Article(id=1307086311630852667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2026004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=1776787200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-22, acceptedDate=1776873600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-23, onlineDate=1789563261181, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563261181, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563261181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563261181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086313195328060, articleId=1307086311630852667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Classification of Gold Deposit Types Based on Machine Learning and Pyrite Trace Element Geochemistry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pyrite is the most common gold bearing mineral in gold deposits, and its geochemical composition can effectively indicate mineralization processes. This study systematically compiles trace element data of pyrite from epithermal, porphyry, and orogenic gold deposits worldwide. Nine commonly used geochemical features are selected, and three machine learning models including the K nearest neighbors algorithm, random forest, and support vector machine are employed for model training, with the aim of establishing an efficient and accurate method for identifying gold deposit types based on pyrite composition. The evaluation results of model classification performance show that the classification accuracies of the trained K nearest neighbors, random forest, and support vector machine models are 0.89, 0.96, and 0.95, respectively. In addition, pyrite compositional data from the East Kunlun orogenic gold deposits that are not involved in model training are used for independent validation to assess the applicability and accuracy of the models in practical scenarios. The results indicate that all three models correctly identify these pyrites as mainly derived from orogenic gold deposits, among which the support vector machine model achieves the best performance with an accuracy of 0.88. To address the black box issue in machine learning, an interpretable machine learning method is further introduced to quantify the contributions of different pyrite trace element features to the classification results. The SHAP analysis reveals that As, Co, and Cu are the three most influential trace element features for distinguishing porphyry and orogenic gold deposits, whereas Cu, As, and Ni exert the greatest influence on the identification of epithermal gold deposits. The results demonstrate that trace elements in pyrite can serve as effective indicators for discriminating genetic types of gold deposits. In the future, combined with machine learning approaches, pyrite composition has the potential to be further extended to the identification and classification of other types of mineral deposits, providing new technical approaches for studies on ore genesis and mineral exploration prediction.

, authors=Jinghui NIU1, Minggang WU2, Fuquan TIAN3, Dunfang QIU3, Zichong SONG3, Yonglin ZHANG4, Dejiang FAN1, Shihua ZHONG1, *, authorsList=Jinghui NIU, Minggang WU, Fuquan TIAN, Dunfang QIU, Zichong SONG, Yonglin ZHANG, Dejiang FAN, Shihua ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shihua ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086317792285256, articleId=1307086311630852667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于机器学习和黄铁矿微量元素识别金矿床类型, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄铁矿是金矿床中最常见的载金矿物,其地球化学成分能有效指示成矿信息。笔者系统收集了全球浅成低温热液型、斑岩型和造山型金矿床中黄铁矿的微量元素数据,选取9种常见的地球化学特征,采用K近邻算法、随机森林和支持向量机3种机器学习模型进行模型训练,旨在建立一种基于黄铁矿成分高效、准确识别金矿床类型的新方法。模型分类性能评估结果显示,训练后的K近邻算法、随机森林和支持向量机模型的分类准确率分别为0.89、0.96和0.95。此外,文中采用未参与训练的东昆仑造山型金矿黄铁矿成分对训练模型进行独立验证,以评估其在实际应用中的适用性与准确性。结果表明,3种模型均能正确识别出这些黄铁矿主要来源于造山型金矿,其中支持向量机模型效果最佳,准确率达0.88。为克服机器学习的“黑匣子”问题,文中还引入机器学习可解释性方法,以揭示不同黄铁矿微量元素输入特征对分类结果的贡献。SHAP分析表明,在识别斑岩型和造山型金矿时,对模型输出结果影响最大的3个黄铁矿微量元素特征依次为As、Co和Cu,而在识别浅成低温热液型金矿时,黄铁矿的Cu、As和Ni含量对模型输出结果影响最大。研究结果表明,黄铁矿微量元素可作为区分金矿成因类型的有效标志。未来,结合机器学习方法,黄铁矿成分有望进一步拓展至其他类型矿床的识别与分类,为矿床成因研究与找矿预测提供新的技术途径。

