Article(id=1307086415800594734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2024017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692720000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-23, revisedDate=1699200000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-06, acceptedDate=1699804800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-13, onlineDate=1789563286017, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563286017, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563286017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563286017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086415947395375, articleId=1307086415800594734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=MT-InSAR Monitoring of Surface Deformation Based on Hyp3 Cloud Platform, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Land surface displacement is the most intuitive feature of the development, evolution and destruction of geological hazards. MT-InSAR technology can achieve long-term monitoring of land surface displacement, but its data processing process is time-consuming and requires specialized knowledge of processing personnel, which seriously hinders its widespread application. Based on this, the author introduces the characteristics of the data of the HyP3 cloud platform, analyzes the difficulties of land surface deformation monitoring based on this data with large phase unwrapping error and inconsistent deformation reference, and designs a technical route for MT-InSAR monitoring of surface deformation based on HyP3 cloud platform. This technical route suppresses the influence of phase unwrapping error on the deformation monitoring results by adding the automatic selection of the unwrapped interferogram and the correction step of the phase unwrapping error in the traditional SBAS-InSAR technology. In this paper, in the phase unwrapping error correction step, the phase non-closing problem is solved by restoring the reference phase, and the problem of no feasible solution in linear programming is solved by adding relaxation variables. The proposed technical route is used to obtain the surface deformation of Yan'an New District in 2020~2021, and the reliability of the technical route is verified by comparing with the calculation results based on the original SAR data.

, authors=Wenhong LI, Bo YANG, Xueqi ZHANG, Hongyi CHU, Dongqi WEI, authorsList=Wenhong LI, Bo YANG, Xueqi ZHANG, Hongyi CHU, Dongqi WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086425049035166, articleId=1307086415800594734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于HyP3云平台的地表形变MT-InSAR监测, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地表位移是地质灾害的发展、演变和破坏的最直观的特征。MT-InSAR技术可以实现地表位移的长期监测,但是其数据处理耗时长,且需要专业知识,严重阻碍了其广泛应用。基于此,笔者介绍了HyP3云平台分发数据的特点,分析了基于该数据进行地表形变监测存在相位解缠误差大和参考基准不统一的难点,设计了基于HyP3云平台的地表形变MT-InSAR监测的技术路线。该技术路线通过在传统SBAS-InSAR技术中添加解缠图自动选择与相位解缠误差改正步骤抑制相位解缠误差对形变监测结果的影响。笔者在相位解缠误差改正步骤中通过参考相位恢复解决相位不闭合问题,通过添加松弛变量解决线性规划中没有可行解的问题。利用所提出的技术路线,获取了2020~2021年延安新区的地表形变,通过与基于原始SAR数据的计算结果进行对比,验证了该技术路线的可靠性。

, authors=李汶洪, 杨博, 张雪琪, 褚洪义, 魏东琦, authorsList=李汶洪, 杨博, 张雪琪, 褚洪义, 魏东琦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李汶洪(1995−),男,工程师,从事InSAR数据处理与应用研究。E−mail:

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李汶洪(1995−),男,工程师,从事InSAR数据处理与应用研究。E−mail:

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Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307086425267138975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086425275527584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, companyId=1307086425267138975, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xi’an Center of China Geologic Survey, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086425288110497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, companyId=1307086425267138975, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307086427725001157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Phase closure, figureFileSmall=SguAABoksygIijcmCKUCKQ==, figureFileBig=VJDQh08TA3d/I/m0E/9sKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086427792110022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图1, caption=相位闭合示意图, figureFileSmall=SguAABoksygIijcmCKUCKQ==, figureFileBig=VJDQh08TA3d/I/m0E/9sKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428123460039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=MT-InSAR workflow based on Hyp3 products, figureFileSmall=mtdIWj8y+dm2OkojBMoh5A==, figureFileBig=wEJlarcy8AM4+RbkBzCRgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428219929032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于Hyp3产品的MT-InSAR工作流程图, figureFileSmall=mtdIWj8y+dm2OkojBMoh5A==, figureFileBig=wEJlarcy8AM4+RbkBzCRgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428274454985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optical image of the experimental area, figureFileSmall=SB1sM3Jjc+ZVdfugKb4/ag==, figureFileBig=1URin/MnZXax/l2CQ9lA9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428328980938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图3, caption=实验区的光学影像图, figureFileSmall=SB1sM3Jjc+ZVdfugKb4/ag==, figureFileBig=1URin/MnZXax/l2CQ9lA9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428383506891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatiotemporal baseline network, figureFileSmall=9g6qoKDtmJpnBoXmS+Wc1A==, figureFileBig=a7SLCsiLbjxAdUv0lm+3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428450615756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图4, caption=时空基线网络, figureFileSmall=9g6qoKDtmJpnBoXmS+Wc1A==, figureFileBig=a7SLCsiLbjxAdUv0lm+3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428530307533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Optimized spatiotemporal baseline network, figureFileSmall=0wJ3TDrs6wCEApa21o5Fhg==, figureFileBig=+RVQdP0OHTBXyQrHXlttbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428593222094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图5, caption=优化后的时空基线网络, figureFileSmall=0wJ3TDrs6wCEApa21o5Fhg==, figureFileBig=+RVQdP0OHTBXyQrHXlttbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428681302479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of temporal coherence, figureFileSmall=ophOz8QItDYqJCeZDu2LJg==, figureFileBig=r7LzEYcKXfPvuf9kN6B3gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428752605648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图6, caption=时间相干性对比图, figureFileSmall=ophOz8QItDYqJCeZDu2LJg==, figureFileBig=r7LzEYcKXfPvuf9kN6B3gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428828103121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Statistical histogram of temporal coherence, figureFileSmall=Aj3Ui/3Vw33yx6vUdg5ccQ==, figureFileBig=D5xEE6fXqvit8tAS+j2pjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428891017682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图7, caption=时间相干性统计直方图

蓝色和红色线条分别表示所有解缠图集合和优化解缠图集合的时间相干性像素占比

, figureFileSmall=Aj3Ui/3Vw33yx6vUdg5ccQ==, figureFileBig=D5xEE6fXqvit8tAS+j2pjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086428966515155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Statistical histogram of phase closure error, figureFileSmall=0aYscQIw2gbiKOg9ucm7bw==, figureFileBig=In1Nhq/osEYy45MkFEH4zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086429037818324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图8, caption=相位闭合差统计直方图

a. 参考相位恢复前的相位闭合差的统计直方图;b.参考相位恢复后的相位闭合差的统计直方图

, figureFileSmall=0aYscQIw2gbiKOg9ucm7bw==, figureFileBig=In1Nhq/osEYy45MkFEH4zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086429234950613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Conflicting pixels, figureFileSmall=BaC1tDFiwfhjFIftFUZLsg==, figureFileBig=3suULQuwN37RrhoJ4DiYrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086429314642390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086415800594734, language=CN, label=图9, caption=冲突像素点图

a. 绿点表示约束条件冲突的像素,被称为冲突像素;b. 使用松弛变量NLP算法得到的${C}_{y}$图

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蓝色和红色的线条分别表示两种技术路线的形变时间序列

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基于HyP3云平台的地表形变MT-InSAR监测
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李汶洪 , 杨博 , 张雪琪 , 褚洪义 , 魏东琦
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 161-169
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 161 -169
基于HyP3云平台的地表形变MT-InSAR监测
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李汶洪 , 杨博, 张雪琪, 褚洪义, 魏东琦
作者信息
  • 中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
作者简介:

李汶洪(1995−),男,工程师,从事InSAR数据处理与应用研究。E−mail:

MT-InSAR Monitoring of Surface Deformation Based on Hyp3 Cloud Platform
Wenhong LI , Bo YANG, Xueqi ZHANG, Hongyi CHU, Dongqi WEI
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Center of China Geologic Survey, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024017
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地表位移是地质灾害的发展、演变和破坏的最直观的特征。MT-InSAR技术可以实现地表位移的长期监测,但是其数据处理耗时长,且需要专业知识,严重阻碍了其广泛应用。基于此,笔者介绍了HyP3云平台分发数据的特点,分析了基于该数据进行地表形变监测存在相位解缠误差大和参考基准不统一的难点,设计了基于HyP3云平台的地表形变MT-InSAR监测的技术路线。该技术路线通过在传统SBAS-InSAR技术中添加解缠图自动选择与相位解缠误差改正步骤抑制相位解缠误差对形变监测结果的影响。笔者在相位解缠误差改正步骤中通过参考相位恢复解决相位不闭合问题,通过添加松弛变量解决线性规划中没有可行解的问题。利用所提出的技术路线,获取了2020~2021年延安新区的地表形变,通过与基于原始SAR数据的计算结果进行对比,验证了该技术路线的可靠性。

InSAR  /  地表形变  /  HyP3  /  相位解缠误差改正  /  解缠图自动选择

Land surface displacement is the most intuitive feature of the development, evolution and destruction of geological hazards. MT-InSAR technology can achieve long-term monitoring of land surface displacement, but its data processing process is time-consuming and requires specialized knowledge of processing personnel, which seriously hinders its widespread application. Based on this, the author introduces the characteristics of the data of the HyP3 cloud platform, analyzes the difficulties of land surface deformation monitoring based on this data with large phase unwrapping error and inconsistent deformation reference, and designs a technical route for MT-InSAR monitoring of surface deformation based on HyP3 cloud platform. This technical route suppresses the influence of phase unwrapping error on the deformation monitoring results by adding the automatic selection of the unwrapped interferogram and the correction step of the phase unwrapping error in the traditional SBAS-InSAR technology. In this paper, in the phase unwrapping error correction step, the phase non-closing problem is solved by restoring the reference phase, and the problem of no feasible solution in linear programming is solved by adding relaxation variables. The proposed technical route is used to obtain the surface deformation of Yan'an New District in 2020~2021, and the reliability of the technical route is verified by comparing with the calculation results based on the original SAR data.

