Article(id=1307086518850441760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=1742918400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-26, onlineDate=1789563310587, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563310587, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563310587, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563310587, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=180, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086519139848737, articleId=1307086518850441760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Research on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characteristics of Site Soil at Tongwan City, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tongwan City, which is located in Jingbian, Yulin, Shaanxi Province, is the only Xiongnu city site in China, carrying rich historical culture and scientific value. Despite over 1,600 years of weathering and freeze-thaw cycles, the heritage site has been preserved to this day. Therefore, it is important to study the material composition, mechanical properties and microstructure of the site soil for the restoration of heritage site. Taking the site soil at Tongwan City as the research object, this study conducted laboratory tests on physical and mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and computed tomography (CT) scanning to analyze the macro and micro characteristics of the site soil. Based on the above research, some conclusions are as follows. ① The primary mineral components of the site soil include quartz, feldspar, calcite and dolomite, and its calcium ion content is significantly higher than the surrounding soil samples, this indicates that lime material was intentionally added during the construction of Tongwan City. ② Compared with undisturbed loess in the surrounding area, the site soil has higher shear strength and low compressibility, the shear curve exhibits distinct brittle failure deformation characteristics, and the compression coefficient is smaller. ③ Microstructural analysis reveal that face-to-face contacts dominate the particle interactions in the site soil. Calcium carbonate cement interweaves densely among particles, adhering to particle surfaces and bridging interparticle spaces, which reduces the proportion of macropores, enhances particle interconnections, and increases the overall density of the soil structure.

, authors=Zhiyi WU1, 2, 3, Wanli XIE1, 2, 3, *, Xinyu LI1, 2, 3, Shengjie DI4, Xiaoliang HE4, Chunping ZHANG5, authorsList=Zhiyi WU, Wanli XIE, Xinyu LI, Shengjie DI, Xiaoliang HE, Chunping ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wanli XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086525817180736, articleId=1307086518850441760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=统万城遗址土力学性能及微观结构特征研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

位于陕西省榆林市靖边县的统万城是中国境内唯一一座匈奴城遗址,承载着丰富的历史文化和科学价值。在长达1600多年的风化和冻融作用下,古遗址仍得以保留至今。因此,研究遗址土材料组成、力学性能及微观结构,对于探究古代建筑施工工艺、实现古遗址的修复工作具有重要意义。以统万城遗址土为研究对象,通过室内物理力学测试、X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱分析、电镜扫描及CT扫描对遗址土的宏微观特性进行研究。研究表明:①遗址土矿物成分主要为石英、长石、方解石、白云石等,且其钙离子含量显著高于周边土样,表明统万城在修筑过程中人为添加了石灰材料;②遗址土与周边原状黄土相比具有更高的抗剪强度和低压缩性,土体剪切曲线呈明显的脆性破坏变形特征,压缩系数较小;③微观试验表明,遗址土颗粒间以面接触为主,碳酸钙胶结物之间相互交错、排列紧密,附着于颗粒表面和颗粒之间,减小了大孔隙占比,促进了颗粒之间的联接,从而提高土体结构的致密程度。

, authors=吴至怡1, 2, 3, 谢婉丽1, 2, 3, *, 李欣雨1, 2, 3, 狄圣杰4, 何小亮4, 张春平5, authorsList=吴至怡, 谢婉丽, 李欣雨, 狄圣杰, 何小亮, 张春平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢婉丽, authorNote=

吴至怡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为地质工程。E−mail:

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谢婉丽(1974−),女,教授,从事黄土地质灾害防控、地质环境修复技术研发。E−mail:。
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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Power China Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710065, Shannxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086527079666252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, companyId=1307086526815425098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710065)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307086527163552333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086527180329550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, companyId=1307086527163552333, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5China Building Materials Industrial Construction Xi'an Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710065, Shannxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086527188718159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, companyId=1307086527163552333, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5中国建筑材料工业建设西安工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307086535531188860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The Tongwan City site of rammed earth wall, figureFileSmall=VCjb8TipZ7qFam7jfVlP5g==, figureFileBig=Oq3EAPBfFOESQvsg6YgWeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086535589909117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图1, caption=统万城遗址夯土墙, figureFileSmall=VCjb8TipZ7qFam7jfVlP5g==, figureFileBig=Oq3EAPBfFOESQvsg6YgWeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536005145214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Particle size distribution curves of the soil from Tongwan City site, figureFileSmall=UjLM4czBfv7WtI4V44bo7w==, figureFileBig=JHscivZwhw+3tn6gEEvEIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536084836991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图2, caption=统万城遗址土粒度分布曲线

