Article(id=1307086568712332053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025160, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767974400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-10, revisedDate=1768492800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-16, acceptedDate=1768492800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-16, onlineDate=1789563322474, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563322474, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563322474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563322474, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086570717209366, articleId=1307086568712332053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Geological Support for Supply-Side Driven Coal Loss Reduction Mining under the Concept of Earth System Science, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of sustained growth in China’s energy demand and the progressive exhaustion of coal resources in eastern mining districts, coal-bearing regions in Northwest China are assuming an increasingly important role in maintaining long-term energy supply stability. Nevertheless, coal extraction in this region is inherently constrained by fragile geological settings, which pose fundamental challenges to large-scale, deep, and long-duration mining activities. As mining disturbances accumulate over time, tensions between coal exploitation and the regional geological-environmental system continue to intensify. In this context, this study focuses on the coupled responses of key Earth system components, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, ecosphere and atmosphere, to coal mining disturbances. Drawing on the conceptual framework of Earth system science, geological safeguard requirements and implementation pathways for loss-reducing coal mining are proposed. First, it provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of coal mining on Earth's multi-spheres and clarifies the relationship between Earth system science and coal mining. Second, from the perspectives of Earth system science, such as holism, dynamism, quantification, and systematization, it innovates the geological support requirements for low-impact coal mining in terms of geological survey methods, evaluation of geological elements, evolution of geological conditions, and sustainable development of geological resources. Finally, by integrating multi-scale and multi-approach exploration and observation technologies, a geological survey method and a three-dimensional dynamic monitoring model covering the entire coal mining lifecycle are established. Utilizing massive, multi-source, and diverse measured data, a multi-sphere coupling model is constructed to quantitatively analyze the dynamic evolution of geological elements during coal mining, thereby building a supply-side-guided guarantee system for minimizing mining-induced damage. From a methodological standpoint, Earth system science offers an effective framework for interpreting the interconnected responses of multiple Earth system components induced by coal mining, while mining activities provide a natural laboratory for exploring multi-sphere coupling mechanisms. Geological safeguard research for loss-reducing coal mining therefore necessitates a fundamental paradigm shift from traditional practices characterized by static assessments, segmented stages, experience-based judgments, single-sphere isolation, and production-oriented priorities to an integrated approach centered on process-based dynamics, quantitative geological characterization, multi-sphere coupling, and sustainability considerations. To support this transition, a comprehensive geological safeguard system is proposed, incorporating an integrated "space-air-ground" monitoring network, quantitative models describing cross-sphere interactions, and supply-side driving mechanisms. This system is intended to enable a full life-cycle framework for loss-reducing coal development, extending from precise early warning of mining-induced risks to diversified utilization of resources and products after mine closure. This research provides important theoretical support for achieving green mining of coal resources and holds significant practical value for the implementation of strategic national energy policies in the northwest region.

