Article(id=1307086650106990816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=1758124800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-18, acceptedDate=1758124800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-18, onlineDate=1789563341880, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563341880, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563341880, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563341880, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=249, endPage=263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086651755352289, articleId=1307086650106990816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Diagenetic and Metallogenic Ages and Genesis of Graphite Deposits in the Moqinwula Area, Eastern Junggar, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Mayidang, Tu'erkuli, Keyinnan and other graphite deposits in the Moqinwula area of the East Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, are newly discovered deposits with industrial value in recent years. Taking the Tu'erkuli graphite Deposit as the research object, this study carried out LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and petrogeochemical analysis. Chronological results show that the ore-hosting stratum of this deposit formed at 334±9 Ma, and the graphite mineralization occurred at 313 Ma. The petrogeochemical characteristics are as follows: the graphite ore is enriched in lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, Pb and Sr, and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) including Th, Nb, Ta and Ti; the total content of rare earth elements (REEs) is relatively low, with ΣREE ranging from 52.16×10−6 to 134.21×10−6 and an average of 81.71×10−6. These features indicate that the sedimentary materials of the ore-bearing rocks were derived from terrigenous clastic rocks, and the rocks formed in a neritic-epicontinental anoxic reducing sedimentary environment. Comprehensive research suggests that the ore-hosting stratum of graphite deposits in the Moqinwula area of East Junggar is the Lower Carboniferous Jiangbasitao Formation, which corrects the previous understanding that it belonged to the Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian Hongliugou Formation. This deposit is a contact metamorphic graphite deposit. Its genetic mechanism is as follows: under the superimposed transformation of late tectonic activities and magmatic intrusion, the organic matter in the carbon-bearing sedimentary rock series of the Lower Carboniferous Jiangbasitao Formation was activated, undergoing deoxidation and dehydrogenation reactions followed by recrystallization, and finally forming crystalline graphite.

, authors=Yichen HE1, 2, Jianke BAI2, 3, *, Jifu MA4, Peichong PAN4, Yongfu MA4, authorsList=Yichen HE, Jianke BAI, Jifu MA, Peichong PAN, Yongfu MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianke BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086656369086706, articleId=1307086650106990816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿成岩成矿时代及矿床成因, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新疆东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区马依当、吐尔库里、克音南等石墨矿是近年来新发现的具工业价值的矿床。笔者以吐尔库里石墨矿为研究对象,开展 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年与岩石地球化学分析。结果显示,该矿赋矿地层形成时代为(334±9)Ma,石墨成矿时代为313 Ma。石墨矿石富集Rb、Ba、Pb、Sr等亲石元素,亏损 Th、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素;稀土元素总量偏低,ΣREE值为52.16×10−6~134.21×10−6,平均值为81.71×10−6,指示含矿岩石沉积物质源于陆源碎屑岩,形成于滨浅海–浅海缺氧还原沉积环境。综合研究认为,东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿赋矿地层为下石炭统姜巴斯套组,纠正前人将其归为上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组的认识;该矿床属接触变质型石墨矿,后期构造活动叠加岩浆侵入改造,促使下石炭统姜巴斯套组含碳沉积岩系中有机质活化,经脱氧、脱氢反应并重结晶,最终形成晶质石墨。

, authors=贺奕晨1, 2, 白建科2, 3, *, 马吉福4, 潘佩翀4, 马永福4, authorsList=贺奕晨, 白建科, 马吉福, 潘佩翀, 马永福, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=白建科, authorNote=

贺奕晨(2000−), 男,硕士研究生,主要从事矿产勘查工作。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
白建科(1983−),男,正高级工程师,从事沉积学、盆地分析与造山带地质研究。E−mail:
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贺奕晨(2000−), 男,硕士研究生,主要从事矿产勘查工作。E−mail:

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贺奕晨(2000−), 男,硕士研究生,主要从事矿产勘查工作。E−mail:

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a. 中亚造山带地质简图(据Jahn et al., 2000修改);b. 准噶尔地区地质简图(据Chen et al., 2004修改);c. 研究区地质简图(据张征峰等, 2020);1. 第四系沉积;2. 中侏罗统西山窑组;3. 上二叠统库莱组;4. 下石炭统姜巴斯套组;5. 下泥盆统托让格库都克组;6. 上志留—下泥盆统红柳沟组;7. 中—上奥陶统庙沟组;8. 中—上奥陶统乌列盖组;9. 花岗岩;10. 石英闪长岩;11. 花岗斑岩;12. 闪长玢岩;13. 辉绿玢岩;14. 一般断层;15. 区域性大断裂;16. 韧性剪切带;17. 角度不整合接触界线;18. 石墨矿床点

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a. 长石岩屑砂岩夹石墨层岩心;b. 地表劈理化石墨;c. 石墨矿层发生褶皱变形;d. 走滑断裂;e. 早、晚两期石墨;f. “云母鱼”构造;g. 压力影构造;h. 动态重结晶石英;i. 条带状构造

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球粒陨石和原始地幔标准化数据引自Sun et al. (1989)

