Article(id=1307086380841071537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=1756224000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-27, acceptedDate=1756310400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-28, onlineDate=1789563277683, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563277683, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563277683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563277683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086381025620914, articleId=1307086380841071537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Study on Single Shear Characteristics and Deformation Modeling at the Root-Soil Interface of Robinia Pseudoacacia in the Loess Plateau, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The superimposed effects of extreme rainfall events and engineering disturbances in the Loess Plateau have led to a significant increase in the risk of shallow loess landslides. This situation reveals the engineering governance contradiction of "ecological improvement vs. disaster intensification" in ecological restoration projects. This study focuses on the mechanical properties of the root-soil interface of Robinia pseudoacacia. Through methods including in-situ testing, single shear test, and theoretical analysis, we systematically quantified the multi-field coupling effects of moisture content fluctuations, root topological types, and variations in root content on the shear strength evolution of the root-soil interface. The results indicate: ① Vegetation roots in the shear strength characteristics of the root-soil interface. The shear process can be divided into three stages: initial linear elastic deformation, damage accumulation, and progressive failure. ② The stress-strain curves of the root-soil interface can be categorized into softening and hardening types, with the softening type comprising a strength-increasing phase followed by a strength-decaying phase. ③ A predictive model considering the stress-strain softening of the root-soil interface was proposed, demonstrating favorable predictive performance. This research provides essential data and theoretical support for ecological restoration in rapid slope stability assessments that incorporate vegetation factors.

, authors=Qi GU1, 2, 3, Juan MA4, *, Xiaopeng GUO1, 2, 3, Jun JIA1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Wei FENG1, 2, 3, Tao XIAO6, Ning REN6, Chao DU7, authorsList=Qi GU, Juan MA, Xiaopeng GUO, Jun JIA, Wei FENG, Tao XIAO, Ning REN, Chao DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juan MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086390446027775, articleId=1307086380841071537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=黄土高原刺槐根土复合体单剪特性及形变模型研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄土高原极端降雨事件与工程扰动的叠加作用,导致浅层黄土滑坡风险陡增,暴露出生态修复工程中“生态改善–灾变加剧”的工程治理矛盾。本研究以刺槐根土复合体力学特性为切入点,通过原位测试、单剪试验及形变理论等方法,系统量化含水率波动、根系拓扑类型与含根率变化对根土复合体剪切强度演化的多场耦合效应。结果表明:①植被根系会显著改变根土复合体剪切强度特征,其剪切过程可分为初始线弹性协同变形、弹塑性损伤累积及渐进式贯通破坏三阶段;②根土复合体应力–应变曲线可分为软化型和硬化型,软化型由强度增大段和强度衰减段构成;③提出能够考虑根土复合体应力–应变软化的预测模型,模型预测效果良好。研究成果以期为生态修复与考虑植被因素的坡体稳定性快速评估提供数据及理论支撑。

, authors=谷琪1, 2, 3, 马娟4, *, 郭小鹏1, 2, 3, 贾俊1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 冯卫1, 2, 3, 肖涛6, 任宁6, 杜超7, authorsList=谷琪, 马娟, 郭小鹏, 贾俊, 冯卫, 肖涛, 任宁, 杜超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马娟, authorNote=

谷琪(1990−),男,工程师,博士,滑坡地质灾害评估、监测与治理。E−mail:

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马娟(1983−),女,正高级工程师,博士,滑坡地质灾害监测。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vd4f6DFrBh56VhcsVT+xHQ==, magXml=y9f2uQkvRSVm/8j+P9/sqQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/f6Pm6EPl2BiquUH+BalFQ==, pdfFileSize=24102565, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SWudiTN15kPik5Ph04x5Lg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=T8zopyuTFOTh5Pp0oyWYIQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086391280693269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086380841071537, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gqi@mail.cgs.gov.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086391368773657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086380841071537, authorId=1307086391280693269, language=EN, stringName=Qi GU, firstName=Qi, middleName=null, lastName=GU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