, authors=牛警徽1, 吴明刚2, 田福泉3, 邱敦方3, 宋子崇3, 张永林4, 范德江1, 钟世华1, *, authorsList=牛警徽, 吴明刚, 田福泉, 邱敦方, 宋子崇, 张永林, 范德江, 钟世华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟世华, authorNote=

牛警徽(1996−),男,博士研究生,地质学专业。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
钟世华(1989−),男,博士,副教授,从事矿床学和地质大数据研究。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=X0XcMERPpd7YPvMcM+B4rA==, magXml=DCbt8WLMbtsgmy0TTw/NMA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=94zRvkF8VW1QPFVFAiUWoQ==, pdfFileSize=1088609, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=t0P1yKhtsW3oidO2W1mnbw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4g1Ccfo3Q51OXsdzl0Wy0g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086590669509525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=niujinghui@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086590841475991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, authorId=1307086590669509525, language=EN, stringName=Jinghui NIU, firstName=Jinghui, middleName=null, lastName=NIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086590921167768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, authorId=1307086590669509525, language=CN, stringName=牛警徽, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100, bio={"content":"

牛警徽(1996−),男,博士研究生,地质学专业。E−mail:

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牛警徽(1996−),男,博士研究生,地质学专业。E−mail:

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a. KNN模型原理;b. RF模型原理;c. SVM模型原理

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The source of trace element data for pyrite used in the paper

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地区矿床名称矿床类型数据量文献来源
伊朗Chah Zard金银矿浅成低温热液型62Kouhestani et al., 2017
印度尼西亚Bawone金矿,Binebase金矿浅成低温热液型63King et al., 2014
中国江西德兴铜矿斑岩型4Reich et al., 2013
澳大利亚Chalkidiki斑岩铜矿斑岩型117Gregory et al., 2019
澳大利亚Cadia斑岩铜矿斑岩型614Gregory et al., 2019
意大利Apuan Alps矿床造山型77George et al., 2018
中国山东新城金矿,焦家金矿造山型25Mills et al., 2015
中国江西大桥金矿造山型13Wu et al., 2018
印度Hutti金矿,Hira-Buddini金矿造山型14Hazarika et al., 2018
澳大利亚Bendigo矿床造山型24Thomas et al., 2011
加拿大Spanish Mountain矿床造山型27Large et al., 2009
中国陕西金龙山金矿造山型26Zhang et al., 2014
澳大利亚Darlot矿床造山型22Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚East Repulse矿床造山型44Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Fortnum矿床造山型56Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Golden Mile矿床造山型86Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Granny Smith矿床造山型24Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Lancefield矿床造山型18Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Mars Pit矿床造山型34Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Meekatharra Prohibition矿床造山型20Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Micky Doolan Meekatharra矿床造山型18Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Minjar矿床造山型20Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Nathans Labouchere矿床造山型22Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Paddington矿床造山型18Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Songvang矿床造山型16Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Sunrise Dam矿床造山型24Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Victory矿床造山型50Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Hill50矿床造山型40Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Wallaby矿床造山型40Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Wiluna矿床造山型124Belousov et al., 2016
), ArticleFig(id=1307086598659658706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文中使用的黄铁矿微量元素数据来源表

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地区矿床名称矿床类型数据量文献来源
伊朗Chah Zard金银矿浅成低温热液型62Kouhestani et al., 2017
印度尼西亚Bawone金矿,Binebase金矿浅成低温热液型63King et al., 2014
中国江西德兴铜矿斑岩型4Reich et al., 2013
澳大利亚Chalkidiki斑岩铜矿斑岩型117Gregory et al., 2019
澳大利亚Cadia斑岩铜矿斑岩型614Gregory et al., 2019
意大利Apuan Alps矿床造山型77George et al., 2018
中国山东新城金矿,焦家金矿造山型25Mills et al., 2015
中国江西大桥金矿造山型13Wu et al., 2018
印度Hutti金矿,Hira-Buddini金矿造山型14Hazarika et al., 2018
澳大利亚Bendigo矿床造山型24Thomas et al., 2011
加拿大Spanish Mountain矿床造山型27Large et al., 2009
中国陕西金龙山金矿造山型26Zhang et al., 2014
澳大利亚Darlot矿床造山型22Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚East Repulse矿床造山型44Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Fortnum矿床造山型56Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Golden Mile矿床造山型86Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Granny Smith矿床造山型24Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Lancefield矿床造山型18Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Mars Pit矿床造山型34Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Meekatharra Prohibition矿床造山型20Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Micky Doolan Meekatharra矿床造山型18Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Minjar矿床造山型20Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Nathans Labouchere矿床造山型22Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Paddington矿床造山型18Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Songvang矿床造山型16Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Sunrise Dam矿床造山型24Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Victory矿床造山型50Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Hill50矿床造山型40Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Wallaby矿床造山型40Belousov et al., 2016
澳大利亚Wiluna矿床造山型124Belousov et al., 2016
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Statistical table of trace elements in pyrite among three types of ore deposits