, authors=Shuangming WANG1, 2, 3, Qiang LI1, 2, 3, Qiang SUN1, 2, 3, Shihao YUAN2, Jishi GENG1, 2, 3, Yuru YANG4, Chao NIU2, Qingmin SHI1, 2, 3, Shengquan WANG1, 2, 3, Tuo LU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Shuangming WANG, Qiang LI, Qiang SUN, Shihao YUAN, Jishi GENG, Yuru YANG, Chao NIU, Qingmin SHI, Shengquan WANG, Tuo LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086575406441256, articleId=1307086568712332053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=地球系统科学视角下供给侧驱动的煤炭减损开采地质保障, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着中国能源需求的持续增长和东部主要煤矿区资源的逐步枯竭,西北煤炭资源已成为保障国家能源长效发展的关键接续力量。然而,西北地区脆弱的本底地质条件根本性地制约着大规模、深扰动及长时序的煤炭开采活动,并随着开采效应的持续积累,二者间的矛盾日益尖锐。围绕煤炭开采中岩石圈–水圈–生态圈–大气圈等地球多圈层的耦合响应关系,基于地球系统科学理念,提出煤炭减损开采地质保障要求及措施。深入剖析煤炭开采对地球多圈层的影响效应,阐明地球系统科学与煤炭开采的关系;立足于全过程、动态化、定量化、系统化等地球系统科学视角,从地质调查方法、地质要素评价、地质条件演化及地质资源可持续发展等方面,革新煤炭减损开采地质保障要求;综合多尺度、多途径的勘探与观测技术,建立贯穿煤炭开采全周期的地质调查方式与立体动态监测模式;利用多源及多样化的海量数据构建多圈层耦合作用模型,定量分析煤炭开采过程中地质要素的动态演化过程,构建以供给侧为引导的煤炭开采减损保障体系。地球系统科学为研究采煤引发的各圈层联动响应提供了重要的方法论,而采煤过程则为揭示多圈层耦合作用机制提供了独特的研究窗口;基于地球系统科学视角的煤炭减损开采地质保障研究,需实现从静态化、阶段化、经验评价化、单圈层孤立化以及生产优先化的传统模式,转向于过程动态化、地质要素定量化、多圈层耦合化及可持续发展化的新范式。因此,应该构建以“空–天–地”一体化监测系统、多圈层耦合定量表征模型及供给侧驱动机制为核心的地质保障系统,推动形成从精准开采预警到采后资源产品多元化利用的全生命周期煤炭减损开发新体系。本研究可为实现煤炭资源绿色开采提供重要的理论支撑,对西北部重要国家能源策略的实施具有重要的实践意义。

, authors=王双明1, 2, 3, 李强1, 2, 3, 孙强1, 2, 3, 袁士豪2, 耿济世1, 2, 3, 杨玉茹4, 牛超2, 师庆民1, 2, 3, 王生全1, 2, 3, 路拓1, 2, 3, authorsList=王双明, 李强, 孙强, 袁士豪, 耿济世, 杨玉茹, 牛超, 师庆民, 王生全, 路拓, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王双明(1955−),男,中国工程院院士,教授,博士生导师,从事煤田地质勘探及矿区环境保护等方面教学与研究。E−mail:

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王双明(1955−),男,中国工程院院士,教授,博士生导师,从事煤田地质勘探及矿区环境保护等方面教学与研究。E−mail:

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王双明(1955−),男,中国工程院院士,教授,博士生导师,从事煤田地质勘探及矿区环境保护等方面教学与研究。E−mail:

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地球系统科学视角下供给侧驱动的煤炭减损开采地质保障
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王双明 1, 2, 3 , 李强 1, 2, 3 , 孙强 1, 2, 3 , 袁士豪 2 , 耿济世 1, 2, 3 , 杨玉茹 4 , 牛超 2 , 师庆民 1, 2, 3 , 王生全 1, 2, 3 , 路拓 1, 2, 3
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 1-11
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 1 -11
地球系统科学视角下供给侧驱动的煤炭减损开采地质保障
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王双明1, 2, 3 , 李强1, 2, 3, 孙强1, 2, 3, 袁士豪2, 耿济世1, 2, 3, 杨玉茹4, 牛超2, 师庆民1, 2, 3, 王生全1, 2, 3, 路拓1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1西安科技大学,陕西省煤炭绿色开发地质保障重点实验室,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2西安科技大学地质与环境学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3西安科技大学,煤炭绿色开采地质研究院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 4陕西工业职业技术大学土木工程学院,陕西 咸阳 712000
作者简介:

王双明(1955−),男,中国工程院院士,教授,博士生导师,从事煤田地质勘探及矿区环境保护等方面教学与研究。E−mail:

Geological Support for Supply-Side Driven Coal Loss Reduction Mining under the Concept of Earth System Science
Shuangming WANG1, 2, 3 , Qiang LI1, 2, 3, Qiang SUN1, 2, 3, Shihao YUAN2, Jishi GENG1, 2, 3, Yuru YANG4, Chao NIU2, Qingmin SHI1, 2, 3, Shengquan WANG1, 2, 3, Tuo LU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 2College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 4College of Civil Engineering, Shaanxi Polytechnic University, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025160