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黄土高原刺槐根土复合体单剪特性及形变模型研究
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谷琪 1, 2, 3 , 马娟 4, * , 郭小鹏 1, 2, 3 , 贾俊 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 冯卫 1, 2, 3 , 肖涛 6 , 任宁 6 , 杜超 7
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 32-45
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 32 -45
黄土高原刺槐根土复合体单剪特性及形变模型研究
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谷琪1, 2, 3 , 马娟4, * , 郭小鹏1, 2, 3, 贾俊1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 冯卫1, 2, 3, 肖涛6, 任宁6, 杜超7
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
  • 2自然资源部黄土重点实验室,陕西 西安 710119
  • 3自然资源部黄土高原地质灾害野外科学观测研究站,陕西 西安 710119
  • 4自然资源部地质灾害智能监测与风险预警工程技术创新中心,北京 100081
  • 5成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 6西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
  • 7内蒙古自治区地质调查研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010041
通讯作者:
马娟(1983−),女,正高级工程师,博士,滑坡地质灾害监测。E−mail:。
作者简介:

谷琪(1990−),男,工程师,博士,滑坡地质灾害评估、监测与治理。E−mail:

Study on Single Shear Characteristics and Deformation Modeling at the Root-Soil Interface of Robinia Pseudoacacia in the Loess Plateau
Qi GU1, 2, 3 , Juan MA4, * , Xiaopeng GUO1, 2, 3, Jun JIA1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Wei FENG1, 2, 3, Tao XIAO6, Ning REN6, Chao DU7
Affiliations
  • 1Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Key Laboratory for Geo-hazard in Loess Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Observation and Research Station of Geo-hazards in Loess Plateau, MNR, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 4Technology Innovation Center for Geohazard Monitoring and Risk Early Warning, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
  • 6Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
  • 7Geological Survey Academy of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010041, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025112
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黄土高原极端降雨事件与工程扰动的叠加作用,导致浅层黄土滑坡风险陡增,暴露出生态修复工程中“生态改善–灾变加剧”的工程治理矛盾。本研究以刺槐根土复合体力学特性为切入点,通过原位测试、单剪试验及形变理论等方法,系统量化含水率波动、根系拓扑类型与含根率变化对根土复合体剪切强度演化的多场耦合效应。结果表明:①植被根系会显著改变根土复合体剪切强度特征,其剪切过程可分为初始线弹性协同变形、弹塑性损伤累积及渐进式贯通破坏三阶段;②根土复合体应力–应变曲线可分为软化型和硬化型,软化型由强度增大段和强度衰减段构成;③提出能够考虑根土复合体应力–应变软化的预测模型,模型预测效果良好。研究成果以期为生态修复与考虑植被因素的坡体稳定性快速评估提供数据及理论支撑。

黄土滑坡  /  根土界面  /  单剪试验  /  力学强度  /  形变模型

The superimposed effects of extreme rainfall events and engineering disturbances in the Loess Plateau have led to a significant increase in the risk of shallow loess landslides. This situation reveals the engineering governance contradiction of "ecological improvement vs. disaster intensification" in ecological restoration projects. This study focuses on the mechanical properties of the root-soil interface of Robinia pseudoacacia. Through methods including in-situ testing, single shear test, and theoretical analysis, we systematically quantified the multi-field coupling effects of moisture content fluctuations, root topological types, and variations in root content on the shear strength evolution of the root-soil interface. The results indicate: ① Vegetation roots in the shear strength characteristics of the root-soil interface. The shear process can be divided into three stages: initial linear elastic deformation, damage accumulation, and progressive failure. ② The stress-strain curves of the root-soil interface can be categorized into softening and hardening types, with the softening type comprising a strength-increasing phase followed by a strength-decaying phase. ③ A predictive model considering the stress-strain softening of the root-soil interface was proposed, demonstrating favorable predictive performance. This research provides essential data and theoretical support for ecological restoration in rapid slope stability assessments that incorporate vegetation factors.