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Detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analytical results of the sandstones from the Tu'erkuli graphite deposit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试点元素含量(10–6)232Th/238U同位素比值 年龄(Ma)
232Th238U206Pb207Pb/206Pb1s207Pb/235U1s206Pb/238U1s 207Pb/206Pb1s207Pb/235U1s206Pb/238U1s
te01-01275.04313.1289.460.880.05550.00180.52290.01630.06830.001543235427114269
te01-0223.5462.1318.20.380.05470.00320.52830.03000.07010.0017399854312043710
te01-03120.48229.255.640.530.05460.00280.43720.02150.05810.001339669368153648
te01-0419.3652.9512.410.370.05370.00400.41500.03030.05610.0014358119352223529
te01-0550.14177.3252.750.280.05520.00220.54190.02060.07120.001642047440144439
te01-0755.7194.7622.720.590.05460.00310.43230.02410.05740.001439583365173608
te01-08172.04285.2667.910.600.05560.00210.43720.01580.05700.001243643368113588
te01-0932.9969.0615.910.480.05470.00430.41610.03220.05520.0015399127353233469
te01-1097.86232.9857.270.420.05470.00240.44430.01850.05890.001340055373133698
te01-1135.3474.7717.940.470.05280.00370.41880.02860.05750.0014321109355203609
te01-1255.2676.8817.060.720.05440.00430.39880.03100.05320.0014386127341223349
te01-1361.66177.6955.160.350.05740.00260.59000.02600.07450.0017508584711746310
te01-1443.2985.420.510.510.05270.00340.41890.02620.05770.001431698355193619
te01-1553.985.8820.530.630.05610.00350.44370.02700.05740.001445592373193609
te01-1696.08157.5246.40.610.05640.00300.54980.02820.07070.0017467734451844010
te01-1791.67134.435.070.680.06130.00310.52940.02540.06270.001564864431173929
te01-1837.6978.2223.080.480.05380.00350.52540.03330.07090.0017361994292244110
te01-1945.2878.3119.090.580.05380.00330.43430.02620.05860.001436192366193679
te01-20102.17141.1232.960.720.05380.00270.41650.02030.05610.001336369354153528
te01-2198.16239.358.250.410.05300.00350.42480.02600.05810.0013329152359193648
te01-22235.15407.51105.890.580.05550.00190.47860.01540.06250.001343437397113918
te01-23403.02609.7144.120.660.05590.00180.43810.01310.05690.00124483336993567
te01-2431.24962.21426.70.030.11860.00375.73920.13380.35100.0071193557193720193934
te01-25140.64311.8774.620.450.05440.00360.42360.02630.05650.0013389152359193548
te01-2698.53170.2238.240.580.05660.00260.42240.01840.05410.001247757358133407
te01-2940.0373.216.70.550.05270.00360.39930.02650.05500.0014314106341193458
te01-3033.6886.2119.550.390.05500.00370.41470.02690.05470.0014413101352193438
te01-3151.06113.8326.990.450.05260.00280.41460.02100.05720.001331174352153588
te01-3238.9986.2620.040.450.05650.00410.43640.03070.05600.0014471110368223519
te01-3331.4476.4717.210.410.05420.00360.40570.02590.05430.0013379100346193418
te01-34100.53179.3642.080.560.05300.00250.41340.01850.05660.001332761351133558
te01-3720.2955.0312.790.370.05450.00400.42190.02980.05620.0014391113357213529
te01-3895.24125.3129.010.760.05500.00290.42440.02130.05590.001341371359153518
te01-3965.94132.1539.440.500.05620.00250.55880.02440.07210.0016459584511644910
te01-4021.4749.7511.710.430.05250.00450.41230.03440.05690.0015309141350253579
te01-41292.1509.94147.030.570.05580.00180.53610.01630.06970.001544333436114349
te01-4290.33204.5148.360.440.05230.00230.41260.01750.05720.001329957351133598
te01-4376.89152.3634.220.500.05650.00290.42350.02130.05430.001347371359153418
te01-44108.52191.9353.520.570.05840.00250.54370.02240.06750.001554652441154219
te01-4523.8386.6225.480.280.05900.00330.57970.03160.07120.0017569774642044310
te01-4632.8368.7415.760.480.05400.00470.41330.03480.05550.0015370141351253489
te01-4735.270.0316.080.500.05400.00440.41400.03280.05560.0015371131352243499
te01-4847.47176.0839.790.270.05360.00290.40430.02110.05470.001335376345153448
te01-5061.6118.3834.260.520.05630.00280.54450.02660.07020.0016463684411743710
te01-5181.95133.5632.710.610.06390.00370.52290.02900.05940.001473777427193729
te01-52236.28257.2962.110.920.05340.00550.41980.04200.05700.0014346235356303579
te01-5354.9575.321.080.730.05610.00840.48190.07050.06230.00184573373994839011
te01-5442.0490.3221.410.470.05780.00420.45850.03250.05750.0015523110383233619
te01-5548.489.0921.240.540.05230.00340.41740.02640.05790.0014299100354193639
te01-5640.5296.3123.440.420.05210.00310.42450.02480.05910.001428990359183709
te01-57286.06333.4877.560.860.05590.00210.43560.01550.05650.001244943367113547
te01-58347.43369.9986.260.940.05350.00200.41780.01510.05670.001235044355113557
te01-5943.5298.1927.90.440.05270.00340.50160.03130.06910.0017315984132143010
te01-6153.3884.8520.260.630.06250.00370.50090.02840.05810.001469280412193648
te01-62307.97395.0497.610.780.05610.00200.46490.01600.06010.001345540388113768
te01-63186.84216.1655.430.860.05600.00280.48190.02340.06240.001445268399163909
te01-6442.8198.0823.420.440.05430.00320.43550.02460.05810.001438585367173648
te01-6557.85191.3944.850.300.05430.00250.42740.01910.05710.001338461361143588
te01-66100.57224.7275.20.450.05640.00210.63400.02270.08150.0018469434991450510
te01-6745.76113.2831.780.400.05790.00330.54600.03030.06840.0016527804422042610
te01-6838.5278.7516.160.490.05250.00410.36230.02770.05000.0013308127314213158
te01-6996.69192.93480.500.05440.00240.45480.01940.06070.001338757381143808
te01-7050.09101.9123.840.490.05330.00330.41940.02530.05710.001434293356183588
te01-7173.1229.4255.530.320.05370.00220.43690.01740.05900.001335752368123708
te01-7223.1160.9617.620.380.05790.00380.56270.03600.07050.0017526974532343910
te01-7371.87168.2939.470.430.05920.00290.46730.02220.05730.001357464389153598
te01-7441.6686.8419.850.480.05640.00350.43420.02590.05580.001346890366183508
te01-75782.96693.02163.881.130.05660.00180.45060.01320.05780.00124753137893627
te01-766.9727.077.370.260.05550.00580.50880.05230.06650.00194321784183541512
te01-7752.4143.05400.370.05520.00260.52050.02370.06830.001542262425164269
te01-7821.344.2410.160.480.05120.00460.39650.03480.05620.0015250148339253529
te01-79107.79163.937.440.660.05050.00260.38920.01920.05590.001322073334143508
te01-80133.13289.7758.940.460.05740.00260.39380.01720.04980.001150758337133137
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吐尔库里石墨矿含石墨岩屑砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试点元素含量(10–6)232Th/238U同位素比值 年龄(Ma)
232Th238U206Pb207Pb/206Pb1s207Pb/235U1s206Pb/238U1s 207Pb/206Pb1s207Pb/235U1s206Pb/238U1s
te01-01275.04313.1289.460.880.05550.00180.52290.01630.06830.001543235427114269
te01-0223.5462.1318.20.380.05470.00320.52830.03000.07010.0017399854312043710
te01-03120.48229.255.640.530.05460.00280.43720.02150.05810.001339669368153648
te01-0419.3652.9512.410.370.05370.00400.41500.03030.05610.0014358119352223529
te01-0550.14177.3252.750.280.05520.00220.54190.02060.07120.001642047440144439
te01-0755.7194.7622.720.590.05460.00310.43230.02410.05740.001439583365173608
te01-08172.04285.2667.910.600.05560.00210.43720.01580.05700.001243643368113588
te01-0932.9969.0615.910.480.05470.00430.41610.03220.05520.0015399127353233469
te01-1097.86232.9857.270.420.05470.00240.44430.01850.05890.001340055373133698
te01-1135.3474.7717.940.470.05280.00370.41880.02860.05750.0014321109355203609
te01-1255.2676.8817.060.720.05440.00430.39880.03100.05320.0014386127341223349
te01-1361.66177.6955.160.350.05740.00260.59000.02600.07450.0017508584711746310
te01-1443.2985.420.510.510.05270.00340.41890.02620.05770.001431698355193619
te01-1553.985.8820.530.630.05610.00350.44370.02700.05740.001445592373193609
te01-1696.08157.5246.40.610.05640.00300.54980.02820.07070.0017467734451844010
te01-1791.67134.435.070.680.06130.00310.52940.02540.06270.001564864431173929
te01-1837.6978.2223.080.480.05380.00350.52540.03330.07090.0017361994292244110
te01-1945.2878.3119.090.580.05380.00330.43430.02620.05860.001436192366193679
te01-20102.17141.1232.960.720.05380.00270.41650.02030.05610.001336369354153528
te01-2198.16239.358.250.410.05300.00350.42480.02600.05810.0013329152359193648
te01-22235.15407.51105.890.580.05550.00190.47860.01540.06250.001343437397113918
te01-23403.02609.7144.120.660.05590.00180.43810.01310.05690.00124483336993567
te01-2431.24962.21426.70.030.11860.00375.73920.13380.35100.0071193557193720193934
te01-25140.64311.8774.620.450.05440.00360.42360.02630.05650.0013389152359193548
te01-2698.53170.2238.240.580.05660.00260.42240.01840.05410.001247757358133407
te01-2940.0373.216.70.550.05270.00360.39930.02650.05500.0014314106341193458
te01-3033.6886.2119.550.390.05500.00370.41470.02690.05470.0014413101352193438
te01-3151.06113.8326.990.450.05260.00280.41460.02100.05720.001331174352153588
te01-3238.9986.2620.040.450.05650.00410.43640.03070.05600.0014471110368223519
te01-3331.4476.4717.210.410.05420.00360.40570.02590.05430.0013379100346193418
te01-34100.53179.3642.080.560.05300.00250.41340.01850.05660.001332761351133558
te01-3720.2955.0312.790.370.05450.00400.42190.02980.05620.0014391113357213529
te01-3895.24125.3129.010.760.05500.00290.42440.02130.05590.001341371359153518
te01-3965.94132.1539.440.500.05620.00250.55880.02440.07210.0016459584511644910
te01-4021.4749.7511.710.430.05250.00450.41230.03440.05690.0015309141350253579
te01-41292.1509.94147.030.570.05580.00180.53610.01630.06970.001544333436114349
te01-4290.33204.5148.360.440.05230.00230.41260.01750.05720.001329957351133598
te01-4376.89152.3634.220.500.05650.00290.42350.02130.05430.001347371359153418
te01-44108.52191.9353.520.570.05840.00250.54370.02240.06750.001554652441154219
te01-4523.8386.6225.480.280.05900.00330.57970.03160.07120.0017569774642044310
te01-4632.8368.7415.760.480.05400.00470.41330.03480.05550.0015370141351253489
te01-4735.270.0316.080.500.05400.00440.41400.03280.05560.0015371131352243499
te01-4847.47176.0839.790.270.05360.00290.40430.02110.05470.001335376345153448
te01-5061.6118.3834.260.520.05630.00280.54450.02660.07020.0016463684411743710
te01-5181.95133.5632.710.610.06390.00370.52290.02900.05940.001473777427193729
te01-52236.28257.2962.110.920.05340.00550.41980.04200.05700.0014346235356303579
te01-5354.9575.321.080.730.05610.00840.48190.07050.06230.00184573373994839011
te01-5442.0490.3221.410.470.05780.00420.45850.03250.05750.0015523110383233619
te01-5548.489.0921.240.540.05230.00340.41740.02640.05790.0014299100354193639
te01-5640.5296.3123.440.420.05210.00310.42450.02480.05910.001428990359183709
te01-57286.06333.4877.560.860.05590.00210.43560.01550.05650.001244943367113547
te01-58347.43369.9986.260.940.05350.00200.41780.01510.05670.001235044355113557
te01-5943.5298.1927.90.440.05270.00340.50160.03130.06910.0017315984132143010
te01-6153.3884.8520.260.630.06250.00370.50090.02840.05810.001469280412193648
te01-62307.97395.0497.610.780.05610.00200.46490.01600.06010.001345540388113768
te01-63186.84216.1655.430.860.05600.00280.48190.02340.06240.001445268399163909
te01-6442.8198.0823.420.440.05430.00320.43550.02460.05810.001438585367173648
te01-6557.85191.3944.850.300.05430.00250.42740.01910.05710.001338461361143588
te01-66100.57224.7275.20.450.05640.00210.63400.02270.08150.0018469434991450510
te01-6745.76113.2831.780.400.05790.00330.54600.03030.06840.0016527804422042610
te01-6838.5278.7516.160.490.05250.00410.36230.02770.05000.0013308127314213158
te01-6996.69192.93480.500.05440.00240.45480.01940.06070.001338757381143808
te01-7050.09101.9123.840.490.05330.00330.41940.02530.05710.001434293356183588
te01-7173.1229.4255.530.320.05370.00220.43690.01740.05900.001335752368123708
te01-7223.1160.9617.620.380.05790.00380.56270.03600.07050.0017526974532343910
te01-7371.87168.2939.470.430.05920.00290.46730.02220.05730.001357464389153598
te01-7441.6686.8419.850.480.05640.00350.43420.02590.05580.001346890366183508
te01-75782.96693.02163.881.130.05660.00180.45060.01320.05780.00124753137893627
te01-766.9727.077.370.260.05550.00580.50880.05230.06650.00194321784183541512
te01-7752.4143.05400.370.05520.00260.52050.02370.06830.001542262425164269
te01-7821.344.2410.160.480.05120.00460.39650.03480.05620.0015250148339253529
te01-79107.79163.937.440.660.05050.00260.38920.01920.05590.001322073334143508
te01-80133.13289.7758.940.460.05740.00260.39380.01720.04980.001150758337133137
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Geochemical analysis of the graphite-bearing sandstone from the Tu'erkuli graphite deposit