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随着中国能源需求的持续增长和东部主要煤矿区资源的逐步枯竭,西北煤炭资源已成为保障国家能源长效发展的关键接续力量。然而,西北地区脆弱的本底地质条件根本性地制约着大规模、深扰动及长时序的煤炭开采活动,并随着开采效应的持续积累,二者间的矛盾日益尖锐。围绕煤炭开采中岩石圈–水圈–生态圈–大气圈等地球多圈层的耦合响应关系,基于地球系统科学理念,提出煤炭减损开采地质保障要求及措施。深入剖析煤炭开采对地球多圈层的影响效应,阐明地球系统科学与煤炭开采的关系;立足于全过程、动态化、定量化、系统化等地球系统科学视角,从地质调查方法、地质要素评价、地质条件演化及地质资源可持续发展等方面,革新煤炭减损开采地质保障要求;综合多尺度、多途径的勘探与观测技术,建立贯穿煤炭开采全周期的地质调查方式与立体动态监测模式;利用多源及多样化的海量数据构建多圈层耦合作用模型,定量分析煤炭开采过程中地质要素的动态演化过程,构建以供给侧为引导的煤炭开采减损保障体系。地球系统科学为研究采煤引发的各圈层联动响应提供了重要的方法论,而采煤过程则为揭示多圈层耦合作用机制提供了独特的研究窗口;基于地球系统科学视角的煤炭减损开采地质保障研究,需实现从静态化、阶段化、经验评价化、单圈层孤立化以及生产优先化的传统模式,转向于过程动态化、地质要素定量化、多圈层耦合化及可持续发展化的新范式。因此,应该构建以“空–天–地”一体化监测系统、多圈层耦合定量表征模型及供给侧驱动机制为核心的地质保障系统,推动形成从精准开采预警到采后资源产品多元化利用的全生命周期煤炭减损开发新体系。本研究可为实现煤炭资源绿色开采提供重要的理论支撑,对西北部重要国家能源策略的实施具有重要的实践意义。

煤炭资源  /  减损开采  /  地质保障  /  地球系统科学  /  供给侧

Against the backdrop of sustained growth in China’s energy demand and the progressive exhaustion of coal resources in eastern mining districts, coal-bearing regions in Northwest China are assuming an increasingly important role in maintaining long-term energy supply stability. Nevertheless, coal extraction in this region is inherently constrained by fragile geological settings, which pose fundamental challenges to large-scale, deep, and long-duration mining activities. As mining disturbances accumulate over time, tensions between coal exploitation and the regional geological-environmental system continue to intensify. In this context, this study focuses on the coupled responses of key Earth system components, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, ecosphere and atmosphere, to coal mining disturbances. Drawing on the conceptual framework of Earth system science, geological safeguard requirements and implementation pathways for loss-reducing coal mining are proposed. First, it provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of coal mining on Earth's multi-spheres and clarifies the relationship between Earth system science and coal mining. Second, from the perspectives of Earth system science, such as holism, dynamism, quantification, and systematization, it innovates the geological support requirements for low-impact coal mining in terms of geological survey methods, evaluation of geological elements, evolution of geological conditions, and sustainable development of geological resources. Finally, by integrating multi-scale and multi-approach exploration and observation technologies, a geological survey method and a three-dimensional dynamic monitoring model covering the entire coal mining lifecycle are established. Utilizing massive, multi-source, and diverse measured data, a multi-sphere coupling model is constructed to quantitatively analyze the dynamic evolution of geological elements during coal mining, thereby building a supply-side-guided guarantee system for minimizing mining-induced damage. From a methodological standpoint, Earth system science offers an effective framework for interpreting the interconnected responses of multiple Earth system components induced by coal mining, while mining activities provide a natural laboratory for exploring multi-sphere coupling mechanisms. Geological safeguard research for loss-reducing coal mining therefore necessitates a fundamental paradigm shift from traditional practices characterized by static assessments, segmented stages, experience-based judgments, single-sphere isolation, and production-oriented priorities to an integrated approach centered on process-based dynamics, quantitative geological characterization, multi-sphere coupling, and sustainability considerations. To support this transition, a comprehensive geological safeguard system is proposed, incorporating an integrated "space-air-ground" monitoring network, quantitative models describing cross-sphere interactions, and supply-side driving mechanisms. This system is intended to enable a full life-cycle framework for loss-reducing coal development, extending from precise early warning of mining-induced risks to diversified utilization of resources and products after mine closure. This research provides important theoretical support for achieving green mining of coal resources and holds significant practical value for the implementation of strategic national energy policies in the northwest region.