InSAR  /  land surface deformation  /  HyP3  /  phase unwrapping error correction  /  automatic selection of unwrapped interferogram
李汶洪, 杨博, 张雪琪, 褚洪义, 魏东琦. 基于HyP3云平台的地表形变MT-InSAR监测. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024017
Wenhong LI, Bo YANG, Xueqi ZHANG, Hongyi CHU, Dongqi WEI. MT-InSAR Monitoring of Surface Deformation Based on Hyp3 Cloud Platform[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024017
中国地域宽广,人口密集,地质环境复杂,是全球受地质灾害影响最为严重的国家之一(许强等, 2019; 葛大庆等, 2019),地质灾害在中国呈现出种类多、分布广、威胁严重等特点(薛强等,2025)。因此,如何提高防灾减灾能力成为关系人民群众生命财产安全、社会和谐稳定以及经济发展的重要问题。
地质灾害的发展、演变和破坏通常伴随着众多可测量的变化,其地表位移是反映地质灾害最直接、最显著的特征(Li et al., 2020a)。传统的水准测量和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)技术一直被广泛应用于高精度地表形变监测。然而,这些技术仅获取单点的变形数据,且成本高,耗时长(李汶洪, 2021)。20世纪90年代以来,差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量(D-InSAR)技术被广泛应用于地质灾害形变监测,成为了地质灾害形变监测的重要技术之一。21世纪,随着搭载SAR传感器卫星的陆续升空,多时相InSAR(MT-InSAR)技术应运而生。与传统D-InSAR技术相比, MT-InSAR技术能获取毫米级精度的地表位移数据,实现长期形变监测。目前,MT-InSAR技术已应用至地面沉降(冯旻譞等, 2023等)、地震(Massonnet et al., 1993)、滑坡(Zhao et al., 2012)和火山(Lu et al., 2003)等自然灾害,以及地下水开采、煤矿开采(陶秋香等, 2012)和建筑物形变监测(Li et al., 2020b)等人为过程造成的地表位移监测中。
虽然MT-InSAR技术在地表形变监测方面具有显著优势且应用非常广泛,但其数据处理需要扎实的雷达相关理论知识和高性能的硬件资源(Li et al., 2022)。因此,前人提供了SAR对地观测系统(LiCSAR)(Morishita et al., 2020)和基于云计算的在线 InSAR数据处理服务(HyP3)。其中,LiCSAR使用方便,有适配的时间序列分析包,可以快速获得精度较为可靠的大尺度变形数据(Li et al., 2022)。LiCSAR产品的空间分辨率仅为100 m,更适合于大尺度的构造变形监测,难以满足中小尺度的地表变形监测需求,如地面沉降形变监测(Weiss et al., 2020)。由于LiCSAR产品在某些地区没有可用的数据,并且定制性较差,而HyP3云平台是一个用于Sentinal-1 SAR数据处理的基于云计算的在线服务平台,支持用户根据自己的需求进行SAR数据处理。用户可以通过在线提交作业快速获取处理后的产品,不需要下载和处理原始SAR数据,简化了InSAR数据处理过程(Yi et al., 2023)。但是,HyP3云平台应用的相关研究还相对较少(Agapiou et al., 2020)。
基于此,笔者介绍了HyP3云平台产品的特点,分析了基于该数据进行地表形变监测存在相位解缠误差大和相位基准不统一的问题,设计了基于HyP3云平台产品的时序地表形变InSAR监测技术路线。该技术路线在传统小基线集InSAR(SBAS-InSAR)技术路线的基础上添加解缠图自动选择与相位解缠误差改正步骤来抑制相位解缠误差对形变监测结果的影响。笔者改进了基于压缩感知(CS)的相位解缠误差改正算法:①针对HyP3云平台产品不具有相位闭合性质的问题,通过参考相位恢复步骤恢复解缠图集合的相位闭合性质;②通过在线性规划问题中添加整数约束的松弛变量,解决约束条件错误导致没有可行解的问题;③通过质量函数来评估相位解缠误差改正结果的可靠性。利用该技术路线和HyP3云平台产品,获取了2020~2021年陕西省延安新区的形变时间序列和年均形变速率,并与基于原始SAR数据和GAMMA软件获取的结果进行对比,验证利用HyP3云平台产品和所提技术路线的可靠性。