a. 粒度频率分布曲线;b. 粒度频率累计曲线

, figureFileSmall=UjLM4czBfv7WtI4V44bo7w==, figureFileBig=JHscivZwhw+3tn6gEEvEIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536315523712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Curve of shear stress with shear displacement, figureFileSmall=qc4OYf2kLMap0qbUAO1uyA==, figureFileBig=64Vxe/FWOf7PZzeGMJwNvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536399409793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图3, caption=剪应力随剪切位移变化曲线, figureFileSmall=qc4OYf2kLMap0qbUAO1uyA==, figureFileBig=64Vxe/FWOf7PZzeGMJwNvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536487490178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Curve of shear strength with vertical pressure, figureFileSmall=tyMUpEHlSx4yoOdVN9y7VA==, figureFileBig=/5y8ZT5g+t1abSiJdLxeBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536751731331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图4, caption=剪切强度与竖向压力关系曲线, figureFileSmall=tyMUpEHlSx4yoOdVN9y7VA==, figureFileBig=/5y8ZT5g+t1abSiJdLxeBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536839811716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Consolidation curve of site soil, figureFileSmall=rObHH+i3019T7wEWJAh84Q==, figureFileBig=ihyFjpdAdpUo3C2cbbdAbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536906920581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图5, caption=遗址土固结曲线, figureFileSmall=rObHH+i3019T7wEWJAh84Q==, figureFileBig=ihyFjpdAdpUo3C2cbbdAbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086536982418055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=SEM images of site soil, figureFileSmall=J0YEW2gc8bALwv9gj7UZSA==, figureFileBig=YUEY2Q3OIGhTsbDRH/vHFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086537150190216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图6, caption=遗址土扫描电镜图像

a. 原状黄土200倍;b. 原状黄土400倍;c. 遗址土200倍;d. 遗址土400倍;e. 碳酸钙晶体5 000倍;f.胶结物20 000倍

, figureFileSmall=J0YEW2gc8bALwv9gj7UZSA==, figureFileBig=YUEY2Q3OIGhTsbDRH/vHFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086537376682633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=CT image processing results, figureFileSmall=+uliU9R/ojsJhoIt8AUMdw==, figureFileBig=fByw+gpa+k3hQWEhQku6ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086538895020682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CT图像处理结果

a. 去噪后遗址土CT图像;b. 分割后颗粒;c. 分割后孔隙

, figureFileSmall=+uliU9R/ojsJhoIt8AUMdw==, figureFileBig=fByw+gpa+k3hQWEhQku6ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086538966323851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Pore size distribution, figureFileSmall=OkWBGr+cdyhZoos5cplCtQ==, figureFileBig=EyDf5QFWYEDjZIsOnnhSLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539234759308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图8, caption=孔径分布图, figureFileSmall=OkWBGr+cdyhZoos5cplCtQ==, figureFileBig=EyDf5QFWYEDjZIsOnnhSLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539314451086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The relationship between pore area and shape parameters, figureFileSmall=3ImK0oqCgmUqV4en0LnRMQ==, figureFileBig=hEDQ8anRKH3g6yNxfyOtoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539389948559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图9, caption=孔隙面积与形状参数的关系, figureFileSmall=3ImK0oqCgmUqV4en0LnRMQ==, figureFileBig=hEDQ8anRKH3g6yNxfyOtoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539465446032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Pore proportion histogram, figureFileSmall=uqn3NbvDUDJhMLB0a6GAdQ==, figureFileBig=tKiQFd4ddX1IxotM4szRCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539725492881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图10, caption=孔隙占比柱状图, figureFileSmall=uqn3NbvDUDJhMLB0a6GAdQ==, figureFileBig=tKiQFd4ddX1IxotM4szRCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539796796050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=EDS test results of site soil, figureFileSmall=Sb6pjfJID2rMFUQiXL6D8Q==, figureFileBig=pJ3nSaf5M3wmhJMhkDDB0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086539872293523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图11, caption=遗址土EDS测试结果

a. 胶结物2 000倍;b.胶结物元素分布图

, figureFileSmall=Sb6pjfJID2rMFUQiXL6D8Q==, figureFileBig=pJ3nSaf5M3wmhJMhkDDB0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086540157506196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Schematic diagram of soil pozzolanic reaction and carbonization process, figureFileSmall=a5fwhw/6+Pq4msuwDpnlpA==, figureFileBig=Z5y+QBHbudM8pONEtGVVsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086540228809366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=图12, caption=土体火山灰反应及碳化过程示意图, figureFileSmall=a5fwhw/6+Pq4msuwDpnlpA==, figureFileBig=Z5y+QBHbudM8pONEtGVVsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086540497244823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The testing methods and equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统万城遗址土性质试验方法试验仪器
基本物理指标含水率烘干法烘箱
密度环刀法环刀
比重比重瓶法砂浴、比重瓶
液塑限液塑限联合测定法液塑限联合测定仪
颗粒分析颗粒大小及分布激光法MS-2000激光粒度分析仪
成分分析矿物类别及含量XRD测试电子探针X射线显微分析仪
化学成分及含量XRF测试X射线荧光光谱仪
力学参数抗剪强度、粘聚力、内摩擦角直剪试验ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪
压缩系数、
压缩模量
固结试验GJ-3三联固
结仪
微观分析颗粒和孔隙的形态、物质成分SEM-EDSQuanta FEG 450环境扫描电子显微镜
三维孔隙结构、
孔隙体积
CTphoenix v|tome|x m射线显微镜
), ArticleFig(id=1307086540572742296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验方法及仪器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统万城遗址土性质试验方法试验仪器
基本物理指标含水率烘干法烘箱
密度环刀法环刀
比重比重瓶法砂浴、比重瓶
液塑限液塑限联合测定法液塑限联合测定仪
颗粒分析颗粒大小及分布激光法MS-2000激光粒度分析仪
成分分析矿物类别及含量XRD测试电子探针X射线显微分析仪
化学成分及含量XRF测试X射线荧光光谱仪
力学参数抗剪强度、粘聚力、内摩擦角直剪试验ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪
压缩系数、
压缩模量
固结试验GJ-3三联固
结仪
微观分析颗粒和孔隙的形态、物质成分SEM-EDSQuanta FEG 450环境扫描电子显微镜
三维孔隙结构、
孔隙体积
CTphoenix v|tome|x m射线显微镜
), ArticleFig(id=1307086540644045465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The basic physical parameters of the soil from Tongwan City site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号含水率(%)天然密度(g/cm³)比重干密度(g/cm³)孔隙率孔隙比液限(%)塑限(%)塑性指数
遗址土1.052.042.652.0223.70.3117.5411.046.50
原状黄土(慕焕东等,2020)12.021.902.691.6937.10.5925.1015.479.63
), ArticleFig(id=1307086540740514458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

