Article(id=1307086433823519224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=1741536000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-10, onlineDate=1789563290314, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563290314, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563290314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563290314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=139, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086433982902777, articleId=1307086433823519224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Research on Intelligent Identification of Joint Cracks in Rock Mass based on Mask R-CNN Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The identification and measurement of rock joint cracks is an important basis for the characteristics of rock structural planes and the evaluation of rock quality. The traditional identification of rock joint cracks in boreholes is mainly manual and inefficient. In this paper, the deep learning convolution neural network Mask R-CNN algorithm model is used to construct the data set by labeling and standardizing the features of the image joints and cracks. The Mask R-CNN model is trained to construct the intelligent recognition and segmentation model of rock joints and cracks, so as to realize the intelligent recognition and segmentation of the observed image. The rock joint cracks are skeletonized by binarization and sine wave fitting, and the occurrence of rock joint cracks is calculated, so as to realize the statistics of rock joint cracks on the borehole wall by digital means. The technology is compared and verified by project examples. The results show: ①the non-directional rock joint fracture can be extracted by a specific algorithm model, and its corresponding occurrence can be calculated by multi-point fitting of sine curve. ②The accuracy of the measurement results can reach more than 85 %. ③With the increase of the number of different morphological samples of joint cracks, the recognition accuracy can be increased. ④The intelligent identification and measurement results of rock joint cracks can describe the rock structural plane in detail and be applied to the evaluation of rock integrity and quality grade.