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样品号te-1hte -2hte -3hte -4hte -5h
SiO259.9158.4356.7763.8052.24
Al2O318.7619.3017.6520.4518.07
Fe2O30.940.716.730.690.79
FeO3.182.952.652.256.32
CaO5.326.223.541.426.62
MgO1.681.492.341.181.64
K2O2.012.142.153.902.27
Na2O3.223.242.660.562.71
TiO20.650.670.890.680.88
P2O50.110.110.110.030.40
MnO0.130.120.090.040.20
烧失量3.934.464.274.827.64
合计99.8499.8499.8599.8199.78
Cu28.3029.2032.7043.808.81
Pb7.846.627.4515.408.92
Zn64.5060.60122.0045.0060.70
Cr15.4015.7029.106.2411.80
Ni8.418.8523.105.305.03
Co13.1013.4016.705.5810.90
Li17.4017.3039.0011.0012.10
Rb40.2045.1044.6068.0045.30
Cs1.101.201.042.181.13
Mo0.460.500.330.301.66
Sr589.00641.00370.00182.00662.00
Ba573.00650.00473.001070.00913.00
V113.00116.00221.00129.0099.20
Sc20.5022.7022.0018.2017.80
Nb3.483.475.1210.408.44
La10.8011.4014.509.5226.30
Ce23.4026.1034.2019.5050.60
Pr2.983.214.082.286.22
Nd12.0013.5016.408.6224.70
Sm2.863.313.952.196.02
Eu1.071.131.150.981.79
Gd2.903.103.942.145.28
Tb0.480.520.660.420.88
Dy2.692.903.942.524.91
Ho0.550.610.820.510.98
Er1.501.672.361.442.81
Tm0.240.260.370.230.43
Yb1.531.682.501.572.86
Lu0.240.260.400.250.43
Y15.5015.9021.2012.8027.20
Ta0.250.260.340.770.52
Zr75.8077.60108.00180.00133.00
Hf2.742.844.006.334.20
Ga17.9019.2017.6023.7017.70
U0.800.831.182.391.91
Th2.452.593.328.986.23
Mn0.100.090.070.030.16
ΣREE63.2469.6489.2852.16134.21
LREE53.1158.6574.2843.09115.63
HREE10.1310.9915.009.0718.58
LREE/HREE5.245.334.954.756.22
δEu1.131.060.881.370.95
δCe0.981.021.060.980.92
), ArticleFig(id=1307086899580006739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086650106990816, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