coal resources  /  conservation mining  /  geological guarantee  /  Earth System Science  /  supply-side
王双明, 李强, 孙强, 袁士豪, 耿济世, 杨玉茹, 牛超, 师庆民, 王生全, 路拓. 地球系统科学视角下供给侧驱动的煤炭减损开采地质保障. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025160
Shuangming WANG, Qiang LI, Qiang SUN, Shihao YUAN, Jishi GENG, Yuru YANG, Chao NIU, Qingmin SHI, Shengquan WANG, Tuo LU. Geological Support for Supply-Side Driven Coal Loss Reduction Mining under the Concept of Earth System Science[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025160
受“缺油、少气、相对富煤”的资源能源禀赋制约,煤炭在中国能源体系中的主体地位短期内难以撼动,其作为国家能源安全兜底保障的重要价值日益凸显(武强等,2019;宁树正等,2020;王国法等,2021;赵平等,2021;王双明等,2023;彭苏萍等,2024)。当前,中国煤炭资源开采的主战场集中于新疆、内蒙古及山西等西北部地区,这些区域普遍存在地质构造复杂、生态环境脆弱等特征(王双明等,2024a, 2025a)。复杂的地质条件促使瓦斯突出、冲击地压、顶板事故、水害、煤火等重大灾害加剧,使得开采引发的地表沉陷、地下水破坏、生态环境退化等问题日益突出。脆弱的自然本底条件与高强度煤炭开发活动之间的突出矛盾,严重制约着煤炭工业的高质量发展进程(范立民,2016;王双明等,2020,2021;李全生,2021;焦华喆等,2024;袁士豪等,2025)。此外,在保障安全的前提下,实现智能化、精准化、提高资源回收率等是当前煤炭工业绿色可持续发展的根本需求。在此背景下,传统的“就安全论安全”“先探后治”的地质保障模式已难以适应新形势的需求。探索绿色可持续的煤炭资源减损开采保障体系,稳定煤炭供给,已成为当前煤炭工业领域亟待突破的核心课题。
近几十年来,中国煤炭开采减损保障体系在研究与应用中不断演进,其内涵持续深化,外延逐步扩展,从起初的以煤炭资源勘查为服务中心,逐步延伸至高产高效矿井建设,并进一步转向安全高效生产保障。发展至今,该体系已迈入以高效、绿色与智能化服务为引领的新阶段 (程建远等,2020;董书宁等,2021)。当前,一体化智能地质保障技术体系(潘树仁等,2020)、减损控灾开采技术模式(王双明等,2025d)及煤炭绿色开发地质保障科学构想(钱鸣高等,2018)等相继提出,进一步优化与提提升了中国煤炭开采减损保障体系。然而,煤炭开采活动对地球多圈层均会造成深度扰动。通过“采动应力–岩层移动–地下水渗流–地表生态”这一链式反应,开采过程对岩石圈、水圈和生物圈等地球圈层产生了多尺度、大范围且长持时的扰动(王双明等,2024b,2025b)。面对这种复杂的多圈层耦合效应,当前以单一圈层为研究对象构建的地质保障体系仍存在一定局限,亟待进一步系统完善。
地球系统科学(Earth System Science)是解决地球圈层复杂耦合作用的全新理论框架(汪品先,2009;刘丛强等,2025;符淙斌等,2025)。地球系统科学将岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈视为有机联系的整体系统,强调从全球性、统一性的视角,通过多时空尺度研究各圈层间的物质–能量循环与相互作用机制。经过30余年的发展,地球系统科学已在海洋生态系统研究(焦念志等,2023)、海岸带综合治理(吴林强等,2025)、水文地质分析(王双明等,2025b)等领域展现出强大的方法论价值,成为解析地球圈层复杂联动机制的核心理论支撑。
