Article(id=1307087508488081900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025177, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765900800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-17, revisedDate=1773244800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-12, acceptedDate=1773331200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineDate=1789563546534, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563546534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563546534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563546534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087508643271149, articleId=1307087508488081900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Division of Metallogenic Units and Its Significance of Lead-Zinc Deposits in Xinjiang, China to Central Asia, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia region is located north of the Karakum-Tarim Craton and belongs to the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic domain, one of the world's three major tectonic domains. Distinguished by its unique geographical setting, this region is rich in mineral resources such as lead, zinc, copper, gold, rare earth, and lithium, and has become an important area for China's international mining cooperation in recent years. Guided by the "multi-island arc-basin system" tectonic model, this paper systematically summarizes the trmporal-spatial distribution, metallogenic setting and deposit types of lead-zinc deposits in the Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia region on the basis of tectonic unit division and carries out the division of three-level metallogenic units. A total of 2 metallogenic provinces are distinguished: Altai(-Xing’an Mongolia) and Kazakhstan-Tianshan; 4 metallogenic belts are Altai, Taerbahatai-West Junggar, Moint-Balkhash-Middle Tianshan and TurgayTalas; and 6 metallogenic subbelts are South Altai, Saryzhal-Zharma, Karasor-Moint-Yili, Bayan Uul- Zheirtau-Middle Tianshan, Karatau and Bukantau-Kyrgyz Mountain. Building on previous research, this paper further analyzes the metallogenic characteristics and typical deposits of each subbelt and discusses regional lead-zinc mineralization in combination with the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, aiming to provide a useful references for the comparative study and exploration of lead-zinc deposits in Xinjiang and adjacent overseas areas.

, authors=Li CHEN1, Xiangfei ZHANG1, 2, 3, *, Jun HONG2, Lili JIANG1, ZHimin PENG1, authorsList=Li CHEN, Xiangfei ZHANG, Jun HONG, Lili JIANG, ZHimin PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangfei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087511679947263, articleId=1307087508488081900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿成矿单元划分及其意义, columnId=1307087508710380014, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中国新疆–中亚地区地处卡拉库姆–塔里木克拉通以北,隶属全球三大构造域之一的古亚洲洋构造域。该区域地理位置独特,铅锌、铜、金、稀土、锂等矿产资源丰富,近年来已成为中国开展国际矿业合作的重要区域。笔者以“多岛弧盆系”构造模式为指导,在构造单元划分基础上,系统梳理了中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿的时空分布、成矿背景及矿床类型,开展了三级成矿单元的划分,共划分出阿尔泰(–兴蒙)、哈萨克斯坦–天山两个成矿省,阿尔泰、塔尔巴哈台–西准噶尔、莫因特–巴尔喀什–中天山、图尔盖–塔拉斯4个成矿带,南阿尔泰、萨雷扎尔–扎尔马、卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁、巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山、卡拉套、布坎套–吉尔吉斯山6个成矿亚带。在前人研究基础上,进一步剖析了各成矿亚带的成矿特征与典型矿床,结合古亚洲洋演化过程,探讨区域铅锌成矿作用,以期为新疆及境外铅锌矿的对比研究和勘查提供有益参考。

, authors=陈莉1, 张向飞1, 2, 3, *, 洪俊2, 姜丽莉1, 彭智敏1, authorsList=陈莉, 张向飞, 洪俊, 姜丽莉, 彭智敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张向飞, authorNote=

陈莉(1980−),女,高级工程师,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张向飞(1985−),男,正高级工程师,博士,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:。
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陈莉(1980−),女,高级工程师,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:

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Russian Geology and Geophysics, 2016, 57: 409−420., articleTitle=The role of dynamometamorphism in the formation of ore deposits (by the example of the Tishinka and Ridder-Sokol’noe pyrite deposits in Rudny Altai), refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307087511902245376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087511910633985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, companyId=1307087511902245376, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey / Geosciences Innovation Center of Southwest China, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087511919022594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, companyId=1307087511902245376, language=CN, country=null, 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diagram of geotectonic units in Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia, figureFileSmall=nY0uUoa8ZdaibsZluiJM5w==, figureFileBig=A7PSzvwIyflXa5OQn96Rdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087515836502575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国新疆–中亚构造单元划分图(据张向飞等,2023修改), figureFileSmall=nY0uUoa8ZdaibsZluiJM5w==, figureFileBig=A7PSzvwIyflXa5OQn96Rdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516042023472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Division diagram of metallogenic units in Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia, figureFileSmall=b+yBMDyuDdqlM9hP1dNDcA==, figureFileBig=NuHXyKUnW8o/70bwLald2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516125909553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国新疆–中亚铅锌矿成矿单元划分, figureFileSmall=b+yBMDyuDdqlM9hP1dNDcA==, figureFileBig=NuHXyKUnW8o/70bwLald2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516201407026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Devonian-Carboniferous Sangzhai Ocean bidirectional subduction model, (b) spatial distribution map of related Pb-Zn deposits, (c) vertical structural zonation model diagram of the Ridder-Sokol’noe deposit, figureFileSmall=MMa98uVSp2/76pIjhWRcEg==, figureFileBig=9QHnf3TgnPK/ws8rqCQYXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516272710195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图3, caption=泥盆纪—石炭纪桑斋洋双向俯冲模式图(a)、铅锌矿空间分布图(b)、Ridder-Sokol’noe 矿体构造分带图(c;Zinoviev, 2016;Vikentyev et al., 2024), figureFileSmall=MMa98uVSp2/76pIjhWRcEg==, figureFileBig=9QHnf3TgnPK/ws8rqCQYXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516339819060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a) Neoproterozoic-Middle Ordovician rifting model of the oceanic and continental margins in ancient Asia, (b) Devonian-Carboniferous Sangzhai Ocean bidirectional subduction model, (c)Spatial distribution map of related Pb-Zn