loess landslide  /  root-soil interface  /  single shear test  /  mechanical strength  /  deformation model
谷琪, 马娟, 郭小鹏, 贾俊, 冯卫, 肖涛, 任宁, 杜超. 黄土高原刺槐根土复合体单剪特性及形变模型研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 32 -45 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025112
Qi GU, Juan MA, Xiaopeng GUO, Jun JIA, Wei FENG, Tao XIAO, Ning REN, Chao DU. Study on Single Shear Characteristics and Deformation Modeling at the Root-Soil Interface of Robinia Pseudoacacia in the Loess Plateau[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 32 -45 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025112
“黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展”将黄土高原生态修复列为优先实施领域,明确提出构建"植被固坡–工程控灾"协同防护体系(彭建兵等,2020;兰恒星等,2022)。在此框架下,植被根土复合体力学效能优化成为提升生态护坡工程韧性的核心命题。浅层黄土滑坡作为典型水土灾害,其灾变机制本质上受控于根土复合体剪切力学响应的动态演化过程,其中界面抗剪强度参数的时变衰减直接控制坡体稳定性的相变跃迁(夏鑫等, 2021; Forster et al., 2022)。刺槐作为生态修复优势树种,其根系通过锚固效应与生物加筋作用形成三维固土网络,显著提升了扰动边坡的抗剪性能。然而,应力重分布与极端降雨的耦合作用导致根土复合体力学环境复杂化,致使传统基于自然边坡的根–土相互作用理论面临适配性挑战(Liu et al., 2019;陈飞等,2021;Xiao et al., 2024)。因此,深入解析刺槐根–黄土界面剪切特性及形变模型,成为突破植被固土效能的量化瓶颈、实现水土灾害综合治理的关键突破口。
根土复合体剪切特性作为植被–土体相互作用的关键力学表征,其演化规律通过黏聚力强化、内摩擦角分异及非线性应力–应变响应等参数体系,直接控制边坡稳定性与地质灾害防控效能(Bordoni et al., 2015;Tanikawa et al., 2021)。当前对根土复合体的研究聚焦三大维度:试验技术瓶颈、主控因素机制及理论模型缺陷。在试验测试技术方面:常规三轴和直剪试验因试样尺寸限制难以表征根系径级分布对滑面破坏模式的调控,而原位直剪试验受土体非均质性与根系空间异质性干扰,导致多物理场耦合机制解析效率降低(Fan et al., 2008; Lian et al., 2019);在主控影响因素方面:研究发现根系的直径、密度、长度及深度等指标与根土复合体剪切强度存在关联性(解明曙,1990;朱锦奇等,2014;吴文丽等,2023)。黏聚力随根系密度或直径的增加以非线性关系增强,而内摩擦角的变化特征因尚未厘清根系固土的作用方式仍存有争议(Wu et al., 1988)。针对不同空间构型的根系研究发现:倾斜根系(45°~60°)通过增强法向应力分量实现力学特性优化,其抗剪强度较水平根系提升30%~42%,这一现象与根土复合体中应力分布规律密切相关(Waldron, 1977;Cascini et al., 2010)。根系埋深梯度会显著改变其破坏模式,当埋深超过30 cm时,上覆土体的侧限约束促使根系呈渐进式整体拔出破坏;而埋深浅于15 cm的根系由于土体约束力衰减,在应力集中作用下发生脆性剪切断裂的概率增加82%,这一现象在降雨引发的浅层滑坡中尤为突出。当前的研究对根系固土的多尺度协同强化机制缺乏系统性解析,特别是针对根土复合体在荷载作用下强度演化过程尚不明确(宋维峰等,2008;吴宏伟,2017)。在强度理论模型方面,基于Mohr-Coulomb理论改进的Wu模型,虽然通过简化根系分布状态与抗剪强度关系,以降低物理参数个数的方式提高了模型的普适性,但未考虑根系渐进破坏过程(夏振尧等,2016);FBM模型通过引入纤维束动态断裂机制,弥补了Wu模型的不足,但无法描述峰值后应力跌落行为。此外,为了简化根系固土过程中复杂的作用关系,建立了基于能量守恒原理的简化计算框架,虽便于坡体稳定性快速评估,但精度较低的弊端制约了其工程应用(刘汉斌等,2021;李中恺等,2022)。