, authors=Xiaobing WANG1, Junqing WANG1, lin LIU1, Shilei HU1, lei WEN2, authorsList=Xiaobing WANG, Junqing WANG, lin LIU, Shilei HU, lei WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086441385849382, articleId=1307086433823519224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于Mask R-CNN算法的岩体节理裂隙智能化识别研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩石节理裂隙的识别、测量是岩石结构面特征及岩石质量评价的重要依据,传统的钻孔岩石节理裂隙识别主要以人工为主,效率低下。笔者以深度学习的卷积神经网络Mask R-CNN算法模型,通过对图像节理裂隙特征的标注及标准化处理构建数据集,在搭建的Mask R-CNN模型中进行训练,构建岩石节理裂隙智能识别分割模型,实现对观测图像的智能化识别分割;利用二值化及正弦波拟合将岩石节理裂隙进行骨架化处理,计算岩石节理裂隙的产状,从而实现数字化手段对钻孔孔壁岩石节理裂隙的统计;通过项目实例对该技术进行了对比、验证。结果表明:①具有不定向性的岩石节理裂隙可以通过特定的算法模型进行形态特征提取,利用正弦曲线多点拟合可以计算其对应产状;②测量结果准确率可达85%以上,随着节理裂隙不同的形态样本数量增加,可增大识别精度;③岩石节理裂隙智能化识别测量结果可以精细的刻画岩石结构面,应用于岩石完整性及质量等级评价;④岩石节理裂隙智能化识别与人工识别相比效率高,可以节约时间成本。

, authors=王晓兵1, 王俊卿1, 刘琳1, 胡石磊1, 闻磊2, authorsList=王晓兵, 王俊卿, 刘琳, 胡石磊, 闻磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王晓兵(1992−),男,工程师,从事工程地质与数字化研究工作。E−mail:

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Results of intelligent identification and measurement of rock joint cracks

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孔号倾角(°)倾向(°)深度(m)孔号倾角(°)倾向(°)深度(m)孔号倾角(°)倾向(°)深度(m)
10558413.9341561542.211024219410.58
102131015.1941312142.471023513210.95
10583416.6541565228.091023316610.84
103533218.8341632023.091024715215.35
104024021.1541382423.68102538419.33
105035222.3141232903.48102367220.79
104029823.73416620230.251025011421.52
103832426.35417217031.411026715623.64
106519828.01415625634.141027032426.63
106119428.13416418637.32102389026.81
1054428.81413832238.341024410031.83
101329029.8841272664.761027326634.9
104328632.67416624440.621022713834.66
104027434.641302585.241026924839.32
10387240.644163266.43102381544.46
106522044.64149406.79102762767.78
101233045.7941581548.53102331867.34
10556848.9841541788.82102371649.85
107217453.82411468.63102301629.63
101529856.83415369.27102///
K126310811K246932012.0925925628.43
K12482214.86K245314212.7925129629.6
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K12473018.68K24578618.5826923230.11
K1243419.03K245133821.0723426430.26
K125232620.15K246428423.1526334831.45
K12474020.53K24914424.312558631.16
K124630021.96K2424503.4328531834.32
K12717224.72K245820434.2725510434.55
K123629426.26K241815836.5424722634.4
K126934028.2K2462424.2126030036.27
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岩石节理裂隙智能化识别、测量部分结果

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孔号倾角(°)倾向(°)深度(m)孔号倾角(°)倾向(°)深度(m)孔号倾角(°)倾向(°)深度(m)
10558413.9341561542.211024219410.58
102131015.1941312142.471023513210.95
10583416.6541565228.091023316610.84
103533218.8341632023.091024715215.35
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105035222.3141232903.48102367220.79
104029823.73416620230.251025011421.52
103832426.35417217031.411026715623.64
