (UHT) metamorphism, crustal anatexis, fluid activity in subduction zone and metamorphic mineral prospecting in northwest China in the past decade. In terms of UHP metamorphism, based on the new discoveries of evidences of UHP metamorphism represented by coesite, the fact of deep subduction of rocks has been further strengthened for previously established UHP metamorphic belts, and the East Kunlun UHP metamorphic belt was firstly established. In terms of UHT metamorphism, progresses in P–T paths, metamorphic ages and genesis of UHT metamorphism have been achieved in the Altai and Altyn orogen, and new outcrops of UHT metamorphic rocks have been identified in the East Kunlun, Qinling orogens and western Qaidam. The study of partial melting has been the focus of the study of orogenic metamorphism in the past decade, mainly including the products of partial melting, the tectonic setting and mechanism of melting. Studies on fluid activities in subduction zones focus on fluid identification and composition characterization, which provide a basis for further study of mass transfer in subduction zones. New discoveries of metamorphic ore deposits, represented by rutile and crystalline graphite, have been made.

, authors=Yijie GAO1, Pingyang GU1, Jiangwei ZHANG1, Huilei KONG1, Linlin QI2, authorsList=Yijie GAO, Pingyang GU, Jiangwei ZHANG, Huilei KONG, Linlin QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087512606896812, articleId=1307087508911714970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=中国西北地区近十年中高级变质作用研究进展, columnId=1307087508710380014, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

变质作用研究在了解深部地壳组成和演化、恢复地壳热演化历史、指导找矿等方面发挥举足轻重的作用。中国西北地区既有古老的大陆地块,也分布有众多显生宙造山带,它们均是各类变质岩广泛出露的场所,更是中国变质作用研究的重点区域。笔者综述了近十年来西北地区超高压(UHP)变质、超高温(UHT)变质、陆壳部分熔融、俯冲带流体活动和变质矿产找矿等方面的进展。在UHP变质作用方面,通过对柯石英为代表的UHP变质证据的新发现,不仅进一步夯实了早期确立的UHP变质带中岩石发生深俯冲的事实,而且新确立了东昆仑UHP变质带。在UHT变质作用方面,阿尔泰和阿尔金造山带UHT变质作用的P–T轨迹、变质时代和成因方面研究取得一系列进展,并在东昆仑、柴西缘、秦岭等地区识别出新的UHT变质岩出露点。部分熔融作用研究是过去十年造山带变质作用研究的重点,主要集中在熔融作用的产物及特征、发生的构造背景和机制等方面。俯冲带流体活动研究聚焦于流体识别和流体成分特征厘定,为进一步研究俯冲带物质循环提供基础。在矿产找矿方面,取得了以变质成因金红石矿和晶质石墨矿为代表的重要找矿新发现。

, authors=高一杰1, 辜平阳1, 张江伟1, 孔会磊1, 齐琳琳2, authorsList=高一杰, 辜平阳, 张江伟, 孔会磊, 齐琳琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

高一杰(1989−),男,博士,高级工程师,从事变质岩石学研究和矿产地质调查。E−mail:

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高一杰(1989−),男,博士,高级工程师,从事变质岩石学研究和矿产地质调查。E−mail:

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a. 南阿尔金UHP变质带江尕勒萨依地区榴辉岩中的斯石英副相(Liu et al., 2018);b. 秦岭造山带丹凤县斜长角闪岩锆石中的柯石英包裹体(宫相宽等,2016);c. 南阿尔金克其克江尕勒萨依地区榴辉岩中赋存于绿辉石中的柯石英包裹体(Gai et al., 2017);d. 柴北缘UHP变质带野马滩榴辉岩中的绿辉石出溶定向分布的多硅白云母(Han et al., 2015);Grt. 石榴子石;Omp. 绿辉石;Qz. 石英;Coe. 柯石英;Phn. 多硅白云母;Zrn. 锆石

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①. 晚泥盆纪—早石炭纪变沉积岩;②. 新元古代—奥陶纪沉积–火山岩;③. 中阿尔泰地体;④. 阿巴宫地体;⑤. 额尔齐斯地体

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a. 阿尔泰造山带乌恰沟地区UHT麻粒岩(Li et al., 2014);b. 阿尔泰造山带喀拉苏地区UHT泥质麻粒岩(Tong et al., 2014b);c. 东昆仑造山带清水泉麻粒岩地体中的UHT基性麻粒岩(Bi et al., 2021);d. 东昆仑造山带金水口地区UHT基性麻粒岩(何凡等,2020);e~f. 柴西缘地区UHT Mg–Al麻粒岩(Teng et al., 2020);g. 南阿尔金巴什瓦克地区的UHT长英质麻粒岩;h. 南阿尔金巴什瓦克地区的UHT基性麻粒岩;i. 南阿尔金巴什瓦克地区UHT石榴子石岩中的条纹长石(Dong et al., 2018, 2019, 2020);Grt. 石榴子石;Opx. 斜方辉石;Cpx. 单斜辉石;Crd. 堇青石;Bt. 黑云母;Pl. 斜长石;Kfs. 钾长石;Per. 条纹长石;Qz. 石英;Ky. 蓝晶石;Sil. 夕线石;Ilm. 钛铁矿;Sp. 尖晶石;Rt. 金红石

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绿色虚线为中基性岩石的固相线;红色虚线为长英质岩石的固相线

, figureFileSmall=+kugPR/Z3eK1j0OMzVNbyQ==, figureFileBig=S0UTrjnfA1lf3v5RA9LkPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087518214681320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508911714970, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The newly discovered UHP and UHT metamorphic rocks in northwest China in the last decade

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置所处造山带岩石名称特征性矿物或矿物组合峰期温压条件参考文献
UHP变质岩
克合特东昆仑榴辉岩柯石英2.9~3.0 GPa/
610~675 ℃
Bi et al., 2018, 2020; Song et al., 2018
变泥质岩柯石英>2.8 GPa/
685±41 ℃*
江尕勒萨依南阿尔金榴辉岩斯石英副象>8~9 GPa/
800~1000 ℃
Liu et al., 2018
克其克江尕
勒萨依
南阿尔金榴辉岩柯石英>2.8 GPa/728–880 ℃Gai et al., 2017
丹凤大寺沟北秦岭斜长角闪岩柯石英>2.8 GPa宫相宽等, 2016
锡铁山柴北缘角闪岩柯石英>2.8 GPaLiu et al., 2012
野马滩柴北缘榴辉岩绿辉石定向出溶多硅白云母>6 GPa/900 ℃Han et al., 2015
木扎尔特西南天山榴辉岩及其围岩片岩柯石英2.8~3.2 GPa/
480~590 ℃
Lü et al., 2019a,
2019b
木扎尔特西南天山超基性岩钛粒硅镁石和钛斜硅镁石3.0~3.7 GPa/
510~540 ℃*
Shen et al., 2015
UHT变质岩
喀拉苏阿尔泰泥质麻粒岩石榴子石–斜方辉石(高Al2O3含量)–堇青石ca.8 kbar/970 ℃*仝来喜等, 2013; Tong et al., 2014b;
金水口东昆仑基性麻粒岩无角闪石、单斜辉石中发育一组斜方辉石的出溶片晶4.6~8.9 kbar/
867~1079 ℃
何凡等, 2020
单斜辉石+斜方辉石+角闪石+斜长石4~7 kbar/
ca. 980 ℃*
Dong et al., 2024
清水泉东昆仑泥质和基性麻粒岩缺乏角闪石、单斜辉石中发育斜方辉石出溶体、石榴子石中出溶定向排列的金红石棒状体9~12 kbar/
ca. 900~950 ℃*
Bi et al., 2021
花土沟柴西缘Mg–Al麻粒岩石榴子石+斜方辉石+石英+堇青石+黑云母+铝直闪石±夕线石±斜长石>ca. 9 kbar/
>ca. 915 ℃*
Teng et al., 2020
基性麻粒岩石榴子石+单斜辉石+石英或石榴子石+斜方辉石+石英>ca. 14 kbar/
>ca. 910 ℃*
), ArticleFig(id=1307087518294373097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508911714970, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国西北地区近十年新发现的UHP和UHT变质岩