综上所述,本研究以根土复合体为研究对象,以恒定剪切应力作用下增湿诱发根土复合体强度劣化为主线,开展系列的原位试验及室内单剪试验,厘清根土复合体的形变发展与强度变化特征,建立各主控因素影响下根土复合体应力–应变预测模型,为黄土滑坡预测和坡体稳定性的评估体系提供理论支持。
试验用刺槐根系和重塑黄土试样均采集于陕西省延安市宜川县秋林镇。基于雷达探测和探槽法对刺槐根系分布进行调查,调查结果表明,刺槐根系空间分布呈显著水平,径向密度随土层深度增加呈负指数衰减。探槽断面统计显示,该类植株根系直径为0.1~10 mm,含根率(每立方分米土体中根的质量与干土体质量的比值)为0.23%~2.11%,符合矿区扰动边坡植被群落的典型生境特征(图1)。根系样品采用整株分层挖掘法采集,采样(长度50 cm)完成后,采用保鲜膜–气泡膜复合封装方法进行保湿防损处理,有效维持试样含水率稳定性。重塑黄土试样取自根际区50 cm深度原状土,经《土工试验方法标准》(GBT50123–2019)规范测试,其基本物理参数为:天然含水率12.5%、干密度1.30 g/cm3,液限28.14%、塑限16.82%,依据规范定名为粉质黏土。
为实现根系拓扑构型的定量化分类,笔者采用天远FREESCAN-UE11型手持式蓝色激光三维扫描系统,对多规格根系样本(长度梯度为2、10、15、20 cm;直径梯度为1~10 mm)开展高精度三维重构试验。通过3DReshaper软件处理点云数据,基于中心轴长度(L)与直线长度(X)的几何偏差,定义弯曲度系数β(=(L-X)/L)作为根系构型量化指标。试验数据显示:2 cm、10 cm、15 cm及20 cm根系的β值分别为0~1.38%、0~6.48%、0~16.85%、0~7.71%。15 cm根系呈现最大变异系数,显著高于其他长度组,故选定其为后续试验基准长度。在此基础上,基于形态计量学分析构建三级拓扑构型分类体系:Ⅰ(弯曲度0~7.92%,均值1.05%)、Ⅱ(弯曲度0~12.32%,均值2.35%)、Ⅲ型(弯曲度0~16.85%,均值1.26%)(图2),该结果首次实现了研究目标根系的分类,其最大特点是在根系分类中引进了根系构型。此外,为了尽可能地模拟现场试验环境,黄土试样的制备严格遵循《土工试验方法标准》:①土样预处理:取回的扰动土样经过风干、碾碎、过筛、烘干等步骤,实现均质化处理。②含水率调控:将烘干的土与一定量水混合,使其达到目标含水率,密封静置72 h以确保水分分布均衡。③试样制备:将预制的目标含水率黄土试样封装于恒湿环境,待用。
自主研制的叠环式单剪仪由叠环式剪切盒、反力框架、伺服加载装置及多源数据采集单元构成(图3a~图3c)。核心叠环式剪切盒由9个不锈钢叠环构成(20 cm×20 cm×2 cm);通过滚针导轨阵列(4.5 cm×1.5 cm×0.25 cm)降低界面摩擦系数,并结合侧向限位模块(Φ4×10 mm限位销)与高强定位销杆(Φ6×260 mm)实现剪切路径定向控制。反力框架采用Q355B钢管门式结构(立柱600 mm×500 mm×300 mm),配备双回路气动伺服加载系统,通过YBY-3KN型力传感器(灵敏度1.33 μV/kN)实现水平/竖向荷载的闭环精准控制。变形同步采集系统集成电子百分表与KTR自复位位移传感器(量程±20 mm,线性度0.05% FS),结合Campbell CR3000采集模块与DH3818Y分析系统,实现荷载–位移–应变信号的同步记录。
经过前期的调试及预实验,已确立的根土复合体剪切试验的标准化操作流程具体如下。
①试样制备与组装:基于三维激光扫描获取根系的弯曲度参数,将直径分级根系划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型拓扑构型;将目标含水率黄土与含根率根系均分为8份,按照叠环填土→分层夯实(干密度1.30 g/cm3)→界面布根的标准化流程循环操作,确保根系水平嵌入土体。
②试验系统初始化:连接气动管路与数据采集线路,完成Campbell CR3000系统与DH3818Y分析仪的协议匹配;调整YBY-3KN力传感器(灵敏度1.33 μV/kN)与KTR位移传感器至接触零点,设置采样频率为1 Hz。
③固结–剪切试验执行:施加预设竖向应力,通过电子百分表监测固结变形,待应变速率≤0.005%/min时判定固结稳定;以0.8 mm/min速率施加水平剪切荷载,实时监测剪应力–位移曲线,满足剪应力达到峰值强度或剪应变γ≥5%则终止试验条件。