吐尔库里石墨矿含石墨岩屑砂岩岩石地球化学分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号te-1hte -2hte -3hte -4hte -5h
SiO259.9158.4356.7763.8052.24
Al2O318.7619.3017.6520.4518.07
Fe2O30.940.716.730.690.79
FeO3.182.952.652.256.32
CaO5.326.223.541.426.62
MgO1.681.492.341.181.64
K2O2.012.142.153.902.27
Na2O3.223.242.660.562.71
TiO20.650.670.890.680.88
P2O50.110.110.110.030.40
MnO0.130.120.090.040.20
烧失量3.934.464.274.827.64
合计99.8499.8499.8599.8199.78
Cu28.3029.2032.7043.808.81
Pb7.846.627.4515.408.92
Zn64.5060.60122.0045.0060.70
Cr15.4015.7029.106.2411.80
Ni8.418.8523.105.305.03
Co13.1013.4016.705.5810.90
Li17.4017.3039.0011.0012.10
Rb40.2045.1044.6068.0045.30
Cs1.101.201.042.181.13
Mo0.460.500.330.301.66
Sr589.00641.00370.00182.00662.00
Ba573.00650.00473.001070.00913.00
V113.00116.00221.00129.0099.20
Sc20.5022.7022.0018.2017.80
Nb3.483.475.1210.408.44
La10.8011.4014.509.5226.30
Ce23.4026.1034.2019.5050.60
Pr2.983.214.082.286.22
Nd12.0013.5016.408.6224.70
Sm2.863.313.952.196.02
Eu1.071.131.150.981.79
Gd2.903.103.942.145.28
Tb0.480.520.660.420.88
Dy2.692.903.942.524.91
Ho0.550.610.820.510.98
Er1.501.672.361.442.81
Tm0.240.260.370.230.43
Yb1.531.682.501.572.86
Lu0.240.260.400.250.43
Y15.5015.9021.2012.8027.20
Ta0.250.260.340.770.52
Zr75.8077.60108.00180.00133.00
Hf2.742.844.006.334.20
Ga17.9019.2017.6023.7017.70
U0.800.831.182.391.91
Th2.452.593.328.986.23
Mn0.100.090.070.030.16
ΣREE63.2469.6489.2852.16134.21
LREE53.1158.6574.2843.09115.63
HREE10.1310.9915.009.0718.58
LREE/HREE5.245.334.954.756.22
δEu1.131.060.881.370.95
δCe0.981.021.060.980.92
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东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿成岩成矿时代及矿床成因
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贺奕晨 1, 2 , 白建科 2, 3, * , 马吉福 4 , 潘佩翀 4 , 马永福 4
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(2): 249-263
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (2) : 249 -263
东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿成岩成矿时代及矿床成因
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贺奕晨1, 2 , 白建科2, 3, * , 马吉福4, 潘佩翀4, 马永福4
作者信息
  • 1中国地质科学院,北京 100037
  • 2中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
  • 3中国地质调查局北方古生界油气地质重点实验室,陕西 西安 710119
  • 4青海省海西州自然资源局,青海 德令哈 817000
通讯作者:
白建科(1983−),男,正高级工程师,从事沉积学、盆地分析与造山带地质研究。E−mail:
作者简介:

贺奕晨(2000−), 男,硕士研究生,主要从事矿产勘查工作。E−mail:

Diagenetic and Metallogenic Ages and Genesis of Graphite Deposits in the Moqinwula Area, Eastern Junggar
Yichen HE1, 2 , Jianke BAI2, 3, * , Jifu MA4, Peichong PAN4, Yongfu MA4
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
  • 2Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Paleozoic Petroleum Geology in Northern China, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 4The Natural Resources Bureau of Haixi Prefecture, Delingha 817000, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025118
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新疆东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区马依当、吐尔库里、克音南等石墨矿是近年来新发现的具工业价值的矿床。笔者以吐尔库里石墨矿为研究对象,开展 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年与岩石地球化学分析。结果显示,该矿赋矿地层形成时代为(334±9)Ma,石墨成矿时代为313 Ma。石墨矿石富集Rb、Ba、Pb、Sr等亲石元素,亏损 Th、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素;稀土元素总量偏低,ΣREE值为52.16×10−6~134.21×10−6,平均值为81.71×10−6,指示含矿岩石沉积物质源于陆源碎屑岩,形成于滨浅海–浅海缺氧还原沉积环境。综合研究认为,东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿赋矿地层为下石炭统姜巴斯套组,纠正前人将其归为上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组的认识;该矿床属接触变质型石墨矿,后期构造活动叠加岩浆侵入改造,促使下石炭统姜巴斯套组含碳沉积岩系中有机质活化,经脱氧、脱氢反应并重结晶,最终形成晶质石墨。

石墨矿  /  成岩成矿时代  /  地球化学特征  /  矿床成因  /  东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区

The Mayidang, Tu'erkuli, Keyinnan and other graphite deposits in the Moqinwula area of the East Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, are newly discovered deposits with industrial value in recent years. Taking the Tu'erkuli graphite Deposit as the research object, this study carried out LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and petrogeochemical analysis. Chronological results show that the ore-hosting stratum of this deposit formed at 334±9 Ma, and the graphite mineralization occurred at 313 Ma. The petrogeochemical characteristics are as follows: the graphite ore is enriched in lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, Pb and Sr, and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) including Th, Nb, Ta and Ti; the total content of rare earth elements (REEs) is relatively low, with ΣREE ranging from 52.16×10−6 to 134.21×10−6 and an average of 81.71×10−6. These features indicate that the sedimentary materials of the ore-bearing rocks were derived from terrigenous clastic rocks, and the rocks formed in a neritic-epicontinental anoxic reducing sedimentary environment. Comprehensive research suggests that the ore-hosting stratum of graphite deposits in the Moqinwula area of East Junggar is the Lower Carboniferous Jiangbasitao Formation, which corrects the previous understanding that it belonged to the Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian Hongliugou Formation. This deposit is a contact metamorphic graphite deposit. Its genetic mechanism is as follows: under the superimposed transformation of late tectonic activities and magmatic intrusion, the organic matter in the carbon-bearing sedimentary rock series of the Lower Carboniferous Jiangbasitao Formation was activated, undergoing deoxidation and dehydrogenation reactions followed by recrystallization, and finally forming crystalline graphite.