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元素浅成低温热液型斑岩型造山型
含量平均值含量平均值含量平均值
Au0.01~166.0012.350.01~15.530.310.01~415.0010.77
Co0.01~21417.671195.870.02~9600.731097.800.02~8082.00366.98
Ni0.06~3330.00385.060.06~9331.38661.260.27~8189.28448.53
Cu3.34~196448.009844.660.01~8294.81240.670.06~6493.16238.07
Zn0.43~13383.00277.820.01~6218.8633.750.02~13609.00122.69
As0.83~76047.0012013.620.22~14022.31699.220.04~68931.003700.65
Sb0.05~3459.00249.440.01~635.657.010.01~5090.00137.09
Te0.11~1430.9088.980.01~3706.6213.190.03~720.7016.92
Pb0.05~7641.00509.070.01~1132.0030.860.01~9550.00146.37
), ArticleFig(id=1307086598898734036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同矿床类型中黄铁矿微量元素统计表(10−6)

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元素浅成低温热液型斑岩型造山型
含量平均值含量平均值含量平均值
Au0.01~166.0012.350.01~15.530.310.01~415.0010.77
Co0.01~21417.671195.870.02~9600.731097.800.02~8082.00366.98
Ni0.06~3330.00385.060.06~9331.38661.260.27~8189.28448.53
Cu3.34~196448.009844.660.01~8294.81240.670.06~6493.16238.07
Zn0.43~13383.00277.820.01~6218.8633.750.02~13609.00122.69
As0.83~76047.0012013.620.22~14022.31699.220.04~68931.003700.65
Sb0.05~3459.00249.440.01~635.657.010.01~5090.00137.09
Te0.11~1430.9088.980.01~3706.6213.190.03~720.7016.92
Pb0.05~7641.00509.070.01~1132.0030.860.01~9550.00146.37
), ArticleFig(id=1307086598965842901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistical table of machine learning model evaluation metrics

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模型数据类型查准率召回率F1-score准确率
KNN模型浅成低温热液型0.630.880.730.89
斑岩型0.880.950.92
造山型0.960.850.90
RF模型浅成低温热液型0.820.920.870.96
斑岩型0.980.950.97
造山型0.970.980.98
SVM模型浅成低温热液型1.000.640.780.95
斑岩型0.970.960.97
造山型0.930.980.95
), ArticleFig(id=1307086599045534678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机器学习模型评估指标统计表

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模型数据类型查准率召回率F1-score准确率
KNN模型浅成低温热液型0.630.880.730.89
斑岩型0.880.950.92
造山型0.960.850.90
RF模型浅成低温热液型0.820.920.870.96
斑岩型0.980.950.97
造山型0.970.980.98
SVM模型浅成低温热液型1.000.640.780.95
斑岩型0.970.960.97
造山型0.930.980.95
), ArticleFig(id=1307086599121032151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistical table of accuracy scores for machine learning models on validation set

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模型KNN模型RF模型SVM模型
得分0.720.810.88
), ArticleFig(id=1307086599280415704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086311630852667, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