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106119428.13416418637.32102389026.81
1054428.81413832238.341024410031.83
101329029.8841272664.761027326634.9
104328632.67416624440.621022713834.66
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10387240.644163266.43102381544.46
106522044.64149406.79102762767.78
101233045.7941581548.53102331867.34
10556848.9841541788.82102371649.85
107217453.82411468.63102301629.63
101529856.83415369.27102///
K126310811K246932012.0925925628.43
K12482214.86K245314212.7925129629.6
K125235218.93K24636618.1627613230.66
K12473018.68K24578618.5826923230.11
K1243419.03K245133821.0723426430.26
K125232620.15K246428423.1526334831.45
K12474020.53K24914424.312558631.16
K124630021.96K2424503.4328531834.32
K12717224.72K245820434.2725510434.55
K123629426.26K241815836.5424722634.4
K126934028.2K2462424.2126030036.27
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Comparison and analysis of rock joint and crack identification

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孔号10CK02JK02K12K24K36K41XK62XK86ZK102
人工识别(条)35144526165726611430
自动识别(条)32124024145024541326
准确率(%)91.485.788.992.387.587.792.388.592.986.7
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岩石节理裂隙识别对比与分析

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孔号10CK02JK02K12K24K36K41XK62XK86ZK102
人工识别(条)35144526165726611430
自动识别(条)32124024145024541326
准确率(%)91.485.788.992.387.587.792.388.592.986.7
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基于Mask R-CNN算法的岩体节理裂隙智能化识别研究
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王晓兵 1 , 王俊卿 1 , 刘琳 1 , 胡石磊 1 , 闻磊 2
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 139-152
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 139 -152
基于Mask R-CNN算法的岩体节理裂隙智能化识别研究
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王晓兵1 , 王俊卿1, 刘琳1, 胡石磊1, 闻磊2
作者信息
  • 1中核勘察设计研究有限公司,河南 郑州 450000
  • 2石家庄铁道大学工程力学系,河北 石家庄 050043
作者简介:

王晓兵(1992−),男,工程师,从事工程地质与数字化研究工作。E−mail:

Research on Intelligent Identification of Joint Cracks in Rock Mass based on Mask R-CNN Algorithm
Xiaobing WANG1 , Junqing WANG1, lin LIU1, Shilei HU1, lei WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1Chinga Nuclear Industry Survey Design & Research Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
  • 2Department of Engineering Mechanics, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhang 050043, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025028