统万城遗址土基本物理指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号含水率(%)天然密度(g/cm³)比重干密度(g/cm³)孔隙率孔隙比液限(%)塑限(%)塑性指数
遗址土1.052.042.652.0223.70.3117.5411.046.50
原状黄土(慕焕东等,2020)12.021.902.691.6937.10.5925.1015.479.63
), ArticleFig(id=1307086540916675227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Particle size analysis results of the soil from Tongwan City site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样小于某粒径土的百分含量(%)级配参数
1 mm0.5 mm0.25 mm0.1 mm0.075 mm0.05 mm0.01 mm不均匀系数CU曲率系数CC
遗址土10096.3467.9039.3235.8032.4718.0247.731.48
周边原状土10099.7199.5288.9475.2356.1415.878.211.79
), ArticleFig(id=1307086540979589788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

统万城遗址土粒度分析试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样小于某粒径土的百分含量(%)级配参数
1 mm0.5 mm0.25 mm0.1 mm0.075 mm0.05 mm0.01 mm不均匀系数CU曲率系数CC
遗址土10096.3467.9039.3235.8032.4718.0247.731.48
周边原状土10099.7199.5288.9475.2356.1415.878.211.79
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541046698653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The mineral composition of the soil from Tongwan City site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样质量百分比(%)
石英钠长石钾长石白云石方解石绿泥石云母
遗址土43.823.63.17.213.55.33.5
周边原状土65.319.42.91.84.72.83.1
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541126390430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

统万城遗址土矿物成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样质量百分比(%)
石英钠长石钾长石白云石方解石绿泥石云母
遗址土43.823.63.17.213.55.33.5
周边原状土65.319.42.91.84.72.83.1
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541201887903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Chemical composition of the soil from Tongwan City site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样成分含量(%)
SiO2CaOAl2O3MgOK2ONa2OTFe2O3
遗址土42.6520.3712.769.541.511.473.34
周边原状土64.008.498.333.322.071.981.39
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541336105632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

统万城遗址土化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样成分含量(%)
SiO2CaOAl2O3MgOK2ONa2OTFe2O3
遗址土42.6520.3712.769.541.511.473.34
周边原状土64.008.498.333.322.071.981.39
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541445157537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Results of direct shear test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样强度粘聚力c(kPa)内摩擦角φ(º)
遗址土抗剪强度115.731.2
遗址土残余强度5.313.0
原状黄土抗剪强度
(张生宙等,2021)
24.119.1
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541520655010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

直剪试验成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样强度粘聚力c(kPa)内摩擦角φ(º)
遗址土抗剪强度115.731.2
遗址土残余强度5.313.0
原状黄土抗剪强度
(张生宙等,2021)
24.119.1
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541587763875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Deformation parameters of site soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样压力
(kPa)
压缩系数(1/MPa)压缩模量(Mpa)
遗址土50~1000.1379.596
100~2000.08216.123
200~4000.04628.329
400~6000.03534.336
600~8000.03738.533
800~12000.01968.966
原状黄土
(杜少少等,2018)
100~2000.239.24
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541659067044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

遗址土变形参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样压力
(kPa)
压缩系数(1/MPa)压缩模量(Mpa)
遗址土50~1000.1379.596
100~2000.08216.123
200~4000.04628.329
400~6000.03534.336
600~8000.03738.533
800~12000.01968.966
原状黄土
(杜少少等,2018)
100~2000.239.24
), ArticleFig(id=1307086541755536037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086518850441760, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Characteristic parameters of pore defects

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试样孔隙率(%)等效直径( μm)面积( μm2)体积( μm3)形状因子各向异性伸长率
遗址土最大值19.66453.1263197814.87×1071730.981.01.0
最小值2.8215.4811.700.2400
平均值8.361591.108153.271.530.690.31
原状黄土平均值48.8425.73198235.04×1058.82−−
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孔隙特征参数

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试样孔隙率(%)等效直径( μm)面积( μm2)体积( μm3)形状因子各向异性伸长率
遗址土最大值19.66453.1263197814.87×1071730.981.01.0
最小值2.8215.4811.700.2400
平均值8.361591.108153.271.530.690.31
原状黄土平均值48.8425.73198235.04×1058.82−−
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统万城遗址土力学性能及微观结构特征研究
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吴至怡 1, 2, 3 , 谢婉丽 1, 2, 3, * , 李欣雨 1, 2, 3 , 狄圣杰 4 , 何小亮 4 , 张春平 5
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 180-191
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 180 -191
统万城遗址土力学性能及微观结构特征研究
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吴至怡1, 2, 3 , 谢婉丽1, 2, 3, * , 李欣雨1, 2, 3, 狄圣杰4, 何小亮4, 张春平5
作者信息
  • 1西北大学,大陆演化与早期生命全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
  • 2西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
  • 3西安市黄土动力灾害防控与地质环境修复重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
  • 4中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710065
  • 5中国建筑材料工业建设西安工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710065
通讯作者:
谢婉丽(1974−),女,教授,从事黄土地质灾害防控、地质环境修复技术研发。E−mail:。
作者简介:

吴至怡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为地质工程。E−mail:

Research on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characteristics of Site Soil at Tongwan City
Zhiyi WU1, 2, 3 , Wanli XIE1, 2, 3, * , Xinyu LI1, 2, 3, Shengjie DI4, Xiaoliang HE4, Chunping ZHANG5
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Continental Evolution and Early Life, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shannxi, China
  • 2Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shannxi, China
  • 3Xi'an Key Lab of Prevention of Loess Dynamic Disaster and Restoration of Environment, Xi'an 710069, Shannxi, China
  • 4Power China Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710065, Shannxi, China
  • 5China Building Materials Industrial Construction Xi'an Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710065, Shannxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025050
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位于陕西省榆林市靖边县的统万城是中国境内唯一一座匈奴城遗址,承载着丰富的历史文化和科学价值。在长达1600多年的风化和冻融作用下,古遗址仍得以保留至今。因此,研究遗址土材料组成、力学性能及微观结构,对于探究古代建筑施工工艺、实现古遗址的修复工作具有重要意义。以统万城遗址土为研究对象,通过室内物理力学测试、X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱分析、电镜扫描及CT扫描对遗址土的宏微观特性进行研究。研究表明:①遗址土矿物成分主要为石英、长石、方解石、白云石等,且其钙离子含量显著高于周边土样,表明统万城在修筑过程中人为添加了石灰材料;②遗址土与周边原状黄土相比具有更高的抗剪强度和低压缩性,土体剪切曲线呈明显的脆性破坏变形特征,压缩系数较小;③微观试验表明,遗址土颗粒间以面接触为主,碳酸钙胶结物之间相互交错、排列紧密,附着于颗粒表面和颗粒之间,减小了大孔隙占比,促进了颗粒之间的联接,从而提高土体结构的致密程度。

统万城  /  土遗址  /  力学特性  /  微观结构

Tongwan City, which is located in Jingbian, Yulin, Shaanxi Province, is the only Xiongnu city site in China, carrying rich historical culture and scientific value. Despite over 1,600 years of weathering and freeze-thaw cycles, the heritage site has been preserved to this day. Therefore, it is important to study the material composition, mechanical properties and microstructure of the site soil for the restoration of heritage site. Taking the site soil at Tongwan City as the research object, this study conducted laboratory tests on physical and mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and computed tomography (CT) scanning to analyze the macro and micro characteristics of the site soil. Based on the above research, some conclusions are as follows. ① The primary mineral components of the site soil include quartz, feldspar, calcite and dolomite, and its calcium ion content is significantly higher than the surrounding soil samples, this indicates that lime material was intentionally added during the construction of Tongwan City. ② Compared with undisturbed loess in the surrounding area, the site soil has higher shear strength and low compressibility, the shear curve exhibits distinct brittle failure deformation characteristics, and the compression coefficient is smaller. ③ Microstructural analysis reveal that face-to-face contacts dominate the particle interactions in the site soil. Calcium carbonate cement interweaves densely among particles, adhering to particle surfaces and bridging interparticle spaces, which reduces the proportion of macropores, enhances particle interconnections, and increases the overall density of the soil structure.