deposits, figureFileSmall=5aKurxWVJACMS82lKCAP0Q==, figureFileBig=YwHDDdiNDEoO9873sEGCYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516411122229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图4, caption=新元古代—中奥陶世古亚洲洋陆缘裂离模式图(a)(据张向飞等, 2023修改)、泥盆纪—石炭纪桑斋洋双向俯冲模式图(b)(据张向飞等, 2023修改)、相关铅锌矿空间分布图(c), figureFileSmall=5aKurxWVJACMS82lKCAP0Q==, figureFileBig=YwHDDdiNDEoO9873sEGCYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516511785526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=(a) Simple geological diagram between Hardaban and Jiekeli Pb-Zn deposit, (b) tectonic setting and sedimentary environment of Hardaban Pb-Zn deposit, (c) profile map of the tekeli ore block in Tekeli Zn-Pb Deposit, figureFileSmall=nhsQj+6dWBOcR72OWAyoUA==, figureFileBig=vQGzytjdutNZf7NuJlBnBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516578894391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Tekeli和哈尔达坂铅锌矿地质简图(a)、哈尔达坂铅锌矿构造背景与沉积环境示意图(b;张连昌, 2022)、Tekeli铅锌矿tekeli矿段矿体剖面图(c;Turamutratov et al., 2011), figureFileSmall=nhsQj+6dWBOcR72OWAyoUA==, figureFileBig=vQGzytjdutNZf7NuJlBnBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516646003256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=(a) Regional geology diagram of Aerqile Pb-Zn deposit, (b) geological profile of exploration line 3 of the Aeraile Pb-Zn deposit, figureFileSmall=6TeT89o5V7PE3Ncc0uiOQA==, figureFileBig=xAgKg7DIBBJ/tbcmr9tuaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516713112121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图6, caption=阿尔恰勒矿区地质图(a;陶明荣等, 2018)和阿尔恰勒铅锌矿3号勘探线剖面图(b;Dai et al., 2019), figureFileSmall=6TeT89o5V7PE3Ncc0uiOQA==, figureFileBig=xAgKg7DIBBJ/tbcmr9tuaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516784415290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=(a) Permian-Mesozoic paleo-Asian Ocean subduction and collision-extension model, (b) spatial distribution map of related Pb-Zn deposits, profile map of the (c) Uchkulach and (d) Kurgashingan Zn-Pb deposits in Uzbekistan, figureFileSmall=4jm+hpy7+2tWFZt+fo2KHQ==, figureFileBig=ImOQ64Xuj6i7PGxpTWK7mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516847329851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图7, caption=二叠纪—中生代古亚洲洋消亡和碰撞伸展模式图(a)、相关铅锌矿空间分布图(b)、乌兹别克斯坦Uchkulach铅锌矿床(c;郜臻臻, 2018)与Kurghashinkan铅锌矿床剖面图(d;Turamutratov et al., 2011), figureFileSmall=4jm+hpy7+2tWFZt+fo2KHQ==, figureFileBig=ImOQ64Xuj6i7PGxpTWK7mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087516985741884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Spatiotemporal evolution of the paleo-Asian ocean and lead-zinc mineralization model diagram, figureFileSmall=Vl/eKbke2zHc0yT7aojTDw==, figureFileBig=dicxSmpHACLdqLLwwiXfOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087517061239357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=图8, caption=古亚洲洋时空演化与铅锌成矿作用模式图(据张向飞,2023修改), figureFileSmall=Vl/eKbke2zHc0yT7aojTDw==, figureFileBig=dicxSmpHACLdqLLwwiXfOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087517119959614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Division framework of metallogenic units within Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级成矿单元二级成矿单元三级成矿单元
代号名称代号名称代号名称
Ⅰ阿尔泰(–兴蒙)成矿省Ⅰ1阿尔泰成矿带Ⅰ1-1南阿尔泰Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ哈萨克斯坦–天山成矿省Ⅱ1塔尔巴哈台–西准噶尔
成矿带
Ⅱ1-1萨雷扎尔–扎尔马Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ2莫因特–巴尔喀什–中
天山成矿带
Ⅱ2-1卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁Pb-Zn
成矿亚带
Ⅱ2-2巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山
Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ3图尔盖–塔拉斯成矿带Ⅱ3-1卡拉套Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ3-2布坎套–吉尔吉斯山Pb-Zn成亚带
), ArticleFig(id=1307087517191262783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国新疆–中亚铅锌成矿单元划分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级成矿单元二级成矿单元三级成矿单元
代号名称代号名称代号名称
Ⅰ阿尔泰(–兴蒙)成矿省Ⅰ1阿尔泰成矿带Ⅰ1-1南阿尔泰Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ哈萨克斯坦–天山成矿省Ⅱ1塔尔巴哈台–西准噶尔
成矿带
Ⅱ1-1萨雷扎尔–扎尔马Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ2莫因特–巴尔喀什–中
天山成矿带
Ⅱ2-1卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁Pb-Zn
成矿亚带
Ⅱ2-2巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山
Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ3图尔盖–塔拉斯成矿带Ⅱ3-1卡拉套Pb-Zn成矿亚带
Ⅱ3-2布坎套–吉尔吉斯山Pb-Zn成亚带
), ArticleFig(id=1307087517417755200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Brief table of the main deposit types and characteristics of lead-zinc deposits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿床类型构造环境容矿岩系主要控矿因素成矿温度/
盐度
典型矿床
沉积岩容矿热水
沉积型(SEDEX)
克拉通内或边缘
拉张盆地
碎屑岩/碳酸盐岩地层、同生断裂、
热卤水
140~280 ℃/
1~20 % NaCleqv
中国厂坝、
加拿大Selwyn
火山成因块状
硫化物型(VMS)
弧后盆地/岛弧/洋
中脊/陆内裂谷
火山岩/火山碎
屑岩
海相火山活动、
热卤水
100~425 ℃/
6~14.5% NaCleqv
中国锡铁山、
西班牙Los Frailes
碳酸盐岩容矿浅成
低温热液型(MVT)
造山带前陆盆地/
前陆逆冲带
白云岩/交代灰岩断层破碎带、
溶解坍塌角砾岩、
热卤水
75~150 ℃/
15~30 % NaCleqv
中国会泽、
波兰 Boleslaw
斑岩型岛弧/陆缘弧/
碰撞造山带
斑岩及外围接
触带
中酸性斑岩体190~430 ℃/
4~17 % NaCleqv
冷水坑
矽卡岩型构造–岩浆活化带碳酸盐岩/钙质碎屑岩中酸性侵入岩、
碳酸盐岩
120~465 ℃/
1~14.7 % NaCleqv
蒙亚啊
热液脉型构造–岩浆活化带沉积岩/变质岩/火山岩断裂、裂隙等构造200~350 ℃/
1~26 % NaCleqv
桃林
砂砾岩型滨海/三角洲/河流相砂岩/砾岩剥蚀、海侵
岩石孔隙
100~200 ℃/
5~14.1 % NaCleqv
乌拉根
), ArticleFig(id=1307087517489058369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

铅锌矿主要矿床类型及特征简表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿床类型构造环境容矿岩系主要控矿因素成矿温度/
盐度
典型矿床
沉积岩容矿热水
沉积型(SEDEX)
克拉通内或边缘
拉张盆地
碎屑岩/碳酸盐岩地层、同生断裂、
热卤水
140~280 ℃/
1~20 % NaCleqv
中国厂坝、
加拿大Selwyn
火山成因块状
硫化物型(VMS)
弧后盆地/岛弧/洋
中脊/陆内裂谷
火山岩/火山碎
屑岩
海相火山活动、
热卤水
100~425 ℃/
6~14.5% NaCleqv
中国锡铁山、
西班牙Los Frailes
碳酸盐岩容矿浅成
低温热液型(MVT)
造山带前陆盆地/
前陆逆冲带
白云岩/交代灰岩断层破碎带、
溶解坍塌角砾岩、
热卤水
75~150 ℃/
15~30 % NaCleqv
中国会泽、
波兰 Boleslaw
斑岩型岛弧/陆缘弧/
碰撞造山带
斑岩及外围接
触带
中酸性斑岩体190~430 ℃/
4~17 % NaCleqv
冷水坑
矽卡岩型构造–岩浆活化带碳酸盐岩/钙质碎屑岩中酸性侵入岩、
碳酸盐岩
120~465 ℃/
1~14.7 % NaCleqv
蒙亚啊
热液脉型构造–岩浆活化带沉积岩/变质岩/火山岩断裂、裂隙等构造200~350 ℃/
1~26 % NaCleqv
桃林
砂砾岩型滨海/三角洲/河流相砂岩/砾岩剥蚀、海侵
岩石孔隙
100~200 ℃/
5~14.1 % NaCleqv
乌拉根
), ArticleFig(id=1307087517556167234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Characteristics of large and super-large lead-zinc deposits in Xinjiang(China) to Central Asia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号矿床名称国家主要
矿种
成矿
单元
矿床
类型
矿床
规模
储量
(万t)
成矿时代资料来源
1Tishinka哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型中泥盆世、
晚石炭—
早二叠世
Zinoviev., 2016
2Ridder-Sokol'noe哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型中泥盆世、
晚石炭世
Zinoviev., 2016
3Zyryanovskoe哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型(?)中泥盆世李宝强等, 2014
4Grekhovskoe哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型中—晚泥盆世李宝强等, 2014
5可可塔勒中国新疆Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型早泥盆世、
晚石炭世—
二叠纪
苏振华等, 2017;
Su et al., 2022
6Tekeli哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ2-1SEDEX超大型700新元古代薛春纪等, 2014
7哈尔达坂中国新疆Pb,ZnⅡ2-1SEDEX
(?)