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岩石节理裂隙的识别、测量是岩石结构面特征及岩石质量评价的重要依据,传统的钻孔岩石节理裂隙识别主要以人工为主,效率低下。笔者以深度学习的卷积神经网络Mask R-CNN算法模型,通过对图像节理裂隙特征的标注及标准化处理构建数据集,在搭建的Mask R-CNN模型中进行训练,构建岩石节理裂隙智能识别分割模型,实现对观测图像的智能化识别分割;利用二值化及正弦波拟合将岩石节理裂隙进行骨架化处理,计算岩石节理裂隙的产状,从而实现数字化手段对钻孔孔壁岩石节理裂隙的统计;通过项目实例对该技术进行了对比、验证。结果表明:①具有不定向性的岩石节理裂隙可以通过特定的算法模型进行形态特征提取,利用正弦曲线多点拟合可以计算其对应产状;②测量结果准确率可达85%以上,随着节理裂隙不同的形态样本数量增加,可增大识别精度;③岩石节理裂隙智能化识别测量结果可以精细的刻画岩石结构面,应用于岩石完整性及质量等级评价;④岩石节理裂隙智能化识别与人工识别相比效率高,可以节约时间成本。

岩石节理裂隙  /  特征提取  /  骨架分割  /  曲线拟合  /  裂隙产状  /  识别、测量

The identification and measurement of rock joint cracks is an important basis for the characteristics of rock structural planes and the evaluation of rock quality. The traditional identification of rock joint cracks in boreholes is mainly manual and inefficient. In this paper, the deep learning convolution neural network Mask R-CNN algorithm model is used to construct the data set by labeling and standardizing the features of the image joints and cracks. The Mask R-CNN model is trained to construct the intelligent recognition and segmentation model of rock joints and cracks, so as to realize the intelligent recognition and segmentation of the observed image. The rock joint cracks are skeletonized by binarization and sine wave fitting, and the occurrence of rock joint cracks is calculated, so as to realize the statistics of rock joint cracks on the borehole wall by digital means. The technology is compared and verified by project examples. The results show: ①the non-directional rock joint fracture can be extracted by a specific algorithm model, and its corresponding occurrence can be calculated by multi-point fitting of sine curve. ②The accuracy of the measurement results can reach more than 85 %. ③With the increase of the number of different morphological samples of joint cracks, the recognition accuracy can be increased. ④The intelligent identification and measurement results of rock joint cracks can describe the rock structural plane in detail and be applied to the evaluation of rock integrity and quality grade.

rock joint cracks  /  feature proposition  /  skeleton segmentation  /  curve fitting  /  cracks occurrence  /  identification, measurement
王晓兵, 王俊卿, 刘琳, 胡石磊, 闻磊. 基于Mask R-CNN算法的岩体节理裂隙智能化识别研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 139 -152 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025028
Xiaobing WANG, Junqing WANG, lin LIU, Shilei HU, lei WEN. Research on Intelligent Identification of Joint Cracks in Rock Mass based on Mask R-CNN Algorithm[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 139 -152 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025028