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置所处造山带岩石名称特征性矿物或矿物组合峰期温压条件参考文献
UHP变质岩
克合特东昆仑榴辉岩柯石英2.9~3.0 GPa/
610~675 ℃
Bi et al., 2018, 2020; Song et al., 2018
变泥质岩柯石英>2.8 GPa/
685±41 ℃*
江尕勒萨依南阿尔金榴辉岩斯石英副象>8~9 GPa/
800~1000 ℃
Liu et al., 2018
克其克江尕
勒萨依
南阿尔金榴辉岩柯石英>2.8 GPa/728–880 ℃Gai et al., 2017
丹凤大寺沟北秦岭斜长角闪岩柯石英>2.8 GPa宫相宽等, 2016
锡铁山柴北缘角闪岩柯石英>2.8 GPaLiu et al., 2012
野马滩柴北缘榴辉岩绿辉石定向出溶多硅白云母>6 GPa/900 ℃Han et al., 2015
木扎尔特西南天山榴辉岩及其围岩片岩柯石英2.8~3.2 GPa/
480~590 ℃
Lü et al., 2019a,
2019b
木扎尔特西南天山超基性岩钛粒硅镁石和钛斜硅镁石3.0~3.7 GPa/
510~540 ℃*
Shen et al., 2015
UHT变质岩
喀拉苏阿尔泰泥质麻粒岩石榴子石–斜方辉石(高Al2O3含量)–堇青石ca.8 kbar/970 ℃*仝来喜等, 2013; Tong et al., 2014b;
金水口东昆仑基性麻粒岩无角闪石、单斜辉石中发育一组斜方辉石的出溶片晶4.6~8.9 kbar/
867~1079 ℃
何凡等, 2020
单斜辉石+斜方辉石+角闪石+斜长石4~7 kbar/
ca. 980 ℃*
Dong et al., 2024
清水泉东昆仑泥质和基性麻粒岩缺乏角闪石、单斜辉石中发育斜方辉石出溶体、石榴子石中出溶定向排列的金红石棒状体9~12 kbar/
ca. 900~950 ℃*
Bi et al., 2021
花土沟柴西缘Mg–Al麻粒岩石榴子石+斜方辉石+石英+堇青石+黑云母+铝直闪石±夕线石±斜长石>ca. 9 kbar/
>ca. 915 ℃*
Teng et al., 2020
基性麻粒岩石榴子石+单斜辉石+石英或石榴子石+斜方辉石+石英>ca. 14 kbar/
>ca. 910 ℃*
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中国西北地区近十年中高级变质作用研究进展
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高一杰 1 , 辜平阳 1 , 张江伟 1 , 孔会磊 1 , 齐琳琳 2
西北地质 | 中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026,59(3): 19-41
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西北地质 |中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026 , 59 (3) : 19 -41
中国西北地区近十年中高级变质作用研究进展
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高一杰1 , 辜平阳1, 张江伟1, 孔会磊1, 齐琳琳2
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室,陕西 西安 710119
  • 2长庆油田分公司页岩油开发分公司悦乐中心站,甘肃 庆阳 745000
作者简介:

高一杰(1989−),男,博士,高级工程师,从事变质岩石学研究和矿产地质调查。E−mail:

Progresses in the Study of Metamorphism of Northwest China in the Past Decade
Yijie GAO1 , Pingyang GU1, Jiangwei ZHANG1, Huilei KONG1, Linlin QI2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits of Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey / Northwest China Center of Geoscience Innovation, Xi'an 710119, Shannxi, China
  • 2Yuele Centre Station, Shale Oil Development Branch of Changqing Oil field Company, Qingyang 745000, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025086
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变质作用研究在了解深部地壳组成和演化、恢复地壳热演化历史、指导找矿等方面发挥举足轻重的作用。中国西北地区既有古老的大陆地块,也分布有众多显生宙造山带,它们均是各类变质岩广泛出露的场所,更是中国变质作用研究的重点区域。笔者综述了近十年来西北地区超高压(UHP)变质、超高温(UHT)变质、陆壳部分熔融、俯冲带流体活动和变质矿产找矿等方面的进展。在UHP变质作用方面,通过对柯石英为代表的UHP变质证据的新发现,不仅进一步夯实了早期确立的UHP变质带中岩石发生深俯冲的事实,而且新确立了东昆仑UHP变质带。在UHT变质作用方面,阿尔泰和阿尔金造山带UHT变质作用的P–T轨迹、变质时代和成因方面研究取得一系列进展,并在东昆仑、柴西缘、秦岭等地区识别出新的UHT变质岩出露点。部分熔融作用研究是过去十年造山带变质作用研究的重点,主要集中在熔融作用的产物及特征、发生的构造背景和机制等方面。俯冲带流体活动研究聚焦于流体识别和流体成分特征厘定,为进一步研究俯冲带物质循环提供基础。在矿产找矿方面,取得了以变质成因金红石矿和晶质石墨矿为代表的重要找矿新发现。

西北地区  /  超高压变质  /  超高温变质  /  部分熔融  /  俯冲带流体  /  变质矿产

The study of metamorphism plays an important role in deciphering the composition and evolution of the deep crust, restoring the thermal evolution history of the crust, and guiding the prospecting. Both ancient continental blocks and Phanerozoic orogenic belts in northwest China are the key areas for the study of metamorphism in China. This paper reviews ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism, ultra-high temperature (UHT) metamorphism, crustal anatexis, fluid activity in subduction zone and metamorphic mineral prospecting in northwest China in the past decade. In terms of UHP metamorphism, based on the new discoveries of evidences of UHP metamorphism represented by coesite, the fact of deep subduction of rocks has been further strengthened for previously established UHP metamorphic belts, and the East Kunlun UHP metamorphic belt was firstly established. In terms of UHT metamorphism, progresses in P–T paths, metamorphic ages and genesis of UHT metamorphism have been achieved in the Altai and Altyn orogen, and new outcrops of UHT metamorphic rocks have been identified in the East Kunlun, Qinling orogens and western Qaidam. The study of partial melting has been the focus of the study of orogenic metamorphism in the past decade, mainly including the products of partial melting, the tectonic setting and mechanism of melting. Studies on fluid activities in subduction zones focus on fluid identification and composition characterization, which provide a basis for further study of mass transfer in subduction zones. New discoveries of metamorphic ore deposits, represented by rutile and crystalline graphite, have been made.