HyP3云平台借助亚马逊的云计算和云存储等核心服务,以提供个性化的适用不同需求的SAR数据处理服务为目标,致力于解决SAR数据处理过程中存储资源大、用户专业知识要求高和计算时间长等问题,进而省去用户必须购买和安装繁复的SAR处理软件的步骤(Agapiou et al., 2020; Yi et al., 2023)。
HyP3云平台以阿拉斯加(ASF)数据平台为基础,用户可以通过ASF网站检索和查询Sentinel-1 SAR数据,并将作业提交到HyP3云平台。HyP3云平台可根据用户预设的参数,利用GAMMA软件对带有VV偏振的Sentinel-1图像提供自动化的D-InSAR数据处理服务。在D-InSAR数据处理服务中,用户可以自定义时间基线、垂直基线和多视比等多个参数,还可以通过HyP3的应用程序编程接口自动访问ASF网站的存档数据并在亚马逊的弹性云计算平台上进行数据处理进而获取最终结果(Agapiou et al., 2020)。
该云平台提供以下最终产品:差分干涉图、解缠图、数字高程模型(DEM)、相干性图、局部入射角、水体掩膜图和强度图,并具有以下3个特点。
(1)时空分辨率满足地表形变监测需求。HyP3云平台支持最大60天的时间基线和最大300m的垂直基线设置,同时提供10×2与20×4多视比供用户选择,其像素间距分别为40 m和80 m,分辨率分别为80 m和160 m。依据MT-InSAR形变监测的特点,重访周期为6天,轨道精度高且垂直基线通常不超过200 m的Sentinel-1 SAR数据足以满足其形变监测的需求。此外,10×2多视比能满足多数地表形变监测中的空间分辨率需求。
(2)产品数据格式和坐标基准易于使用。HyP3云平台为了方便用户使用相关软件进行后续的数据处理与分析,其产品采用横轴墨卡托投影与Geotiff数据格式分发给用户,无需对结果数据进行地理编码处理。
(3)相位解缠参考点自动选取,参考基准不统一。HyP3云平台的解缠图的解缠参考点使用GAM-MA软件进行自动选取且每个干涉对独立计算,导致解缠图集合的参考基准不一致,即每幅解缠图的解缠参考点不同。
(4)解缠图仅掩膜了水体区域。HyP3的预设参数里支持在相位解缠步骤中使用水体掩膜文件进行掩膜处理,但不支持设置空间相干性阈值进行掩膜。因此,HyP3提供的解缠图包含了几乎所有像素点,相干点和失相干的像素点并未进行区分。
文中综合HyP3产品特点,总结了使用该产品进行地表形变MT-InSAR监测存在两个主要问题。
(1)解缠图的相位解缠误差大。HyP3使用GAMMA软件进行D-InSAR数据处理,在D-InSAR数据处理中,影像配准、多视处理、差分干涉处理和干涉图空间滤波等步骤的参数可以预先设置。然而,在相位解缠步骤中,虽然支持用户使用水体掩膜文件对数据进行掩膜处理,但是相位解缠的精度也难以满足高精度InSAR形变监测的需求。①在实际应用中,失相干的区域不仅包含水体,植被茂密、形变梯度大等区域均会导致相位失相干;②失相干噪声、剧烈的地形变化和大梯度变形等相位会导致相位连续性假设在干涉图的局部区域不成立,从而不可避免的带来相位解缠误差(Li et al., 2022);③HyP3使用最小费用流算法(MCF)和水体掩膜文件进行干涉图的相位解缠操作,而MCF是一种基于全局优化的相位解缠算法,局部的相位失相干和其他因素导致的相位不连续都将带来全局的相位解缠误差。
(2)解缠图集合不具有相位闭合性质。HyP3解缠图集合的参考基准不一致,导致解缠图集合无法满足公式(1),即不具有相位闭合性质。例如,k,k-1,k-2分别表示时间上相邻的三景SAR影像,弧线$ \alpha 、\beta $、$ \gamma $分别为其生成的解缠图(图1)。若不存在相位解缠误差,则解缠图的相位闭合差为零。
$ {{\phi }}_{{\alpha }}+{{\phi }}_{{\beta }}+{{\phi }}_{{\gamma }}=0 $
笔者在常规SBAS技术路线的基础上,添加了额外的解缠图自动选择和相位解缠误差改正步骤,设计了基于HyP3云平台的MT-InSAR技术路线(图2)。