graphite deposits  /  diagenetic and metallogenic sges  /  geochemical characteristics  /  deposit genesis  /  Moqinwula region of the eastern Junggar
贺奕晨, 白建科, 马吉福, 潘佩翀, 马永福. 东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿成岩成矿时代及矿床成因. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 249 -263 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025118
Yichen HE, Jianke BAI, Jifu MA, Peichong PAN, Yongfu MA. Diagenetic and Metallogenic Ages and Genesis of Graphite Deposits in the Moqinwula Area, Eastern Junggar[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 249 -263 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025118
石墨是中国优势矿产,分布广泛、类型齐全。近年来,随着地质矿产勘查程度的提高,国内石墨资源勘查取得了重大进展(李超等,2015;张艳飞等,2022)。新疆东准噶尔地区新发现阿拉托别、孔可热、达布逊、黄羊山、吐尔库里等多处大型晶质石墨矿(白建科等,2017;张小林等,2017;Ai et al.,2018;彭素霞等,2018)。石墨资源分布受控于由北向南依次分布的额尔齐斯、阿尔曼太–北塔山和卡拉麦里–莫钦乌拉3条NW–SE向展布的区域性深大断裂。根据石墨成矿地质条件、物化探异常及典型矿床特征,东准噶尔石墨矿带由北向南可进一步划分为3个成矿亚带:卡拉先格尔石墨成矿亚带、阿尔曼太石墨成矿亚带和卡拉麦里石墨成矿亚带(白建科等,2017;白建科,2021),是寻找晶质石墨矿的有利地区。
东准噶尔吐尔库里石墨矿位于新疆哈密市伊吾县莫钦乌拉地区,距伊吾县淖毛湖镇64 km,该矿床是新疆地矿局第一地质大队(2013)开展以石墨为主的地质找矿工作中首次发现,并针对石墨矿进行预、普查工作,后续相继发现马依当、克音南等石墨矿床,认为该地区石墨成矿条件良好。但科研工作相对滞后,石墨矿床工作程度明显偏低。白建科等(2017)认为莫钦乌拉地区吐尔库里石墨矿归属于卡拉麦里–莫钦乌拉石墨成矿亚带,石墨矿(化)展布方向与莫钦乌拉大断裂方向一致,石墨成矿至少经历了区域变质、热液变质和动力变质等3期变质作用。张征峰等(2020)探讨了马依当石墨矿地质特征和物探特征,并将石墨矿的形成过程划分为沉积、区域变质、热液变质改造、变形变质等4期。上述研究主要侧重于东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿矿床地质特征、成矿作用过程及分布规律等,但对于与石墨成矿密切相关的成矿地质背景、岩石地球化学和同位素年代学等方面的研究尚为空白。笔者以东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区吐尔库里石墨矿含矿岩石为研究对象,在详细野外地质调查和岩相学研究的基础上,通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学特征研究,探讨了赋矿地层成岩时代、石墨成矿时代、含矿岩石形成环境及石墨矿成因,以期对莫钦乌拉乃至东准噶尔地区石墨矿的寻找和成矿预测提供启示意义。
新疆东准噶尔地区是中亚造山带的重要组成部分,大地构造上位于西伯利亚板块与哈萨克斯坦–准噶尔板块的结合部位(图1a),北侧以额尔齐斯深大断裂为界与阿尔泰造山带相邻,南以卡拉麦里断裂带为界与准噶尔盆地和天山造山带毗连(图1b);从北向南依次划分为杜兰特岛弧、阿尔曼蛇绿混杂岩、野马泉岛弧、卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带及将军庙地块等次级构造单元(张元元等,2010;聂峰等,2014;田晓莉等,2019),主要由一系列岛弧、弧前增生体、增生楔、弧相关盆地、海山、蛇绿岩和微地块等不同的地体拼贴组成(Robert,1989;Jahn et al,2000;Windley et al,2007;李锦轶等,2009;徐学义等,2014;肖文交等,2019)。莫钦乌拉地区位于中亚造山带南部东准噶尔造山带南缘卡拉麦里–莫钦乌拉断裂带东段、三塘湖盆地南侧(图1c),大地构造位置属于兴蒙造山系准噶尔弧盆系卡拉麦里古生代复合沟弧带三塘湖晚古生代弧间盆地(朱西奎等,2018;熊双才等,2019)。莫钦乌拉大断裂为区内最主要的区域性断裂构造,延伸方向为NW–SE向,控制了区内地层展布、岩浆活动、变质变形作用等。
研究区出露地层主要包括古生界、中生界和新生界,侵入岩以石炭纪中酸性侵入岩为主(图1c)。奥陶系由中上奥陶统乌列盖组(O2−3w)和庙尔沟组(O2−3m)组成,乌列盖组主要岩性为石英片岩、绢云母石英片岩、白云母石英片岩、长英质白云母糜棱片岩、石榴子石白云母糜棱片岩;庙尔沟组主要岩性为沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩、粉砂岩,含少量灰岩条带及玄武岩夹层。上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组(S3D1h)主要岩性为长石岩屑砂岩、凝灰质粉砂岩、含砾岩屑砂岩与绢云母板岩、粉砂质绢云母板岩、石英千枚岩不等厚互层,夹安山岩、凝灰岩及少量石英砂岩、大理岩,近顶部夹碳质板岩(田庆磊,2021)。下泥盆统托让格库都克组(D1t)主要岩性为凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩、岩屑砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩、变质砂岩不等厚互层,夹安山岩、玄武岩、含砾砂岩、绢云母板岩等。下石炭统姜巴斯套组(C1j)可分为上、下两段,下段为凝灰质砂岩、砾岩、岩屑砂岩、泥质粉砂岩夹玄武岩、凝灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩,发育平行层理,化石丰富;上段为玄武岩、安山岩、凝灰岩,夹少量的凝灰质细–粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩,喷发韵律明显。下二叠统库莱组(P3k)主要岩性为砾岩、含砾中、粗粒长石岩屑砂岩夹少量透镜状岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩。中侏罗统西山窑组(J2x)为含煤碎屑岩沉积,岩性为砂岩、石英砂岩、泥岩、碳质泥岩夹煤层及薄层菱铁矿。区内岩浆活动较为强烈,晚古生代中酸性侵入岩广泛分布,岩石类型主要有花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、闪长岩等,呈岩珠、岩基状产出(秦彪等,2020)。此外,该区还密集分布一些NW–SE向岩墙群,如花岗斑岩、闪长玢岩、辉绿玢岩等。