northwest China  /  UHP metamorphism  /  UHT metamorphism  /  crustal anatexis  /  subduction zone fluid activity  /  metamorphic ore deposit
高一杰, 辜平阳, 张江伟, 孔会磊, 齐琳琳. 中国西北地区近十年中高级变质作用研究进展. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 19 -41 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025086
Yijie GAO, Pingyang GU, Jiangwei ZHANG, Huilei KONG, Linlin QI. Progresses in the Study of Metamorphism of Northwest China in the Past Decade[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 19 -41 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025086
变质作用是指在地下一定深度,由于岩石所处的环境温度、压力和流体成分发生变化,岩石中的矿物组合、结构、构造发生改变的情形,因而变质作用研究在了解深部地壳组成和演化、恢复地壳热演化历史、指导找矿等方面发挥重要作用。中国西北地区中高级变质岩广泛分布于古老的大陆地块和显生宙造山带中,如塔里木克拉通、柴达木陆块、全吉地块、秦岭造山带、祁连造山带、昆仑造山带、天山造山带、阿尔泰造山带等(图1)。在充分调研分析前人研究成果的基础上,笔者从UHP变质作用、UHT变质作用、陆壳部分熔融作用、俯冲带流体活动、变成矿产找矿等角度系统梳理总结中高级变质作用研究进展。在此基础上,提出一些新的科学问题,以期为西北地区中高级变质岩的调查和研究提供参考。
UHP变质岩形成于俯冲带深部,以发育柯石英和金刚石等矿物为特征,它们在约2.6~2.7 GPa以上的压力下稳定,代表岩石俯冲到80~90 km以上的地下深度(孙勇等, 2006)。UHP变质岩的研究不仅给板块构造理论带来了一场革命,而且极大的扩大了变质作用研究范畴,包括UHP矿物学、深俯冲和折返机制、俯冲带熔流体活动等。在中国西北地区,早期的研究主要聚焦于秦岭、柴北缘、阿尔金和西南天山造山带UHP变质作用的确立。近十年来,基于以柯石英为代表的UHP变质证据的新发现(表1),国内学者不仅进一步夯实了早期确立的UHP变质带中岩石发生深俯冲的事实,而且新确立了东昆仑UHP变质带。笔者将重点围绕东昆仑UHP变质带确立、超深俯冲、柯石英及其他一些UHP指示矿物的新发现和新进展进行简单综述。
东昆仑造山带处于中央造山带西段、青藏高原北部,在大地构造上北邻柴达木盆地,南接松潘–甘孜–巴颜喀拉地块,EW向延伸超过1200 km,分别被温泉断裂和阿尔金断裂截切,是一条横亘在青藏高原内部的造山带(图2)。Meng et al.(2013)首次在东昆仑造山带东部温泉地区报道了榴辉岩的存在,之后沿着昆中断裂陆陆续续有榴辉岩的报道,主要出现在温泉、克合特–浪木日上游、诺木洪、大格勒沟和夏日哈木–苏海图等地区(图2; Meng et al., 2013; 祁晓鹏等, 2016; Du et al., 2017; Song et al., 2018; Bi et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2024; Zhou et al., 2024),构成一条长达500 km的HP–UHP榴辉岩带。榴辉岩/榴闪岩多以团块或透镜体的形式赋存在于围岩中,围岩主要为金水口群黑云/二云石英片岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、长英质片麻岩等。
自东昆仑HP–UHP变质带确立以来,前人研究主要集中在变质时代的限定和变质P–T轨迹恢复上。在温泉地区的细粒榴辉岩锆石原岩年龄为934 Ma(Meng et al., 2013),夏日哈木地区榴辉岩原岩年龄为828 Ma(Xiong et al., 2024),而诺木洪地区榴辉岩锆石原岩年龄为(464±8 M;Zhou et al., 2024),表明东昆仑榴辉岩原岩时代复杂,形成于Rodinia超大陆汇聚−裂解和原特提斯洋俯冲各个阶段。Meng et al.(2013)在温泉地区榴辉岩变质锆石域内识别出石榴子石、绿辉石和金红石;Song et al.(2018)、Bi et al.(2018)、Xiong et al.(2024)和Dong et al.(2024)在克合特–浪木日上游和夏日哈木地区榴辉岩和片岩中识别出石榴子石、绿辉石、柯石英和金红石包裹体,这些包裹体支持锆石生长于HP–UHP变质条件下,对应的年龄为425.5~443 Ma。Du et al.(2017)和Zhou et al.(2024)利用SHRIMP分别对大格勒地区和诺木洪地区榴辉岩锆石定年得到(433±5.1)Ma和(419±4)Ma的变质年龄。这些年龄数据表明了东昆仑HP–UHP变质年龄介于419~443 Ma。角闪岩相退变质年龄为ca. 410~413 Ma,其主要记录在围岩片岩锆石和榴辉岩榍石中。
由于东昆仑地区榴辉岩的峰期矿物组合简单,缺乏多硅白云母,早期温压条件的限定主要借助石榴子石–单斜辉石Fe–Mg交换温度计和单斜辉石中硬玉组分压力计,得出的榴辉岩峰期变质条件为590~650 ℃/>1.6 GPa(Meng et al., 2013)。Song et al.(2018)在克合特地区发现含有多硅白云母的榴辉岩,利用石榴子石–绿辉石–多硅白云母地质温压计,获得岩石的峰期变质条件为610~675 ℃/2.9~3.0 GPa,峰期之后岩石经历了近等温降压的折返过程(图3)。通过结合岩相学观察、相平衡模拟和金红石Zr含量温度计,Dong et al.(2024)获得的压力峰期的温压条件为700~740 ℃/>2.7~2.9 GPa。更为重要的是,克合特地区榴辉岩的石榴子石、榴辉岩和围岩片岩的锆石中分别发现的柯石英假象和柯石英包裹体(Song et al., 2018; Bi et al., 2018, 2020; Dong et al., 2024),毫无疑问地证实了该地区榴辉岩和围岩一起经历深俯冲过程并发生UHP变质作用。夏日哈木地区榴辉岩峰期变质条件为570~650 ℃/2.7~2.8 GPa(图3; Bi et al., 2022; Xiong et al., 2024),峰期后经历了等温降压(Bi et al., 2022)或升温降压过程(Xiong et al., 2024)。诺木洪地区榴辉岩记录了折返过程中显著的加热过程,从压力峰期的570 ℃/ca. 26 kbar到ca. 860~900 ℃/6 kbar,反映了中压麻粒岩相叠加于早期榴辉岩相变质作用(图3; Zhou et al., 2024)。
陆壳超深俯冲是指陆壳物质俯冲到斯石英的稳定域的地幔深度。斯石英作为α–石英的高压同质多相变体,其形成压力为>8~9 GPa(800~1000 ℃),对应的深度为>250~300 km。Liu et al.(2007)在南阿尔金UHP变质带中江尕勒萨依南部,发现了含先存斯石英出溶蓝晶石+尖晶石的泥质片麻岩,依据斯石英中Al和Fe的溶解度,估算该片麻岩最小的变质压力为12 GPa。最近,又在南阿尔金UHP变质带中江尕勒萨依地区的榴辉岩中,首次报道了石榴子石和绿辉石中的长柱状/针状的多晶石英集合体和方形/平行四边形的单相石英包裹体(图4a; Liu et al., 2018),依据形态和成分分析,判断这些石英包裹体应是先存四方长柱状斯石英副象不同截切面的晶体形态。根据实验岩石学确定的斯石英稳定域,该榴辉岩在800~1000 ℃时的最小峰期压力为8~9 GPa(Liu et al., 2018)。斯石英副象的发现进一步证实了南阿尔金陆壳岩石发生了超深俯冲和折返过程。刘良等(2019)针对SiO2饱和体系中超硅石榴子石最小的稳定压力条件开展实验岩石学研究,并结合前人实验岩石学研究资料,明确SiO2饱和体系中石榴子石超硅的最小的稳定压力为≥9~10 GPa的斯石英稳定域。基于此,重新厘定了南阿尔金英格利萨依石榴辉石岩和北秦岭松树沟长英质片麻岩的峰期变质压力为9~10 GPa。
柯石英是判定岩石发生UHP变质作用最重要的指示矿物。在同一HP–UHP变质带不同地区或者在同一地区不同岩石类型中寻找柯石英,对于确认俯冲事实和厘清UHP变质带的空间延伸和俯冲物质规模十分重要。
秦岭造山带最早的UHP变质记录来自秦岭群榴辉岩中的柯石英假象(胡能高等, 1994),然而并无相关的拉曼光谱证据。之后,在该造山带中发现的UHP变质的证据包括官坡榴辉岩及其围岩片麻岩和清油河地区的斜长角闪岩锆石中微粒金刚石(杨经绥等, 2002; Wang et al., 2014a)、松树沟长英质高压麻粒岩石榴子石中大量石英+金红石+磷灰石棒状出溶体(刘良等, 2019)。宫相宽等(2016)首次在丹凤县东北部秦岭群斜长角闪岩的锆石中发现了柯石英、石榴子石、绿辉石和金红石等多种榴辉岩相矿物包裹体(图5)。其中,柯石英具有典型的521 cm–1主峰及270 cm–1 和151 cm–1次峰的拉曼光谱组合(图4b)。柯石英、石榴子石和绿辉石显微包裹体的发现证明,北秦岭丹凤斜长角闪岩应是退变的UHP榴辉岩,其变质峰期压力>2.8 GPa。