笔者基于地球系统科学理论框架,系统剖析煤炭资源开发与地球圈层响应的互馈机制,探讨地球系统科学与煤炭资源开采的关系,提出地球系统科学视角下的煤炭资源减损开采的新要求与新措施,旨在从减损保障的供给侧角度为破解中国西部生态脆弱区煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护协同难题提供解决方案。
人类对地球的认知经历了想象、思辨、实证与整合4个主要阶段。在认知初期,通过神话传说来解释地球的起源与形态,如“盘古开天辟地”和“女娲补天”等创世神话。随着文明的发展,古代文献开始出现具有科学价值的记述,如《山海经》中的地形描述、《禹贡》的九州划分以及《水经注》的水系记载(图1)。到15世纪,环球航行等实践活动的开展彻底颠覆了“天圆地方”的传统观念,“地圆说”的概念逐渐被证实并确立,这标志着人类对地球的认知进入了以实证为基础的科学发展阶段。直到20世纪,随着自然科学的发展,以及工业革命带来的环境问题日益凸显,传统分门别类的研究方式难以解决当前人类所面临的生存挑战。因此,一个能够综合考虑地球圈层联系及作用的科学理念被提出,即地球系统科学(NASA, 1988)。
地球系统科学强调地球是一个由岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈(含人类圈)构成的复杂巨型系统,各圈层之间通过能量流动、物质循环和信息传递形成紧密耦合的整体(图2)。地球系统科学是一门综合性的新学科,涵盖地球科学、生命科学、社会科学及数学、物理学等基础科学等多个学科 (Steffen et al., 2020;Ribeiro et al., 2021;Kotzé et al., 2022)。地球系统科学以揭示地球各圈层相互作用机制为核心,采用“观测–分析–建模–预测”的研究路径。
地球系统科学的方法论体系包含4个关键环节:①现象观测与数据采集;②基于物理学、化学及生物学对观测数据进行分析与解译;③在此基础上建立概念模型与数学模型;④验证模型后将其用于对未来趋势的预测与预报中。系统化的研究框架实现了从现象认知到规律揭示的科学过程,为理解地球复杂系统及全球环境变化预测预报提供了有效途径。
煤炭以固体形式赋存于上地壳,与地球各圈层(岩石圈、水圈、大气圈及生态圈)有着错综复杂的紧密联系。因此,煤炭开采活动必然会对地球系统产生多维度、高强度的扰动,引发跨圈层的链式响应(图3;Brodny et al., 2022;Li et al., 2022;孙强等,2023,2025;王双明等,2024b,2025c;连会青等,2025)。煤资源高强度的开采活动通过改变岩层的应力场、接触状态和应力关系,引起岩层移动和变形开裂,可能引发冲击地压、冒顶塌陷、瓦斯突出、软岩大变形、突水突泥等灾害,改变了“五水”(地下水、地表水、大气水、生物水、土壤水)的赋存环境与交互路径。岩土的开裂会引起地表塌陷、变形与开裂,进而改变表层土壤的结构、孔隙率、渗透性、强度及传热性等物理力学性质,动物、植物及微生物的生存环境因此受到影响。岩石圈、水圈及生物圈的耦合作用模式,会通过物理、化学及生物过程的协同作用,直接改变近地表CO2、CH4、SO2、H2S、N2O等气体的释放通量,影响大气圈的成分、温度、湿度与能见度等。此外,生态圈植物的蒸发量和光合作用的动态变化又会形成反馈机制,对大气圈、水圈以及岩石圈产生反作用,影响研究区的生态宜居性及可持续发展能力。煤炭开采活动会导致岩石圈、水圈、生态圈及大气圈联动响应,这为理解地球系统内部运行机制提供了独特的研究窗口。
煤炭开发引发的圈层变化会反作用于资源开采本身(Bazaluk et al., 2022;王双明等,2025d,2025e)。在采动影响下,岩层的失稳塌落、变形,以及地下高压流体的突出(如地下水与瓦斯),直接危及井下作业安全。地表植被退化、动物种群变化与微生物驱动的生物地球化学循环中断,显著削弱了浅表层的生态稳定性与固土保水能力,进而诱发或加剧滑坡、泥石流、崩塌及洪流等地质灾害,最终制约矿区矿产资源的可持续发展。煤炭开发过程中产生的人地矛盾具有显著的系统性特征,其影响范围涵盖微观、细观及宏观多个尺度,这使得传统单一学科的研究方法难以有效解决相关问题。因此,基于地球系统科学的跨学科研究方法成为实现煤炭资源高质量开发的重要理论支撑。
通过系统研究煤炭开发与地球系统各圈层之间的互馈机制,不仅可以完善资源开发的理论体系,更能为构建“人类世”背景下的地球系统科学新范式提供关键的科学依据。对此开展研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,也对指导矿产资源可持续开发具有现实价值。