Tongwan City  /  earthen sites  /  mechanical properties  /  microstructure
吴至怡, 谢婉丽, 李欣雨, 狄圣杰, 何小亮, 张春平. 统万城遗址土力学性能及微观结构特征研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 180 -191 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025050
Zhiyi WU, Wanli XIE, Xinyu LI, Shengjie DI, Xiaoliang HE, Chunping ZHANG. Research on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characteristics of Site Soil at Tongwan City[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 180 -191 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025050
城墙作为古代城市的军事防御设施,承载着丰富的历史、艺术和科学价值,反映了古代文明的兴衰更替以及早期的城市规划。在中国古城墙的建造历程中,人们不断探索到有效改善土体性能的方法,创造出各种加固技术(谢婉丽等,2006),并在建筑活动中充分利用。早在距今约5000年前的良渚古国,中国劳动人民便仿照鸟类筑巢,将自然界的泥土砂石和芦荻茅草混合后用以夯筑城墙(李广信,2016);战国时期,秦长城则由厚重的夯石将黄土分层夯实而筑成(冯锴等,2018);西汉时期,汉长城墙体多由芦苇夹杂土、砂砾或红柳夹杂砂石筑成(袁中夏等,2023);东晋十六国时期,匈奴首领赫连勃勃使用“三合土”来建造统万城,即将生石灰、砂粒和黏土混合起来,使得墙体更为坚固(Kong et al., 2019);明清时期,糯米灰浆的使用愈发成熟,生成的纳米级方解石小颗粒显著改善了城墙的强度和表面硬度(杨富巍等,2009)。由此可见,夯土城墙作为分布最为广泛的古代墙体类型,可以通过混合胶结材料、骨料和水来生产(Luo et al., 2022),具有高强度、隔音性好、长期耐久性等优点。
然而,在漫长的历史长河中,由于降雨、风化、冻融的长期作用,部分建筑文化古迹出现墙体表面侵蚀开裂、剥落、砂浆流失等诸多病害问题,甚至遭到严重破坏。为了保护古遗址并阻止其进一步恶化,亟需了解古遗址填夯材料物质组成、物理力学特性和施工工艺,不仅能为古遗址的维护和修复工作提供基础资料(Gulotta et al., 2013;Veiga, 2017),同时可为低碳、经济、环保的现代建筑设计提供新思路(谢婉丽等,2017;Cui et al., 2019)。
国内外学者对夯土遗址的力学性能和材料组成进行了大量研究。李乃胜等(2008)借助SEM-EDX、XRD和XRF等多种手段分析了天津大沽口海字炮台遗址的三合土配比,发现其黏土、石灰及砂子的配比约为1∶2∶1。水碧纹等(2016)采用XRD和扫描电镜分析了辽上京皇城和汉城夯土样品的组成成分,结果表明辽上京皇城夯土为在黏土中加入石灰夯筑而成,石灰和黏土的比例约为3∶7,而汉城夯土仅使用黏土夯筑而成,未添加石灰材料。吴任平等(2018)通过研究闽江口海防炮台三合土的原料配方及构筑方式,发现其主要特征为“砂多土少,砂多粒粗”,且性能与当代透水砖的性能十分接近。Zhang et al. (2020)对浙江省海防要塞的夯土样品进行力学试验和SEM图像分析,揭示了针状水合硅酸钙(C-S-H)物质的形成是提高土体硬度和抗压强度的主要因素。Wang et al. (2021)对广东虎门16处炮台三合土遗址的成分和性质进行研究,发现以糯米和蛋白质为主要有机添加剂的土体抗压强度可接近10 MPa。邹非池等(2023)采用XRD、激光粒度分析等手段,揭示了圆明园舍卫城城墙的夯土主要由二八灰土组成,且下层夯土使用了更多的石灰量。由此可见,对夯土遗址的研究本质上是对土体工程性质的研究。中国西北地区作为古丝绸之路的起点,保存着大量的土质遗址,在干旱区降雨少且集中,季节性温差大,风沙频繁等特点的影响下,已普遍出现不同程度受损。目前,针对土遗址的研究多集中在其宏观力学及物质组成方面,而针对其微观结构的研究尚不够充分,因此建立宏微观尺度下遗址土物理力学特性的联系,对文化遗产保护工作具有重要意义。
基于此,笔者以西北地区典型土遗址统万城为研究对象,通过室内常规物理试验、直剪试验、固结试验,获得遗址土的物理力学参数。并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、电镜扫描(SEM)以及CT扫描技术,进行土体物质组成和微观结构的分析,揭示遗址土力学特性与微观结构的关系,探究统万城遗址能够保存至今的原因。
统万城遗址位于陕西省榆林市靖边县白城子村(图1),是匈奴首领赫连勃勃在十六国时期创建大夏王朝时留下的都城遗址,距今已有约1600年的历史。统万城始建于公元413年,历时五年建成,后在公元427年被北魏攻陷,虽然其作为都城仅延续了九年的时间,但它却是中国境内唯一一座已知的匈奴城,也是有史以来少数民族建造的最坚固且最雄伟的城墙(陶宗震等,1995)。
统万城城址分为外郭城、东城和西城,一千多年以来,在自然界的风吹雨蚀和各种频发的自然灾害影响下,外郭城已很难找到残留痕迹,但西城和东城城垣保存较好,大部分暴露于现今地表以上,有较多马面及角楼遗存,现存墙体均高出地面2~10 m,顶部宽度为1 m有余。本研究样品采集工作均在马面处坍塌点进行,以保证遗址不遭受破坏,分别于西城西南角墩台、西北角墩台及东部墩台各取一组形状完整的夯土样品进行测试,样品呈黄白色,规格约为18 cm×15 cm×10 cm。