大型61新元古代张连昌等, 2022
8Uzynjal哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ2-1SEDEX大型169晚泥盆世雷梦琪, 2018
9Zhairem哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ2-2SEDEX超大型966晚泥盆世裴荣富等, 2007;
李宝强等, 2014
10Ushqatyn-I哈萨克斯坦Pb,Zn Fe,MnⅡ2-2SEDEX大型雷梦琪, 2018
11Bestobe哈萨克斯坦Pb,Zn,Fe,MnⅡ2-2SEDEX大型雷梦琪, 2018
12阿尔恰勒中国新疆Pb,ZnⅡ2-2矽卡
岩型
大型100早石炭世Dai et al., 2019;
苏静, 2023
13Shalkiya哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ3-1MVT
(?)
超大型1058李恒海等, 2010;
Han et al., 2016
14Mirgalimsai哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ3-1MVT大型李恒海等, 2010;
Han et al., 2016
15Achisai哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ3-1MVT大型154晚石炭世—
早二叠世
李恒海等, 2010;
高荣臻等, 2021
16Uchkulach乌兹别克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ3-2MVT超大型667晚石炭世—
早二叠世
高荣臻等, 2021
17Kurghashinkan乌兹别克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ3-2矽卡
岩型
大型160晚石炭世—
早二叠世
Seltmann et al., 2011;
高荣臻等, 2021
18Aqturpak乌兹别克
斯坦
Au,Pb,ZnⅡ3-2斑岩型大型李宝强等, 2014
19Altyntopkan塔吉克斯Pb,Zn,CuⅡ3-2矽卡
岩型
大型185石炭纪—
二叠纪
李恒海等, 2010;
董升普等, 2020
20Lashkerek塔吉克斯Ag, Pb,ZnⅡ3-2热液
脉型
大型李宝强等, 2014
), ArticleFig(id=1307087517770076739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087508488081900, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国新疆–中亚大型–超大型铅锌矿床特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号矿床名称国家主要
矿种
成矿
单元
矿床
类型
矿床
规模
储量
(万t)
成矿时代资料来源
1Tishinka哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型中泥盆世、
晚石炭—
早二叠世
Zinoviev., 2016
2Ridder-Sokol'noe哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型中泥盆世、
晚石炭世
Zinoviev., 2016
3Zyryanovskoe哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型(?)中泥盆世李宝强等, 2014
4Grekhovskoe哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型中—晚泥盆世李宝强等, 2014
5可可塔勒中国新疆Pb,ZnⅠ1-1VMS大型早泥盆世、
晚石炭世—
二叠纪
苏振华等, 2017;
Su et al., 2022
6Tekeli哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ2-1SEDEX超大型700新元古代薛春纪等, 2014
7哈尔达坂中国新疆Pb,ZnⅡ2-1SEDEX
(?)
大型61新元古代张连昌等, 2022
8Uzynjal哈萨克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ2-1SEDEX大型169晚泥盆世雷梦琪, 2018
9Zhairem哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ2-2SEDEX超大型966晚泥盆世裴荣富等, 2007;
李宝强等, 2014
10Ushqatyn-I哈萨克斯坦Pb,Zn Fe,MnⅡ2-2SEDEX大型雷梦琪, 2018
11Bestobe哈萨克斯坦Pb,Zn,Fe,MnⅡ2-2SEDEX大型雷梦琪, 2018
12阿尔恰勒中国新疆Pb,ZnⅡ2-2矽卡
岩型
大型100早石炭世Dai et al., 2019;
苏静, 2023
13Shalkiya哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ3-1MVT
(?)
超大型1058李恒海等, 2010;
Han et al., 2016
14Mirgalimsai哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ3-1MVT大型李恒海等, 2010;
Han et al., 2016
15Achisai哈萨克斯坦Pb,ZnⅡ3-1MVT大型154晚石炭世—
早二叠世
李恒海等, 2010;
高荣臻等, 2021
16Uchkulach乌兹别克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ3-2MVT超大型667晚石炭世—
早二叠世
高荣臻等, 2021
17Kurghashinkan乌兹别克
斯坦
Pb,ZnⅡ3-2矽卡
岩型
大型160晚石炭世—
早二叠世
Seltmann et al., 2011;
高荣臻等, 2021
18Aqturpak乌兹别克
斯坦
Au,Pb,ZnⅡ3-2斑岩型大型李宝强等, 2014
19Altyntopkan塔吉克斯Pb,Zn,CuⅡ3-2矽卡
岩型
大型185石炭纪—
二叠纪
李恒海等, 2010;
董升普等, 2020
20Lashkerek塔吉克斯Ag, Pb,ZnⅡ3-2热液
脉型
大型李宝强等, 2014
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中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿成矿单元划分及其意义
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陈莉 1 , 张向飞 1, 2, 3, * , 洪俊 2 , 姜丽莉 1 , 彭智敏 1
西北地质 | 中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026,59(3): 1-18
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西北地质 |中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026 , 59 (3) : 1 -18
中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿成矿单元划分及其意义
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陈莉(1980−),女,高级工程师,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:

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陈莉1 , 张向飞1, 2, 3, * , 洪俊2, 姜丽莉1, 彭智敏1
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心/西南地质科技创新中心,四川 成都 610000
  • 2中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,陕西 西安 710119
  • 3中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029
通讯作者:
张向飞(1985−),男,正高级工程师,博士,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:。
作者简介:

陈莉(1980−),女,高级工程师,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:

Division of Metallogenic Units and Its Significance of Lead-Zinc Deposits in Xinjiang, China to Central Asia
Li CHEN1 , Xiangfei ZHANG1, 2, 3, * , Jun HONG2, Lili JIANG1, ZHimin PENG1
Affiliations
  • 1Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey / Geosciences Innovation Center of Southwest China, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China
  • 2Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey / Geosciences Innovation Center of Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025177
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中国新疆–中亚地区地处卡拉库姆–塔里木克拉通以北,隶属全球三大构造域之一的古亚洲洋构造域。该区域地理位置独特,铅锌、铜、金、稀土、锂等矿产资源丰富,近年来已成为中国开展国际矿业合作的重要区域。笔者以“多岛弧盆系”构造模式为指导,在构造单元划分基础上,系统梳理了中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿的时空分布、成矿背景及矿床类型,开展了三级成矿单元的划分,共划分出阿尔泰(–兴蒙)、哈萨克斯坦–天山两个成矿省,阿尔泰、塔尔巴哈台–西准噶尔、莫因特–巴尔喀什–中天山、图尔盖–塔拉斯4个成矿带,南阿尔泰、萨雷扎尔–扎尔马、卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁、巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山、卡拉套、布坎套–吉尔吉斯山6个成矿亚带。在前人研究基础上,进一步剖析了各成矿亚带的成矿特征与典型矿床,结合古亚洲洋演化过程,探讨区域铅锌成矿作用,以期为新疆及境外铅锌矿的对比研究和勘查提供有益参考。

新疆  /  中亚  /  铅锌  /  成矿单元  /  古亚洲洋

The Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia region is located north of the Karakum-Tarim Craton and belongs to the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic domain, one of the world's three major tectonic domains. Distinguished by its unique geographical setting, this region is rich in mineral resources such as lead, zinc, copper, gold, rare earth, and lithium, and has become an important area for China's international mining cooperation in recent years. Guided by the "multi-island arc-basin system" tectonic model, this paper systematically summarizes the trmporal-spatial distribution, metallogenic setting and deposit types of lead-zinc deposits in the Xinjiang (China) to Central Asia region on the basis of tectonic unit division and carries out the division of three-level metallogenic units. A total of 2 metallogenic provinces are distinguished: Altai(-Xing’an Mongolia) and Kazakhstan-Tianshan; 4 metallogenic belts are Altai, Taerbahatai-West Junggar, Moint-Balkhash-Middle Tianshan and TurgayTalas; and 6 metallogenic subbelts are South Altai, Saryzhal-Zharma, Karasor-Moint-Yili, Bayan Uul- Zheirtau-Middle Tianshan, Karatau and Bukantau-Kyrgyz Mountain. Building on previous research, this paper further analyzes the metallogenic characteristics and typical deposits of each subbelt and discusses regional lead-zinc mineralization in combination with the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, aiming to provide a useful references for the comparative study and exploration of lead-zinc deposits in Xinjiang and adjacent overseas areas.