煤炭开采活动与地球的多圈层的深度耦合机制,对传统分门别类的科学研究范式带来严重挑战。为此,需融合能源地质学、工程地质学、采矿工程学、水科学、生态学及大气学等多个学科,从地球系统科学与工程影响两个方面出发,查明煤炭开采全过程中地质条件的演化规律并对其进行定量化分析,阐明煤炭开采过程与地球各圈层的耦合作用机制,在此基础上,建立煤炭资源安全绿色开发和地质生态环境功能修复与生态重构技术体系。总的来说,地球科学理念对煤炭减损地质保障提出新要求(图4),地球系统科学对煤炭开采地质保障的要求应聚焦在4个层次:①煤炭开采全过程动态化研究;②地质条件及要素的定量化分析;③岩石圈–水圈–生态圈–大气圈多圈层活动的整体剖析;④地质条件与生态资源的绿色可持续发展模式。
在传统煤炭开采实践中,地质调查与观测主要采用静态化、阶段性的研究方法,其局限性主要体现在3个方面:①局限于开采前期的勘探阶段,主要通过有限的地质钻孔、剖面测绘及实验室测试等手段获取煤层赋存条件和围岩力学性质等基础参数;②这种离散化的数据采集模式存在显著的时间局限性,所获观测数据仅能代表特定时间节点的地质状态;③难以有效反映开采扰动下地质环境的动态响应特征。
立足于地球系统科学的理论视角,煤炭开采地质研究亟需跨越传统阶段化、碎片化及静态化的认知模式,迈向全过程、整体化及动态化的研究新范式。这一范式革新,要求在继承传统方法在现象精准描述与数据高效采集方面优势,致力于构建一个能够动态追踪采动响应、解析圈层相互作用机制的研究体系。其核心在于,通过对贯穿“采前–采中–采后”全生命周期的岩土体力学行为、水文地质条件及生态系统变迁等关键要素,进行持续性的长时间序列监测与多源数据融合分析。其目的在于深刻理解采动扰动下,地质环境系统内部诸如“岩体–地下水–瓦斯”之间的动态联动过程及其正负反馈机制,进而精准甄别系统失稳的临界阈值与触发条件,最终实现从“现象描述”到“过程模拟”与“趋势预测”的能力跃升,为煤炭资源的安全绿色开采提供前瞻性理论支撑。
基于地球系统科学的理论框架,煤炭开采地质研究亟需实现从静态阶段化向全过程动态化的范式转变。全过程动态化的研究范式不仅需要保留传统方法在现象描述和数据采集方面的优势,更应着重建立能够追踪地质过程、揭示演化机制的研究体系,关键在于对采前、采中及采后的岩土、水文及生态地质信息长时间序列的监测与系统分析。
煤炭开采地质要素的定量表征是实现矿山智能化与安全高效开采的基础与核心。传统煤炭地质工作主要聚焦于煤层厚度、构造特征和瓦斯含量等静态参数的定性描述与经验评价,尚未形成多要素的动态量化表征体系。从地球系统科学视角来看,煤炭开采过程的实质是“地质–水文–环境”多圈层相互作用的动态响应系统,其研究不仅需要揭示煤系地层的物质组成与空间展布规律,更需要量化采动应力场、裂隙场、渗流场、水分场、温度场等多物理场的协同演化。
多圈层的耦合效应使得地质要素的量化表征非常困难(彭建兵等,2023)。在此背景下,数值模拟成为揭示这一复杂系统行为的关键技术路径。通过卫星遥感、航空地球物理勘探、地面地球物理勘探、定向钻探及地球物理测井获取的海量多源数据为基础,结合高分辨率地质建模技术,通过构建高保真度的地质力学模型、水文地质模型、生态模型及大气模型,实现对采动过程中“地质–水文–生态–大气”系统响应的动态再现。基于模型的反演与校准,可以定量解析采掘扰动下岩土体应力–应变场、地下水渗流场、地温场及地表植被生态参量的时空演化规律,从而为准确预测开采扰动范围、评估环境效应与优化开采方案提供坚实的理论依据和决策支持。
煤炭开采作为一种高强度人为地质营力,不仅涉及资源开采的工程活动,更是对岩石圈、水圈、生物圈和大气圈等多圈层相互作用的系统性扰动过程(刘晓民等,2024;王双明等,2025c, 2025d)。传统煤炭地质学研究多局限于单一煤层赋存特征或局部构造解析,其调查尺度往往局限于采区范围内,缺乏对“煤层–围岩–含水层–地表生态–大气”多元耦合系统的整体性认知。
基于地球系统科学理论框架,现代煤炭开采研究的目的应落实在多圈层减损地质保障策略和重构、修复等国家重点需求。为达成这一目的,应摸清研究区煤矿资源禀赋条件和地质环境要素,阐明煤炭资源开采过程中地质条件演变与多圈层结构–功能演化机制及动态演变规律,通过多源、多尺度的海量数据,构建能多圈层耦合作用的模型,定量化分析煤炭开采过程中地质要素的耦合作用机制(图5)。
