Article(id=1307086404983484567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764950400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-06, revisedDate=1765555200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-13, acceptedDate=1765641600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-14, onlineDate=1789563283439, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563283439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563283439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563283439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=170, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086405226754200, articleId=1307086404983484567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Macro-Micro Characterization of Pore Structures in Grouted Cemented Bodies of Water-Rich Sand Layers Based on MIP and Image Analysis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the grouting reinforcement of water-rich sand layers, the pore structure and spatial distribution of the cemented bodies directly influence reinforcement effectiveness and grout diffusion paths, serving as critical criteria for evaluating grouting quality and optimizing operational parameters. However, due to variations in sand grain size distribution and non-uniform grout diffusion, existing studies remain insufficient in characterizing multi-scale pore structures, particularly lacking systematic validation of the evolution and interrelation of micro–macro pore structures under different sand grain sizes. This study aims to reveal the evolution patterns and spatial distribution characteristics of pore structures in cemented bodies formed in water-rich sand layers with different grain sizes, providing references for understanding grouting mechanisms and selecting engineering parameters. Under consistent grouting materials and injection pressure, simulated grouting tests were conducted on fine, medium, and coarse water-rich sand layers to prepare typical cemented body samples. Micro-scale pore structures were quantitatively analyzed using mercury intrusion porosimetry, while macro-scale pore characteristics were extracted and binarized using MATLAB digital image analysis to calculate porosity. By integrating micro-scale and macro-scale data, a multi-scale pore structure analysis framework was established to systematically compare differences and spatial patterns in the pore structures of cemented bodies across different grain sizes. At the micro-scale, fine cemented bodies are dominated by slit-like and irregular medium-to-large pores, exhibiting high connectivity and the highest porosity; medium cemented bodies show a composite structure of slit-like and spherical pores, with a wide pore size distribution and the most complex structure; coarse cemented bodies mainly develop long columnar or small-to-medium spherical pores, with the lowest porosity, indicating that coarse-grained skeletons favor densification. At the macro-scale, porosity of all three cemented body types increases parabolically with distance from the grout outlet, reaching the minimum at X = 0 cm, with fitting coefficients R2 ranging from 0.70 to 0.92, reflecting the spatial characteristics of saturated grout deposition. Micro-scale porosimetry and macro-scale image analysis results were highly consistent, all showing a porosity ranking of “fine > medium > coarse,” validating the reliability of the image analysis method. The study reveals the multi-scale pore structure characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of cemented bodies in water-rich sand layers under different grain size conditions, clarifying the control of grain size on pore morphology, porosity, and densification. The findings provide a scientific basis for understanding grout diffusion and deposition mechanisms, optimizing grouting materials and parameters, and improving reinforcement quality, offering significant engineering applications.

, authors=Maolin XING1, 2, 3, Wei WANG1, 2, 3, *, Renjian TONG1, 2, 3, Botao DU1, 2, 3, Yanjun WU1, 2, 3, Shaolei ZHAO1, 2, 3, Zhi LI1, 2, 3, authorsList=Maolin XING, Wei WANG, Renjian TONG, Botao DU, Yanjun WU, Shaolei ZHAO, Zhi LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086408062103724, articleId=1307086404983484567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=压汞与图像融合的富水砂层注浆结石体孔隙结构宏微观表征, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在富水砂层注浆加固过程中,结石体的孔隙结构及其空间分布直接影响加固效果和浆液扩散路径,是评估注浆质量与优化施工参数的重要依据。然而,由于砂粒级配差异及浆液扩散非均匀性,现有研究在多尺度孔隙结构表征方面仍存在不足,尤其缺乏对不同粒径砂层下微观–宏观孔隙结构演化及其关联机制的系统验证。笔者旨在揭示不同粒径富水砂层注浆结石体的孔隙结构演化规律与空间分布特征,为注浆机理解析与工程参数优化提供参考。在统一注浆材料和注浆压力条件下,对细粒、中粒和粗粒等3类富水砂层开展注浆模拟试验,制备典型结石体样品。微观孔隙结构通过压汞仪测定孔径分布及孔容;宏观孔隙特征利用 MATLAB数字图像识别进行剖面孔隙提取、二值化及孔隙率计算。通过融合微观压汞数据与宏观图像识别结果,构建多尺度孔隙结构分析体系,并系统比较不同粒径结石体的孔隙特征差异及空间分布规律。微观结构显示:细粒结石体以狭缝状及不规则大中孔为主,孔隙连通性强且孔隙率最高;中粒结石体呈狭缝状与球状孔共存的复合结构,孔径跨度大、结构最复杂;粗粒结石体主要发育长柱状或球状中小孔,孔隙率最低,表明粗粒骨架有利于固结致密化。宏观结构显示:3类结石体孔隙率均随距注浆出口距离增加呈抛物线式递增分布,在 X=0 cm 处最小,拟合优度 R2 值为 0.70~0.92,反映了浆液饱和沉积的空间特征。微观压汞与宏观图像识别结果高度一致,均呈“细粒 > 中粒 > 粗粒”的孔隙率排序,验证了图像识别方法的可靠性。研究揭示了不同粒径条件下富水砂层注浆结石体的多尺度孔隙结构特征与空间分布规律,明确了粒径对孔隙形态、孔隙率及固结致密化效果的控制作用。成果为理解浆液扩散与沉积机理、优化注浆材料及参数、提升富水砂层加固质量提供了科学依据,具有重要工程应用价值。