④数据处理:基于位移传感器阵列(x1~x8,h1~h8)与荷载数据(Fx,Fz),计算竖向应力σz,水平剪应力τzx和剪应变γ。
$ {\mathrm{\sigma }}_{z}=\frac{{F}_{Z}}{A} $
$ {\tau }_{zx}=\frac{{F}_{x}}{A} $
$ \gamma =\frac{\displaystyle {\sum }_{i=1}^{8}arctan\frac{{x}_{i}}{{h}_{1}-z}}{8} $
为了探究根系形态对根土复合体剪切特性的影响,构建了多因子控制的根土复合体剪切试验体系。针对根系直径与弯曲度的统计分布规律,将目标刺槐根系划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ等3种根型,以表征根系形态异质性对界面力学行为的调控效应。为模拟根际区根系实际分布特征及构型,将根以水平方式布设在根–黄土界面处,并将土体中根系含量设置为0.23%、1.17%、2.11%等3个梯度进行控制,以系统解析含根率对界面强度的非线性强化机制。考虑到根系埋深(约1 m)附近土体含水率的波动特征(5%~19%),故试验控制的土体含水率分别为5%、12%、19%;固结压力分别为20 kPa、40 kPa、60 kPa、80 kPa;根–土试样密实度以天然干密度为标准控制,以复现天然密实状态;考虑到植被生长区黄土边坡具有快速失稳的特点,试验采用固结不排水单剪方法,通过正交试验矩阵设计120组根土复合体样本及12组无根对照组。
在根土复合体中,剪应力与剪应变之间呈显著非线性关系。在低剪应变阶段,试样剪应力呈现快速上升趋势,随着应变增加逐渐转为增幅趋缓或进入稳定状态。在大多数工况中,应力–应变曲线普遍存在峰值强度特征,其后曲线呈渐进式弱化趋势。基于试样变形破坏特征分析,界面力学响应可划分为3个典型阶段:①线弹性协同变形阶段:表现为根–土复合体系的连续介质特性,二者通过弹性协调实现应力重分布,应力–应变呈现近似线性关系;②弹塑性损伤累积阶段:以土体剪切裂纹萌生为标志,根系通过摩擦锚固作用产生桥接效应,此时应力–应变曲线呈现非线性强化特征,强化速率与根系分布密度呈正相关;③渐进式破坏阶段:宏观剪切带贯通形成滑移面,根系通过拉拔阻力和断裂耗能等机制持续发挥固土作用,使得残余强度维持在峰值强度的约80%范围内(图4)。
根型和固结压力对试样应力–应变关系图显示(图5a~图5c),当含水率和含根率一定时,试样受不同固结压力和根型的影响,最大剪应力值为10.6~39.5 kPa,剪应变值为3.1%~5.2%。值得注意的是,相比固结压力对试样应力–应变曲线的影响,根型的影响对试样应力–应变的影响较小。此外,可以发现在较低的固结压力(20 kPa)下,试样最大剪应力随根型变化较小。Ⅰ型根在低固结压力下,试样应力–应变为应变硬化型,而其他根型下应力–应变曲线则表现为应变软化型,这可能与Ⅰ型根较大的根表面积有关。
因固结压力对试样应力–应变的影响已在前文分析,故此仅分析含根率的影响。当试样的含水率、根型和固结压力相同时,含根率对试样的最大剪应力的影响不存在一个统一的规律(图5d~图5f)。例如,在固结压力为20 kPa时,试样最大剪切应力随含根率的增大而减小。而固结压力为40 kPa时,最大剪应力随含根率的增大而增大。已有研究表明,土体的抗剪强度会随含根率的增大而增大( Liu et al., 2019)。值得注意的是,上述研究都是通过三轴试验获得含根黄土的抗剪强度,根系在试样中以随机的方式分布,有的垂直于剪切面,也有平行于剪切面的。其中,垂直于剪切面的根对抗剪强度的贡献较大,能较大程度的增加试样抗剪强度(Stokes et al., 2015)。在本试验中,根是平行布置于每一层中的,几乎没有根系完整的穿过剪切面。因此,含根率对土体、最大剪切应力的影响不明显(图5)。含水率对试样应力–应变曲线的影响图(图6)显示,在相同的根型、固结压力下,含水率较低的试样其应力–应变呈现出应变软化的特征;而随着含水率增加,试样的应力–应变曲线逐渐转变为应变硬化的特征。此外,随着含水率的增加,试样的最大剪应力逐渐降低,与之对应的剪应变也随着含水率的增大而增加,这与前人的结论一致(郑力文等,2014;张文铎等,2025)。相比于含根率变量而言,含水率对土体应力–应变的影响则更为显著。