煤炭开采与地球多圈层耦合化研究应从要素、尺度、时间及空间4个维度建立四维立体研究框架:①在要素维度上,深入推进“地质结构–物理场–化学场–生物条件–大气条件”多要素、多模态耦合研究;②在尺度维度上,在宏观、介观、细观及微观多个研究尺度上,对应力、变形、物理化学成分、温度、渗流等多个参量进行分析;③在时序维度上,坚持资源“开发前–开发中–开发后”全生命周期地质保障理论研究;④在空间维度上,关注垂向及水平两个方向,垂向开展“深部–浅部–地表”地质条件及生态条件的协同响应机制分析,水平向则以煤矿区为研究中心,着重分析煤炭开采活动的尺度效应。
在传统煤炭开采研究中,保障煤炭的高质量、低风险开采始终是行业研究的核心目标。长期以来,煤炭开采技术主要围绕资源高效回收和安全生产两大主题展开,形成了以事故预防、灾害治理为主体的技术体系。然而,随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的深入推进,以及“绿水青山就是金山银山”生态文明理念和“美丽中国”建设目标的全面实施,特别是基于地球系统科学的可持续资源化利用理念在能源领域的深化应用,煤炭开发理念亟待转变。
在地球科学视角下,煤炭开采不仅需要从单一的事故预防转向涵盖生产安全、生态保护、社会服务的多元协同发展模式,更需要构建全生命周期及全要素整合的可持续发展路径(王双明等,2025f)。煤炭开采范式的转型,体现了采矿学科应对全球气候变化与生态文明建设的理论创新,更标志着煤炭行业从“技术经济最优”向“人地和谐共生”发展理念的根本性转变。
煤炭开采全周期地质保障技术体系以系统性、综合性地质调查和监测为核心,贯穿开采前精细探查、开采中动态监测及开采后环境修复三大阶段。笔者以地球科学理念为指导,构建了地质调查内容和技术方法体系(图6)。在开采前,通过构建“空–天–地”一体化综合勘查体系,整合卫星遥感、航空及地球物理等大尺度调查数据与地面综合物探、定向钻探等精细勘查成果,结合自动化测试与三维地质建模技术,建立开采地质条件综合评价体系。从多尺度、多方法角度展开的系统性调查为开采设计提供了精准的地质基础,是实现安全生产的重要保障。
采中阶段建立综合动态监测体系,通过多平台协同观测技术对地质环境变化进行系统性监测。基于“空–天–地”立体监测网络(包含卫星、无人机、InSAR和地面物探)实现地表沉降与覆岩变形的综合监测,同时集成微震、瞬变电磁、槽波等多种技术手段,结合分布式光纤传感网络,全面追踪煤层及围岩裂隙演化、地下水运移及瓦斯动态。通过建立三维地质信息集成平台,实现多源监测数据的综合分析,为采掘灾害防控提供科学依据。
采后阶段实施地质条件与生态系统的综合修复监测。采用地球物理勘探、钻探验证与远程监测相结合的系统方法,全面评估采空区地质稳定性。基于长期综合监测数据(包括地下水位动态、土壤理化性质及生物多样性等指标),建立生态修复效果评价体系,优化自然恢复技术路径。采后阶段的系统性监测与评估,不仅保障了采空区土地资源的合理利用,更形成了资源开发与生态保护协调发展的完整技术链条。
构建考虑多圈层耦合效应的数值模型,是定量分析煤炭开采过程中地质–生态相互作用机制的关键科学基础,其核心在于多源、多尺度地质环境信息的系统性获取与多物理场耦合建模(图7)。
针对岩石圈系统,需通过微震监测网络、光纤应力传感、三维激光扫描变形监测和实验室岩心三轴力学实验等多手段联合观测,精确获取煤层顶底板岩层厚度空间分布、节理裂隙发育特征、地质构造特征以及弹性模量、抗压强度、泊松比、渗透率等关键物理力学参数,进而基于非连续介质力学理论建立考虑层理与裂隙各向异性的非均质岩层模型,耦合塑性力学与损伤力学理论模拟采动应力场–裂隙场协同演化过程。对于水圈系统,需综合运用联合电磁探测、钻孔地质雷达层析成像、多井群抽水试验、高精度InSAR地表形变监测和分布式光纤水温传感网络等,系统测定含水层导水系数空间异质性、地下水渗流场动态变化特征、优势径流通道演化规律及污染物迁移扩散特征,通过多源数据协同分析,借助多孔介质渗流等理论构建考虑固液耦合效应的地下水流动–污染物迁移耦合模型。在大气圈层面,需建立包含涡动协方差通量观测塔、多波长激光雷达垂直扫描系统和分布式微型气象站的立体监测网络,实时获取开采区CH4/CO2等温室气体通量、PM2.5/0三维分布特征及其他气象参数。