阿尔金造山带UHP变质作用的认定主要是通过柯石英假象和显微出溶结构(Zhang et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002, 2005, 2007),缺乏UHP变质指示矿物柯石英。Gai et al.(2017)在南阿尔金地区克其克江尕勒萨依的榴辉岩中(图2),首次报道了柯石英呈包裹体赋存于绿辉石中,其边部已相变为多晶石英,并被放射状裂纹围绕(图4c)。相较于石英,柯石英以高突起和较亮的BSE图像为特征。拉曼光谱分析显示, 柯石英包裹体核部具有显著的524 cm–1主峰,以及151 cm–1、178 cm–1和271 cm–1等次峰。利用传统地质温压计,结合柯石英包裹体的发现,确定该榴辉岩的峰期变质条件为728~880 ℃/≥2.8 GPa。克其克江尕勒萨依榴辉岩中柯石英的发现为南阿尔金UHP变质作用提供了有力证据。
柴北缘造山带是一个研究程度较高的HP–UHP变质带。在21世纪前十年,都兰地体(Yang et al., 2001;王佳兴等,2020)、鱼卡地体(Zhang et al., 2009;林成贵等,2017)和绿梁山地体(Song et al., 2005)中均发现了明确的UHP变质证据,而锡铁山地体中的UHP变质证据不是很可靠,因其主要依据柯石英假象和传统地质温压计确定的(Zhang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2011)。Liu et al.(2012)首次在锡铁山地体角闪岩中的变质锆石中报道了柯石英包裹体(图2),其在拉曼光谱图上具有显著的122 cm–1主峰以及152和525 cm–1次峰,柯石英的发现为该地体的UHP变质作用提供了明确的证据。
西南天山作为少数仅存的大洋型HP–UHP变质带之一,受到学界广泛关注。自Lü et al.(2008)首次在榴辉岩相岩石中发现柯石英以来,不同学者又陆续在各种岩石类型中报道了柯石英包裹体(Tan et al., 2019),这些柯石英均发现于变质带东段的阿克萨依河–阿坦塔依河地区。近些年,Lü et al.(2019a, 2019b)在该变质带西段的木扎尔特地区的榴辉岩及其围岩片岩中均发现含柯石英,确凿地证明了西南天山UHP变质带的空间延伸规模巨大。
Han et al.(2015)描述了柴北缘UHP变质带野马滩榴辉岩中的绿辉石定向出溶多硅白云母(图4d),通过矿物学分析,这些未出溶之前的原始绿辉石中K2O含量高达1.16%。实验研究表明,这种绿辉石在高于6 GPa(900 ℃)的压力下形成,证明了野马滩榴辉岩俯冲深度至少可达200 km。
在西南天山HP–UHP变质带西段木扎尔特地区的超基性岩中,Shen et al.(2015)报道了钛粒硅镁石和钛斜硅镁石,它们均被认为是UHP指示矿物。通过高压实验确定其稳定的P–T范围,进而获得该UHP蛇纹岩的峰期变质温压条件为510~540 ℃/3.0~3.7 GPa。
到目前为止,西北地区UHP变质岩发现于北秦岭、柴北缘、南阿尔金、东昆仑和西南天山造山带,依据其所属大地构造位置可以分为两种类型:①大陆型UHP变质岩,分布在特提斯构造域的北秦岭、柴北缘、南阿尔金和东昆仑造山带,整体位于中央造山带的西段,其形成与原特提斯造山系的大陆深俯冲作用有关,峰期变质温度为600~>900 ℃,峰期变质时代集中在500~490 Ma(北秦岭和南阿尔金)和440~420 Ma(东昆仑和柴北缘)。西北地区的大陆型UHP变质作用和中国东部的UHP变质作用(位于大别–苏鲁造山带)都与形成中国大陆基本构造格架有关。②大洋型UHP变质岩,其出现在古亚洲洋构造域的西南天山造山带,与南天山洋的北向俯冲有关,峰期变质温度为500~600 ℃,峰期变质时代为320~310 Ma(西南天山)。 西南天山UHP变质岩记录的是与中国北方大陆地壳增生有关的变质作用。这两种不同类型UHP变质作用反映了不同类型的造山作用。西南天山属于中亚造山带的重要组成部分,后者是全球最大的保持最好的显生宙巨型增生造山带,其发育由洋壳俯冲形成的以蓝片岩、低温榴辉岩为特征的(超)高压/低温变质带,陆块之间的碰撞为软碰撞,不发生大陆深俯冲;北秦岭、柴北缘、南阿尔金和东昆仑属于大陆碰撞形成的碰撞型造山带,其以大陆发生硬碰撞加厚失去平衡,大陆地壳深俯冲进入地幔深度发生UHP变质作用为特征。
UHT变质作用作为麻粒岩相的一个亚相,通常是指在中下地壳压力条件下(7~13 kbar),峰期变质温度为900~1100 ℃的变质作用(Kelsey et al., 2015)。越来越多的研究表明,一些记录UHT变质的岩石也可形成在较低(<0.7 GPa)或较高(1.5~2.5 GPa)的压力条件下(Carswell et al., 1993; Kelsey and Hand, 2015),后者多于UHP变质岩相关联。UHT变质作用通常是根据特征性矿物或矿物组合来识别,在富Mg–Al的变泥质岩中出现假蓝宝石+石英、斜方辉石+夕线石±石英、大隅石+石榴子石等;在镁铁质岩石中出现易变辉石。此外,富铝的斜方辉石、三元长石、高Zr金红石(Zr>3700×10–6)和高Ti锆石(Ti>42×10–6)和石英(Ti>500×10–6)也可作为识别UHT变质作用的标志。变质热力学模拟在识别UHT变质作用过程中也发挥了越来越显著的作用。近十年来,学者们不仅对西北地区早期发现的UHT变质岩开展了更加详细研究工作并取得新进展,还新发现了一批UHT变质岩的出露点(表1)。笔者按照将UHT变质岩的分布区域介绍西北地区UHT作用的研究进展。
阿尔泰造山带是中亚造山带的重要组成部分,其自北向南可划分为5个构造单元(图6)。前人报道的UHT泥质麻粒岩出露于富蕴县乌恰沟和阿勒泰东南喀拉苏附近,分别位于构造单元⑤和④。
乌恰沟UHT泥质麻粒岩由Li et al.(2004)首次报道,其分布狭窄,呈不连续透镜状赋存于围岩(石榴)黑云斜长片麻岩中,主要由石榴子石、斜方辉石、夕线石、尖晶石、黑云母、斜长石和石英组成(图7a)。该地区UHT麻粒岩保留UHT特征矿物组合高Al斜方辉石+夕线石+石英和低Zn尖晶石+石英组合。虽然通过岩石学研究结合传统地质温压计和/或变质相平衡模拟得到相似的峰期UHT温压条件,但是恢复的P–T轨迹存在争议。Yang et al.(2015b)获得顺时针P–T轨迹,对应的峰期温压条件为920~1010 ℃/>8 kbar;Li et al.(2014)获得逆时针P–T轨迹,高Al斜方辉石限定的峰期变质条件为>940 ℃/7.8~10 kbar。Liu et al.(2020a)识别出4个变质阶段的矿物组合,相平衡模拟得到逆时针的P–T轨迹,峰期UHT阶段以相对粗粒的含石榴子石–高Al斜方辉石–堇青石变斑晶的组合为代表,形成温压条件为ca. 980 ℃/8.0 kbar。UHT泥质麻粒岩锆石均发育变质增生边,LA–ICP MS U–Pb定年结果显示变质时代为(277±2)~(288±11)Ma(Li et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2020a);独居石LA–ICPMS U–Th–Pb定年结果为(287.9±2.1)Ma(Liu et al., 2020a),这些年龄均表明乌恰沟UHT变质作用发生于早二叠世。
喀拉苏UHT泥质麻粒岩由仝来喜等(2013)报道,以构造透镜状产于中低压泥质麻粒岩中,其主要矿物组合为石榴子石、斜方辉石、夕线石、堇青石、尖晶石、黑云母、斜长石、石英及少量钛铁矿和磁铁矿等副矿物,未见钾长石(图7b)。岩石学分析识别出三期矿物组合:①峰期前含斜方辉石(低Al2O3含量)–尖晶石或尖晶石–夕线石的包裹体矿物组合;②峰期粗粒含石榴子石–斜方辉石(高Al2O3含量)–堇青石的UHT矿物组合;③峰期后含斜方辉石(中等Al2O3含量)–夕线石–黑云母的高温矿物组合(仝来喜等, 2013; Tong et al., 2014a, 2014b)。针对上述三期矿物组合,利用传统地质温压计结合变质相平衡模拟恢复得到逆时针P–T轨迹,包括初始进变质加热过程和峰期后近等压冷却过程,峰期变质温压条件为ca. 970 ℃/ca. 8 kbar(Tong et al., 2014b)。锆石LA–ICP MS 和SHRIMP U–Pb定年显示变质时代为(271±5)~(278±2)Ma(仝来喜等, 2013; Tong et al., 2014a, 2014b),表明喀拉苏UHT变质事件发生在早二叠世。
综上所述,阿尔泰造山带乌恰沟和喀拉苏两处UHT泥质麻粒岩年代学研究表明该造山带的UHT变质事件发生于早二叠纪,该UHT变质事件与造山带中其他中低压高温麻粒岩和片麻岩的二叠纪变质时代一致,共同反映了阿尔泰造山带在二叠纪(260~290 Ma)经历了一次重要的高级构造变质热事件(刘兆等, 2015; Liu et al., 2020b, 2020c, 2021)。然而,对于该UHT变质事件的构造背景认识还存在争议。Li et al.(2010)和Yang et al.(2015b)认为UHT变质作用发生于西伯利亚板块与哈萨克斯坦–准噶尔板块之间的碰撞造山过程中;Li et al.(2014)认为阿尔泰造山带中UHT麻粒岩的逆时针P–T路径,可能与哈萨克斯坦–准噶尔板块与西伯利亚板块汇聚过程中俯冲拆离后沿额尔齐斯构造带左行走滑相关的伸展事件有关。其余学者多认为阿尔泰造山带二叠纪的HT–UHT变质改造发生在与外部热源输入有关的造山后或板内伸展背景,极有可能与塔里木地幔柱活动引起的深源岩浆底侵有关(仝来喜等, 2013; Wang et al., 2014b; Yang et al., 2015a; 刘兆等, 2015; Liu et al., 2020a)。