岩石的质量等级主要是由岩石的坚硬程度和结构面特征控制,其完整程度主要取决于不连续面和结构面的成因、规模、分布特征等(黄国明等, 1998; 王晓兵等, 2021)。岩石的节理裂隙主要由成岩作用、风化作用和构造作用形成,其成因较为复杂,形态多变,且无定向规律。节理裂隙是分析岩石结构面特征的重要指标之一,同时也是岩石质量及完整性评价的重要依据(杨举等, 2011)。因此,对岩石节理裂隙的识别、测量是岩石质量评价的第一要素。
在工程地质勘察中,岩石节理裂隙的识别、测量主要通过钻探取心、孔内成像、超声波成像、声波测试、流量测井等手段进行(黄达等, 2015; 邹先坚等, 2018)。前人通过对野外肉眼识别、迹线推断、形态与分布模型、分形几何、概率统计等手段对节理裂隙的形态、产状、迹线长度、空间分布进行了研究(周宏伟等, 1999; 范留明等, 2004; 汪进超等, 2017),指出算法模型、离散裂隙模拟等方法可以对二维、三维岩体进行岩石节理裂隙特征描述,并进行了模型的搭建及统计方法研究(孙卫春等, 2009; 夏丁等, 2020; 张云帅, 2021)。随着深度学习卷积神经网络及计算机视觉模型的成熟发展,前人通过对裂隙的二值处理、阀值分割、亮度、灰度和相位编制等方法进行了裂隙的提取、分形维数分割以及几何特征检测(葛云峰等, 2019; 马文, 2022)。国外学者最早利用滤波、迭代变换的方式及图像灰度和梯度在纵轴方向的投影,实现了结构面的智能化识别和参数提取(Bae et al., 2011; Girshick et al., 2013; Al-Sit et al., 2015);国内学者通过滤波、边缘检测及定位信号特征值、Hough检测、Canny边缘检测等方法在图像中对结构面特征进行了提取,并利用多项式拟合、边缘曲线拟合对结构面参数进行分析,从而达到对图像关键信息要素提取的目的(汪进超等, 2017; 宋琨等, 2020; 马泽栋等, 2022)。常见实例分割模型主要有R-CNN(Region-based Convolutional Neural Network)、Fast R-CNN(Fast Region-based Convolutional Network)、Faster R-CNN(Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network)、Mask R-CNN(Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network)等,主要用于对图像中物体的分部进行单独分割(Girshick. 2013; He et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2022)。其中,Mask R-CNN是在Faster R-CNN目标检测模型的基础上的扩展(Girshick. 2015; Ren et al., 2017; He et al., 2020)。Mask R-CNN、U-Net(U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation)、SegNet(A Deep Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Image Segmentation)、DeepLabV3(DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFs)等分割模型,广泛应用于隧道裂缝、无损检测、边坡裂缝检测、遥感图像分割、自然场景图像分割等(Al-Sit et al., 2015; He et al., 2015a; Zhang et al., 2022; 朱磊等, 2023; 景莹等, 2023)。前人对于岩石图像结构面数字特征提取的研究主要集中于区域性图像,方法主要有Hough检测、Canny边缘检测算子及UNet分割等方式,主要进行区域岩体的裂缝检测,对于岩石节理裂隙的自动识别、检测研究较少(Lin et al., 2016; 景莹等, 2023)。Mask R-CNN算法模型在目标检测任务中可以同时进行物体检测和语义分割,同时可以生成检测目标的精确掩码,提供详细的分割结果,相比于R-CNN、Fast R-CNN,Faster R-CNN具有更高的识别分割速度,且对于岩石图像中的节理裂隙进行实例分割准确率较高(Bae et al., 2011; He et al., 2015b; 朱磊等, 2023)。因此,选择搭载Mask R-CNN算法模型对岩石图像中的节理裂隙进行智能化识别具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性。笔者以基于深度学习的卷积神经网络模型,通过图像裂隙标注作为样本,在搭建的Mask R-CNN模型中进行模型训练及逆行训练,从而构建岩石节理裂隙智能识别分割模型,实现对观测图像的智能化识别分割;利用正弦波拟合将岩石节理裂隙进行骨架化处理,计算岩石节理裂隙的产状,从而实现数字化手段的钻孔孔壁岩石节理裂隙统计,并通过项目实例对岩石的节理裂隙进行识别、测量。
岩石节理裂隙识别与产状测量、计算主要通过岩石图像预处理、数据集构建、模型训练及参数调优、裂隙掩码预测、裂隙图像分割及骨架化刻画、裂隙形态拟合、坐标参数提取、产状计算等功能实现(图1)。
利用孔内电视对钻孔孔壁岩石的节理裂隙进行图像全景采集,将采集的岩石图像根据不同的像素类型进行图像大小、归一化及标准化处理,同时使用图像标注工具进行图像裂隙标注,嵌入正态分布模型,构建节理裂隙形态数据集,作为岩石节理裂隙智能识别的训练集及验证集;选用Mask R-CNN算法基础模型进行模型训练及准确率测试,并根据测试结果不断进行模型参数调优;使用优化的Mask R-CNN算法模型对岩石节理裂隙进行实例分割处理;利用正弦曲线形态对节理裂隙进行曲线骨架化刻画,重建岩石结构面,从而提取出裂隙骨架化后的曲线坐标点数据;以三角函数、偏函数对岩石节理裂隙进行倾向、倾角计算,从而获取岩石节理裂隙的产状。根据计算的岩石节理裂隙产状进行优势节理分析及节理密度计算,分析结构面特征,从而进行岩石质量等级及完整性评价。