对所采集的原状试样进行基本物理指标及成分测定、颗粒分析试验、力学性能测试和微观结构观察,试验方法参照《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123-2019)进行,为了减小误差,土样基本物理参数均进行两次平行测定并取其平均值。统万城遗址土性质测试方法及仪器见表1,各项试验均在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。
笔者对所采集的统万城遗址土进行土工测试,得到其密度、含水率、比重、液塑限等参数(表2)。
由于统万城遗址地处毛乌素沙漠之中,土体中的水分含量很低,因此土颗粒与水之间的相互作用较弱。与周边原状黄土相比,遗址土干密度大,比重为2.65,略小于黄土,接近细砂,且孔隙率小,夯筑较为密实。综合来看,统万城遗址土物理性能优异,结合土的塑性指数IP=6.5<10,可初步判定统万城遗址土的类型为粉土。
遗址土及周边未经扰动原状土的颗粒大小及其分布情况见表3。依照粒度分级标准(刘东生,1985),将土颗粒依次划分为黏粒(<4 μm)、细粉砂(4~16 μm)、中粉砂(16~32 μm)、粗粉砂(32~63 μm)、砂粒(>63 μm),并获得土样的粒度频率分布曲线图(图2a)。统计数据显示,遗址土粒度曲线呈不对称分布,第一峰值粒组(粒径>63 μm)为分布峰度较高,粒径较大的砂粒组分;第二峰值粒组(粒径为4~16 μm)为分布峰度较低、形态较平坦的细粉砂组分(图2a)。遗址周边原状土粒度呈“单峰”分布,以粗粉砂和砂粒为主。总体而言,遗址土的粒度频率分布曲线较周边原状土向右偏移,表明其粗粒含量更多。究其原因,统万城筑城时期分布湖泊相沉积,水动力作用较风沙搬运动力更强(黄小刚等,2020),因此遗址土粒度分布以粒径较粗的砂粒为主。此外,土样均满足CU>5且CC=1~3这两个条件(图2b),则可认为遗址土与周边原状土的颗粒分布均匀,级配良好。
矿物颗粒作为土体重要组成部分,可分为碎屑和黏土矿物两大类。对统万城遗址土进行XRD测试,并与周边未经扰动的原状土作对比。研究发现(表4),遗址土主要由石英、长石(钠长石、钾长石)、云母等常见碎屑矿物,绿泥石等黏土矿物和白云石、方解石等碳酸盐矿物组成,且方解石含量为13.5%。遗址周边原状土与遗址土的矿物类别基本相同,但其方解石含量较遗址土偏低,仅为4.7%。
利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)对遗址土及周边原状土化学成分进行分析,得到其主量元素及含量。测试结果显示(表5),两种土样化学成分均以SiO2、CaO和Al2O3为主。其中,高含量的SiO2主要是由于石英的存在,CaO与方解石和白云石矿物含量有关,Al2O3和Fe2O3则反映了黏土矿物的存在。综合XRD与XRF结果,遗址土与周边原状土主要组成都为碎屑矿物,但遗址土的钙离子含量可达20.37%,显著高于周边土样8.49%含量。结合史书记载可以判断,统万城修筑过程中人为添加了石灰材料。
笔者对统万城遗址土分别开展50 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa竖向压力下的直剪试验,得到不同压力下遗址土的剪应力与剪切位移的变化曲线(图3)。研究发现,剪应力随剪切位移的增加表现为先逐渐增大至峰值,后迅速减小并趋于稳定,且土体发生破坏时的剪切位移与峰值强度随竖向压力的增大而增大,可将应力–位移曲线划分为明显的3个阶段。①弹性变形阶段:随着剪切位移的增加,剪应力呈近乎线性增长,曲线斜率(剪切刚度)基本保持恒定,以弹性变形为主,反映出土体较为坚硬致密。②脆性破坏阶段:剪应力峰值也是应力–位移曲线的转折点;此后随着剪切位移的进一步增加,剪应力迅速跌落,且下降速率和幅度较大,出现应变软化现象,表现出明显的脆性变形破坏特征。③剪切滑移阶段:试样发生剪切破坏后,随着剪切位移的持续增加,剪应力逐渐趋于平稳,残余强度较小。
取剪应力与剪切位移曲线的峰值强度作为抗剪强度,并将剪应力恒定段对应的应力值作为土体的残余强度,拟合出遗址土抗剪强度及残余强度与竖向压力的关系曲线(图4)。
由剪切强度与竖向压力关系曲线(图4)求得遗址土的粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值,并与当地原状黄土对比。对比结果(表6)显示,相较于当地原状黄土,统万城遗址土具有较高的抗剪强度,其粘聚力和内摩擦角这两个参数均较大。此外,由于残余强度τr与峰值强度τp的比值约为0.3,一般剪断坚硬土体时会出现峰值强度较高而残余强度较低的情况,进一步表明统万城遗址土较为坚硬,抗剪强度较大,但是一旦达到峰值强度,土体的结构强度和咬合作用就会被破坏,此时的残余强度包络线几乎通过原点,粘聚力几乎为0,内摩擦角只取决于土的矿物成分。
为了测定统万城遗址土在侧限条件下的变形和压力、孔隙比和压力间的关系,判断其压缩性,对遗址土进行固结试验。试验时逐级施加50 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa、600 kPa、800 kPa、1200 kPa的压力,试验的稳定标准是每级压力下土样在一小时内的变形量不超过0.01 mm。为减小试验误差,进行两组平行试验,取其平均值作为试验结果。绘制土样稳定后孔隙比与压力的关系曲线(图5),并获取不同压力范围内土的压缩系数与压缩模量(表7)。
随着竖向压力的增加,土样的压缩系数逐渐减小,压缩模量逐渐增大。这是因为当竖向压力较小时,土体孔隙相对较大则易于压缩,此时土骨架容易产生变形;此后压力不断增大,土颗粒间排列更加紧密,孔隙逐渐减小,此时土骨架对外部压力的抵抗能力增强,不易产生变形,则压缩模量增大。由于统万城遗址土在100~200 kPa下的压缩系数a1−2=0.082<0.1,压缩模量Es=16.123>15,则该遗址土属于低压缩性土,不易发生压缩变形。靖边县原状黄土压缩系数a1-2介于0.1~0.5,压缩模量介于4~15,属于中压缩性土。