东昆仑造山带昆中缝合带清水泉等地的蛇绿混杂岩中夹杂有麻粒岩,它们与斜长角闪岩、浅粒岩、变粒岩、大理岩、片麻岩等共同组成清水泉麻粒岩地体(图2)。早期的研究认为该地体麻粒岩相变质作用条件为760~880 ℃/8.3~12 kbar,为高温中高压麻粒岩相变质作用,SHRIMP锆石U–Pb年龄为(508±8)Ma(李怀坤等, 2006)。Bi et al.(2021)针对该地区基性(Cpx–Opx麻粒岩、Grt–Cpx麻粒岩和Grt–Opx麻粒岩)和泥质麻粒岩开展系统的岩石学、相平衡模拟和锆石年代学工作。详细的变质相平衡模拟计算表明金水口麻粒岩记录了顺时针的P–T轨迹,依次包括3个阶段:压力峰期(ca. 900~950 ℃/13 kbar)、温度峰期(ca. 900~950 ℃/9~12 kbar)和最后的冷却阶段(800~895 ℃/6~10 kbar)。此外,基性麻粒岩中峰期矿物组合缺乏角闪石(图7c),大部分单斜辉石中发育斜方辉石出溶体,石榴子石中出溶定向排列的金红石棒状体等均支持麻粒岩经历了UHT变质作用。锆石LA–ICP MS U–Pb定年得到较宽的变质年龄范围(530~465 Ma),对应的年龄峰值为ca. 503 Ma。该UHT麻粒岩记录了从俯冲早期弧收缩到俯冲板片回卷导致的活动大陆边缘伸展的完整过程,对限定原特提斯洋俯冲和碰撞过程具有重要意义。
东昆仑金水口地区识别出格林威尔期、奥陶纪和泥盆纪三期UHT变质作用(何凡等,2020; Dong et al., 2024, 2026),它们均以基性或泥质麻粒岩包体的形式赋存于早古生代S型石榴子石花岗岩中(图2)。格林威尔期基性麻粒岩峰期矿物组合为单斜辉石+紫苏辉石+钙长石+石英+磁铁矿(图7d),岩石中缺少角闪石且单斜辉石中发育一组斜方辉石的出溶片晶均可指示变质温度大于900 ℃。利用二辉石温度计和单斜辉石–斜长石–石英地质压力计得到的变质温压条件为867~1079 ℃/4.6~8.9 kbar,属于低压UHT变质的温压范围。锆石LA–ICP MS U–Pb测年确定了峰期变质年龄为(995±34)Ma,并遭受了泥盆纪构造热事件的改造。该UHT麻粒岩可能形成于高地温梯度的岛弧环境,是Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程中低压高温变质的产物,可以与全球格林威尔期造山带进行对比(何凡等,2020)。奥陶纪UHT变质作用记录在长英质和Mg-Fe-Al麻粒岩中,利用相平衡模拟方法获得石榴子石中含尖晶石的包裹体组合与基质斜长石的核部记录的变质温压条件为930~1050 ℃/5~8 kbar,对应的时代为>460 Ma。奥陶纪UHT变质作用与原特提斯洋俯冲晚期板片回卷引起上覆板块伸展和减薄有关(Dong et al., 2026)。东昆仑泥盆纪基性麻粒岩的矿物组合为单斜辉石+斜方辉石+斜长石+角闪石+黑云母+钛铁矿,变质相平衡模拟获得峰期温压条件为ca. 980 ℃/4~7 kbar,锆石学研究显示UHT变质时代为 ca. 410~400 Ma,该期UHT变质作用可能与软流圈上涌和幔源岩浆侵位提供的热有关,对应的深部动力学机制为造山带垮塌期的岩石圈拆沉(Dong et al., 2024)。
Teng et al.(2020)首次在柴西缘花土沟附近识别出各种类型的UHT变质岩(图2),包括副片麻岩、长英质片麻岩、基性麻粒岩和Mg–Al麻粒岩,基性麻粒岩和Mg–Al麻粒岩分别呈透镜状和层状位于副片麻岩。Mg–Al麻粒岩主要矿物组合为石榴子石+斜方辉石+石英+堇青石+黑云母+铝直闪石±夕线石±斜长石(图7e、图7f);基性麻粒岩主要矿物组合为石榴子石+单斜辉石+石英或石榴子石+斜方辉石+石英。详细的岩相学观察结合变质相平衡模拟表明, Mg–Al麻粒岩记录的峰期温压条件为>ca. 915 ℃/>ca. 9 kbar,之后经历了一个顺时针的退变质轨迹;基性麻粒岩同样得到一个顺时针的退变质轨迹,其峰期温压条件为>ca. 910 ℃/>ca. 14 kbar。锆石U–Pb年龄显示UHT变质作用发生于540~520 Ma。作者认为该地区UHT变质岩与熟知的泛非造山带UHT变质地体在时代和P–T轨迹方面具有相似特征,进而认为柴达木地块是泛非造山作用后从冈瓦纳大陆分裂出来的。
南阿尔金UHT变质作用记录在巴什瓦克地区(图2),以出露石榴橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩、基性麻粒岩、长英质麻粒岩和榴辉岩为典型特征。早期的研究识别出长英质麻粒岩峰期矿物组合为石榴子石+蓝晶石+条纹长石+石英,石榴橄榄岩为石榴子石+单斜辉石+斜方辉石+橄榄石,基性麻粒岩为石榴子石+单斜辉石+条纹长石+金红石+石英(Zhang et al., 2005)。利用传统地质温压计计算,所有岩石类型都经历了峰期HP–UHT变质作用,对应的温压条件为870~1050 ℃/18.5~27.3 kbar,并遭受了中压麻粒岩相叠加(780~820 ℃/9.5~12 kbar)(Zhang et al., 2005)。矿物出溶结构表明这些岩石经历过UHP变质作用(Liu et al., 2002, 2005),锆石U–Pb定年结果为487~509 Ma(Zhang et al., 2005)。近十年来,不同学者针对该地区内不同岩石类型开展了系统工作,并取得以下重要进展。①郭晶等(2021a)首次在巴什瓦克报道新鲜榴辉岩,并限定出榴辉岩相峰期温压条件为946~1026 ℃/2.9~3.2 GPa,榴辉岩相变质时代为(493±3)Ma。②Dong et al.(2018, 2019, 2020)分别针对长英质麻粒岩(图7g)、基性麻粒岩(图7h)和石榴子石岩(图7i)开展岩相学、矿物化学、相平衡模拟及锆石U–Pb年代学研究,精确刻画了岩石演化P–T–t轨迹。基性麻粒岩主要记录了深俯冲大陆地壳折返过程的变质演化,其HP–UHT麻粒岩相变质的温压条件为1000~1070 ℃/1.6~2.3 GPa。长英质麻粒岩除了记录与基性麻粒岩相似的折返过程外,还记录了从角闪岩相到UHP榴辉岩相的进变质演化过程,其HP–UHT麻粒岩相变质的温压条件为970~1090 ℃/1.4~2.5 GPa。石榴子石岩记录了大陆超深俯冲至地幔深处ca. 200 km或以上,然后底辟折返至地壳底部完整的变质P–T–t演化历史,其HP–UHT麻粒岩相变质的温压条件为960~1020 ℃/ca. 3.3~1.2 GPa。锆石年代学显示这3类岩石的原岩时代都为ca. 900 Ma,长英质麻粒岩的变质年龄约为500 Ma,代表晚期降温冷却的时间;含假蓝宝石基性麻粒岩和普通基性麻粒岩的变质年龄分别为505 Ma 和507 Ma,前者代表降压至HP–UHT麻粒岩相阶段的时代,后者代表降温冷却的时代,二者在误差范围内是一致的,指示了折返过程经历快速降压冷却历史;石榴子石岩得到两期变质年龄,分别为500 Ma和486 Ma,前者代表进变质榴辉岩相时代,后者代表降压至HP–UHT麻粒岩相阶段的时代。该系列研究揭示了在超深俯冲陆壳的快速折返过程中,UHT变质作用更有可能是对压力峰期UHT条件的继承。③金红石U–Pb年代学研究显示其年龄在ca. 480 Ma和ca. 450 Ma呈双峰式分布,早期金红石形成温度为950 ℃(2 GPa),表明其在峰期或近峰期条件下生长,晚期金红石形成温度为780 ℃(1 GPa),与峰期后中压–中温麻粒岩相条件下的再加热有关(Zhang et al., 2014)。
秦岭造山带UHT变质岩位于北秦岭造山带南缘的松树沟地区(图4)。松树沟变镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体长为27 km,宽为3 km,呈透镜状位于秦岭群片麻岩中,主要岩石类型包括斜长角闪岩、榴闪岩、橄榄岩和基性麻粒岩,少量的长英质麻粒岩位于该岩体的西南边缘。近些年研究表明,松树沟岩体中的部分榴闪岩的基质矿物、石榴子石幔部及锆石包裹体中发现绿辉石,证明其为退变榴辉岩(陈丹玲等, 2015),进一步温压计算显示退变榴辉岩的峰期变质温压条件为462~542 ℃/1.93~2.54 GPa(Bader et al., 2020)和 570~650 ℃/1.7~2.1 GPa(Belic et al., 2019)。基性麻粒岩主要矿物组成为石榴子石+单斜辉石+斜长石+金红石+石英,峰期温压条件为826~925 ℃/1.3~1.8 GPa(刘良等, 1995; 张建新等, 2011; Bader et al., 2020)。长英质麻粒岩的平衡矿物组合为石榴子石+(反)条纹长石+蓝晶石+石英,峰期温压条件为800~900 ℃/1.2~1.6 GPa(刘良等, 1995; Bader et al., 2020)。该地区长英质麻粒岩中的石榴子石发育金红石+石英+磷灰石出溶体,表明超硅石榴子石的存在,对应的压力≥9~10 GPa(刘良等, 2019)。Dong et al.(2022)针对该地区长英质麻粒岩和基性麻粒岩开展岩相学、矿物化学、相平衡模拟及锆石与独居石U–Pb年代学研究,构建了顺时针变质演化P–T–t轨迹,对应的HP–UHT阶段温压条件分别为900~980 ℃/1.3~2.2 GPa和 960~1010 ℃/1.0~2.1 GPa。锆石和独居石年代学研究揭示大陆俯冲发生在521~503 Ma,晚期冷却发生在500~480 Ma,因此在3 Ma之内发生了快速折返(Dong et al., 2022),同样反映了UHT变质作用是对压力峰期UHT条件的继承。