岩石节理裂隙图像预处理主要是借助图像的像素变换来实现图像大小变换。由于测试效果不同,钻孔孔壁岩石图像具有不同的大小及像素值,为统一、高效识别,同时排除图像大小对识别准确度的影响,通过编写的像素压缩功能函数对钻孔孔壁图像进行像素转换,将岩石图像像素统一为300×978(图2)。在统一图像尺寸的基础上,通过改变像素类型,进行图像归一化处理,使得图像像素值大小从[0, 255]变换为[0, 1],图像维度从[h, w, c]变成[c, h, w];以图像色彩通道标准化处理,使得图像满足0.5为方差的正态分布。
利用RPN(Region Proposal Network)训练网络及分类训练网络进行模型学习、训练。通过对岩石节理裂隙特征采集,利用均值、方差进行迭代更新,以获取最优权重算法模型。RPN网络的网格训练由两个损失函数算法组建。其中两个类别的分类损失函数用于分类anchors的前景、后景类型;Mask R-CNN定义的smooth函数用于修正anchor框。
以Mask R-CNN模型为基础训练模型,利用多段线对岩石节理裂隙边缘进行形态特征标注,以期全面覆盖节理裂隙形态,将标注的样本进行保存,按照1 m长度,300像素导出后,作为构建样本数据集的原图像;其标注规则:沿着节理裂隙边缘选点连线,构成闭合区域,该封闭区域需和裂隙区域重合(图3)。
常见的模型划分比例有8∶1∶1(训练集∶验证集∶测试集)及7∶3(训练集∶测试集)。当训练集样本过少时,训练模型处于欠拟合状态,对岩石的节理裂隙形态拟合不够;当测试集的样本数量过少,会导致模型过度拟合。因此,在样本数据过少时可以不划分验证集,数据量较大时划分验证集,能够降低模型过度拟合的风险。笔者在数据集构建后,采用训练集、验证集、测试集划分比例为8∶1∶1,按照该比例划分,不仅能够平衡训练集和测试集的大小,同时保留部分数据用于验证模型的性能;同时,可以更好地捕捉数据集中的噪声和异常值,使模型更加健壮。
节理裂隙图像识别、分割主要通过卷积神经网络Mask R-CNN算法模型实现。由主干特征提取、区域建议网络、区域对齐、全连接层及实例分割网络等5个部分组成(图4)。
其中,前置卷积神经网络用于岩石节理裂隙特征图像(feature map)提取,后置卷积神经网络用于生成裂隙掩码(mask);区域建议网络(RPN)在输入图像中生成潜在包含目标裂隙区域的物体框,提取感兴趣的目标区域,便于后续裂隙目标检测和实例分割;全连接卷积层通过使用过滤器和内核将输入图像抽象为裂隙特征图;分类器用于生成预测概率,回归器用于预测目标框偏移量,mask对每个检测到的节理裂隙目标实例进行像素分割,并从背景中准确地分离目标。fpn_classifier_graph利用PyramidROIAlign提取rois区域的特征,输出维度为[batch, num_boxes, 7, 7, 256],再利用TimeDistributed封装器对num_rois逐次进行7*7->1*1方向操作,输出维度变化为[batch, num_boxes, 1, 1, 1024],最后输出内容为[mrcnn_class_logits, mrcnn_probs, mrcnn_bbox]。其中,mrcnn_probs为预测概率,mrcnn_bbox为预测目标框偏移量(图5)。
利用Mask R-CNN对岩石节理裂隙的形态、迹线等进行特征提取,通过图像压缩,构建特征金字塔,实现岩石节理裂隙特征的多尺度融合。图像输入后,采用卷积神经网络对岩石图像进行裂隙特征图像提取,利用RPN区域建议网络对目标图像中的“疑似”节理裂隙进行提取,并生成裂隙图像候选框,完成有效特征层的识别、筛选,并对疑似目标进行建议图像截取。通过ROI区域对齐功能对所有建议框截取图像进行尺寸调整,最终调整为正方形图像。根据截取出的建议框图像,利用回归模型判断截取的区域是否有目标裂隙,通过预测框对有效特征层进行提取、解码,从而获得最终的预测框。利用最终预测框对有效特征层进行目标图像截取,并将截取图像传给分割网络进行实例分割,从而获得分割图像(图6)。
岩石节理裂隙的检测、识别、分割过程是由图像裂隙标注、刻度裁剪、二值化处理、裂隙切割等四部分组成(图7)。Mask R-CNN算法通过自主学习可以获取目标节理裂隙与实际裂隙相对应的差别特征,以实例分割检测目标裂隙,同时生成相应的目标裂隙掩码,从而实现目标检测。
岩石节理裂隙的形态具有不规则性,刻画较为困难。利用图像分割的技术得到的裂隙图像,其裂隙宽度不一,影响曲线的拟合与产状计算。节理裂隙特征骨架化是以像素分割为基础,对图片像素点进行层层剥离,删除不相干像素点,保留目标像素点;通过线条实体勾勒岩石节理裂隙形态,强化重要裂隙特征,简化一般形态,将复杂像素简化为单像素相连的二值图像,以区分裂缝骨架的边缘点和中间点,通过对图像的中轴线刻画,获取岩石节理裂隙的形态特征(图8)。岩石节理裂隙的发育交错复杂,在主要节理裂隙的周边发育较多微裂隙,在节理裂隙骨架刻画时,不能突出目标裂隙,分支裂隙是位于主要裂隙两侧,长度短且缝隙窄,强化主干裂隙,弱化、剔除分支裂隙,不会对裂隙线形态及整体趋势产生影响。因此,需要通过分支删除来勾勒刻画目标节理裂隙。利用分割后的节理裂隙图像列出不同条件下的像素权重矩阵,建立像素权重索引表,对岩石节理裂隙图像进行迭代计算,并对相关像素进行移除和保留,从而获取精细刻画后的裂隙骨架。