Xinjiang (China)  /  central Asia  /  lead-zinc  /  metallogenic units  /  paleo-Asian ocean
陈莉, 张向飞, 洪俊, 姜丽莉, 彭智敏. 中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿成矿单元划分及其意义. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025177
Li CHEN, Xiangfei ZHANG, Jun HONG, Lili JIANG, ZHimin PENG. Division of Metallogenic Units and Its Significance of Lead-Zinc Deposits in Xinjiang, China to Central Asia[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025177
中亚地区在地理上是指西至里海,东至中国新疆天山–准噶尔,南到塔里木北缘,北到中蒙边境阿尔泰的广大区域,涵盖国家包括哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦。中亚地区矿产资源丰富,其中阿尔泰、天山是世界著名的有色金属成矿带(陈哲夫等, 1999; 杨富全等, 2006; 薛春纪等, 2014; 张连昌等, 2021),哈萨克丘陵盛产煤炭(高永伟等, 2022),里海低地是石油、天然气的主产区(侯平等, 2014; 高永伟等, 2022)。众多超大型金属矿床分布于该区域,如中国新疆可可托海Li-Be-Nb-Ta-Cs-Rb-Hf矿(李建康等, 2017),乌兹别克斯坦Muruntau金矿(Frimmel, 2008),哈萨克斯坦Tekeli铅锌矿(彭守晋, 1990; 薛春纪等, 2014)、Kempirsai铬铁矿(Melcher et al., 1999;吕鹏瑞等,2022a,2022b;高永伟等,2023)。
中国新疆–中亚地区地处欧亚大陆中间地带,具有独特的成矿条件。李宝强等(2014)编制了中国新疆及中亚邻区地质矿产图(1∶150万),对区域地层、矿产资源做了概述。铅锌矿作为该区域重要的优势矿产资源之一,矿床类型齐全,成矿时代广泛。高荣臻等(2021)总结了中国及境外天山铅锌成矿作用和典型矿床,归纳出元古宙古陆边缘裂陷盆地、古生代洋–陆俯冲增生岛弧、晚古生代陆–陆碰撞造山和中–新生代山前/山间盆地四类铅锌成矿环境。在前人研究基础上,笔者以“多岛弧盆系”理论体系下的构造单元划分为基础(潘桂棠等, 2009, 2013; 张向飞等, 2023),通过对中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿时空分布、成矿背景、矿床类型的系统梳理,划分出铅锌矿三级成矿单元,并对区域构造演化和铅锌成矿作用的相互关系做了初步探讨。
中国新疆–中亚地区地质构造复杂,对该区域的构造单元划分,前人存在不同的划分方案(王鸿祯等, 1996; 李宝强等, 2014; 潘桂棠等, 2016)。在此基础上,张向飞等(2023)以板块构造理论和“多岛弧盆系”构造理论(潘桂棠等,1996, 2012)为指导,应用最新的中国大地构造单元划分方案及相关研究成果(潘桂棠等, 2016, 2017),重新进行了构造单元对比和厘定。多岛弧盆系构造是大洋岩石圈俯冲形成的大陆边缘前锋弧及其后侧的系列岛弧、弧后洋盆等的组合,通过弧后、弧间洋盆的消减,弧–弧、弧–陆的碰撞等构造演化形成大陆边缘增生造山带,弧后前陆盆地和周缘前陆盆地是其盆山转换的地质记录(许靖华,1994;潘桂棠等,1996,2002,2008,2013;张克信等, 2014; 王立全等, 2021)。对接带是指两个相对大陆之间的大洋岩石圈地壳对接消减带,简称为“大洋消亡的残迹”(张克信等, 2018,2020)。研究区涉及其中5个一级构造单元,由北到南分别为阿尔泰(–兴蒙)造山系、斋桑–额尔齐斯对接带、哈萨克斯坦–天山造山系、东欧陆块区和突厥斯坦–阿特巴什–南天山对接带(图1)。
区域成矿作用受大地构造背景制约,因而成矿单元的划分要以大地构造单元划分为基础,但构造单元划分与成矿单元划分的对应关系还要结合实际矿床(点)的发育及空间分布特征,有的单元大地构造意义重大,但尚无或仅有少量矿床(点)发现,就不能划分出成矿单元。成矿单元的划分采用五级划分法,即一级成矿域、二级成矿省、三级成矿带(区)、四级成矿亚带、五级矿田(陈毓川等, 2007)。对于研究范围较大的区域,一般划分至三级或四级。一级成矿域常指跨洲际的全球成矿单元,全球范围常沿用古亚洲、特提斯–喜马拉雅、环太平洋三大成矿域的分法。裴荣富等(2007)将全球划为劳亚、特提斯、冈瓦纳和环太平洋4个成矿域。研究区在全球范围内属于古亚洲成矿域,也称劳亚成矿域,次一级区域内,也称作中亚成矿域。
特定构造环境形成区域特定主构造事件,区域主构造事件形成特定成矿类型和矿床时空组成,以此为划分思想和原则。鉴于研究区均属于同一全球成矿域范围,划分以成矿省作为一级成矿单元,划分为阿尔泰(–兴蒙)和哈萨克斯坦–天山两个成矿省,主体与阿尔泰(–兴蒙)造山系和乌拉尔–哈萨克斯坦–天山造山系一级构造单元对应。哈萨克斯坦–天山成矿省主要由古生代多条蛇绿混杂岩带和多个岩浆弧、弧后盆地及裂离地块组成,依据成矿构造背景的不同以及铅锌矿床分布特征,进一步划分出3个二级成矿带。研究区内的阿尔泰(–兴蒙)成矿省仅涵盖南部的阿尔泰成矿带。在成矿带内,统一的成矿地质作用、空间上的相关性是进一步划分三级成矿亚带的主要依据。笔者对中国新疆–中亚地区成矿单元进行了重新厘定,以揭示区域地质构造演化与铅锌成矿作用之间的关系,将中国新疆–中亚地区划分为两个成矿省,4个成矿带和6个铅锌成矿亚带(图2,表1)。
据收集资料统计,研究区分布铅锌矿共计约240处,其中超大型5处、大型16处、中型37处、小型180余处,主要为铅锌、铅锌铜和铅锌银矿(图3)。铅锌成矿作用多样、复杂,矿床类型划分方案众多,但在主要类型划分上意见基本一致,主要为VMS型、SEDEX型、MVT型、矽卡岩型和热液脉型,成矿时代以新元古代、泥盆纪—石炭纪和二叠纪—中生代为主(表2、表3)。其中,哈萨克斯坦铅锌矿资源最为丰富,集中分布在其中东部地区。