吐尔库里石墨矿床赋矿地层为上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组(S3D1h)(图2),呈NW–SE向展布,岩性以长石岩屑砂岩、绢云母片岩不等厚互层为主,夹凝灰质砂岩及绢云母片岩,局部见含砾岩屑砂岩,总体上组成向上变细的正粒序沉积旋回。该套地层在矿区由下到上可分为4个岩性段:第1岩性段为灰黄–灰褐色中细粒长石石英砂岩,局部夹砂岩、粉砂岩,发育平行层理、交错层理,下未见底;第2岩性段为灰白–灰黄色绢云母片岩,局部夹薄层绢云母板岩、岩屑砂岩不等厚互层(图3a),底部为灰黑色–黑色碳质绢云母片岩,该岩性段为石墨矿赋存层位,石墨矿层中可见褐铁矿化砂岩岩块,发生强烈劈理化(图3b);第3岩性段为灰绿–黑灰色中细粒长石岩屑砂岩,夹薄层状粉砂岩、泥岩,发育平行层理;第4岩性段为灰白–灰黄色凝灰质砂岩,凝灰质结构,层状构造。矿区石英脉较为发育,宽为 0.1~6.0 m不等,大致呈NW–SE向展布,与构造线方向基本一致,延伸较为稳定。
矿区构造主要以马依当复式背斜构造为主,对石墨矿体产出形态、富集程度等影响较大(图2),其次为一系列的次级层间褶皱构造,对石墨矿体影响较小,与石墨同时发生褶皱变形(图3c)。北部背斜呈NW–SE向展布,是矿区内延伸规模最大的背斜构造,也是该复式背斜的主体,背斜南北两翼分别控制Ⅲ、Ⅳ号石墨矿体。背斜枢纽长为5200 m,枢纽走向为110°,枢纽产状近直立,略向北倾。两翼近乎对称,产状较陡,倾角为40°~60°,核部宽约为130 m,向东南变宽。中部向斜呈NW–SE向展布,枢纽长为2200 m,枢纽走向为115°,略向南倾,两翼基本对称,其中南翼产状较陡,倾角为45°~60°,北翼产状较为平缓,倾角为15°~35°,核部宽约为120 m,控制了矿区Ⅱ号石墨矿体。南部背斜呈NW–SE向展布,枢纽长为2100 m,枢纽走向为115°,枢纽产状近乎直立,略向南倾,两翼基本对称,其中南翼产状较为平缓,倾角为25°~50°,控制了矿区Ⅰ号石墨矿体,北翼产状较陡,倾角为45°~60°,核部宽为90 m。区内断裂构造具有多期叠加的特征,主构造延伸方向以NW向为主,可见多处被后期近EW断裂破坏和叠加改造,断裂性质主要为压扭性逆断裂,伴随平行走滑断裂,表现为石墨矿层中出现叠瓦状长石岩屑砂岩透镜体(图3d)。
吐尔库里石墨矿区共圈出4条石墨矿体(由南向北编号为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ号),矿体形态简单,呈层状、似层状稳定展布,总体走向为110°~120°,矿体南倾,倾角为22°~70°,均产于上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组第2岩性段绢云母片岩中。其中,以Ⅲ号矿体规模最大,位于马依当复式背斜之北部背斜的北翼,地表分布于Tc14~Tc56之间,有8条探槽控制,控制矿体长为2100 m,总体走向为120°。地表风化矿体呈透镜状,中间宽,两段窄,倾角为22°~34°,厚度为0.60~27.96 m,平均厚度为7.79 m,固定碳品位为4.72%~15.76%,平均品位为12.23%。深部原生矿体呈层状分布,较稳定,向西有变厚大的趋势,倾角为25°~70°,厚度为13.54~44.12 m,平均厚度为23.16 m,固定碳品位为4.97~14.04%,平均品位为9.30%(新疆地矿局第一地质大队, 2013)。
矿石中主要矿物为晶质(鳞片状)石墨,其含量占比为40%~66%,在矿物组成中占主导地位;次要矿物包括绢云母、黄铁矿、褐铁矿、石英、方解石等。晶质石墨具早、晚两期成矿特征(图3e),两期石墨均呈大致定向排列,且存在一定夹角,其中早期石墨结晶粒度较细,呈弯曲皱纹状分布,形态以微细鳞片–显微鳞片状为主,微细鳞片状石墨片径为0.01~0.15 mm,含较多碳质微粒,而晚期石墨受后期地质作用影响,发生明显碎裂,呈条带状或细脉状展布,与早期石墨相比,晚期显微鳞片状石墨结晶粒度更粗,片径范围扩大至0.15~2.00 mm,碎裂形变特征显著,反映后期构造活动对矿石的改造作用。绢云母呈片状集合体,受地质应力作用,发生碎裂、弯曲,滑移形变显著,片径为0.02~0.10 mm,大致定向分布于石墨颗粒间,少量赋存于石墨颗粒内部,部分绢云母因强烈变形、弯曲,形成典型“云母鱼”状形态(图3f)。黄铁矿呈浅黄色,具半自形–他形粒状结构,粒径为0.02~0.20 mm,在矿石中呈浸染状分布,矿物颗粒零散且均匀分散于其他矿物基质中,无明显集中条带或团块;石英呈白色,形态为他形粒状–粒状集合体,粒径为0.01~0.20 mm,主要分布于石墨颗粒间隙及矿石裂隙中,受构造应力作用,表现出强波状消光、变形纹发育及颗粒拉长等变形特征,局部可见梳状压力影(图3g),部分石英碎屑经动态重结晶作用形成显微粒状集合体。
矿石结构类型主要包括鳞片变晶结构、碎裂结构、梳状“压力影”结构,同时发育动态重结晶结构,其中碎裂结构主要与晚期石墨形成相关,受后期构造应力作用,晚期石墨发生碎裂并产生位移,呈阶梯状分布(图3e);梳状“压力影”结构在石英与绢云母中较为典型(图3g),表现为在刚性矿物颗粒(如石墨、黄铁矿)周围,石英或绢云母以梳状形态围绕颗粒生长,形成“压力影”区域,为矿物在应力作用下发生塑性流动与结晶的产物;动态重结晶结构主要发育于石英矿物,石英碎屑在高温、高压地质环境下,经动态重结晶作用重新生长形成显微粒状集合体(图3h),指示矿石经历较强热动力作用;此外,宏观分布上,矿石中石墨、绢云母、石英呈条带状分布(图3i),条带形成与矿物定向排列及成矿过程中的物质分异作用密切相关,进一步丰富矿石结构构造特征。
本次研究对象采自Ⅲ号石墨矿体,岩性为含石墨岩屑砂岩,用于LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年样品(te01)。主量、微量和稀土元素分析的5件样品均采自钻孔Zk002(图2),钻孔地理坐标为N 43°38′14″,E 94o11′21″,h=1831 m。
用于定年的锆石矿物分选工作在河北省廊坊市诚信地质服务公司完成;锆石制靶及反射光、阴极发光照相实验由西安瑞石地质科技有限公司承担,具体流程如下:首先在双目镜下筛选出无裂隙、无包体、洁净透明且自形程度良好的锆石颗粒,随后将筛选后的锆石颗粒黏附于双面胶上,并固定在透明环氧树脂中,与环氧树脂一同进行打磨抛光处理,直至锆石内部暴露,以满足ICP-MS分析要求;抛光后的锆石先开展反射光照相,用于观察抛光面是否存在裂隙及包裹体等缺陷,再进行阴极发光照相,所得CL图像通过搭载MonoCI3+阴极发光系统的扫描电镜拍摄完成。锆石U-Pb同位素测定实验在中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室实施,实验所用仪器的详细参数及操作方法参照的研究成果李艳广等(2015,2023),年龄计算与年龄谱图绘制通过 Isoplot(ver2.49)程序完成。主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素的分析测试均在自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室进行,其中主量元素采用 SX45 型X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析,FeO含量通过湿化学法测定,实验使用荷兰帕纳科公司生产的 Axios 4.0 kW 波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪,分析精密度RSD≤0.134,稳定性RMS Rel(%)≤0.050;稀土元素与微量元素分析采用美国Thermo Fisher公司生产的 X-SeriesII型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,该仪器检测限优于5×10−9,相对标准偏差优于5%。