, authors=邢茂林1, 2, 3, 王威1, 2, 3, *, 童仁剑1, 2, 3, 杜博涛1, 2, 3, 吴燕军1, 2, 3, 赵少磊1, 2, 3, 李智1, 2, 3, authorsList=邢茂林, 王威, 童仁剑, 杜博涛, 吴燕军, 赵少磊, 李智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王威, authorNote=

邢茂林(1991−),男,博士,副研究员,从事水文地质及矿井水害防治工作。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王威(1984−),男,高级工程师,从事水文地质及矿井水害防治工作。E−mail: 。
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086408640917692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086404983484567, authorId=1307086408460562615, language=CN, stringName=邢茂林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077, bio={"content":"

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邢茂林(1991−),男,博士,副研究员,从事水文地质及矿井水害防治工作。E−mail:

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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
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a.含水砂层注浆试验示意图;b.模拟砂层的试验材料;c.含水砂层注浆试验实物图

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a. 细粒结石体;b. 中粒结石体;c. 粗粒结石体

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a. 结石体试样获取;b. 结石体试样的压汞实验

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a. 细粒结石体;b. 中粒结石体;c. 粗粒结石体

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a. 细粒结石体;b. 中粒结石体;c. 粗粒结石体

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a. 细粒结石体;b. 中粒结石体;c. 粗粒结石体

, figureFileSmall=fwOrZ3VDmhTfROeJZyt0OA==, figureFileBig=FVR3uI1i69JqqCLfQeS05w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086412231241985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086404983484567, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation table of porosity for samples with different particle sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样类型累计进汞量(ml/g)试样质量(g)试样体积(ml)实际压进汞体积(ml)孔隙率(%)
细粒结石体试样0.15611.40970.75080.220129.31
中粒结石体试样0.11031.50780.74120.166322.14
粗粒结石体试样0.08951.24830.60750.111718.39
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不同粒径结石体的试样的孔隙率的计算表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样类型累计进汞量(ml/g)试样质量(g)试样体积(ml)实际压进汞体积(ml)孔隙率(%)
细粒结石体试样0.15611.40970.75080.220129.31
中粒结石体试样0.11031.50780.74120.166322.14
粗粒结石体试样0.08951.24830.60750.111718.39
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压汞与图像融合的富水砂层注浆结石体孔隙结构宏微观表征
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邢茂林 1, 2, 3 , 王威 1, 2, 3, * , 童仁剑 1, 2, 3 , 杜博涛 1, 2, 3 , 吴燕军 1, 2, 3 , 赵少磊 1, 2, 3 , 李智 1, 2, 3
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 170-179
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 170 -179
压汞与图像融合的富水砂层注浆结石体孔隙结构宏微观表征
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邢茂林1, 2, 3 , 王威1, 2, 3, * , 童仁剑1, 2, 3, 杜博涛1, 2, 3, 吴燕军1, 2, 3, 赵少磊1, 2, 3, 李智1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
  • 2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
  • 3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
通讯作者:
王威(1984−),男,高级工程师,从事水文地质及矿井水害防治工作。E−mail: 。
作者简介:

邢茂林(1991−),男,博士,副研究员,从事水文地质及矿井水害防治工作。E−mail:

Macro-Micro Characterization of Pore Structures in Grouted Cemented Bodies of Water-Rich Sand Layers Based on MIP and Image Analysis
Maolin XING1, 2, 3 , Wei WANG1, 2, 3, * , Renjian TONG1, 2, 3, Botao DU1, 2, 3, Yanjun WU1, 2, 3, Shaolei ZHAO1, 2, 3, Zhi LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025145
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在富水砂层注浆加固过程中,结石体的孔隙结构及其空间分布直接影响加固效果和浆液扩散路径,是评估注浆质量与优化施工参数的重要依据。然而,由于砂粒级配差异及浆液扩散非均匀性,现有研究在多尺度孔隙结构表征方面仍存在不足,尤其缺乏对不同粒径砂层下微观–宏观孔隙结构演化及其关联机制的系统验证。笔者旨在揭示不同粒径富水砂层注浆结石体的孔隙结构演化规律与空间分布特征,为注浆机理解析与工程参数优化提供参考。在统一注浆材料和注浆压力条件下,对细粒、中粒和粗粒等3类富水砂层开展注浆模拟试验,制备典型结石体样品。微观孔隙结构通过压汞仪测定孔径分布及孔容;宏观孔隙特征利用 MATLAB数字图像识别进行剖面孔隙提取、二值化及孔隙率计算。通过融合微观压汞数据与宏观图像识别结果,构建多尺度孔隙结构分析体系,并系统比较不同粒径结石体的孔隙特征差异及空间分布规律。微观结构显示:细粒结石体以狭缝状及不规则大中孔为主,孔隙连通性强且孔隙率最高;中粒结石体呈狭缝状与球状孔共存的复合结构,孔径跨度大、结构最复杂;粗粒结石体主要发育长柱状或球状中小孔,孔隙率最低,表明粗粒骨架有利于固结致密化。宏观结构显示:3类结石体孔隙率均随距注浆出口距离增加呈抛物线式递增分布,在 X=0 cm 处最小,拟合优度 R2 值为 0.70~0.92,反映了浆液饱和沉积的空间特征。微观压汞与宏观图像识别结果高度一致,均呈“细粒 > 中粒 > 粗粒”的孔隙率排序,验证了图像识别方法的可靠性。研究揭示了不同粒径条件下富水砂层注浆结石体的多尺度孔隙结构特征与空间分布规律,明确了粒径对孔隙形态、孔隙率及固结致密化效果的控制作用。成果为理解浆液扩散与沉积机理、优化注浆材料及参数、提升富水砂层加固质量提供了科学依据,具有重要工程应用价值。

富水砂层  /  MATLAB数字图像技术  /  压汞测试  /  孔隙率  /  结石体

In the grouting reinforcement of water-rich sand layers, the pore structure and spatial distribution of the cemented bodies directly influence reinforcement effectiveness and grout diffusion paths, serving as critical criteria for evaluating grouting quality and optimizing operational parameters. However, due to variations in sand grain size distribution and non-uniform grout diffusion, existing studies remain insufficient in characterizing multi-scale pore structures, particularly lacking systematic validation of the evolution and interrelation of micro–macro pore structures under different sand grain sizes. This study aims to reveal the evolution patterns and spatial distribution characteristics of pore structures in cemented bodies formed in water-rich sand layers with different grain sizes, providing references for understanding grouting mechanisms and selecting engineering parameters. Under consistent grouting materials and injection pressure, simulated grouting tests were conducted on fine, medium, and coarse water-rich sand layers to prepare typical cemented body samples. Micro-scale pore structures were quantitatively analyzed using mercury intrusion porosimetry, while macro-scale pore characteristics were extracted and binarized using MATLAB digital image analysis to calculate porosity. By integrating micro-scale and macro-scale data, a multi-scale pore structure analysis framework was established to systematically compare differences and spatial patterns in the pore structures of cemented bodies across different grain sizes. At the micro-scale, fine cemented bodies are dominated by slit-like and irregular medium-to-large pores, exhibiting high connectivity and the highest porosity; medium cemented bodies show a composite structure of slit-like and spherical pores, with a wide pore size distribution and the most complex structure; coarse cemented bodies mainly develop long columnar or small-to-medium spherical pores, with the lowest porosity, indicating that coarse-grained skeletons favor densification. At the macro-scale, porosity of all three cemented body types increases parabolically with distance from the grout outlet, reaching the minimum at X = 0 cm, with fitting coefficients R2 ranging from 0.70 to 0.92, reflecting the spatial characteristics of saturated grout deposition. Micro-scale porosimetry and macro-scale image analysis results were highly consistent, all showing a porosity ranking of “fine > medium > coarse,” validating the reliability of the image analysis method. The study reveals the multi-scale pore structure characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of cemented bodies in water-rich sand layers under different grain size conditions, clarifying the control of grain size on pore morphology, porosity, and densification. The findings provide a scientific basis for understanding grout diffusion and deposition mechanisms, optimizing grouting materials and parameters, and improving reinforcement quality, offering significant engineering applications.