根据根土复合体的应力–应变响应特征,其力学行为可分为软化型与硬化型两种类型,需采用分段模型进行量化表征。对于软化型应力–应变曲线而言,假设最大剪应力(τf)对应最大剪应变(γf),在最大剪应力(τf)出现之前,可将根土复合体的变形规律按硬化型考虑(即强度增大段),其对应的关系如公式(4)所示。当剪应变超过γf之后,应力衰减段则考虑采用强度折减的方法(即强度衰减段),设其衰减后的强度为τfs,其对应的函数关系如公式(5)所示。强度增大段和强度衰减段图像(图7a)。对于硬化型应力–应变曲线而言,在最大剪应力出现之前,将根土复合体的变形按硬化型考虑(即强度增大段),其对应的函数关系如式4所示,图像如图7b所示。
$ \tau ={\tau }_{f}f\left(\gamma \right)\gamma \leqslant {\gamma }_{f} $
$ \tau ={\tau }_{f-}{\tau }_{fs}\gamma \geqslant {\gamma }_{f} $
对根土复合体应力–应变曲线开展标准化处理。含水率5%时,试样的应力–应变曲线的标准化处理过程(图8)。在γ ≤ γf的预期弹性区域内,应力–应变关系总体呈上升趋势,但由于根系生物材料的天然异质性及实验误差影响,局部区间可能出现非单调行为;而当横坐标大于1(即γ > γf)时,标准化应力–应变图像可近似为直线。
不同试样的应力–应变曲线在最大剪应力位置处将曲线拆分为强度增强段和强度衰减段。为便于分析,仅考虑固结压力、含根率及含水率等变量。当γ ≤ γf时,标准化处理的应力–应变曲线为单调递增函数。为拟合该段曲线的数学表达式,本次以含水率5%、12%及含根率0.23%的不同固结压力条件下的应力–应变曲线为例进行分析(图8)。当γ≤γf时,标准化处理的剪应力随剪应变的增加而增大(图8)。由拟合结果可知,强度增强段标准化处理的应力–应变曲线可表达为公式(6)。最大剪应力τf对应的剪应变γf处,如公式(7)所示。
$ f\left(\frac{\gamma }{{\gamma }_{f}}, \frac{\tau }{{\tau }_{f}}\right)=a{\left(\frac{\gamma }{{\gamma }_{f}}\right)}^{2}+b\frac{\gamma }{{\gamma }_{f}} $
$ -\frac{b}{2a}=-\dfrac{\dfrac{b}{{\mathrm{\gamma }}_{f}}}{2\dfrac{a}{{{\mathrm{\gamma }}_{f}}^{2}}}={\mathrm{\gamma }}_{f} $
当剪应变γ ≤ γf时,则简化为公式(8)。
$ 0\le \frac{\gamma }{{\mathrm{\gamma }}_{f}}\leqslant -\frac{b}{2a}=1 $
即:存在a、b∈实数、$ a\ne 0 $。公式(7)和公式(8)可简化为公式(9)与公式(10)。
$ \mathrm{b}=-2\mathrm{a} $
$ 0\leqslant \gamma \leqslant {\gamma }_{f} $
由于强度衰减段出现在软化型应力–应变曲线中,故分析含根率为0.23%、1.17%、2.11%,含水率为19%的不同固结压力的标准化应力–应变曲线(图9),以此探究标准化应力–应变曲线变化特征。当γ ≥ γf时,标准化剪应力随着剪应变的增大而逐渐减小(图9)。经拟合发现,标准化应力–应变曲线为直线,该直线的函数特征包括:函数图像经过点(γ/γf,τ/τf)、单调递减函数(图10)。当根土复合体从峰值抗剪强度衰减到残余抗剪强度过程中,衰减系数为k,最大剪应变为γu,则其函数关系式可表达为公式(11)。在式中引入τ和γ变量后,其表达式如公式(12)所示。
$ \tau ={\tau }_{f}-k{\tau }_{f}\frac{\gamma -{\gamma }_{f}}{{\gamma }_{u-}{\gamma }_{f}}={\tau }_{f}\left(1-k\frac{\gamma -{\gamma }_{f}}{{\gamma }_{u-}{\gamma }_{f}}\right) $
$ \gamma \geqslant {\gamma }_{f} $
在应力–应变曲线强度增强段形变模型中,有τf、γf、a、b4个参数需要确定,具体过程如下。
(a) 参数τf的确定:参数τf确定时,可直接使用Mohr-Coulomb准则进行确定,即公式(13)。
$ \tau =c+\sigma tan\varphi $
式中:$tan\varphi $为莫尔–库仑准则中曲线的斜率;σ为屈服点法向应力。