岩屑砂岩(te01)碎屑锆石阴极发光图像(图4)显示,锆石颗粒为无色透明,大部分形状为呈次圆–浑圆(分析点号1、16、31、42、47、69),粒度一般为50~120 μm;部分锆石形状为短柱状或长柱状、次棱角状(分析点号4、7、9、46、51、58、68),表明碎屑物质来自于近源区或以岩屑形式搬运沉积。CL图像中具岩浆结晶环带和结构均匀的锆石都存在,发育清晰振荡环带(分析点号7、12、31、39、51、74、80)的锆石具岩浆锆石形貌特征(向浩予等2025),说明其来源于岩浆岩区,且Th/U值为0.26~1.13,与岩浆锆石的Th/U值(通常>0.1)相符(胡运行等,2025)。部分锆石发育宽板状结构,没有明显的岩浆环带(分析点号1、8、20、32、55、57),少数锆石发育增生边或由于后期强烈结晶作用置换了生长环带(分析点号68和80),但Th/U值为0.45~0.88,均属于岩浆锆石。其中,1粒锆石(分析点号24,年龄值为1935 Ma)无环带,呈白色面状结构,且Th/U值为0.03,指示其为变质成因锆石。
本次对岩屑砂岩样品中80颗碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,共获得80个测点的分析数据,剔除6个谐和度低于90%的锆石数据,最终获得73个有效数据(表1),测点年龄数据均位于U-Pb协和图中的谐和线上或附近(图5a)。对于>1000 Ma年龄的锆石,采用207Pb/206U表面年龄;对于<1000 Ma年龄的锆石,采用206Pb/208U表面年龄。
测试数据(表1)显示,碎屑锆石U-Pb表面年龄值为313~463 Ma。另外,获得2粒捕获锆石,其中1粒锆石年龄值为(505±10)Ma,属于中寒武世;1粒捕获锆石的年龄值为(1935±57)Ma,属于古元古代晚期;把谐和度>90%的年龄值做成频率直方图(图5b),年龄主要分布在313~315 Ma、334~392 Ma、415~463 Ma等3个主要区间。
(1)313~315 Ma组共2粒锆石,占总数的3%,Th、U含量分别为133.13×10−6、38.52×10−6和289.77×10−6、78.75×10−6,Th/U值为0.46和0.49。该组年龄值分别为(313±7)Ma和(315±8)Ma,属于晚石炭世。
(2)334~392 Ma组共53粒锆石,占总数的73%,Th、U含量分别为19.6×10−6~782.96×10−6和44.24×10−6~693.02×10−6,Th/U值为0.27~1.13。该组年龄为(334±9)~(392±9)Ma,峰值年龄为357 Ma,属于中泥盆世延续到早石炭世。
(3)415~463 Ma组共16粒锆石,占总数的22%,Th、U含量分别为6.97×10−6~292. 1×10−6和27. 07×10−6~509.94×10−6,Th/U值为0.26~0.88。该组年龄值为(415±12)~(463±10)Ma,峰值年龄为436 Ma,属于中奥陶世延续到早泥盆世早期。
本次对采自钻孔Zk002的5件含石墨岩屑砂岩样品(te-1h~te-5h)进行主微量元素测试(表2)。样品SiO2含量较低,为52.24%~63.8%,平均值为58.23 %,接近古生代杂砂岩(66.10%);TiO2含量为0.65%~0.89%,平均值为0.75%;Al2O3含量为17.65%~20.45%,平均值为18.85;MgO含量为1.18%~2.34%,平均值为1.67%;样品除te-4h外,K2O/ Na2O值都比较低,为0.62~0.84,平均值为0.73,接近杂砂岩平均值0.82(Condie,1993)。
含石墨岩石稀土元素总量含量变化较大,但总体偏低(ΣREE值为52.16×10−6~134.21×10−6),平均值为81.71×10−6,轻稀土元素相对富集(LREE/HREE值为4.75~6.22)。在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(图6a)上,所有样品具有相对一致的稀土元素配分模式,均为右倾型,(La/Yb)N值为3.91~6.2,显示出微弱的铕负异常(δEu值为0.88~1.37)。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上具有较为相似的配分模式(图6b),显示富集Rb、Ba、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,明显亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Ti高场强元素等的特征。
石墨矿床系富含有机质沉积地层经变质作用形成,其成矿过程受沉积地质作用与变质地质作用共同控制,成矿时代因此涵盖含碳地层沉积时代与变质时代。吐尔库里石墨矿含矿岩石碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS测年结果显示,锆石U-Pb表面年龄主要集中于3个区间。其中,313~315 Ma区间仅含(313±7 )Ma、(315±8)Ma两个年龄值,该组年龄的地质意义需结合多方面证据综合判定。①从生物地层时代来看,该年龄与含矿地层中腕足类、珊瑚、双壳、苔藓虫、海百合茎及腹足类等化石(新疆地矿局第一地质大队,2013)所限定的时代存在明显差异,故可排除其作为赋矿地层最大沉积年龄的可能性。②从锆石成因特征分析,对应2粒碎屑锆石的CL图像(图4,分析点号分别为68和80)显示出明显的增生边结构,该结构为区域岩浆热液扰动作用的直接产物。③该组年龄与莫钦乌拉地区后碰撞深成岩体活动高峰期完全吻合,进一步佐证其与成矿相关地质事件的关联性。综上所述,313~315 Ma区间年龄可明确作为吐尔库里石墨矿的成矿时代,且成矿时代均值可确定为314 Ma。
对吐尔库里石墨矿沉积岩母岩沉积时代的分析,需以碎屑锆石年龄分布特征及区域地层对比为核心依据:含矿岩石碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄中,334~392 Ma区间锆石数量占比达75%,根据碎屑锆石最小年龄限定地层沉积时代下限的原则,该区间最小年龄值334 Ma可初步判定为赋矿地层沉积时代的下限。结合区域已有研究成果,含矿地层中晶屑凝灰岩的锆石测年数据(339.4±1.9 Ma,MSWD=0.39;336.3±2.6 Ma,MSWD=0.58;樊婷婷等,2011)与334 Ma年龄高度吻合,进一步验证该年龄的可靠性,据此可确定吐尔库里石墨矿含石墨岩系的沉积时代下限为早石炭世维宪期。综合上述年龄证据及地层归属分析,可明确东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿赋矿地层应归入下石炭统姜巴斯套组(C1j),而非前人研究中所报道的上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组(白建科等,2017;张征峰等,2020),这一结论对区域石墨矿地层划分与成矿规律研究具有重要校正意义。
晚泥盆世—早石炭世之交,东准噶尔卡拉麦里洋俯冲消减逐渐闭合,准噶尔–吐哈东北缘也因此于早石炭世进入后碰撞伸展阶段(Yuan et al,2010;Wang et al,2015)。东疆地区东北部的三塘湖盆地–莫钦乌拉地区,早石炭世早、中期整体处于伸展断陷环境(王国灿等,2022)。下石炭统发育姜巴斯套组(C1j),主要为一套海相碎屑岩,其介壳灰岩中含有大长身贝动物群化石,形成于滨浅海–浅海环境(甄宇等,2024)。吐尔库里石墨矿含矿岩石富集Rb、Ba、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Th、Nb、Ta、Ti等,Sr/Ba值平均为0.74,反映了含矿岩石物质来源具有陆源碎屑岩沉积特征(李海峰等,2024)。一般认为,沉积物的V/Cr<2、V/(V+Ni)<0.45代表氧化环境,2<V/Cr<4.25、0.45<V/(V+Ni)<0.5代表贫氧环境,V/Cr>4.25、V/(V+Ni)>0.5代表厌氧环境(Jones et al,1994)。吐尔库里石墨矿含矿岩石V/Cr平均值为10.28,V/(V+Ni)平均值为0.94,显示为缺氧还原环境(图7)。