机器学习模型验证集准确率得分统计表

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模型KNN模型RF模型SVM模型
得分0.720.810.88
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基于机器学习和黄铁矿微量元素识别金矿床类型
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牛警徽 1 , 吴明刚 2 , 田福泉 3 , 邱敦方 3 , 宋子崇 3 , 张永林 4 , 范德江 1 , 钟世华 1, *
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 20-29
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 20 -29
基于机器学习和黄铁矿微量元素识别金矿床类型
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牛警徽(1996−),男,博士研究生,地质学专业。E−mail:

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牛警徽1 , 吴明刚2, 田福泉3, 邱敦方3, 宋子崇3, 张永林4, 范德江1, 钟世华1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2江西工业贸易职业技术学院,江西 南昌 330038
  • 3山东黄金矿业(金星)有限公司,山东 青岛 266748
  • 4山东黄金矿业(莱西)有限公司,山东 青岛 266715
通讯作者:
钟世华(1989−),男,博士,副教授,从事矿床学和地质大数据研究。E−mail:。
作者简介:

牛警徽(1996−),男,博士研究生,地质学专业。E−mail:

Classification of Gold Deposit Types Based on Machine Learning and Pyrite Trace Element Geochemistry
Jinghui NIU1 , Minggang WU2, Fuquan TIAN3, Dunfang QIU3, Zichong SONG3, Yonglin ZHANG4, Dejiang FAN1, Shihua ZHONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
  • 2Jiangxi Vocational Technical College of Industry and Trade, Nanchang 330038, Jiangxi, China
  • 3Shandong Gold Mining Industry (Jinxing) Co., LTD, Qingdao 266748, Shandong, China
  • 4Shandong Gold Mining Industry (Laixi) Co., LTD, Qingdao 266715, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026004
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黄铁矿是金矿床中最常见的载金矿物,其地球化学成分能有效指示成矿信息。笔者系统收集了全球浅成低温热液型、斑岩型和造山型金矿床中黄铁矿的微量元素数据,选取9种常见的地球化学特征,采用K近邻算法、随机森林和支持向量机3种机器学习模型进行模型训练,旨在建立一种基于黄铁矿成分高效、准确识别金矿床类型的新方法。模型分类性能评估结果显示,训练后的K近邻算法、随机森林和支持向量机模型的分类准确率分别为0.89、0.96和0.95。此外,文中采用未参与训练的东昆仑造山型金矿黄铁矿成分对训练模型进行独立验证,以评估其在实际应用中的适用性与准确性。结果表明,3种模型均能正确识别出这些黄铁矿主要来源于造山型金矿,其中支持向量机模型效果最佳,准确率达0.88。为克服机器学习的“黑匣子”问题,文中还引入机器学习可解释性方法,以揭示不同黄铁矿微量元素输入特征对分类结果的贡献。SHAP分析表明,在识别斑岩型和造山型金矿时,对模型输出结果影响最大的3个黄铁矿微量元素特征依次为As、Co和Cu,而在识别浅成低温热液型金矿时,黄铁矿的Cu、As和Ni含量对模型输出结果影响最大。研究结果表明,黄铁矿微量元素可作为区分金矿成因类型的有效标志。未来,结合机器学习方法,黄铁矿成分有望进一步拓展至其他类型矿床的识别与分类,为矿床成因研究与找矿预测提供新的技术途径。