阿尔泰(–兴蒙)造山系,西起俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦,经中国新疆北部延伸至蒙古国南缘,南与斋桑–额尔齐斯对接带相邻(赵振华等, 2022)。研究区仅涵盖其中的阿尔泰弧盆系,地理位置包括哈萨克斯坦东北部和中国新疆阿尔泰。阿尔泰弧盆系是古生代额尔齐斯–斋桑洋向北俯冲于阿尔泰微陆块之下,在阿尔泰陆块南缘形成的陆缘弧,增生了西伯利亚大陆南缘(Windley et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2006; 杨富全等, 2018;图3a)。阿尔泰弧盆系自北向南可进一步细分为南阿尔泰陆缘弧(Pz1-C)和南阿尔泰增生弧(Pz2)。
南阿尔泰陆缘弧主体由低绿片岩相的巨厚类复理石建造构成(成守德, 2015)。南阿尔泰增生弧前震旦纪基底杂岩主要由混合岩、片麻岩组成,震旦纪—石炭纪岩石组合为变凝灰质杂砂岩–变硅质岩–变粉砂岩–变砂砾岩–结晶灰岩建造、片麻岩–变粉砂岩–变长石杂砂岩–石英片岩建造等(张克信等, 2017),是区域铅锌矿床的重要含矿层位,其上不整合覆盖晚石炭世陆相磨拉石建造,二叠纪转为造山后的前陆盆地。
南阿尔泰成矿亚带(Ⅰ1-1)构造位置位于阿尔泰弧盆系南部的南阿尔泰增生弧,已发现铅锌矿床30余处,其中大中型以上15处,呈NW向串珠状分布。大型矿床有哈萨克斯坦Tishinka、Ridder-Sokol'noe、Zyryanovskoe、Grekhovskoe和中国新疆可可塔勒,中小型矿床有哈萨克斯坦Beloubinskoe,中国新疆大东沟、铁木尔特等(张忠利,2011;王琳琳等,2012;杨富全等, 2018;图3b)。
早—中泥盆世海底火山喷流–沉积过程中铅锌金属流体的活动是阿尔泰成矿带形成如此大规模铅锌矿床的关键地质作用,形成了区域特色的VMS型成矿带。这些铅锌矿床产于晚古生代弧后拉伸火山沉积盆地中(图3a),从西北到东南分布有冲乎尔、克兰和麦兹盆地,在晚石炭世至晚二叠世的造山过程中受到不同成都的变质变形和叠加改造(廖启林, 2000; Zinoviev, 2016; 袁玲玲, 2017),典型矿床如可可塔勒。可可塔勒铅锌矿位于麦兹盆地,含矿地层为下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山–沉积岩系,铅锌矿体呈似层状、透镜状,与地层整合产出。石炭纪末期造山挤压过程中,地层和矿体倒转,矿体发生变质和变形改造,最终定位于麦兹倒转向斜之北东倒转翼东南近转折部位(童秀芝,2007; Su et al., 2022)。
此外,在哈萨克斯坦Rudny Altai地区,有北、南两条NW向延伸的铅锌矿带。其中,北带含有区域3/4的铅锌铜储量,带内矿床分布与泥盆纪Emsian-Givetian玄武岩–流纹岩建造有关(Vikentyev et al., 2024),典型矿床如Tishinka、Ridder-Sokol’noe。Tishinka矿体赋存于中泥盆统火山沉积岩和中晚泥盆统—早石炭统陆源沉积地层之间的接触带上;Ridder-Sokol’noe矿体赋存于中泥盆统Kryukov组火山沉积地层中,由层状、似层状、条带状矿体和陡倾的脉状、网脉状矿体组成,具明确的分带性(Dergachev et al., 1994;图3c)。区域成矿过程包括中泥盆世同火山热液沉积作用和晚古生代动力变质作用。例如,Ridder-Sokol’noe矿床上部透镜状矿体的年龄约为307 Ma,相同区域内,改造Tishinka矿床的动力变质峰期可追溯到294~301和279~288 Ma(Zinoviev, 2016)。
塔尔巴哈台–西准噶弧盆系,北部为额尔齐斯–斋桑洋向南俯冲形成的奥陶纪—早石炭纪岛弧(图4a、图4b),包括萨雷扎尔–扎尔马岛弧(Pz1)和塔尔巴哈台–赛米斯台岛弧(Pz2),南部为蛇绿混杂岩带。该弧盆系出露古元古界基底变质岩系和中—新元古界盖层的浅变质碳酸盐岩–碎屑岩组合(潘桂棠等, 2017),可能为哈萨克斯坦古陆之上发育古生代岛弧岩浆活动。中泥盆世后区域转入海陆交互相–陆相沉积(徐学义等, 2014; 成守德, 2015)。
铅锌矿集中分布在萨雷扎尔–扎尔马成矿亚带(Ⅱ1-1),构造位置为塔尔巴哈台–西准噶弧盆系北部的萨雷扎尔–扎尔马岛弧。带内铅锌矿床数量少、规模小,研究程度低,已发现铅锌矿均为小型(图4c),热液脉型为主,如哈萨克斯坦Shibinbeke铅锌矿和Mailishat铅锌铜矿。
乌拉尔–哈萨克斯坦–天山造山系位于斋桑额尔齐斯对接带以南,奥陶纪—早石炭世区域形成多岛弧盆系,受古亚洲洋北支向南俯冲和古亚洲洋南支双向俯冲形成了弧–陆碰撞相关的岛弧造山系(潘桂棠等, 2017)(图4a、图4b),主要由古生代多条蛇绿混杂岩带、岩浆弧、弧后盆地及裂离地块等组成。莫因特–巴尔喀什–中天山成矿带(II2)位于其中的莫因特–巴尔喀什–中天山地块和希迭尔特–热尔套山–卡拉科尔结合带,进一步细分为卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁(II2-1)和巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山两个铅锌成矿亚带(II2-2)。
(1)卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁Pb-Zn成矿亚带(Ⅱ2-1):该亚带构造位置上包括中天山地块的次级单元卡拉索尔–巴尔喀什–博罗科努陆缘弧(O-C)和阿加德尔–莫因特–伊犁裂谷盆地(C-P),发育太古代—元古代基底,并发生绿片岩相–角闪岩相变质作用(朱永峰, 2009; 潘桂棠等, 2017)。晚泥盆世—早石炭世,受北天山洋向南俯冲,卡拉索尔–巴尔喀什–博罗科努发育陆缘弧环境下的花岗岩–花岗闪长岩组合,早二叠世为陆相玄武岩–安山岩组合(朱志新, 2013)。阿加德尔–莫因特–伊犁裂谷盆地基底为中元古界浅变质碎屑岩–碳酸盐岩系,之上发育石炭纪—二叠纪“双峰式”火山岩。区域火山岩组合特征表明裂谷具有多次拉张的特征,晚二叠世红色陆相磨拉石沉积标志着裂谷发展结束(张向飞等, 2023)。