water-rich sand layer  /  Matlab-based digital image analysis  /  mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP)  /  porosity  /  cemented body
邢茂林, 王威, 童仁剑, 杜博涛, 吴燕军, 赵少磊, 李智. 压汞与图像融合的富水砂层注浆结石体孔隙结构宏微观表征. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 170 -179 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025145
Maolin XING, Wei WANG, Renjian TONG, Botao DU, Yanjun WU, Shaolei ZHAO, Zhi LI. Macro-Micro Characterization of Pore Structures in Grouted Cemented Bodies of Water-Rich Sand Layers Based on MIP and Image Analysis[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 170 -179 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025145
富水砂层是隧道及深部巷道等地下工程建设中常见的不良地质体之一(朱明听等,2017;王双明等, 2024;袁士豪等, 2025)。注浆技术作为该类地层加固与防渗处理的有效手段,通过浆液在砂层孔隙中的渗透、充填与挤密作用,能够显著改善其力学性能与抗渗能力,从而有效控制突水溃砂等工程灾害,已在实践中广泛应用(周峰等, 2020;杨小勇等, 2025)。目前,国内外学者围绕注浆材料性能优化、浆液在砂层中的扩散机制等关键问题,通过理论分析、室内试验与数值模拟等多种途径开展了系统研究,取得了丰富成果( 顾雷雨等, 2023;王雪松等, 2024;谢鲍等, 2025)。然而,浆液析水固结后所形成的结石体,其内部孔隙结构形态、空间分布规律及其对宏观工程性能的影响机制,仍是当前研究中相对薄弱的环节(袁世冲等, 2021;易富等, 2022)。系统揭示富水砂层注浆结石体的孔隙系统与空间分布特征,不仅有助于深化对浆液运移行为的理解,也对预测与提升注浆固结体的长期稳定性与防渗性能具有重要意义。
压汞试验作为表征多孔介质微观结构的常用方法,在分析岩石内部孔径分布与孔隙率方面具有较高精度,因而备受研究者青睐(侯长冰等, 2025)。例如,基于压汞试验结果,系统分析了化学注浆固结砂体的微观孔隙特征及其对渗透性的影响规律(袁世冲等, 2021);通过高压压汞实验,对比了低阶镜煤与暗煤的介孔分形维数,发现镜煤大孔结构更为复杂、裂隙更发育,渗透性相应更高(祝浩冉等, 2025);通过压汞试验研究了干湿循环作用下改性黄土的孔隙结构变化,发现其呈现典型的双峰孔隙分布特征(许健等, 2025);则利用压汞试验揭示了致密砂岩储层孔隙结构的复杂性、分选性差及强非均质性等特点(朱仰其等, 2024)。尽管压汞法能够准确获取样品的孔径分布、孔体积等关键参数,但其结果难以反映孔隙的空间位置、各向异性及连通路径等几何信息(庞姗等, 2019;Cieszko et al., 2019)。