K近邻值算法  /  随机森林  /  支持向量机  /  黄铁矿  /  微量元素

Pyrite is the most common gold bearing mineral in gold deposits, and its geochemical composition can effectively indicate mineralization processes. This study systematically compiles trace element data of pyrite from epithermal, porphyry, and orogenic gold deposits worldwide. Nine commonly used geochemical features are selected, and three machine learning models including the K nearest neighbors algorithm, random forest, and support vector machine are employed for model training, with the aim of establishing an efficient and accurate method for identifying gold deposit types based on pyrite composition. The evaluation results of model classification performance show that the classification accuracies of the trained K nearest neighbors, random forest, and support vector machine models are 0.89, 0.96, and 0.95, respectively. In addition, pyrite compositional data from the East Kunlun orogenic gold deposits that are not involved in model training are used for independent validation to assess the applicability and accuracy of the models in practical scenarios. The results indicate that all three models correctly identify these pyrites as mainly derived from orogenic gold deposits, among which the support vector machine model achieves the best performance with an accuracy of 0.88. To address the black box issue in machine learning, an interpretable machine learning method is further introduced to quantify the contributions of different pyrite trace element features to the classification results. The SHAP analysis reveals that As, Co, and Cu are the three most influential trace element features for distinguishing porphyry and orogenic gold deposits, whereas Cu, As, and Ni exert the greatest influence on the identification of epithermal gold deposits. The results demonstrate that trace elements in pyrite can serve as effective indicators for discriminating genetic types of gold deposits. In the future, combined with machine learning approaches, pyrite composition has the potential to be further extended to the identification and classification of other types of mineral deposits, providing new technical approaches for studies on ore genesis and mineral exploration prediction.