沉积变质型石墨矿床的形成需满足4个关键条件。①物质基础:需存在碳质泥岩、碳质粉砂岩、劣质煤层等富含有机质沉积建造,其有机碳含量是石墨形成的核心物质来源,构成矿源层。②构造条件:区域性深大断裂及次级断裂系统既为岩浆侵入提供通道与就位空间,又能通过构造挤压、褶皱变形提供有机碳转化所需的动力变质压力,同时控制含矿地层与岩体的空间接触。③热动力条件:中酸性岩浆侵入引发的接触变质作用及区域构造热流变化,为有机碳脱氧、脱氢与重结晶提供持续热源,岩浆热液中H2O、CO2等挥发分可降低反应活化能,提升转化效率。④环境条件:还原环境是有机质稳定转化为石墨的保障,可避免有机碳氧化流失。依据热动力来源与变质强度差异,该类矿床可分为区域变质型与接触变质型两类:区域变质型由区域构造运动驱动,含矿地层在大面积低–中温压环境下缓慢变质,石墨呈鳞片状且结晶粒度较粗;接触变质型以岩浆岩体侵入引发的接触变质作用为主导,变质集中于接触带,温度梯度大、作用时间短,有机质在较高温压及挥发分参与下快速转化,石墨结晶粒度粗、品质高,矿床多沿岩体接触带或背斜轴部、断层破碎带等构造有利部位分布。
在莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿的形成过程中,后期构造岩浆活动是比较重要的,其提供了成矿所需的热源、流体及部分物质来源,并决定了矿体的最终就位。该区石墨矿的成矿过程与晚古生代特别是晚石炭世的构造岩浆事件密切相关(路彦明等,2008)。莫钦乌拉地区位于东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带的东延部分,该区域在晚古生代经历了古亚洲洋构造域的多期次构造–岩浆事件(徐倩,2020)。华力西期(泥盆纪—二叠纪)的岩浆侵入活动,特别是晚石炭世—早二叠世的岩浆作用(年龄集中于300~320 Ma)(王健,2021),为富含碳质地层转变为石墨提供了重要的热源和流体。这些岩浆岩,特别是沿卡拉麦里–莫钦乌拉断裂发育的晚石炭世花岗岩类,是区域石墨成矿的重要控制因素(张艳飞等,2022)。
黄羊山石墨矿床是区内典型的岩浆热液型矿床,其含矿岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为303~313 Ma,该年龄代表了含石墨花岗岩的形成年龄,同时代表黄羊山石墨矿成矿时代,为晚石炭世格舍尔期(白建科,2021)。石墨的矿化程度主要受到温度的控制,温度越高,其碳原子 排列规则越有序,所形成石墨的结晶度越高(Beyssac et al.,2002)。黄羊山石墨矿石中发育浸染状、球状构造,石墨与黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等硫化物共生,石墨晶体形成温度为578~632。C(白建科,2021)。因此,莫钦乌拉地区所在的卡拉麦里成矿带(包括黄羊山、苏吉泉等矿床),其石墨矿的形成是后期构造岩浆活动对先存富碳地层进行热变质改造的结果,构造岩浆活动不仅限定了成矿时代,也控制了矿床的空间分布和矿石质量。
结合区域地质背景与已有证据,新疆东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿床成因可从以下3个方面解析。①物质来源上,晚泥盆世裂谷活动时期,地块周缘裂谷边缘盆地的下石炭统姜巴斯套组(C1j)发育碳质泥岩、碳质粉砂泥岩及劣质煤层,形成于浅海–半深海还原环境。该套沉积建造有机碳富集,构成矿源层,且吐尔库里石墨矿含石墨岩系沉积时代下限(早石炭世维宪期)佐证了该组作为矿源层的合理性,排除上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组(白建科等,2017;张征峰等,2020)。②构造方面,莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿位于卡拉麦里–莫钦乌拉区域性深大断裂中(白建科,2021),带内晚石炭世—早二叠世(320~270 Ma)后碰撞侵入岩广泛发育(陈希节等,2010)。强烈的构造作用使得下石炭统姜巴斯套组含碳地层发生一系列褶皱变形和平行轴向的断裂,同时为有机碳转化成石墨提供动力变质作用。东准噶尔地区马依当、吐尔库里、克音南等石墨矿是在后期构造活动叠加和岩浆侵入的改造作用下,下石炭统姜巴斯套组含碳沉积岩系中有机质被活化。区域性大断裂及其次级断裂更重要的是为中酸性岩体的侵入提供通道和就位场所,岩浆热液常沿背斜轴部或张性断层等构造有利部位(例如,背斜轴部或倾伏端)侵位,在接触变质作用过程中,含碳沉积建造在温度、压力及H2O、CO2等挥发分的影响下,部分矿物发生重结晶,有机质转化形成石墨(图8)。③随着多期次岩浆活动的侵入,提供持续不断的热源使下石炭统姜巴斯套组含碳质碎屑岩建造中有机质在还原条件下发生脱氧、脱氢反应,重结晶形成晶质石墨。
结合上文所述锆石测年证据(吐尔库里石墨矿成矿时代为314 Ma)与区域后碰撞岩体活动高峰期(320~270 Ma)的时空吻合性,可确定该地区石墨矿床是以下石炭统姜巴斯套组为矿源层、卡拉麦里–莫钦乌拉深大断裂为构造控制、后碰撞中酸性岩浆接触变质作用为核心热动力形成的接触变质型石墨矿床,符合沉积变质型石墨矿床的接触变质亚型特征。属于接触变质型石墨矿床。
(1)莫钦乌拉石墨矿产于卡拉麦里−莫钦乌拉区域性深大断裂带中,石墨矿(化)展布方向与莫钦乌拉大断裂方向一致,莫钦乌拉构造−岩浆岩带控制了区内马依当、吐尔库里、克音南等石墨矿的分布、赋存状态及成矿过程。
(2)吐尔库里石墨矿含矿岩石含矿岩石沉积时代的下限为(339.4±1.9)Ma,说明石墨矿赋矿地层为下石炭统姜巴斯套组,不是前人认为的上志留统−下泥盆统红柳沟组。地球化学特征表明,含矿岩石沉积物质来源于陆源碎屑岩,形成于滨浅海−浅海缺氧还原沉积环境。
(3)东准噶尔莫钦乌拉地区石墨矿是在后期构造活动叠加和岩浆侵入的改造作用下,下石炭统姜巴斯套组含碳沉积岩系中有机质被活化,发生脱氧、脱氢反应,重结晶形成晶质石墨,属于接触变质型石墨矿产。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025118
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
  • 修回日期:2025-09-18
  • 录用日期:2025-09-18
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    1中国地质科学院,北京 100037
    2中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
    3中国地质调查局北方古生界油气地质重点实验室,陕西 西安 710119
    4青海省海西州自然资源局,青海 德令哈 817000

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白建科(1983−),男,正高级工程师,从事沉积学、盆地分析与造山带地质研究。E−mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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