近年来,数字图像处理技术因其能够直观、定量地表征材料内部微观结构的空间信息而得到迅速发展。利用MATLAB数字图像处理技术对冰川堆积物剖面的砾石形态开展分析,揭示了其粒度组成高度不均匀且颗粒粒度曲线呈多峰分布(王献礼等, 2010) ; 通过数值图像处理方法对压实黄土内部颗粒形态与孔隙结构进行了定性与定量研究(陈开圣等, 2009);基于MATLAB编程对碎屑岩样品进行灰度与彩色标注处理,实现了颗粒轮廓的清晰识别与粒度参数的高精度测定(陈念楠等, 2024) ;采用MATLAB对岩石显微图像进行二值化处理,有效增强了基质与孔隙边界的对比度(叶美娜等, 2024) ; 借助MATLAB图像识别、二值化及去噪技术,准确提取了溶蚀岩体的真实结构特征。数字图像处理技术在揭示不同材料的孔隙形态及空间分布方面具有显著优势,为微观结构定量表征提供了重要技术支撑(余逍逍等, 2020)。
基于此,笔者将压汞试验的定量精度与数字图像技术的空间分析能力相结合,构建针对注浆结石体孔隙结构与空间形态的微观与宏观相结合的表征方法,以期为理解其成孔机制提供新视角。本研究通过物理模拟试验,获取不同粒径富水砂层注浆固化形成的结石体,联合采用压汞试验与MATLAB数字图像处理技术,旨在定量表征不同粒径砂层所形成结石体的孔隙结构差异,系统揭示其内部孔隙结构的空间分布规律。研究成果有望从孔隙尺度深化对饱水砂层注浆加固机理的认知,并为注浆工艺的优化设计与工程效果评估提供理论支撑。
(1)富水砂层注浆试验:本次富水砂层注浆试验以石英砂模拟砂层,采用水泥–粉煤灰浆液作为注浆材料,其中粉煤灰掺量为10%,水灰比为1∶1。试验装置主要由空压机、储浆罐和模型箱组成(图1)。模型箱采用镀锌不锈钢材质,尺寸为30 cm×30 cm×30 cm,顶部中心设有直径5 mm、长度8 mm的注浆孔,侧壁底部布置注水孔。试验过程中,采用平膜压力变送器实时监测注浆压力,并通过布置于砂层中的微型土压力盒测量浆液运移过程中产生的挤压力(图1)。为探究不同粒径条件下浆液在砂层孔隙中的填充与固结特性,试验设置了3种石英砂粒径范围:0.25~0.5 mm、0.5~2 mm 和 2~5 mm,各组注浆压力均设定为300 kPa。试验步骤包括:准备石英砂、浆液及相关试验装置;分层充填石英砂并夯实;充填完成后进行饱水处理,静置24 h;连接空压机、储浆罐与模型箱,检查系统密封性;注浆阶段通过空压机对储浆罐加压至设定值,开启调节阀实施注浆,记录注浆压力变化与注浆时间;注浆结束后记录试验参数、导出压力数据并清洗设备;最后将模型箱静置24 h后开挖砂层,观察结石体形态与浆液扩散范围。
(2)数字图像技术识别及压汞试验:为获取结石体内部不同位置的孔隙率分布,笔者利用MATLAB软件对结石体截面图像进行数字图像识别与孔隙率计算。为分析以注浆出口为中心的浆液扩散过程中孔隙率随扩散距离的变化规律,依据模型箱尺寸,在垂直剖面上以注浆出口位置为坐标原点(0,0),建立 X、Y 坐标轴,并按 2.5 cm 的间距划分网格。在 X 轴方向上,以 2.5 cm 为步长选取多个图像识别区域,如图2 中黄色及红色虚线方框所示。其中,红色方框表示注浆出口位置的图像识别区域,用于获取该位置的孔隙率。为提高 MATLAB 图像识别计算的精度,在红色方框对应的注浆出口区域取样,切割尺寸约为 12 mm ×12 mm × 20 mm 的立方体样品,开展压汞试验以实测孔隙率。以压汞试验所得孔隙率为基准,对 MATLAB图像识别程序中用于孔隙率计算的特征参数进行校正,使识别结果与实测值保持一致(图3)。基于校准后的相对应的色度文件,对 X 方向上其他黄色方框区域进行更准确的孔隙率识别与计算。