岩石节理裂隙骨架提取采用图像查表法对边缘点进行细化,像素编号矩阵及像素权重矩阵根据查表法预定义,权重矩阵中任何元素的和唯一,且代表了判断该像素是否应该被移除。将滑动窗口尺寸设置为3×3,滑动步长设置为1,进行像素权重矩阵与二值化图像的卷积计算,最终得到4×4的像素索引矩阵,根据索引矩阵值,使用查表法,对二值化图像进行处理,并对相关像素进行移除(图9)。
精细刻画后的骨架图像由离散的像素点构成,包含了各个点的相对位置关系(即坐标),通过使用正弦曲线拟合函数,将裂隙骨架近似拟合成一条光滑的正弦曲线,与裂隙的形态基本保持一致(图10)
岩石节理裂隙在三维空间以不规整、凹凸不平的平面形态展布,在二维空间的展布可以简化为曲线形态,曲线形态展布变化趋势与正弦波形态基本一致。利用二维平面与三维空间体系转换,岩石节理裂隙形态展布在一定空间范围内可以利用正弦曲线的一个周期的平面所代替(图11)。将像素分割、计算后的二值图像以正弦曲线为基准进行拟合,可以得到对应节理裂隙的结构面。采用正弦曲线公式,结合裂隙骨架离散点像素值(即坐标)可以进行目标节理裂隙产状计算。
岩石节理裂隙在钻孔上的展布与一个周期的正弦函数对应,利用曲线拟合的岩石节理裂隙结合正弦曲线公式及三角函数可以计算岩石节理裂隙的倾向、倾角等(Zhang et al., 2022;图12)。
在二维平面的岩石节理裂隙任一点的相对坐标可以表示为(xn,yn),其正弦函数及对应拟合误差如公式(1)所示。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{c}{y}^*={A} \sin ( {\omega } {x}+\varphi)+{b} \\{\delta}_{\mathrm{i}}={y}_1^*+{y}_1\end{array}\right. $
式中:y为相对坐标实际值;y*为拟合值;A为正弦波振幅;${\omega} $为角速度,控制正弦波周期;$ \varphi $为初相位;b为相位在y轴方向的位移;δ为拟合误差。
拟合误差使用最小化平方值进行误差估算,如公式(2)所示。
$ {\text{δ}}_{\text{1}}^{\text{2}}\text+ \cdots \text+{\text{δ}}_{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}\text=\sum _{\text{i}\text{=1}}^{\text{m}}{\text{δ}}_{\text{i}}^{\text{2}}\text=\sum _{\text{i}\text{=1}}^{\text{m}}{\left[{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}^{\text{*}}\text-{\text{y}}_{\text{1}}\right]}^{\text{2}} $
岩石节理裂隙的倾角计算如公式(3)所示。
$ \left\{\begin{gathered}{y}={A{\mathrm{sin}}}({\omega } {x}+\varphi)+{b} \\{d}_{{y}} / {d}_{{x}}=0 \\\alpha=\arctan \left({A}_1-{A}_2\right) / {d}\end{gathered}\right. $
式中:dy/dx为拟合曲线上的最高点和最低点像素;α为倾角;d为钻孔直径;A1为曲线最高点像素的相对垂直坐标值;A2为曲线最低点像素的相对垂直坐标值。
岩石节理裂隙倾向的计算是通过拟合曲线最低点像素相对坐标值实现的,具体计算如公式(4)所示。
$ {\beta=2\text{π}}\left({\text{x}}_{\text{min}}\text-{\text{x}}_{\text{0}}\right)\text{/}{\text{L}}_{\text{0}} $
式中:$ \mathrm{\beta } $为倾向方位角;xmin为拟合曲线最低点像素的x坐标值;x0为节理裂隙起点x坐标;L0为钻孔孔壁图像宽度。
岩石节理裂隙发育对研究岩石结构面特征具有重要意义,笔者对沿海核电工程项目的孔内电视原始数据资料进行了搜集整理,并结合钻孔岩心数据,通过对核电工程项目44 个钻孔图像的人工解译及智能化识别实测,综合分析了钻孔内岩石节理裂隙的空间展布特征及定量特征。利用Mask R-CNN算法模型构建的智能化自动识别、测量技术可以很好的对钻孔的节理裂隙进行检测、识别、测量,获取的结构面特征与区域地质资料相吻合。在获取的1 240 张钻孔图像中,选择992 张图片作为训练图像,训练图像包含了不同形态的节理裂隙,以124 张图片作为测试图像,进行算法模型测试结果验证。HN项目主要为一套燕山晚期侵入岩,岩性以花岗岩为主,微风化基岩面略有起伏,风化裂隙及构造节理发育。项目场地范围内岩浆岩广泛发育,基岩局部出露,节理裂隙纵横交错,地质条件较为复杂。
孔内电视对地下岩石节理裂隙图像的采集较为清晰直观,通过像素压缩函数的图像预处理,使得钻孔孔壁原有图像符合训练模型尺寸,保证岩石节理裂隙识别不受图像尺寸影响,通过Mask R-CNN算法模型对图像进行岩石节理裂隙图像分割及骨架提取(图13)。
将测得的钻孔孔壁图像进行岩石节理裂隙智能化识别,可以得到对应钻孔孔壁岩石节理裂隙的深度、倾向、倾角等相应岩石产状的数据。通过对124 张钻孔图像中岩石节理裂隙的识别分割、骨架细化、曲线拟合、产状计算等,164 m孔段共自动检测出岩石节理裂隙289 条,部分检测数据部分结果如表1所示。利用岩石节理裂隙智能化识别、测量技术短时间内可以获取岩石节理裂隙的关键数据,能够高效的提取岩层产状、结构面特征等关键地质信息。在模型获得的岩石节理裂隙产状数据的基础上进行节理玫瑰花图绘制(图14)。岩石的优势节理主要有3 组,即NWW向(350°~0°),NNE向(10°~30°),NEE向(50°~70°)。岩石主要倾角有3组,倾角主要为30°~70°(图14)。