将遗址土制成直径为8 mm,高约为6 mm的圆柱状SEM试样,通过扫描电镜进一步研究土体内部骨架、碎屑物及孔隙特征,获取200倍(图6c)和400倍(图6d)放大倍数下的遗址土SEM图像,从图像中可以较清晰地观察到土颗粒的微观形态和孔隙情况。与周边原状黄土相比(图6a、图6b),遗址土样品颗粒较大,各颗粒之间连接相对紧密,但仍可观察到架空孔隙,颗粒呈面接触较多,在大的土颗粒之间充填有一些细小的颗粒物,将颗粒胶连起来,整体胶结程度较好。土颗粒形态以磨圆状为主,主要呈圆形和椭圆形。而原状黄土颗粒相对较小,形态以棱角状及半棱角状为主,颗粒之间主要为点接触,架空孔隙发育,且胶结程度较弱。
此外,遗址土颗粒表面及颗粒物之间附着有胶结物,部分胶结物团聚在一起呈团块状,且表现出一定的结晶形态,如CaCO3片状晶体(图6e)增强了土样的胶结能力,CaCO3团簇形成后,可以看到一些粗糙的表面。20000倍放大倍数下的胶结物形态(图6f)显示,胶结物之间相互交错、排列紧密,形状较为规则且颗粒很小。此外,笔者还发现了部分针状及板状物质分散在胶结物中(图6f),推测形成了水硬性物质水合硅酸钙(C-S-H)。这种物质是由石灰和石英以及骨料中的其他氧化物发生化学反应而生成(Yi et al., 2015;Phair et al., 2002),因而调高了土体的硬度和强度。
试验选取原遗址土样进行CT扫描。试验前,在土样中心部位切取一边长为5 mm的立方体块作为样品,并采用低真空冷冻干燥法进行干燥,扫描的体素尺寸(分辨率)为2.73 μm×2.73 μm×2.73 μm。
利用三维可视化软件Avizo对CT扫描图像进行三维重构,以定量分析统万城遗址土孔隙的相关特征。具体流程如下:①从原始投影图像中获取切片图像;②图像裁剪及滤波;③对图像进行阈值分割;④选择具有代表性的区域并创建三维模型;⑤从三维模型中提取孔隙特征参数。
处理后的遗址土CT图像(图7)显示,每个体素的亮度与测得的X射线衰减系数成正比,而X射线衰减系数与密度密切相关(Bossa et al., 2015)。由于矿物颗粒的密度高于细骨料,吸收了大部分X射线并在切片中显示为更亮的像素。在这种情况下,图像包含两个相,黑色部分为气相,代表孔隙;灰色或白色部分为固相,代表颗粒。观察遗址土CT图像,发现土体结构相对密实,但仍分布有较密集的孔隙。其中,粒径较大的孔隙可能是由于统万城墙体在夯筑过程中夹带有空气或压实不充分而形成,这些孔隙的形状和分布不规则(Elsen et al., 2006)。
土体孔隙的三维分布、几何形状和大小显著影响着其力学性能。笔者给出了统万城遗址土的各孔隙特征参数(表8),得到土体的总孔隙率为19.66%,接近于室内试验结果得到的23.7%孔隙率,表明所提取的孔隙能够反映遗址土孔隙特征。相较于陕北地区原状黄土,遗址土孔隙各特征参数相对较小,表明遗址土具有更低的孔隙率和更小的孔隙尺寸。
土体孔径分布图(图8)显示,曲线呈现偏斜分布,孔隙等效直径普遍小于35 μm,遗址土孔隙的平均等效直径为8.36 μm。拟合结果表明,所有孔隙的粒径均服从LogNormal分布,其概率密度函数如公式(1)所示。
$ f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{x\sigma \sqrt{2\pi }}{e}^{-\tfrac{(\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}x-\mu {)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}},\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}x\sim N\left(\mu ,{\sigma }^{2}\right) $
式中:$ \mu $和$ \sigma $为LogNormal分布的函数参数。
土体变形的实质是土体中孔隙形状和大小的变化。因此,对孔隙特征几何参数进行分析,包含各向异性及伸长率(Liu, et al., 2022),其范围为0~1。其中,各向异性可以用来揭示沿特定方向轴的孔隙结构排列,值越接近于0则表明孔隙形状越趋近于球形,反之则越不规则;伸长率则代表孔隙的伸长程度,值越接近于0则孔隙更趋于细长。通过绘制孔隙面积与形状参数的三元相图(图9),可以看出,随着孔隙面积的增大,各向异性趋近于1,伸长率趋近于0,表明孔隙几何形态表现出随孔隙面积的增大而呈不规则且伸长的特性。
土体的孔隙尺寸分布可以进一步详细地反映孔隙结构特征。基于雷祥义(1987)提出的孔隙划分标准,将遗址土孔隙按孔隙直径大小划分为微孔隙(<2 μm)、小孔隙(2~8 μm)、中孔隙(8~32 μm)及大孔隙(>32 μm)。其中,微孔隙对应于粒内孔隙,小孔隙对应于粒间孔隙,中孔隙对应于架空孔隙,大孔隙则对应于部分较大的架空孔隙和次生孔隙等。受CT扫描精度影响,仅能统计直径大于2.73 μm的孔隙,由此得到可提取范围内不同类型孔隙数量占比图(图10)。可以看出,遗址土与陕北地区原状黄土都以小孔隙和中孔隙为主,大孔隙占比很少,仅不足1%。且遗址土的小孔隙占比高于原状黄土,中孔隙则较其偏少。由此可见,遗址土颗粒间的连接更趋于稳定,胶结材料填充于架空孔隙中,促进了颗粒之间的联接,使得土体中大孔隙占比很少,小孔隙则相对偏多,由此形成相对均匀、致密的土体结构。