注浆压力的动态变化特征可有效反映浆液在砂层孔隙中的运移行为、扩散路径及所受阻力。3种不同粒径砂层中注浆压力随时间的变化曲线(图4)显示,整个过程可划分为蓄压阶段、注浆阶段和卸压阶段。由于3组试验设定的注浆压力均为300 kPa,蓄压阶段压力均呈线性上升趋势,且达到设定压力的时间基本一致。在随后的注浆阶段(持续约10 s),注浆压力仅出现微弱降低,表明浆液在注浆出口附近迅速聚集,形成局部高压区;压力的缓慢下降说明浆液逐渐克服砂层抗拉强度,并沿阻力较小的路径运移,初步形成优势渗流通道。卸压阶段的表现则因砂层粒径不同而有所差异:细粒径砂层卸压时间最长,中粒层次之,粗粒砂最短。细粒砂中压力下降速率呈逐渐减缓趋势,而中粒与粗粒砂中压力则先快速下降后趋于平缓。推测其原因在于,细粒砂孔隙较小,不利于形成显著的优势通道,浆液扩散缓慢,压力释放因而较为迟缓;相比之下,中粒和粗粒砂孔隙较大,浆液在压力梯度作用下易于形成更为通畅的优势路径,从而出现明显的快速卸压过程(图4b、图4c)。
在注浆结石体区域内,注浆出口位置受浆液扩散作用最为显著。通过对该位置结石体试样进行压汞试验,可有效反映浆液对砂层孔隙的充填效果。参照孔隙划分标准,将结石体内部孔隙划分为大孔、中孔、小孔和微孔4种类型(王忠伟等, 2024)。不同粒径试样的压汞试验结果(图5)显示,细粒结石体试样的进汞曲线在大孔和中孔区域迅速上升,表明其内部孔隙以大孔和中孔为主,累计进汞量为0.1561 ml/g。进汞与退汞曲线之间存在明显的滞后环,且退汞效率较低,说明试样内部可能存在较多狭缝状孔隙。在高压作用下,这类孔隙易发生压缩变形,导致汞被滞留于孔隙中,从而降低退汞效率。粗粒结石体试样的进汞曲线主要在中孔和小孔区域上升较快,说明其内部以中孔和小孔为主,累计进汞量为0.0895 ml/g(图5c)。进汞与退汞曲线之间的滞后环较小,退汞效率较高,反映出孔隙形态多呈圆柱形或球形,孔径分布较为均匀,连通性良好。中粒结石体试样的进汞曲线与滞后环形态介于细粒与粗粒试样之间,累计进汞量为0.1103 ml/g(图5b),表明其内部孔隙结构同时包含狭缝状与圆柱状(或球状)孔隙。基于各试样的累计进汞量计算孔隙率(表1)。结果显示,细粒结石体试样的孔隙率最大,中粒试样次之,粗粒试样最小。分析认为,细粒砂层颗粒小、比表面积大,颗粒排列紧密,所形成的孔隙较小,不利于浆液扩散与充分充填;而随着砂粒粒径增大,颗粒间孔隙尺寸相应增大,浆液流动性增强,充填更为充分,因而细粒结石体孔隙率最高,粗粒试样孔隙率最低。
(1)压汞实测与数字图像识别结果的对比验证:为验证数字图像识别方法的可靠性,将MATLAB数字图像识别技术的识别结果与压汞试验的实测数据进行了对比。具体流程为:基于压汞试验结果,利用MATLAB对图6中各组结石体红色虚线框定区域进行数字图像处理,通过色度调整识别孔隙率。图像中白色代表砂颗粒胶结骨架,黑色代表孔隙。识别结果显示,3组不同粒径结石体框定区域的孔隙率分别为29.13%、22.22%和18.32%。与对应压汞试验实测值相比,误差均小于0.7%,表明数字图像识别结果与实测数据高度一致,验证了该方法的准确性。在此基础上,研究输出了对应区域的灰度图,并保存了相应色度文件。进一步对灰度图中的孔隙形态特征进行分析表明:细粒结石体孔隙结构最为复杂,以狭缝状或不规则状孔隙为主;粗粒结石体孔隙形态相对简单,多呈类似长圆柱状或圆球状;中粒结石体孔隙特征介于二者之间,同时存在较多狭缝状与一定数量的类球状孔隙。该形态分布规律与压汞试验中获得的滞后环类型及孔隙结构判断高度吻合,说明数字图像技术在孔隙形态识别方面与压汞试验结果具有良好的一致性。
(2)结石体内部不同位置的孔隙率空间分布规律:基于MATLAB数字图像技术对各组结石体红色虚线区域内孔隙率进行识别所生成的色度文件,并结合图2中各组的识别范围,笔者系统分析结石体 X 方向上不同位置的孔隙率分布特征,并进一步探讨了以注浆出口为中心的浆液扩散过程中孔隙率随扩散距离的变化规律。不同粒径结石体各识别位置对应的灰度识别结果(图7)。为便于说明,图中位置标注的含义如下:正负号用于指示方向,负号表示与 X 轴正向相反;φ 为孔隙率。例如,“X=−10 cm,φ=46.05%”表示该识别点位于注浆出口左侧 10 cm 处,孔隙率为 46.05%。