为了抑制具有相位解缠误差的像素对形变监测结果的影响,通常需要手动选择高质量的解缠图(Lu et al., 2003; Zhao et al., 2012)。然而,由于SAR数据量大,人工选择需要大量的人力投入,同时无法实现InSAR数据的自动化处理,导致处理的结果依赖于数据处理人员的经验 (Kang et al., 2019)。研究表明,相干性可以衡量干涉图的噪声水平,而相位噪声会导致相位连续性假设不成立,进而带来相位解缠误差(Li et al., 2022)。笔者使用相干性来自动选择高质量的干涉图:①为了保证时空基线网络的连通性,使用最小生成树算法(MST)获取一组解缠图集合,称为最小解缠图集合;②利用相干性图计算每幅解缠图的平均空间相干性,并通过设置空间相干性阈值,以此获得高相干解缠图集合;③合并最小解缠图集合和高相干解缠图性集合得到优化后解缠图,称为优化解缠图集合。
通过解缠图自动选择算法排除了包含大量相位解缠误差的解缠图,但优化解缠图集合仍具有相位解缠误差。研究表明,基于CS的相位解缠误差改正算法能够较好的识别和改正错误的相位解缠误差像素,并表现出良好的效果(Ma et al., 2021,2022;Manunta et al., 2021)。因此,使用CS相位解缠误差改正算法修正错误的像素点相位,并介绍参考相位恢复、基于CS的相位解缠误差改正和质量函数3个方面的内容。优化解缠图集合执行相位解缠误差改正后得到的解缠图集合被称为改正解缠图集合。
InSAR解缠图的解缠参考点被称为参考基准,它的相位即为参考相位。在相位解缠步骤中参考点默认没有形变,它的相位被置为0。因此,把参考点相位置为其参考相位的步骤被称为参考相位恢复。在相位解缠步骤中HyP3的解缠图集合存在参考基准不统一,不具有相位闭合性质的问题。因此,在相位解缠误差改正之前,需要先进行参考相位恢复,计算过程如公式(2)所示。
$ \phi ={\phi }^{raw}+{\phi }^{ref} $
式中:$ {\phi }^{raw} $为原始的解缠相位;$ {\phi }^{ref} $为解缠图的参考相位;$ \phi $为恢复参考相位后的相位。HyP3解缠图的参考相位可以通过其分发的参数文件进行获取。
相位解缠误差改正是在解缠图上利用相位闭合性质来建立约束条件。解缠相位的时间维约束条件可以表示为公式(3)。
$ {k}_{\alpha }+{k}_{\beta }+{k}_{\gamma }=round\left[\frac{{\phi }_{\alpha , \beta , \gamma }}{2\pi }\right] $
式中:$ {\phi }_{\alpha , \beta , \gamma } $为相位闭合;$ {k}_{\alpha } $、$ {k}_{\beta } $、$ {k}_{\gamma } $分别为$ \alpha $、$ \beta $、$ \gamma $的相位解缠误差改正数。与公式(1)不同的是,该公式的解缠相位允许包含相位解缠误差,$ {\phi }_{\alpha , \beta , \gamma } $为相干点上的相位闭合差。滤波和多视操作会破坏干涉图的相位闭合性质,需要对闭合相位执行四舍五入操作, $ round[ \cdot ] $表示取整算子。
合理地假设解缠图集合中相位解缠误差具有稀疏性,即对于一个指定的像素集合,在时间上具有相位解缠误差的像素远远小于集合中元素的数量。在此假设下,可以使用CS来计算相位解缠误差并恢复相位。L0优化准则表示为公式(4)。
$ argmin{||k||}_{0} $
式中:k为要估计的相位解缠误差改正数的向量。求解公式(4)问题是一个NP-hard问题。因此,为了快速求解相位解缠误差,把公式(4)L0问题转化为L1范数问题进行求解,约束条件如公式(3),L1范数的目标函数表示为公式(5)。
$ argmin{||k||}_{1} $
公式(5)可以等价为非线性整数线性规划(NILP)问题,通常可以使用内点法进行求解。然而,D-InSAR数据处理中的滤波和多视步骤会打破解缠图的相位闭合性质,即公式(6)。
$ {\phi }_{\alpha }+{\phi }_{\beta }+{\phi }_{\gamma }\ne 0 $
公式(3)中的取整算子会导致约束条件错误,从而无法获得可行解。因此,笔者为线性规划问题加一个松弛变量,将公式(3)改为公式(7)。
$ {k}_{\alpha }+{k}_{\beta }+{k}_{\gamma }+y=round\left[\frac{{\phi }_{\alpha , \beta , \gamma }}{2\pi }\right] $
等价的NILP可以表示为公式(8)。
$ \left.\begin{array}{c}min\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{S-1}{w}_{k}^{i}\left|{k}_{i}\right|+{w}_{y}^{i}\left|{y}_{i}\right|\\ s.t.\;AK+BY=L\end{array}\right\} $