K-nearest neighbor  /  random forest  /  support vector machine  /  Pyrite  /  trace elements
牛警徽, 吴明刚, 田福泉, 邱敦方, 宋子崇, 张永林, 范德江, 钟世华. 基于机器学习和黄铁矿微量元素识别金矿床类型. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 20 -29 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026004
Jinghui NIU, Minggang WU, Fuquan TIAN, Dunfang QIU, Zichong SONG, Yonglin ZHANG, Dejiang FAN, Shihua ZHONG. Classification of Gold Deposit Types Based on Machine Learning and Pyrite Trace Element Geochemistry[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 20 -29 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026004
矿物原位微量元素记录了温度、氧逸度、成矿流体等关键信息,是研究矿床成因、揭示矿床类型的重要地球化学标志(Liu et al., 2023;Qiu et al., 2024;钟世华等,2025a,2025b)。近年来,分析仪器的迅猛发展使得利用矿物原位分析技术研究精细成矿过程成为可能(范宏瑞等,2018)。黄铁矿是各类金矿床中最重要的载金矿物(Li et al., 2021),其原位微量元素特征已被广泛用于揭示成矿过程和判定成因类型(Voute et al., 2019;Cao et al., 2023;Li et al., 2025;Ribeiro et al., 2026)。然而,海量研究数据的迅速积累使得如何高效处理和解读大规模、多维度的分析数据成为当前研究中的新挑战。机器学习(Machine Learning,简称ML)作为处理和分析大量多维数据的有效工具,能够提取数据潜在信息并做出预测或决策(He et al., 2022)。目前,机器学习已广泛应用于地球科学多个领域,例如花岗岩类型识别(Zhong et al., 2023)、矿产勘探(Shirmard et al., 2022)、找矿建模(Fu et al., 2021)等复杂问题。已有研究表明,借助机器学习模型,黄铁矿微量元素特征可以有效区分金矿床类型(Li et al., 2024;Wang et al., 2024;Gul et al., 2025),显示出较大的应用潜力。然而,现有研究仍面临样本来源分布不均、数据预处理方法有限以及模型解释性与地质关联不足等问题。
在此背景下,笔者系统收集了全球范围内浅成低温热液型(125条)、斑岩型(735条)和造山型(909条)矿床中黄铁矿的微量元素数据,并采用K近邻算法(K-Nearest Neighbor,简称KNN)、随机森林(Random Forest,简称RF)与支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,简称SVM)等3种常用机器学习算法进行模型训练。针对传统二维判别图解因受限于元素维度而导致分类精度不足的问题,文中不仅构建了高维分类模型,还引入了机器学习可解释性算法——SHapley Additive exPlanations(简称SHAP值),定量评估了黄铁矿微量元素在矿床分类中的重要性排序及其地质指示意义。在此基础上,进一步通过独立验证集对所构建的最优模型进行性能测试。该环节旨在客观评估模型在未参与训练样本上的泛化能力与判别精度,以期为准确识别金矿成因归属并指导找矿勘查提供可靠的量化判别工具。
笔者收集了全球范围内不同成因类型矿床的黄铁矿微量元素数据(表1)。由于测试工作由不同实验室完成,涉及多种分析方法(如LA-ICP-MS、EPMA等)及不同的测试条件,因此不可避免地存在一定的数据异质性。这种差异可能对部分微量元素的绝对含量产生影响,进而对模型训练过程引入潜在的不确定性。然而,机器学习算法通常更依赖于高维特征之间的相对关系与数据分布模式,而非单一元素的绝对值,这在本质上有助于减弱不同测试条件所带来的偏差。为进一步降低多源数据合并对分类结果的影响,在数据整理过程中对异常值进行了筛选,并优先选取分析精度较高、数据质量可靠的文献数据。经过清洗,最终获得1769条可用于模型训练与测试的样本数据。其中,包含浅成低温热液型矿床数据125条,斑岩型矿床数据735条以及造山型矿床数据909条。此外,尽管研究初期也收集了卡林型矿床的黄铁矿微量元素数据,但经过数据清洗之后其有效样本数量较少,为避免模型训练时产生严重的数据不平衡,故未将其纳入最终数据集。为验证所构建模型的适用性与分类效果,笔者整理了已公开报道的东昆仑造山带内黄铁矿微量元素数据133条,用作模型的独立验证集。