统万城之所以能够长时间屹立不倒,与其特殊的建造方式有着密不可分的关系。在《晋书·赫连勃勃载记》中就曾记录到“阿利性尤工巧,然残忍刻暴,乃蒸土筑城”。所谓的蒸土筑城,就是大夏人将生石灰,砂粒与黏土按照一定比例混合起来,在其中加入水,搅拌后进行夯筑,时间越长,钙化效果越明显,城墙就越坚固。由于生石灰与水反应生成熟石灰的过程中会散发出大量的热量,雾气冲腾,而古人不懂这其中的化学原理,于是讹传为“蒸土筑城”了(戴应新,1981)。
依据物质成分试验结果,遗址土钙离子含量显著高于周边土样(表5),结合能谱分析(图11),发现胶结物以O、Ca、C这3种元素为主,即胶结材料为碳酸钙,表明统万城在修筑过程中人为添加了石灰材料。此外,试样中还含有一定的Mg、Al、Si和Fe等元素,由于遗址土中含有较多白云石(表4),推测该石灰材料为白云石燃烧形成的镁质石灰,Al、Fe等元素则在一定程度上反映了黏土的存在,而Al和Si元素也表明生成了水合硅酸钙物质(图6f)。
由于石灰的存在,其与土体间的化学反应可归结为两个方面:火山灰反应以及碳化作用(图12)。火山灰反应基于阳离子交换过程进行,加入石灰及水后,产生大量游离Ca2+,一方面改变了矿物表面的电荷分布,Ca2+取代了黏土中的可交换阳离子,导致黏土颗粒周围电荷密度的减少,促进颗粒絮凝形成团聚体(Zeng et al., 2024);另一方面,游离的Ca2+和OH-导致pH值升高,促进了土体中SiO2和Al2O3的溶解度,从而进一步与钙离子反应形成钙–硅酸盐–水合物(C-S-H),这些无定形相随着时间的推移结晶,形成胶凝化合物,将土颗粒粘合在一起(Vitale et al., 2017),增强了土体结构的稳定性。此外,石灰在冻融作用下也可加速火山灰反应,孔隙中不断充填小颗粒和火山灰反应的产物,从而降低孔隙率,提高了冻融作用下土体的耐久性。因此,火山灰反应是土体强度提高的主要来源之一。
碳化作用是石灰与土体间发生的另一种反应,加入石灰及水后,大量Ca2+附着于颗粒表面和颗粒间,为后续碳化反应的进行提供丰富的物源;Ca(OH)2不断与空气中的CO2反应生成CaCO3,有效地填充了土体内部孔隙,且随着碳化进行胶结物不断增多,与颗粒紧密结合,提高了结构的密实程度。此外,由于现代石灰纯度极高,Ca(OH)2碳化后会迅速在灰浆表面形成一层致密的CaCO3膜,后续CO2难以进入导致碳化反应进展缓慢。而古代工艺因技术有限,土体杂质含量较高,为CO2提供了传输通道,从而促进了内部Ca(OH)2的碳化(齐国栋等,2022)。因此,相较于周边原状黄土,遗址土中大孔隙占比较少而小孔隙占比居多(图10),土颗粒间的搭接更为紧密,土粒表面粗糙程度也随之增大,颗粒间的摩擦作用不断增强,在外力作用下,遗址土具有更高的强度且不易发生变形,因此决定了统万城遗址土优异的物理力学性能。
由此可见,早在东晋时期,劳动人民就已经将“三合土”应用于建筑工程中,这比明代后期三合土材料的盛行要早一千年,也再次证明了统万城的修建与保存是中国古代建筑工程的一大奇迹。在强调绿色可持续发展的当今社会,建筑材料的选择也有回归天然的趋势,引发了人们对传统建筑技术的广泛关注。“三合土”技术目前也被用于路面垫层及建筑地基加固中,通常使用石灰、砂及粗骨料拌合而成,与古代“三合土”所用原材料基本类似,但其施工工艺有了更大提升,自然条件下,将Ca(OH)2完全碳化为CaCO3需要几百年甚至上千年的时间(Tripathi et al., 2023),而现代CO2加速碳化技术可大幅缩短碳化反应的时间,从而为可持续建筑材料应用提供切实可行的解决方案。
(1)遗址土的含水率低、干密度大,颗粒组成以砂粒为主。其矿物成分主要为石英、长石、方解石、白云石等,且遗址土的钙离子含量显著高于周边土样,表明统万城在修筑过程中人为添加了石灰材料。
(2)遗址土与周边原状黄土相比具有更高的抗剪强度和低压缩性。剪切曲线呈应变软化型,表现出明显的脆性破坏特征,具有较大的粘聚力和内摩擦角;土体结构密实,不易发生压缩变形,属于低压缩性土。
(3)遗址土颗粒间搭接较紧密,以面接触为主。存在CaCO3胶结物和水硬性物质水合硅酸钙(C-S-H)充填于孔隙中,形成相对致密的土体结构。
(4)三维重构定量分析结果显示,试样孔径大小服从LogNorml分布,孔隙几何形态表现出随孔隙面积的增大而呈不规则且伸长的特性,孔隙尺寸以小孔隙为主。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025050
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
  • 录用日期:2025-03-26
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    1西北大学,大陆演化与早期生命全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
    2西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
    3西安市黄土动力灾害防控与地质环境修复重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
    4中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710065
    5中国建筑材料工业建设西安工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710065

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谢婉丽(1974−),女,教授,从事黄土地质灾害防控、地质环境修复技术研发。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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