中国西北地区UHT变质岩时空分布具有两大特点:①点状零星分布于不同造山带,从古亚洲构造域的阿尔泰造山带到特提斯构造域的秦岭、昆仑、阿尔金造山带等;②时间跨度大,从新元古代早期到二叠纪。这和中国东部UHT变质岩时空分布特征不同,中国东部UHT变质岩广泛分布于孔兹岩带,具有“面”状分布的特征,时间跨度也相对集中在1.96~1.80 Ga。这种差异性一方面与西北地区复杂的构造背景有关,即板块构造和塔里木地幔柱构造体制下均形成UHT变质岩;另一方面可能反映了西北地区UHT变质作用研究程度低,许多UHT变质岩露头尚未识别出来。尽管如此,西北地区已有的UHT变质岩的研究揭示了伸展背景有利于UHT变质作用的形成,如清水泉UHT变质作用形成于俯冲板片回卷导致活动大陆边缘伸展背景下;秦岭和阿尔金UHT变质岩形成于超深俯冲岩石的折返过程中,而伸展构造体制最有利于俯冲陆壳的折返;东昆仑金水口地区泥盆纪UHT变质岩形成于碰撞后岩石圈拆沉机制下伸展背景;阿尔泰造山带的UHT变质岩形成于塔里木地幔柱伸展构造体制下。
部分熔融作为地壳深部重要的地质过程,是变质岩石学研究的重要内容,部分熔融产生的熔体可以参与变质反应,控制反应速率,促进元素和物质的迁移以及壳幔相互作用(Brown, 2007)。此外,熔体可以显著降低岩石的流变学强度(Rosenberg et al., 2005),使岩石发生弱化,进而对陆壳的俯冲与折返动力学具有重要影响。笔者将从熔融作用的产物及其特征、发生的构造背景和机制3个方面对西北地区中高级变质岩部分熔融作用的研究进展进行总结。
部分熔融作用产生一系列宏观到微观的地质现象,这些地质现象不仅是识别部分熔融作用的关键证据,也是研究部分熔融作用的重要载体。在宏观露头尺度,岩石发生部分熔融作用形成一种特征的岩石类型—混合岩。混合岩广泛分布于西北地区众多造山带核部,如秦岭造山带的秦岭群(罗芬红等, 2018)、柴北缘构造带的沙柳河岩群和达肯大坂岩群(Zhang et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2019a; Cao et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018)、阿尔金造山带的阿尔金岩群(于胜尧等, 2016; Cao et al., 2019)、东昆仑造山带的金水口群(Gao et al., 2023)、西南天山造山带低压高温变质带(Xia et al., 2014; 施建荣等, 2014)、阿尔泰造山带南缘(Liu et al., 2020b)等。混合岩由浅色体/浅色脉体和暗色体组成(Sawyer, 2008)。浅色体主要由石英、钾长石和斜长石组成,代表的是熔体结晶的产物;暗色体(寄主岩石)中含有较多的暗色矿物,多被认为是部分熔融作用的残余体(Sawyer, 2008)。和世界上其他造山带混合岩特征类似,西北地区造山带中混合岩也具有以下两个特征:①从结构上来说,混合岩浅色体矿物粒径明显粗于暗色体矿物,且浅色体矿物更加自形,显示出从熔体结晶的结构特征(Gao et al., 2023);②从成分上来说,尽管浅色体/浅色脉体成分总体为花岗质,但无论是主微量元素或同位素特征均呈现较大的变化范围,其受控因素主要包括原岩成分(基性或长英质)、部分熔融温压条件、深熔熔体的分离结晶等。柴北缘锡铁山和绿梁山地体中的榴辉岩和围岩片麻岩经历了相同的变质演化过程,然而它们部分熔融形成的浅色体成分差异较大,反映了原岩对浅色体成分的控制作用。榴辉岩部分熔融形成富含斜长石的浅色体,其具有高的SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O、Sr和LREE含量,而MgO、FeOT、K2O、Y、Yb和HREE含量较低,类似于英云闪长岩–奥长花岗岩成分特征;而片麻岩部分熔融形成富含钾长石的浅色体,其具有高的SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O+K2O,而较低的CaO、MgO、REE的花岗岩地球化学特性(Yu et al., 2019a)。这与实验岩石学研究得到的长英质岩石部分熔融产生熔体贫Ca,而基性岩石产生熔体贫K的特征一致(Prouteau et al., 2001; Skjerlie et al., 2002)。柴北缘都兰HP麻粒岩单元中的浅色体和英云闪长岩体以富SiO2、Na2O和MgO,高Sr、Sr/Y、La/Yb,低HREE,以及正εNd(t) 值(0.1~4.3)和锆石εHf(t) 值(8.3~10.2)为特征,这些特征与现代埃达克岩和TTG的地球化学特征重叠(Yu et al., 2019a),代表了辉长质岩石在高压麻粒岩相条件下部分熔融的产物,反映了部分熔融温压条件对深熔熔体成分的控制。深熔熔体的分离结晶也是影响浅色体成分的重要因素(Sawyer, 1987),Li et al.(2018)依据成分特征将乌兰地区混合岩化片麻岩中的浅色体分为3组,第一组具有最低的REE含量以及显著的正Eu异常,第二组具有最高的LREE含量以及轻微的负Eu异常,第三组具有最高的HREE含量特征且无Eu异常;REE模式和Eu异常的变化反映了长石的分离结晶作用,即第一组到第三组浅色体分别代表早期形成的长石堆晶、相对演化的熔体和近似的初始熔体。
当岩石经历过较彻底的熔体抽取和分离,或者部分熔融的程度很低,可形成一些毫米或亚毫米尺度的一些微观结构特征,如由石英–钾长石–斜长石–云母组成的长英质显微脉体(Yu et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2019a; Cao et al., 2017);位于不同矿物颗粒之间,由石英–钾长石–斜长石–云母组成的显微“熔体袋”(melt pocket)(Zhang et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2015a, 2019a);在3个矿物相(一般为残余矿物)三联点位置发育楔形的长石或石英颗粒(Yu et al., 2015a, 2015b; Zhang et al., 2015; Cao et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2023);串珠状排列的石英颗粒(Liu et al., 2020b)。这些微观结构现象在西北地区发生过部分熔融的岩石中都或多或少有所体现。转熔矿物相中的熔体包裹体是寄主岩石发生过部分熔融最有力的证据(高一杰等, 2018),近十年来已经在部分熔融作用研究中发挥了举足轻重的作用(Cesare et al. 2009, 2015)。阿尔泰造山带二叠纪泥质麻粒岩中的石榴子石中发育由长石、石英和黑云母组成的显微花岗岩(即结晶的熔体包裹体),其粒径通常为5~10 μm,发育明显的负晶形和爆裂结构(Liu et al., 2020b)。Xia et al.(2014)在西南天山造山带混合岩锆石中报道了钾长石+石英±斜长石/钠长石的多相固体包裹体,代表了锆石生长捕获的熔体包裹体。Gao et al.(2025)在柴北缘乌兰地区早古生代泥质片麻岩的独居石中发现了粒径约10 μm的熔体包裹体,其矿物组成为石英+斜长石+钾长石,且发育明显的爆裂结构。
前人通过对西北地区不同造山带部分熔融作用的研究,提出部分熔融作用可发生在洋壳俯冲过程中的大陆弧、大陆碰撞过程中的加厚下地壳、深俯冲陆壳的折返过程以及后碰撞岩石圈拆沉伸展过程。洋壳俯冲过程中大陆弧的部分熔融作用主要记录在柴北缘造山带的乌兰地区(Li et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2019a)和西南天山低压高温变质带(Xia et al., 2014)。青海乌兰北部片麻岩杂岩位于全吉地块东北部,都兰UHP变质地体北侧,代表早古生代南祁连洋和柴达木地块俯冲系统的上盘。该地区普遍分布有混合岩化角闪黑云片麻岩和泥质片麻岩,锆石U–Pb年代学显示部分熔融时代为450~470 Ma(Li et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2019a),早于柴达木地块深俯冲相关的HP-UHP变质时代(420~440 Ma),且与该地区大陆弧岩浆作用和高温–低压变质作用同期(李秀财等, 2015; Li et al., 2018),表明部分熔融作用发生于大陆弧背景(Li et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2019a)。Xia et al.(2014)在西南天山地区低压高温变质带混合岩中识别出一期ca. 400 Ma的部分熔融事件,被认为与南天山洋俯冲过程中上盘大陆弧大规模岩浆侵位有关。大陆碰撞过程中加厚下地壳的部分熔融作用记录在柴北缘都兰HP麻粒岩单元中,其主要由基性HP麻粒岩、花岗片麻岩、副片麻岩和角闪岩组成,HP麻粒岩形成的峰期温压条件为800~950 ℃/1.45~1.85 GPa(图8; Yu et al., 2011, 2014; Song et al., 2014)。位于HP基性麻粒岩中的浅色体及邻近的英云闪长岩侵入体具有TTG–埃达克质地球化学特征,其形成时代为446~428 Ma(Yu et al., 2019a),被认为是大陆碰撞过程中加厚下地壳基性岩高压部分熔融的产物(Yu et al., 2019a, 2019b)。与深俯冲陆壳折返相关的部分熔融作用广泛记录在秦岭、柴北缘和阿尔金造山带中的榴辉岩及其围岩长英质片麻岩中,其发生时限不晚于HP–UHP变质岩角闪岩相退变质阶段(Yu et al., 2019a)。