在此基础上,结合计算流体力学(CFD)与大气扩散理论,建立考虑复杂地形效应的多相污染物传输–扩散–沉降量化模型。生态圈方面,则需整合地面LiDAR三维扫描、高时空分辨率多光谱遥感解译、标准化生物样方网格化调查和土壤剖面理化性质多指标分析等技术手段,定量表征植被覆盖指数(NDVI)、生物量空间异质性、物种多样性指数及重金属生物有效性等关键生态指标,采用生态位模型与景观生态学理论构建多尺度生态响应模型。最终,通过多场耦合算法将各圈层模型进行系统集成,构建“地质–水文–大气–生态”全耦合数值模型,其核心科学难点在于解决以下4个问题:①多时空尺度下物理–化学–生物过程的耦合机制表征;②多源监测数据的同化融合与参数传递;③强非线性耦合方程的数值求解方法与数值收敛性;④模型验证与不确定性量化等关键问题。
煤炭开采作为支撑经济社会发展的重要基础产业,其减损保障研究必须立足于多学科交叉融合,统筹自然科学与社会科学的研究方法,重点聚焦人类生存环境、灾害防控等重大科学命题,切实增强服务可持续发展的能力体系(图8)。在研究方法层面,需要在服务与开发理念上实现重要突破。对于服务方面,传统煤炭地质调查成果多以项目报告、专题图集和对策建议等静态形式呈现,应基于地球系统科学理论框架,结合大数据技术方法,构建面向决策支持的地质信息服务产品体系。这要求突破传统图文表达方式的局限,着力发展三维可视化动态分析、多源数据交互操作和智能决策支持等关键技术,通过集成多学科数据资源、预测模型和人工智能技术,形成科学性、针对性及实用性兼备的多样化信息产品。对于开发理念方面,应建立全生命周期开发理念,系统推进采后资源综合利用研究。应当深入研究应力–湿度–温度多场耦合作用下覆岩系统、巷道围岩及煤柱的损伤演化机制;构建采空区稳定性多尺度评价指标体系,建立监测与风险评估方法;研发地下空间、水资源、瓦斯及残余矿产资源的精准探测与高效利用技术。通过地质保障技术的创新,推动煤炭开发模式从传统的“开采–废弃”单向模式向“开采–修复–再利用”的循环发展模式升级。
(1)地球系统科学是以研究地球各圈层相互作用机制为核心的前沿交叉学科。煤炭开发过程作为典型的人类活动–地球系统互馈案例,会引发岩石圈形变、水文循环改变、大气组分迁移以及生态系统演变等多圈层的系统性扰动与响应,这使得煤炭开发成为研究地球系统多圈层耦合作用的理想范式,而地球系统科学为解析此类复杂联动机制提供了关键的理论支撑和方法论指导。
(2)结合地球系统科学的理念,提出煤炭减损开采地质保障研究应注重过程动态化、地质定量化、多圈层耦合化、可持续发展化4个新要求。研究范式的转型将有效突破传统地质调查中存在的静态分析、阶段评估、经验判断、单一要素和生产导向等局限,为煤炭资源绿色开发提供科学支撑。
(3)在地球科学理论的指导下,煤炭减损地质保障措施应注重系统性及综合性的地质调查和监测、多圈层耦合作用模型及地质要素定量化表征体系的建立以及强调社会服务3个方面。构建“空–天–地”一体化勘查与动态监测体系,覆盖开采前精细探查、开采中灾害预警及开采后生态修复三大阶段。通过建立多圈层耦合数值模型,定量表征地球多圈层相互作用机制。基于供给侧驱动理念,推动地质信息产品化与采后资源综合利用。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025160
  • 接收时间:2026-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-10
  • 修回日期:2026-01-16
  • 录用日期:2026-01-16
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    1西安科技大学,陕西省煤炭绿色开发地质保障重点实验室,陕西 西安 710054
    2西安科技大学地质与环境学院,陕西 西安 710054
    3西安科技大学,煤炭绿色开采地质研究院,陕西 西安 710054
    4陕西工业职业技术大学土木工程学院,陕西 咸阳 712000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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