该带是哈萨克斯坦主要铅锌矿产区之一,已发现铅锌矿床40余处,其中超大型1处,大型2处,集中分布在巴尔喀什和哈萨克斯坦–伊犁地区。带内最典型的为SEDEX型铅锌矿,如Tekeli超大型铅锌矿,Uzynjal、哈尔达坂大型铅锌矿(图4a、图4c);其次为矽卡岩型和热液脉型,主要与卡拉索尔–巴尔喀什–博罗科努陆缘弧发育有关,以中小型为主,如哈萨克斯坦Kokzaboi、Gulshad铅锌矿,新疆克其克木斯铅锌矿。
Tekeli铅锌矿赋矿地层为新元古代黑色碳质页岩和硅质页岩,由tekeli、zpaday tekeli、yablonovoye、koilymbai等4个矿段组成,矿体呈透镜状、似层状产出,与地层彼此整合(图5a、图5c)。矿石分为铅锌硫化物矿石和黄铁矿矿石两类,前者主要呈层状、韵律层状和纹层状,而后者多呈致密块状。矿石铅锌平均品位为11%,伴有多种有益元素,可供综合利用(彭守晋, 1990)。根据矿石硫化物硫同位素组成,推测Tekeli铅锌矿床成矿所需还原硫主要源于海水硫酸盐热化学还原作用,也可能部分来自于海水硫酸盐细菌还原作用;矿石硫化物铅同位素组表明,铅锌成矿金属具有壳幔混源特点(高荣臻等, 2021)。
哈尔达坂铅锌矿赋存于新元古代浅变质沉积碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩中(图5a),矿体呈透镜状和似层状与地层整合产出,矿体下盘发育硅化、绿泥石化等热液蚀变。成勇等(2015)对哈尔达坂铅锌矿床铅同位素组成研究表明,铅主要来源于地幔及上地壳;黄铁矿微量元素分析显示,沉积地层中金属元素具有很高的背景值。吕成帅(2020)对闪锌矿硫同位素分析表明,闪锌矿中硫由海水硫酸盐经热化学反应形成。
Tekeli铅锌矿和哈尔达坂铅锌矿位于哈萨克斯坦–伊犁地块北缘被动陆缘裂陷盆地中,沉积环境为浅海陆棚–台地相碎屑岩‒碳酸盐岩建造(图4a、图5b)。二者表现出相似的成矿特征,哈尔达坂被认为是Tekeli铅锌成矿带在中国新疆境内的东延。矿床成矿背景、纹层状矿化特征以及同位素分析显示Tekeli和哈尔达坂为SEDEX型铅锌矿,并在形成之后经历了构造变形和热液改造(彭守晋, 1990; 成勇等, 2015; 张连昌等, 2022)。
(2)巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山Pb-Zn成矿亚带(Ⅱ2-2):该成矿亚带构造上包括巴彦乌拉尔–扎拉依尔奈曼–中天山陆缘弧(O-C)和希迭尔特–热尔套山–卡拉科尔结合带(Pz1-C)。巴彦乌拉尔–扎拉依尔奈曼–中天山陆缘弧显示多期复合的特征,后碰撞淡色花岗岩(354 Ma)的厘定,表明该陆缘弧在早石炭世已进入后碰撞阶段(郭召杰, 2008; 潘桂棠, 2017)。希迭尔特–热尔套山–卡拉科尔为东部莫因特–巴尔喀什–中天山和西部图尔盖–塔拉斯的结合带,代表吉尔吉斯–贴尔斯克伊古洋消亡的遗迹(张向飞等,2023)。
带内已发现铅锌矿床30余处,其中中型以上10处,铅锌成矿特征与卡拉索尔–莫因特–伊犁成矿亚带相似,矿床类型以SEDEX型为主,典型矿床如哈萨克斯坦Zhairem超大型铅锌矿,Ushqatyn-I、Bestobe大型铅锌矿,其次为矽卡岩型和热液脉型。
Zhairem铅锌矿赋存于中天山泥盆纪–石炭纪板内伸展盆地中(图4b),铅锌矿体受扎伊尔明复向斜的次级短轴背斜控制,铅锌矿化主要表现为3种形式,含闪锌矿、方铅矿的稀疏浸染状硅质–碳酸盐岩薄层,黄铁矿与闪锌矿构成的韵律薄层,以及赋存在顺层剥离面的矿化层,显示典型的同生沉积成因特征(高鹏等,2009)。矿体与围岩共同经历了后期的褶皱和断裂变形。晚期后生阶段,在破碎蚀变带中发育含粗粒方铅矿和闪锌矿巢状体的石英–方解石细脉。
阿尔恰勒是巴彦乌拉尔–热尔套山–中天山成矿亚带东段规模最大的铅锌矿床,目前已达大型(图4c)。铅锌矿体呈板状、透镜状赋存于阿克沙克组中厚层灰岩中,产状与地层基本一致,具有层控特征,矿床深部还探明有铜矿体(图6a、图6b)。矿区地表和深部未见侵入岩体,矿床形成与岩浆作用的关系不清,造成对阿尔恰勒的成因的多种认识(安玉伟等, 2012;沈宇凡等, 2021)。苏静等(2023)对矿区流体包裹体和C–H –O等同位素研究显示,初始成矿流体主要为岩浆水,后期大气降水逐渐混入;Pb同位素组成具有壳幔混合特征;成矿物质主要来源于深部隐伏的岩浆岩。矿区闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(339.5±2.7)Ma,南部辉长–闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(343.3±6.3)Ma,二者时间基本一致(Dai et al, 2019;高荣臻等,2021)。以上研究成果及矿区地质特征表明,阿尔恰勒属于远端矽卡岩型铅锌铜矿床,形成于晚古生代南天山洋向哈萨克斯坦–伊犁板块俯冲增生的岛弧环境(高荣臻等, 2021;苏静等, 2023)。
热液脉型铅锌矿产出于各类构造裂隙中,具有品位高、分布广,矿床规模变化大的特征,如哈萨克斯坦Kuzhal、Kazquduk中型铅锌铜矿,吉尔吉斯斯坦Iki-Chat小型铅锌矿等,成矿时代为泥盆纪–石炭纪。
图尔盖–塔拉斯地块位于突厥斯坦–阿特巴什–南天山对接带以北,希迭尔特–热尔套山–卡拉科尔结合带以南,主要由奥陶纪—二叠纪增生弧、陆缘弧和中生代前陆盆地等组成,其中与区域成矿关系密切的构造单元是卡拉套基底断隆带(K-Q右行走滑)、塔拉斯–吉尔吉斯山增生弧(O-P)和布坎套–费尔干纳陆缘弧(O-P)。图尔盖–塔拉斯成矿带可进一步细分为卡拉套Pb-Zn成矿亚带(Ⅱ3-1)和布坎套–吉尔吉斯山Pb-Zn成矿亚带(Ⅱ3-2)。