(b) 参数γf的确定:参数γf代表不同工况下最大剪应力所对应的剪应变。拟合发现其与含水率和固结压力之间成线性关系、与固结压力之间的直线斜率为0.07、与含水率之间的直线斜率为7.86(图11)。最大剪应力对应的剪应变与固结压力及含水率(ww)之间的函数关系如公式(14)所示。
$ {\gamma }_{f}=0.07\sigma +7.86{w}_{w}+1.15 $
通过对不同工况下标准化的剪应力和剪应变散点进行拟合,发现其二次项系数与固结压力之间存在一次函数关系。基于控制变量法将该一次函数的截距尝试性的与含根率、含水率中的一个或多个变量进行数学运算,结果显示其均成线性关系。含水率5%,参数a与固结压力之间的变化关系(图12)。拟合结果可以发现,所有直线斜率皆为0.003。此外,当含水率恒定时,含恒定根率随着直线截距的增大而增大;同样地,当含根率时,含水率随着直线截距的增大而增大。当含水率保持不变时,二次项系数与固结压力所拟合的直线截距随着含根率的增大而增大。参数a与固结压力、含根率、含水率之间的函数关系,如公式(12)所示。通过对不同工况下剪应力及剪应变标准化处理散点的拟合,其一次项系数仅与固结压力成线性关系,与含根率(wr)、含水率等无明显的关系。一次项系数与固结压力拟合的关系(R2=0.96)(图13),参数b的函数关系如公式(16)所示。
$ a=0.003\sigma -0.104{w}_{r}+0.0139{w}_{w}+0.9734 $
$ b=0.0075\sigma +1.71 $
依据参数a、b与固结压力、含水率、含根率之间的函数关系,则公式(6)可转化为公式(17)。
$ \begin{split} \frac{\tau }{{\tau }_{f}}=&\;-\frac{\left(0.003\sigma -0.104{w}_{r}+0.0139{w}_{w}+0.9734\right)\times {\gamma }^{2}}{{\left(0.07\sigma +7.86{w}_{w}+1.15\right)}^{2}}+\\&\;\frac{\left(0.0075\sigma +1.71\right)\times \gamma }{0.07\sigma +7.86{w}_{w}+1.15}\\[-1pt]\end{split} $
对于强度衰减段而言,需要确定的参数有4个,其分别为最大剪应力τf、衰减系数k、最大剪应变为γu、最大剪应力对应的剪应变γf。衰减系数k表示应力–应变曲线中最大剪应力与残余剪应力之比,而最大剪应变则是应力–应变曲线中观察到的最大剪应变。最大剪应力、残余剪应力和最大剪应变的统计结果显示,最大剪应力值为3.03~39.55 kPa,残余剪应力值为2.43~35.36 Pa,最大剪应力与残余剪应力代数之比为0.25~1.03(平均值为0.83),最大剪应变值为4.26%~17.16%(图14)。综上所述,则衰减系数k值可确定为0.83,最大剪应变γu则为17.16%。
由于已通过Mohr-Coulomb准则和拟合的方法确定了参数τf和γf,则公式(11)可以转化为公式(18)。考虑到函数的连续性,需对其连续性进行验证。
由于参数a随着含根率、含水率、固结压力的变化而变化,但其数值在−1.0~−1.2范围变化,当式γ = γf时,则有公式(19)和公式(20)。
$ \begin{split} \tau =\left(\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{\sigma }\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{\varphi }\right)\left[1-0.83\dfrac{\gamma -\left(0.07\sigma +7.86{w}_{w}+1.15\right)}{17.16-\left(0.07\sigma +7.86{w}_{w}+1.15\right)}\right]\\\end{split}$
$ f\left(\frac{\gamma }{{\gamma }_{f}}, \frac{\tau }{{\tau }_{f}}\right)=a{\left(\frac{\gamma }{{\gamma }_{f}}\right)}^{2}+b\frac{\gamma }{{\gamma }_{f}}=-a\approx -1 $
$ \frac{\tau }{{\tau }_{f}}=1 $
综上所述,根据不同工况下根土复合体应力–应变曲线特征,可将其划分为软化型和硬化型,其中软化型由强度增强段和强度衰减段组成;硬化型由强度增强段组成,强度增强段具有抛物线函数特征,而强度衰减段具有一次函数特征,其对应的函数表达为公式(17)和公式(18)。