柴北缘造山带中榴辉岩和片麻岩部分熔融形成的浅色体/浅色脉体的锆石U–Pb年龄为417~435 Ma(Zhang et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2015a, 2019a; Cao et al., 2017),略晚于UHP峰期变质年龄(420~440 Ma)且老于角闪岩相退变质时代。在秦岭造山带中,榴辉岩中的浅色脉体形成时代为ca. 490 Ma(He et al., 2023),长英质片麻岩分别在445 Ma和420 Ma发生了两期部分熔融作用(罗芬红等, 2018),前者略晚于峰期变质年龄492 Ma,指示了HP–UHP地体快速折返过程(He et al., 2023),后者两期次部分熔融作用与折返过程中麻粒岩相和角闪岩相退变质年龄几乎一致(宫相宽等, 2016)。南阿尔金巴什瓦克基性麻粒岩中的长英质脉体的锆石U–Pb年龄为491 Ma(郭晶等, 2021b),与寄主麻粒岩榴辉岩相变质时代在误差范围内近乎一致,而长英质脉体锆石微量元素和包裹体特征指示其形成于低压条件,同样反映了部分熔融发生在HP–UHP地体快速折返过程中;吐拉地区和江尕勒萨依地区泥质片麻岩发生部分熔融的时限为ca. 450 Ma和ca. 418 Ma(于胜尧等, 2016; Cao et al., 2019),其明显要晚于南阿尔金地区榴辉岩峰期变质时代,而与榴辉岩折返过程中麻粒岩相和角闪岩相叠加变质作用的时代较为接近。东昆仑和西南天山造山带的混合岩记录了后碰撞岩石圈拆沉过程中的部分熔融作用。东昆仑造山带混合岩记录的部分熔融时限小于410 Ma,略晚于UHP榴辉岩角闪岩相退变质年龄,而与区域上高T/P型麻粒岩相变质作用、基性岩墙和夏日哈木基性–超基性侵入体形成时代一致(Gao et al., 2023),都支持岩石圈拆沉所对应的伸展背景。西南天山造山带低压高温变质带混合岩记录了一期二叠纪的部分熔融事件,其年龄为265~290 Ma(Xia et al., 2014; 施建荣等, 2014),对应于后碰撞阶段的造山带垮塌过程。
部分熔融作用主要通过两种机制发生:①含水矿物(云母、角闪石、帘石)脱水熔融;②外来流体加入的水致熔融(Brown, 2010)。深俯冲陆壳折返相关的部分熔融作用多被认为通过含水矿物脱水分解导致。多硅白云母和黝帘石是基性榴辉岩中最主要的含水矿物,而UHP变泥质岩和变花岗岩最重要的含水矿物为多硅白云母,这些矿物的脱水是导致UHP变质岩折返过程中部分熔融的主要原因(Lang et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2011)。不同含水矿物的脱水熔融线已经通过大量实验岩石学得到较好的限定(图8; Hermann, 2002; Skjerlie et al., 2002; Auzanneau et al., 2006),在P–T图解中,多硅白云母和黝帘石脱水熔融线均具有正斜率(图8),当岩石降压折返的温度足够高穿过这些脱水熔融线时,岩石便会发生部分熔融作用,其中变基性岩主要发生的脱水熔融反应为Zo+Phe+Qz→Grt+Ky+Melt(Skjerlie et al., 2002),而变泥质岩和变花岗岩发生的脱水熔融反应为Phe+Cpx+Qz→Grt+Bt+Pl+Melt(Auzanneau et al., 2006)或Phe+Qz→Ky+Bt+Pl+Melt(Vielzeuf et al., 1988)。柴北缘锡铁山和绿梁山地区UHP变质岩P–T轨迹与实验约束的白云母和黝帘石为主的熔融曲线相交,结合岩石学和浅色体化学成分特征,表明锡铁山和绿梁山地区变基性岩部分熔融通过黝帘石和少量多硅白云母脱水熔融实现,而变泥质岩和变花岗岩部分熔融通过多硅白云母脱水熔融实现(图8; Yu et al., 2019a)。水致熔融作用是指岩石在水饱和固相线以上,由外部来源流体的加入而导致岩石发生部分熔融作用。乌兰地区弧岩浆岩部分熔融作用通过水致熔融反应实现(图8; Li et al., 2018),岩石学研究显示该地区混合岩中不存在无水转熔矿物、浅色体含量很高(高达40%)、转熔角闪石中含有浑圆状黑云母+石英+斜长石包裹体等,这些特征均与水致熔融反应特征一致,对应的熔融反应为Bt+Pl+Qz+H2O→Hbl+Pl+Ttn+Melt(Li et al., 2018)。
俯冲带流体(文中特指富水流体)在全球物质和能量传递中发挥重要作用,尤其是显著促进变质反应、壳幔相互作用和弧岩浆作用的形成(Stern, 2002)。近十年来,前人对以柴北缘为代表的大陆俯冲带和西南天山为代表的大洋俯冲带的流体活动进行了较为系统研究。笔者仅从俯冲带变质流体的识别和流体的成分特征两方面对取得的研究进展进行总结。
HP–UHP变质岩中变质流体活动的最直接证据为变质脉体,其是流体–岩石相互作用的产物,也是研究俯冲带流体组成和演化的重要载体。柴北缘和西南天山造山带变质脉体组成存在较大差异,已报道的柴北缘变质脉体均赋存于榴辉岩中,为富含石英的纯石英脉,石英含量占比超过98%,另有少量的金红石、钛铁矿、榍石和锆石(Liu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2020)。西南天山地区变质脉体主要赋存于榴辉岩和蓝片岩中,组成较复杂,石英含量为0~90%,其余组成矿物包括(斜)黝帘石、金红石、钠云母、钠长石、石榴子石、绿辉石、角闪石、多硅白云母、榍石、磷灰石、石墨、碳酸盐、硫化物等(Gao et al., 2007; Li et al., 2013, 2021; Zhang et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2020)。
变质脉体的矿物组成和关键矿物的成分特征可为流体的成分、演化和来源提供重要线索。柴北缘造山带变质脉体中含有大量含Ti矿物相,如金红石、钛铁矿和榍石,表明高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti)在榴辉岩相条件下具有较高的活动性(Liu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2020)。锡铁山变质脉体形成于UHP变质峰期,其锆石Hf同位素与围岩片麻岩类似,而O同位素变化介于寄主榴辉岩和围岩片麻岩,暗示了脉体具有榴辉岩和片麻岩混合来源特征(Liu et al., 2014)。鱼卡地区变质脉体锆石Hf同位素与寄主榴辉岩相同,暗示成脉流体来源于榴辉岩,锆石和金红石微量元素特征显示俯冲–折返过程中多阶段的流体–岩石相互作用(Chen et al., 2020)。西南天山变质脉体中同样含有金红石(Zhang et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2019),表明HFSEs可以从寄主岩石迁移至脉中,这可能与溶解的Na–Al硅酸盐和富氟流体的络合作用有关,进一步研究发现,Ta更倾向于进入流体中,导致脉中金红石的Nb/Ta值低于寄主榴辉岩(Zhang et al., 2016)。近些年,西南天山变质脉体的研究为俯冲带C和S的循环提供了启示(Zhu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021)。Zhu et al.(2020)针对碳酸盐化榴辉岩中富石墨脉体的研究,查明碳酸盐岩化榴辉岩在折返过程中可释放约0.92%~2.03%的CO2,这足以为变质脉体中石墨的沉淀提供碳源,暗示脱碳作用或碳酸盐溶蚀作用形成的碳质流体可能不完全运移到地幔楔中,而是在运移过程中有利条件下重新沉淀形成非生物石墨或碳酸盐。西南天山榴辉岩中产出大量含硫化物的榴辉岩相高压脉体(Li et al., 2021),暗示S 在俯冲带流体具有较高的溶解度,并可以随流体迁移交代地幔。Li et al.(2021)针对高压蓝片岩/榴辉岩–蚀变带和脉体体系的研究,为流体–岩石相互作用中硫的转化、硫的迁移/储存和硫同位素交换提供了自然证据,并阐明了这些过程在硫从俯冲板片释放和向地幔俯冲中的作用。
变质矿床是指在变质岩区,岩石受区域变质作用、接触交代变质作用、局部接触热变质、动力变质作用和混合岩化作用的影响而形成的矿床(沈其韩, 2007)。西北地区变质矿床种类较多,如新疆阿克陶蓝宝石矿、苏克塔格能厄肯大型红柱石矿、甘肃萨尔哈布塔勒蓝晶石矿、柴北缘榴辉岩型金红石矿、甘肃敖包山晶质石墨矿等。笔者仅对近十年来新发现的且具有代表性的柴北缘榴辉岩型金红石矿和甘肃敖包山晶质石墨矿进行介绍。
柴北缘榴辉岩型金红石矿主要分布在鱼卡–落凤坡地区和都兰野马滩地区。
鱼卡–落凤坡地区金红石矿(图2)主要以似层状或透镜状分布于元古界鱼卡河群的榴辉岩中,矿体走向为NW–SE向,宽度可达30~80 m,断续相连达2~3 km。工业矿体(TiO2 ≥ 2.0%)的围岩为云母石英片岩和大理岩,榴辉岩中TiO2品位为0.97%~4%,含钛物相主要为金红石。金红石主要有包裹结构、粒间结构、后期串珠状结构、退变残余结构和丝缕状结构5种赋存状态,其中粒间和串珠状的金红石含矿性最好,流体活动影响金红石的赋存状态。部分含金红石榴辉岩原岩为古生代洋壳镁铁质岩,形成时代为551~529 Ma,变质时代为440~432 Ma。结合榴辉岩地球化学及同位素组成特征,提出鱼卡–落凤坡地区榴辉岩具有两种原岩,分别为新元古代大陆溢流玄武岩、早古生代洋壳镁铁质岩,前者高TiO2>2%,形成高品位矿石,后者低TiO2<2%,形成低品位矿石(陈鑫等, 2018; 林成贵等, 2019)。