式中:$ {k}_{i} $和$ {{y}}_{{i}} $是为优化函数的目标变量,分别表示像素点上的相位解缠误差改正数和松弛变量;$ {w}_{k}^{i} $和$ {w}_{y}^{i} $分别为他们的权重;K为指定像素点上相位解缠误差的向量表示为$ K=[{k}_{1}, \cdots , {k}_{s}{]}^{T} $;Y表示为 $ Y=[{y}_{1}, \cdots , {y}_{M}{]}^{T} $;L为所有约束条件计算的闭合差的$ M\times 1 $向量;A为$ M\times S $的设计矩阵;B为单位矩阵; S和M分别为解缠图的数量和约束条件的数量。需要注意的是,这里需要给松弛变量$ {y}_{i} $赋值远远大于$ {k}_{i} $的权重。通过引入四个非负的松弛变量把NILP问题转换为ILP问题,寻找目标函数有绝对值的最小化问题的解。
确保向量K具有稀疏性是使用L1范数替代L0范数求解CS问题的前提,即当相位解缠误差的数量明显小于干涉图的数量时,则L0问题可以有效地简化为L1最小化问题(Ma et al., 2022)。因此,需要对每个像素点评估相位解缠误差改正的结果。稀疏向量的绝对值之和表示为C,当C小于给定的阈值时,能通过CS获得好的结果,如公式(9)和公式(10)所示。
$ C=min\sum _{i=0}^{S-1}\left|{k}_{i}\right| $
$ C < th $
为了满足稀疏性的前提条件,通常$ th $的取值为解缠图数量的10%的值。
计算时间序列需要所有解缠图集合使用同一参考基准,即所有解缠图使用同一参考点,并且所有解缠图的相位都是相对于参考点的相位梯度,可以表示为公式(11)。
$ {\phi }^{adj}={\phi }^{corr}-{\phi }^{refnew} $
式中:$ {\phi }^{adj} $为统一参考基准后的解缠相位;$ {\phi }^{corr} $为相位解缠误差改正后的解缠相位;$ {\phi }^{refnew} $新选参考的解缠相位。
后续的MT-InSAR的工作流程包括网络反演、去除大气误差、去除轨道误差和去除DEM误差等步骤。最终的数据处理结果包括形变时间序列和年均形变速率,以上的操作可以使用开源的MintPy软件进行处理,具体的算法和操作可以参考文献(Zhang et al., 2019)。
为了评估所提技术路线的性能,笔者选择陕西省延安市延安新区作为实验区,获取相关光学影像(图3)。
延安新区项目于2012-04-17正式开工建设,至2018-08新区岩土工程全面完成,已有研究观测到延安新区从2014年已经出现地面沉降,到工程建设完成的2018年变缓(蒲川豪等, 2020)。为了避免由于填方与挖方造成的相位失相干,文中使用2020年到2021年的Sentinel-1A SAR数据进行实验,在ASF网站上选择的了轨道号84的34景升轨SAR影像,并提交到HyP3进行D-InSAR处理。GAMMA软件数据处理的参数包括10×2的多视比,60天的时间基线阈值和150 m的空间基线阈值。HyP3共生成126个干涉对及数据的时空基线网络(图4)
实验将解缠图、DEM和相干性图裁剪到实验区,与光学影像图(图3)所示范围一致。实验中使用解缠图自动选择对解缠图集合进行了优化。图中虚线表示需要丢弃的解缠图,弧线的颜色则代表其对应的平均空间相干性,可以看出被丢弃的解缠图的空间相干性低于0.5,并且时空基线没有独立子集(图5)。
相位解缠误差是影响时间相干性的主要因素,解缠相位越准确,对应的时间相干性就越高,反之亦然。本文计算优化解缠图集合的时间相干性,对解缠图自动选择算法进行定量评估和分析,像素的时间相干性定义为公式(12)。
$ \gamma =\frac{1}{M}\sum _{i=0}^{S-1}{e}^{j({\phi }_{i}-{\widehat{\varphi }}_{i})} $
式中:$ {\phi }_{i} $是解缠相位,而$ {\widehat{\varphi }}_{i} $是重新估计的缠绕相位。
优化解缠图集合的时间相干性总体上得到了提升(图6a),时间相干性较低的区域集中在有植被的山区,这是由于有植被的山区往往容易导致相位失相干,带来相位解缠误差,进而导致时间相干性较低。实验中通过解缠自动选择算法排除了平均空间相干性较低的解缠图,保留空间相干性相对较高的解缠图,减少了该区域相位解缠误差的数量,从而在该区域的时间相干性方面表现出一定程度的提升(图6b)。