为验证模型的预测效果,选择单剪试验中具有硬化型和软化型的应力–应变曲线与新模型得出的结果进行对比。在根土复合体单剪强度测试结果中,含水率对应力–应变曲线的影响明显大于含根率和固结压力。当含水率为5%时,根土复合体的应力–应变关系以硬化型为主;当含水率为12%时,根土复合体的应力–应变关系有硬化型也有软化型;当含水率为19%时,根土复合体的应力–应变关系以软化型为主,所以在验证模型时选择含根率2.11%、固结压力80 kPa以含水率为5%时的试样。
通过使用提出的模型,预测含水率5%、含根率2.11%、固结压力80 kPa时,试样的应力–应变曲线。试验实测值与模型计算结果的对比(图15a)显示,这两种曲线不仅展现了剪应力随剪应变的增大而增大的变化规律,还突显了这两者在形态上的整体相似性及局部的差异性。为了量化这些差异,采用提取间隔0.2%应变数据对应的计算和实测剪应力值的方法进行对比(图15b)。可以发现,在应变较小的阶段,这两种结果的误差较大,模拟结果与实测结果的最大差值达2.18 kPa;在较大应变阶段,差值接近0 kPa;整体而言,两者结果差的均值为1.10 kPa,显示出模型计算结果较好(图15b)。因此,笔者提出的模型能够较为准确地模拟根土复合体的应力–应变关系。
含根率为1.17%、含水率为5%、不同固结压力试验的模拟结果与实测结果的对比(图16)。模型中对应的C和φ值分别为6.03 kPa和16.0°,而计算所得对应数值分别为4.15 kPa和13.7°。可见,无论试样的应力–应变曲线是硬化型还是软化型,模拟得出的结果和试验结果均匹配良好。笔者提出的模型能够较好的描述单剪过程中根土复合体的应力–应变关系。并且本模型用于描述单剪过程中根土复合体的应力–应变关系得到了较为充分的验证。在笔者目前所掌握的文献中鲜有关于土体单剪试验的系统研究,因此,缺乏相关的试验数据用以验证文中提出的模型。基于理论推导和模型构建的合理性,笔者认为文中提出的模型可为后续相关研究提供理论基础和分析框架,并为土体单剪特性的进一步试验研究提供参考依据。
(1)根土复合体应力–应变曲线可大致划分为线弹性协同变形阶段、弹塑性损伤累积阶段和渐进式破坏3个阶段。
(2)根型和含根率可提升根土复合体强度中的最大剪应力。对根土复合体抗剪强度中最大剪应力的提升程度依次是2.11%、1.17%和0.23%。根土复合体的抗剪强度随着含水量的增加而降低。根型对根土复合体最大剪应力的影响由大到小依次是Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅰ型。
(3)提出根土复合体形变模型。模型可通过较少的参数预测根–土应力–应变曲线形变特征。该模型的推导不仅在实践中有利于坡体稳定性的快速评估,还为后续研究提供了理论基础和分析框架。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025112
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 修回日期:2025-08-27
  • 录用日期:2025-08-28
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    1中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710119
    2自然资源部黄土重点实验室,陕西 西安 710119
    3自然资源部黄土高原地质灾害野外科学观测研究站,陕西 西安 710119
    4自然资源部地质灾害智能监测与风险预警工程技术创新中心,北京 100081
    5成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610059
    6西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
    7内蒙古自治区地质调查研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010041

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马娟(1983−),女,正高级工程师,博士,滑坡地质灾害监测。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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