都兰野马滩地区金红石矿(图2)主要似层状或透镜状分布于榴辉岩中,其围岩主要为寒武纪—奥陶纪野马滩片岩或片麻岩中,部分和镁铁质–超镁铁质岩共生。根据矿体产出特征,榴辉岩被分为两类,第一类榴辉岩产于花岗质片麻岩中,金红石呈浸染状分布,与石榴子石和绿辉石处于平衡状态,TiO2品位为1%~4.5%,其原岩为大陆溢流玄武岩,形成时代为(845±4)Ma,榴辉岩相变质年龄为(433±10)Ma;第二类榴辉岩产于镁铁质–超镁铁质蛇绿混杂岩中,金红石位于石榴子石和绿辉石核部,或以自形或半自形颗粒与石榴子石和绿辉石平衡,或以集合体或巨晶形式分布于裂隙和矿物边界,TiO2品位为0.8%~3.5%,原岩为SSZ型蛇绿岩的组成部分,形成时代为(449±3)Ma,榴辉岩相变质年龄为(435±3)Ma和(434±5)Ma。结合地球化学特征,第一类榴辉岩可能起源于新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解过程中OIB 型地幔柱源的部分熔融,而第二类榴辉岩是板片衍生成分交代的亏损地幔源部分熔融的产物(Chen et al., 2019)。
陈鑫(2019)进一步总结出榴辉岩型金红石矿的主要控矿因素、成矿规律和找矿标志。榴辉岩型金红石矿床主要受原岩TiO2含量、金红石粒度形态和保存等控矿因素的控制。富集地幔源区、高演化程度、低的陆壳混染程度、富钛基性原岩,是鱼卡榴辉岩型金红石矿成矿的物质基础;HP–UHP变质作用促使原岩中的钛铁矿转变为金红石,是榴辉岩型金红石矿成矿的必要条件;不同阶段熔流体活动、折返速度、岩体侵入等影响金红石的形成和保存。柴北缘鱼卡–落凤坡和都兰榴辉岩型金红石矿在矿体形态、品位、规模、结构构造、金红石赋存状态方面较相似,主要区别在于都兰榴辉岩型金红石矿主要以大洋型榴辉岩为主,比大陆型榴辉岩厚度更大、平均品位较低。找矿标志为UHP变质带中钛含量高的新鲜榴辉岩(陈鑫, 2019)。
甘肃敖包山晶质石墨矿集区位于敦煌地块南缘(图2),晶质石墨矿体严格受地层控制,赋矿岩石为太古宇—古元古界敦煌岩群二云母石英片岩、白云母石英片岩,局部地段为大理岩。矿体多呈似层状、条带状产出,矿体长为400~3450 m,宽为 2~160 m,固定碳含量为2.68%~11.75%(王东升等, 2020)。矿体中的矿石矿物为石墨,脉石矿物主要为石英和白云母。矿石呈片状构造和块状构造,矿石矿物呈显微鳞片变晶结构,脉石矿物具细粒鳞片粒状变晶结构。矿石自然类型主要为二云石英片岩型晶质石墨矿石。全岩地球化学特征表明,含矿变质岩的原岩为含碳质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩(陈世强等, 2021; 苏天宝, 2022)。石墨的δ13C值为−22.30‰~−31.35‰,平均为−29.51‰,指示石墨物源为有机碳(陈世强等, 2021; 苏天宝, 2022)。针对石墨的XRD实验分析结果表明,晶质石墨晶体结构较完善,石墨化度平均值为0.85,变质程度为中级变质(苏天宝, 2022)。
敦煌地块中的晶质石墨的形成以富含有机碳的泥质岩为物质基础,在区域变质作用过程中,随着变质温度的升高,非晶质碳将逐渐转化为晶质石墨,因此区域变质作用是晶质石墨矿形成的必要条件。目前尚无直接针对含石墨二云石英片岩的变质温压条件和年代学研究,但前人已对包括敖包山和东巴兔地区在内的敦煌岩群变质作用开展了系统研究,这些成果将对晶质石墨成矿条件和年代提供一些约束。敦煌地块长期以来被视为前寒武纪稳定陆块,其被认为属于华北克拉通或塔里木克拉通的一部分(Lu et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2012, 2013)。然而,近些年研究显示,敦煌地块中前寒武纪岩石比例有限,敦煌岩群变质岩普遍记录了早古生代—泥盆纪的变质作用,被认为是中亚造山带的南延部分,故被称为“敦煌造山带”。敦煌岩群中的变质表壳岩中通常裹挟着呈透镜体形式产出且具有不同变质程度和时代的变质基性岩岩块,显示构造混杂岩典型的“基质夹岩块”特征,其中大多数的角闪岩、麻粒岩和榴辉岩块的峰期变质时代为晚奥陶世至晚泥盆世(Zong et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016, 2017a, 2017b, 2018a, 2018b, 2022),少数角闪岩和麻粒岩块变质时代为古元古代,可能与哥伦比亚超大陆的汇聚有关(Zhang et al., 2012, 2013, 2019, 2021a, 2021b)。基质主要为黑云斜长片麻岩、长英质片麻岩、云母石英片岩及少量变质杂砂岩和变硅质岩。晶质石墨赋矿岩石即为典型的基质组成部分。敖包山晶质石墨矿集区内基质岩石(含石榴子石蓝晶石的变泥质岩、含石榴子石变泥质岩)的峰期变质条件为700~708 ℃/10.2~10.7 kbar和630 ℃/8.9 kbar,变质时代为414 Ma(Wang et al., 2017a, 2017b);东巴兔晶质石墨矿集区内基质岩石(石榴子石黑云母片岩)的峰期变质条件为667~690 ℃/8.8~8.9 kbar和635~651 ℃/6.0 kbar,变质时代为(417±21) Ma和(372.4±4) Ma(Wang et al., 2018a; 刁志鹏等, 2019)。上述基质岩石变质温压条件和晶质石墨XRD分析结果一致,指示角闪岩相的变质作用,进一步说明晶质石墨的形成时代很有可能为泥盆纪,为古生代俯冲带弧前复合增生系统的产物(Wang et al., 2022)。
立足西北地区,从UHP变质、UHT变质、陆壳部分熔融、俯冲带流体活动和变质矿产找矿等方面,对近十年中高级变质作用的研究进展进行了总结和归纳。在UHP变质作用方面,在西北地区新确立了东昆仑志留纪UHP变质带,并在多个UHP变质带中陆续发现了以斯石英副相和柯石英为代表的新的UHP变质证据,夯实了岩石发生深俯冲的事实,进一步确定了UHP变质的空间延伸和俯冲物质规模。在UHT变质作用方面,学者们不仅在阿尔泰和阿尔金地区UHT变质岩的P–T轨迹、变质时代和成因方面研究取得一系列重要进展,而且在东昆仑、柴西缘、秦岭等地区识别出新的UHT变质岩出露点。变质作用相关的熔流体活动已成为西北地区造山带变质作用研究的热点,尤其是在部分熔融和变质流体活动的产物及特征、熔融发生的地质背景和机制等方面取得重要进展。变质矿产找矿发现和理论研究取得重要突破,代表性变质矿产包括柴北缘造山带与HP-UHP变质作用相关的金红石矿和敦煌地块与角闪岩相变质作用相关的晶质石墨矿。
近十年来,前人在西北地区中高级变质作用研究方面取得丰富成果,但也有一些新的科学问题亟需解决,因笔者水平有限,仅从以下两个方面加以总结,以供抛砖引玉,带来更多思考和讨论。
(1)东昆仑和柴北缘的榴辉岩在野外地质特征和矿物组合方面有相似的特征,更为重要的是,东昆仑与大陆俯冲相关的榴辉岩相变质时代为443~419 Ma(Meng et al., 2013; 祁晓鹏等, 2016; Du et al., 2017; Song et al., 2018; Bi et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2024; Zhou et al., 2024; Dong et al., 2024),柴北缘为ca. 440~420 Ma(Song et al., 2014),两者近乎一致。此外,东昆仑榴辉岩围岩金水口群被认为是柴达木变质基底的南部出露部分,这显示在柴达木地块南北两侧均有早古生代榴辉岩的出露,那么如何理解两者之间的关系呢?一个可能的解释是柴达木盆地周缘造山带为一弯山构造(牟墩玲等, 2018),即昆北带和柴北缘构造带为同一条连续的原特提斯洋缝合带,在加里东运动后期,以柴东缘为核部发生弯曲而呈现出现今状态。然而,柴达木盆地被新生代沉积物覆盖,其基底属性并没有得到充分认识,制约了对其南北两侧榴辉岩关系的理解。未来需进行更加详细的调查研究,厘清东昆仑和柴北缘榴辉岩的关系。
(2)加强西北地区泛非期构造热事件,尤其是变质作用的研究,这对于恢复新元古代晚期—早古生代早期洋陆格局和构造演化尤为重要。柴西缘地区晚泛非期UHT变质岩形成于540~520 Ma,类似于东冈瓦纳UHT变质地质体的变质时代(Teng et al., 2020)。东昆仑造山带清水泉地区高级变质岩,如花岗片麻岩、斜长角闪岩、HP–UHT麻粒岩,记录了560~500 Ma的岩浆和变质作用事件(李怀坤等, 2006; 陈能松等, 2008; Bi et al., 2021)。这些结果暗示了西北地区一些陆块(如柴达木地块)可能在泛非造山事件之后才从东冈瓦纳大陆分离。然而,这些泛非期构造热事件记录呈点状零星出现,现有的结果并不能很好限定泛非期构造热事件影响的范围和机制。下一步需开展更加精细的野外地质调查和泛非期变质作用研究,进而对西北地区泛非期和加里东期构造热事件的关系及相关的构造演化过程进行厘定。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025086
  • 接收时间:2023-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-24
  • 修回日期:2025-05-21
  • 录用日期:2025-05-22
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    1中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室,陕西 西安 710119
    2长庆油田分公司页岩油开发分公司悦乐中心站,甘肃 庆阳 745000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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