根据识别结果岩体节理裂隙的平均间距为0.57 m/条,该岩体完整程度为较破碎–较完整,结构面类型主要为节理、裂隙、层面,结构类型为裂隙块状或中厚层状结构–块状结构,结构面充填物张开度为1~4 mm,以硅质、铁质胶结为主,少量结构面粗糙,结构面结合一般–好。
利用多点拟合对测试的124 张钻孔图像岩石的节理裂隙进行人工解译,解译方法采用至少四点以上的裂隙形态追索,共识别岩石节理裂隙324 条,Mask R-CNN算法模型智能识别的岩石节理裂隙共计289 条,针对同一钻孔图像岩石节理裂隙统计的统计、对比,各钻孔人工解释岩石节理裂隙数量普遍高于基于Mask R-CNN算法模型智能识别的图像(表2)。
同一钻孔图像人工识别与智能识别数量差值为3~18 条,识别深度较为吻合,识别准确率为85.7%~92.9%。利用人工识别数据结果绘制节理走向玫瑰花图及倾向、倾角玫瑰花图(图15),岩石的优势节理主要有NWW向(355°~10°)、NNE向(10°~30°)、NEE向(50°~70°)3组。智能识别与人工识别的岩石节理裂隙走向基本吻合,优势节理方位基本一致。人工识别的岩石主要倾角有3 组,大多数倾角主要为30°~80°(图15),主要倾角占比为18.5%~22.2%。与基于Mask R-CNN算法模型智能识别结果相比,主要倾角与倾角的分布范围基本一致,与区域地质资料一致。
深度学习Mask R-CNN网络模型可以将岩石节理裂隙形态以标准化的形式规范,岩石节理裂隙的智能化识别、测量方便、快捷,可以有效的提高岩石结构面数据的获取效率,在一定程度上极大的降低了人力与时间成本,为岩石结构面特征分析提供了高效的数据获取方式。然而传统的作业方式涵盖了较为丰富的专业经验,智能算法模型在一定程度上无法完全还原原有的效果,却也不失为一种高效率作业的方式。
从算法模型本身来看,选择合适的算法模型并对相应算法模型进行实际优化,可以提高数据本身的精准度。R-CNN算法模型的训练和测试速度较慢,训练过程繁琐,占用空间大,精度较低;Fast R-CNN算法模型采用Selective Search来预先提取候选区域,搜索时间长;Faster R-CNN算法模型特征图像提取分辨率小,目标检测时间较长;Mask R-CNN分割模型集R-CNN、Fast R-CNN、Faster R-CNN等模型的优点于一体,不仅能够很好的对图像中物体的边界进行分割,且能够将图像中的物体分割成单独部分,相比于R-CNN、Fast R-CNN,Faster R-CNN可以提供更详细的分割结果,具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性。针对深度学习算法Mask R-CNN模型存在的问题需要进一步的完善。从样本数据方面来讲,岩石节理裂隙海量数据包含的不同岩石节理裂隙形态在涵盖自然界中全部岩石节理裂隙特征的前提下才能完成精确的识别。因此,Mask R-CNN算法模型需要不断的进行样本训练数据扩充,不断的积累数据。
基于Mask R-CNN算法模型智能识别的岩石节理裂隙产状可以满足对岩石产状确定,结构面类型、结构类型、岩石完整程度的确定与判别。与人工识别相比,仍然具有一定的误差,通过对样本数据的梳理发现:用于模型训练的岩石节理裂隙形态不能充分涵盖岩石节理裂隙的各种形态特征;用于构建样本集的岩石节理裂隙数量不够充足,构建的数据模型不够全面。
破碎岩体、高倾角节理及不规则形态节理的发育在岩石节理裂隙智能识别中具有一定的困难;高倾角节理岩石图像二维展开图中的裂隙形态为一条纵向线,其结构曲线不能够满足或是接近正弦曲线的特征,因此,无法准确且有效地实现识别、分割和拟合计算等过程。Mask R-CNN实例分割模型,对于非破碎的节理、裂隙区域,能够自动分割,并进行拟合计算;对于多组平行节理亦可按照正弦形态拟合。对于岩石破碎或存在多组交错节理、裂隙的岩体,识别的精度和准确率将大大降低。
目前,训练集的数据增加需要通过专业手段进行扩充,对于钻孔内岩石节理裂隙的测量识别也是在钻孔图像的基础上进行的;构建样本数据扩容便捷通道使得样本数据的扩容成为技术人员自主可操作的方式还需不断完善,对于岩石节理裂隙产状识别、测量,摆脱钻孔图像的束缚从钻孔孔壁进行直接测量,从而获取岩石原始应力状态下的结构面特征更能详实的反应地下地质情况。因此,在深度学习算法Mask R-CNN模型的基础上需要对样本训练数据的扩充及识别条件方面进行后续研究。
(1)岩石节理裂隙可以通过深度学习的Mask R-CNN算法实例分割模型进行节理裂隙特征提取,利用骨架化处理可以将提取的节理裂隙特征还原至裂隙形态。基于Mask R-CNN算法模型及正弦曲线的多点拟合可以识别、重构岩石的节理裂隙,测量岩石节理的裂隙倾向、倾角,计算岩石的结构面间距、深度。
(2)Mask R-CNN算法模型的准确率与训练样本数据具有较大相关性,随着岩石节理裂隙形态特征的增加可以提高该算法模型的识别准确度。
(3)利用该算法模型识别、测量的岩石节理裂隙数据与人工识别方式获取的数据进行了节理玫瑰花图与优势节理及主要倾角对比分析,岩石节理裂隙智能识别、测量结果精度可达到85%以上,可以进行岩石结构面特征及岩石完整程度分析,并应用于岩石质量评价。

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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025028
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
  • 录用日期:2025-03-10
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    1中核勘察设计研究有限公司,河南 郑州 450000
    2石家庄铁道大学工程力学系,河北 石家庄 050043
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