(1)卡拉套Pb-Zn成矿亚带(Ⅱ3-1):卡拉套成矿亚带范围与卡拉套基底断隆带构造单元对应,发育元古宙结晶基底,震旦系—古生界盖层。晚泥盆世到早石炭世早期,卡拉套作为沉积洼地,发育厚层碳酸盐岩和硅质碳酸盐岩,局部发育蒸发岩的红层沉积物。含蒸发岩的红层沉积表明沉积洼地中可能存在一个蒸发岩有关的含卤水盆地(Gorzhevsky et al., 1971, 1988),到了晚石炭世,卡拉套转变为边缘造山隆起带。中生代以来,卡拉套经历了3个阶段变形,晚侏罗世压扭反转形成背斜构造,早中白垩世斜向伸展形成走滑变形带,白垩纪—新生代右行走滑形成沿断裂分布的背斜和向斜(张向飞等, 2023)。
卡拉套地区是一个铅锌、钡、磷、铜、钼、金等的综合成矿带,其中最有工业意义的是铅锌和磷矿。带内已发现铅锌矿床20余处,包括超大型1处,大型2处,其余为小型矿床。该成矿带的研究,近年来多集中于油气方面,已发现多个大型油气藏(付晨阳等, 2017; 王有宁等, 2019),铅锌矿床的研究程度相对较低,研究资料少。据现有资料显示,铅锌矿床产出于古老基底内部晚古生代坳陷或断陷盆地中,在NW向和EW向的深大断裂交汇处,发育铅锌矿。容矿围岩为上泥盆统和下石炭统碳酸盐岩,围岩蚀变多为白云岩化和硅化。据卡拉套矿床发育的铅锌矿石、侵入岩和周边地质环境分析,可推断铅锌矿由富含矿物的卤水与碳酸盐岩相互作用形成,含矿卤水主要来源于卡拉套附近含油气构造,金属通过氯化物和有机金属络合物的形式从下覆岩石中被萃取和迁移至碳酸盐地球化学屏障处沉淀(Gorzhevsky et al., 1971, 1988)。基于以上研究,结合卡套地区构造演化过程及成矿环境,认为卡拉套成矿亚带铅锌矿床主要为MVT型,典型矿床如哈萨克斯坦Shalkiya超大型铅锌矿,Mirgalimsa、Achisai大型铅锌矿等(图7a、图7b)。
(2)布坎套–吉尔吉斯山Pb-Zn成矿亚带(Ⅱ3-2):该带被塔拉斯–费尔干纳断裂分成两段,西段为布坎套–费尔干纳陆缘弧(O-P),东段为塔拉斯–吉尔吉斯山增生弧(O-P)。志留纪,区域上表现为前陆盆地相;泥盆纪,盆地拉张并演化形成陆内裂谷;石炭纪,主要以陆相/海相沉积为主;二叠纪,区域地层发育火山岩–磨拉石建造(成守德, 2009; 王有宁等, 2019)。中新生代以来印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞,使区域发生强烈隆升及陆内走滑,形成了现今的盆–山格局。
布坎套–吉尔吉斯山成矿亚带是研究区内铅锌矿分布数量最多的区域,已发现铅锌矿床60多处,其中超大型1处,大型4处,中型11处,大型以上矿床集中分布在费尔干纳断裂以西的成矿带西段(图7b)。乌兹别克斯坦Uchkulach铅锌矿为带内规模最大的矿床,达超大型规模;大型矿床有乌兹别克斯坦的Kurghashinkan、Aqturpak,塔吉克斯坦的Altyntopkan、Lashkerek;中小型铅锌矿如Kok-Tepe、Cholok-Terek、sumsar、boordu、Gudas等。矿床类型以MVT型为主,其次为矽卡岩型、热液脉型和少量斑岩型,其中成矿带西段以MVT型和矽卡岩型为主,东段以热液脉型为主(李宝强等, 2014)。
Uchkulach铅锌矿位于乌兹别克斯坦中部,南天山造山带北缘。矿区主要含矿构造为褶皱背斜翼部和转折端的穹隆构造,发育EW和NW向共轭断裂。矿体呈层状、似层状和透镜状,以顺层、切穿式和复合式产出于中—上泥盆统灰岩和白云岩中,围岩蚀变为白云岩化、硅化、重晶石化和泥化(图7c;高荣臻等, 2021)。矿区未见岩浆岩出露,但深部赋矿地层下伏中泥盆世火山岩,矿床成因是否与岩浆活动有关存在争议。郜臻臻(2018)分析与闪锌矿和方铅矿共生的重晶石中流体包裹体记录的流体性质后,发现成矿流体具有低温、中等盐度的特征,可能为盆地流体而非岩浆热液;方铅矿Pb同位素组成显示主要为壳源,但与围岩无关,可能为造山带多来源混合成因,由此认为Uchkulach为陆–陆碰撞环境下盆地卤水活动形成的MVT型铅锌矿,主要成矿作用与下伏火山岩无关。中国新疆南天山造山带陆缘盆地内分布有霍什布拉克、坎岭等铅锌矿,对其矿区地质特征,成矿物质来源、成矿流体特征以及矿石Rb-Sr测年的研究表明,与Uchkulach有着相似的成矿作用(杨富全等,2001;李志丹等, 2014;Li et al., 2015; 王莹, 2017; 杨斌等, 2018)。
Kurghashinkan铅锌矿位于乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk矿集区西北部,矿区出露上泥盆统白云岩、白云质灰岩组成的钙、镁质碳酸盐岩地层,矿体多呈扁平或透镜状产于石炭纪正长闪长岩体与碳酸盐岩地层接触带中(图7d;薛春纪等, 2014)。与Kurgashingan矽卡岩铅锌矿化有关的正长闪长岩同期的岩浆活动对Almalyk矿集区南部的另外两个超大型斑岩型金铜矿床的形成具有重要的影响,年龄数据显示Kurgashingan铅锌矿可能是该区域晚石炭世增生岛弧环境斑岩–矽卡岩型多金属成矿系统的重要组成部分(图5b;高荣臻等,2021)。
带内Aqturpak、Altyntopka、Lashkerek大型铅锌矿床分别为斑岩型、矽卡岩型和与火山岩有关的热液脉型铅锌矿化(李宝强等, 2014),但目前暂无详细的研究资料(图7b)。鉴于这些矿床与Kurghashinkan矽卡岩型铅锌矿集中产出,处于相同的大地构造单元,认为它们可能具有相似的成矿特征,均属于区域晚石炭世斑岩–矽卡岩型多金属成矿系统。
全球构造演化主要表现为超大陆的裂解和汇聚过程,其实质为大洋岩石圈和大陆岩石圈的相互转换演化,即洋–陆转换过程,罗迪尼亚超大陆解体以来的全球洋–陆演化存在“三大陆(劳亚、泛华夏、冈瓦纳)”和“三大洋(古大西洋、古亚洲样、特提斯洋)”并存的时空格局(潘桂棠等, 2009, 2013;王立全等,2013,2021; 朱志新等, 2013)。中国新疆–中亚地区隶属于古亚洲洋构造域,受古亚洲大洋俯冲及其大陆边缘多岛弧盆系的构造演化过程控制。尤其是哈萨克斯坦–天山造山系内的含矿地质体,记录了一系列多重相间火山–岩浆带、裂离地块、结合带或蛇绿混杂岩带,经弧后洋盆俯冲消减,弧–弧、弧–陆碰撞,碰撞后伸展等动力学过程,导致海底喷流系统、岩浆–热液系统和构造–热液系统等成矿作用,在各成矿带(亚带)形成了不同的成矿类型。