时间相干性的统计直方图(图7)显示,在时间相干性为0到0.93的区间所有解缠图集合的像素点多于优化解缠图集合,而在0.93到1之间优化解缠图集合的像素数量更多,表示优化解缠图集合的时间相干性得到一定程度的提升,并且包含的相位解缠误差的像素减少了,证明解缠图自动选择排除相位解缠误差大的解缠图,减少整体解缠图的相位解缠误差。
为了使解缠图集合具有相位闭合性质,实验使用公式(2)恢复了解缠图的参考相位,并统计了参考相位恢复前后的相位闭合差(图8)。可以看到,不执行参考相位恢复步骤的解缠图集合不具有相位闭合性质(图8),这是由于每幅解缠图的参考基准不同,闭合相位中除了相位解缠误差和相位闭合差之外,还有解缠图基准不同带来的系统误差。
使用松弛变量NLP算法得到的$ {C}_{y} $图(图9),其计算过程如公式(13)所示。
$ {C}_{y}=min\sum _{i=0}^{S-1}\left|{y}_{i}\right| $
经统计发现,添加了松弛变量的NLP算法可以获得所有像素点的相位解缠误差改正数。然而,不添加松弛变量的NILP算法在冲突像素上则无法获取满足约束条件的可行解。
实验使用质量函数对相位解缠误差改正的结果进行评估,掩膜了C大于10的像素点。掩膜后的平均时间相干性提升了0.03,这是因为质量函数可以识别不满足稀疏性的像素。
改正解缠图集合的时间相干性图(图6c)显示,改正解缠图集合的时间相干性的平均值约为0.95,总体上高于优化解缠图集合,这表明相位解缠误差改正算法改正了部分相位解缠误差,进而提升了时间相干性。植被多的区域提升不够显著,这是由于该区域像素点的相位解缠误差在时间维度上很难满足稀疏性,在质量函数中被掩膜了,因此在平均时间相干性上的提升的不显著。
为了进一步验证所提技术路线的可靠性,使用GAMMA软件处理相应的SAR数据的结果进行对比,参数配置采用10×2的多视比,±150 m的空间基线阈值,60天的时间基线阈值,所有解缠图使用统一的参考基准,采用GAMMA软件去除大气和轨道误差,通过人工目视判读选择高质量的解缠图,以此计算形变时间序列和形变速率。笔者对GAMMA的结果和所提技术路线的形变速率作差,并对结果进行统计。可以看出,差值分布呈正态分布,集中在 0 附近,范围主要集中在−10~ 10 mm,并统计了落在区间(−10~10 mm)差值的比例为 85.7%(图10 )。
文中提取了P点(位置如图3所示)的形变时间序列。可以看出,两组监测结果沉降趋势近乎一致,但是沉降曲线没有完全重合(图11)。其原因有以下3点:①GAMMA处理过程中通过人工目视判读得到解缠图集合,与解缠图自动选择的解缠图集合没完全一致;②GAMMA软件处理过程中的参数不能完全和HyP3的处理参数保持一致;③时序处理采用软件的不同也会带来偏差。
(1)HyP3解缠图的相位解缠误差大、不具有相位闭合性质。解缠图自动选择和相位解缠误差改正两个步骤都能在一定程度上抑制相位解缠误差对形变监测结果的影响。基于HyP3产品和本文提出的技术路线,可以获得与基于原始SAR数据和GAMMA软件近似一致的MT-InSAR监测结果,证明了可以采用该技术路线进行地表形变监测。参考相位恢复步骤可以恢复解缠图集合的参考基准,解决HyP3产品的不具有相位闭合性质的问题。
(2)实验发现,相较于传统NLP模型,添加松弛变量约束的NLP模型在冲突像素上也能获得可行解,证明文中方法可以解决基于CS的相位解缠误差改正算法中的约束条件冲突问题;相较于不对监测结果进行评估,评估函数掩膜后的结果的平均时间相干性提升了0.03,证明了使用该评估函数能在一定程度上减少无法改正相位解缠误差的像素点,减少解缠图整体的相位解缠误差,提升形变监测的精度。

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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2024017
  • 接收时间:2023-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-23
  • 修回日期:2023-11-06
  • 录用日期:2023-11-13
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    中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
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