以压汞试验实测孔隙率为基准,通过在 MATLAB中对色度文件进行校准并利用数字图像技术,可有效识别结石体不同区域的孔隙结构,并较为准确地计算其孔隙率(图7)。在此基础上,基于识别获得的孔隙率数据,绘制了孔隙率随距注浆出口距离变化的散点图,并进行了拟合分析及置信带与预测带绘制(图8)。3组试验中孔隙率分布均表现为以注浆出口为中心、向两侧逐渐增大的趋势,拟合曲线呈开口向上的抛物线形态,拟合优度 R2值为0.70~0.92,最低点均位于 X=0 cm 处,即注浆出口位置。各粒径结石体的置信带与预测带均在距注浆出口中心附近最窄,向两侧逐渐增宽,说明模型在中心区域的预测最为稳定。随着粒径增大,带宽整体呈加宽趋势。其中,中粒组拟合最稳定、粗粒组的不确定性最高。在X=5 cm 处出现孔隙率略低于出口位置的情况(图8a) ,可能是由于注浆压力作用下浆液在此形成优势通道并发生局部富集沉淀,从而造成异常低值。最后,对比3组不同粒径结石体在注浆出口及边界位置的孔隙率可知,细粒结石体的边界孔隙率最大,中粒组次之,粗粒组最小,该规律与前述压汞试验结果具有良好一致性。
(1)3组不同粒径结石体在注浆出口位置取样的试样孔隙微观结构特征显示,细粒结石体以大孔和中孔为主,孔隙形态多呈狭缝状,孔隙率最大;中粒结石体以中孔和小孔为主,孔隙结构兼具狭缝状与球状特征,孔隙率次之;粗粒结石体则以中孔和小孔为主,孔隙形态多呈长柱状或球状,孔隙率最小。在初始状态下,较大砂粒径有利于浆液运移,但在注浆成型后,粗颗粒骨架更易被浆液充分充填,从而形成更为密实的结石体结构,最终表现出更低的孔隙率。
(2)基于MATLAB数字图像技术并结合压汞试验验证,本研究建立的方法能够有效识别并量化结石体内部孔隙率的空间分布特征。结石体孔隙率呈现以注浆出口为中心向两侧逐渐增大的趋势,整体符合开口向上的抛物线形态(R2=0.7~0.92)。注浆出口附近(X=0 cm)孔隙率最低,表明该区域浆液沉积最为致密。尽管存在个别因浆液优势通道导致的异常低值点,整体分布规律仍然显著。
(3)不同粒径结石体在注浆出口及边界位置的孔隙率表现为细粒>中粒>粗粒,该规律与压汞试验结果一致,进一步验证了数字图像识别方法的可靠性。通过调控骨料粒径配比能够有效影响结石体的孔隙结构,这一发现对揭示浆液扩散机制、优化注浆工艺参数具有重要指导意义。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025145
  • 接收时间:2025-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-06
  • 修回日期:2025-12-13
  • 录用日期:2025-12-14
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    1中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
    2煤矿灾害防控全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077
    3陕西省煤矿水害防治技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710077

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王威(1984−),男,高级工程师,从事水文地质及矿井水害防治工作。E−mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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