古亚洲洋的形成最早可追溯至新元古代Rodinia超大陆的裂解事件,演化至石炭纪消亡。新元古代晚期—早寒武世,俄罗斯克拉通、西伯利亚克拉通、卡拉库姆–塔里木克拉通之间形成了广阔的古亚洲洋,准噶尔–吐哈、莫因特–中天山等地块先后从塔里木古陆裂离向北漂移,形成多岛洋的格局(张向飞等, 2023)(图8a)。古亚洲洋呈近EW向展布,其北支沿额尔齐斯–斋桑对接带延伸,南支沿突厥斯坦–阿特巴什–南天山对接带延伸。南北两支向东经索伦、温都尔庙汇聚于西拉木伦对接带(潘桂棠等, 2017)。中国新疆–中亚地区经历了额尔齐斯–斋桑洋和南天山洋打开、发展、消亡的演化过程,形成了陆缘裂离、岛弧增生、碰撞造山等成矿环境。
新元古代伸展背下,被动陆缘裂陷盆地为海底热液活动及喷流沉积作用提供了有利空间,促使大量金属元素从深部向海底聚集。海底沉积物在压实过程中释放的孔隙水,受地热增温影响,温度、盐度逐渐升高,形成盆地热卤水,其在运移过程中持续萃取围岩中的Pb、Zn、Fe等金属元素,从而形成初始成矿流体。与此同时,沿岩石裂隙和断裂系统下渗的冷海水在盆地深部与上涌的高压热流体相遇,二者混合形成对流循环体系,并反复萃取围岩中的金属元素,逐步富集为富含金属的成矿流体。当成矿流体进入盆地细碎屑岩、碳酸盐地层时,交代作用引发温度、Ph值等物理化学条件的改变,促使海水硫酸盐发生热化学还原反应,释放出还原硫,成矿流体中铅、锌、铁等金属离子与还原硫结合,沉淀形成SEDEX型金属硫化物矿床,如哈萨克斯坦–伊犁地块北缘的Tekeli超大型铅锌矿、哈尔达坂大型铅锌矿(图8a)。
晚奥陶世—志留纪,额尔齐斯洋发生双向俯冲,向北俯冲形成阿尔泰(–兴蒙)多岛弧盆系,向南俯冲形成哈萨克斯坦–天山多岛弧盆系,南天山大洋奥陶纪开始向北俯冲(潘桂棠等, 2016)。在额尔齐斯洋南向俯冲形成的的萨雷扎尔–扎尔马岛弧带,发育与火山岩有关的热液脉型铅锌矿,矿床规模多为小型,如Mailishat铅锌铜矿(图8b)。
泥盆纪期间,与俯冲有关的岛弧和弧后盆地发育,在南阿尔泰弧后盆地形成了以哈萨克斯坦Ridder-Sokol'noe和新疆可可塔勒大型矿床为代表的VMS型铅锌矿成矿带。与此同时,中—晚泥盆世,受中天山板内伸展作用控制,区域上发育一系列伸展盆地,在此背景下爆发大规模的SEDEX型成矿作用,形成了以哈萨克斯坦超大型Zhairem铅锌矿,Bestobe大型铅锌矿为代表的一批矿床(图8c)。
早石炭世,南天山洋洋壳俯冲扩展至整个哈萨克斯坦大陆南缘,触发了一系列岩浆岩带的发育,在乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦北部地区岩浆活动带,形成了以矽卡岩–斑岩型为特色的多金属成矿系统,代表性矿床包括Kurghashinkan、阿尔恰勒大型矽卡岩型铅锌矿,以及Aqturpak大型斑岩型铅锌矿等(图8c)。
石炭纪末到早二叠世,伴随着额尔齐斯–斋桑洋和南天山洋的先后闭合,准噶尔、哈萨克斯坦–伊犁、中天山、塔里木等陆块发生陆–陆碰撞,引发大规模的构造变形作用,褶皱、逆冲推覆、剪切走滑构造广泛发育。在逆冲推覆构造产生的压力驱动下,成矿流体发生长距离的运移,于造山带前陆盆地和逆冲走滑带形成MVT型铅锌成矿作用。典型矿床包括南天山造山带北缘前陆盆地的乌兹别克斯坦Uchkulach超大型铅锌矿,发育于卡拉套走滑断裂带上的哈萨克斯坦Shalkiya超大型铅锌矿(图8d)。此外,区域大规模的碰撞造山作用亦对早期形成的铅锌矿床产生了构造变形和热液叠加改造。
(1)新元古代末到古生代晚期,古亚洲洋经历了从形成、扩张到俯冲、消亡的完整构造演化旋回,其漫长的地质过程与伴随的大陆边缘增生–碰撞造山作用,共同造就了中国新疆–中亚地区优越的成矿地质条件。基于“不同构造环境和构造事件形成不同类型铅锌矿”的成矿思想,结合“多岛弧盆系”构造模式,将中国新疆–中亚地区铅锌矿成矿单元划分为两个成矿省,4个成矿带和6个成矿亚带。
(2)系统梳理各成矿亚带铅锌矿成矿特征及典型矿床,进一步探讨了中国新疆–中亚地区构造演化与铅锌成矿作用的耦合关系。①新元古代陆缘裂离期:在莫因特–伊犁地块北缘被动陆缘裂陷盆地中,形成了以SEDEX型为主的铅锌成矿带。②泥盆纪—石炭纪俯冲期:古亚洲洋俯冲作用驱动多套成矿系统发育,南阿尔泰弧后盆地形成以VMS型为主的铅锌成矿带;中天山板内伸展盆地发育大规模的SEDEX型铅锌成矿作用;此外,在南天山洋俯冲诱发的岛弧岩浆岩带中,形成了矽卡岩–斑岩型铅锌多金属成矿系统。③石炭纪末期—二叠纪碰撞及伸展期:古亚洲洋消亡,区域进入碰撞造山及碰撞后伸展阶段。在南天山造山带前陆盆地、卡拉套走滑断裂带形成了以MVT型为主的铅锌成矿带。区域性大规模的碰撞造山作用对前期形成的铅锌矿床产生了广泛的构造变形和热液叠加改造。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025177
  • 接收时间:2025-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-17
  • 修回日期:2026-03-12
  • 录用日期:2026-03-13
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    1中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心/西南地质科技创新中心,四川 成都 610000
    2中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,陕西 西安 710119
    3中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029

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张向飞(1985−),男,正高级工程师,博士,从事基础地质与区域矿床学研究。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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