对于每一条黄铁矿微量元素数据,由于不同文献报道的元素种类存在差异,笔者选取了9种在所有数据集中均有报道的元素用于机器学习模型训练,分别为Au、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb、Te、Pb。汇编了黄铁矿微量元素数据集的统计学特征(表2,图1)。3种类型矿床的黄铁矿Au含量变化范围相对较小,其中浅成低温热液型矿床为0.01×10−6~166.00×10−6,平均值为12.35×10−6,斑岩型矿床为0.01×10−6~15.53×10−6,平均值为0.31×10−6,造山型矿床为0.01×10−6~415.00×10−6,平均值为10.77×10−6。As含量变化相对最大,其中浅成低温热液型矿床为0.83×10−6~76047.00×10−6,平均值为12013.62×10−6,斑岩型矿床为0.22×10−6~14022.31×10−6,平均值为699.22×10−6,造山型矿床为0.04×10−6~68931.00×10−6,平均值为3700.65×10−6。Co、Cu、Zn含量变化相对较大,Co含量在浅成低温热液型矿床和斑岩型矿床要高于在造山型矿床的含量,依次为0.01×10−6~21417.67×10−6(平均值为1195.87×10−6)、0.02×10−6~9600.73×10−6(平均值为1097.80×10−6)、0.02×10−6~8082.00×10−6(平均值为366.98×10−6)。Cu含量在浅成低温热液型矿床要高于在斑岩型矿床和造山型矿床的含量,依次为3.34×10−6~196448.00×10−6(平均值为9844.66×10−6)、0.01×10−6~8294.81×10−6(平均值为240.67×10−6)、0.06×10−6~6493.16×10−6(平均值为238.07×10−6)。Zn含量大致相当,在浅成低温热液型矿床中的含量为0.43×10−6~13383.00×10−6,平均值为277.82×10−6,斑岩型矿床的含量为0.01×10−6~6218.86×10−6,平均值为33.75×10−6,造山型矿床为0.02×10−6~13609.00×10−6,平均值为122.69×10−6。
综上所述,不同类型矿床黄铁矿微量元素虽然在分布范围上存在一定重合,但平均含量以及总体的变化趋势在某些元素上存在明显不同,因此通过这些元素进行矿床类型的区分在理论上可行。
本次研究采用KNN模型、RF模型和SVM模型3种常用的机器学习方法对不同成因类型的金矿床进行分类模型训练。这3种模型在处理复杂非线性关系方面表现卓越,涵盖了从个体判别到集成学习的不同维度。
KNN模型是一种原理简明、应用广泛的基本分类与回归方法。其核心思想是将待预测样本表示为高维特征空间中的向量,通过计算其与训练集中样本特征向量之间的距离,选取距离最小的k(k≥1)个邻近样本,并根据这些邻居的类别进行分类判断。当进行分类任务时,KNN模型通过多数投票原则决定待分类样本的类别。如果k=1,则该样本直接被归类为其最近邻样本的类别(图2a)。较小的k值易使模型受到噪声数据的干扰,而较大的k值则可能导致类别界限模糊,因此需要通过交叉验证来确定最优k值。
RF模型是一种基于集成学习理论的监督式机器学习算法,其核心机制是通过自助法重采样,从原始数据集中有放回地随机抽取多个子样本集,并为每个子样本集构建一棵决策树(胡祥祥等,2025)。在决策树的生长过程中,RF模型引入了特征随机选取技术,即在每个节点分裂时仅从随机抽取的特征子集中选择最优属性,从而显著降低了各决策树之间的相关性。RF模型通过对所有决策树的预测结果进行多数投票来确定目标样本的分类归属(图2b)。相比于单一分类器,随机森林通过集合多个弱分类器的预测结果,表现出较强的泛化能力和抗噪声性能,能有效克服决策树易趋向过拟合的局限。
SVM模型是一种基于统计学习理论和结构风险最小化原则的监督式算法(Bhavsar et al., 2012;王本栋等,2024),是通过核函数将低维空间的输入向量非线性地映射至高维特征空间,并在该空间中寻求一个能够将不同类别样本精准分离的最优超平面。该超平面两侧的支持向量与其所对应的平行边界共同确定了分类的决策边界,当间隔最大化时,模型获得最优的分类性能(图2c)。这一机制不仅确保了模型对训练数据的准确分类,更显著增强了模型的泛化能力。SVM模型在处理小样本、高维数以及非线性分布的地球化学数据集时表现出极强的鲁棒性。
在设计机器学习模型训练过程中,本文将总数据集(n=1769)按照8∶2的比例随机划分为训练集(n=1415)和测试集(n=354)。由于不同类型矿床中黄铁矿微量元素数据分布不均(浅成低温热液型∶斑岩型∶造山型≈1∶7∶9),为避免数据不平衡对模型训练准确性产生干扰(郭广慧等,2023;刘嘉情等,2023;2025),在训练前采用过采样方法对数据集进行平衡处理。此外,采取五倍交叉验证用以减少单一训练可能产生的误差。在训练过程中同步进行超参数优化,之后利用测试集评估模型性能,并输出模型最后的分类评价指标。若机器学习模型在测试集上表现较好,则进一步通过独立验证集进行外部验证,以准确率评估模型在实际应用中的可行性与稳定性。
由于机器学习模型可能存在不同程度的欠拟合和过拟合问题,需通过超参数优化以提升模型的泛化能力与预测精度。使用贝叶斯搜索技术对3种机器学习模型的关键超参数进行优化。完成超参数调优后,分别采用优化后的模型对测试集进行预测,并生成相应的混淆矩阵。混淆矩阵用于展示模型预测结果与实际矿床类型之间的对应关系:矩阵的行代表样本的真实类别,每行的总数即为该类别的实际样本数量;列代表模型的预测类别,每列的总数为被预测为该类别的样本数量;而对角线上的元素则代表预测正确的样本数。通过分析混淆矩阵,可以系统评估各模型在不同矿床类型上的分类准确性及泛化能力。在此基础上,进一步利用3种模型的混淆矩阵计算更全面的分类评估指标,包括查准率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)与F1-score。其中,查准率衡量的是被模型预测为正类的样本中实际为正类的比例,召回率衡量的是实际为正类的样本中被模型正确预测的比例,而F1-score则是准确率与召回率的调和平均数,能够综合反映模型在特定类别上的分类性能。
使用测试集对3个已训练模型的性能进行评估,得到相应的分类混淆矩阵(图3)和对应的模型评价指标(表3)。结果表明,3种模型在识别斑岩型和造山型矿床时的性能普遍优于浅成低温热液型矿床。这一差异可能源于浅成低温热液型矿床的数据量较少,限制了算法对该类型矿床微量元素特征空间的充分提取与学习。
从模型整体性能来看,KNN模型得分相对较低,为0.89;RF模型表现最优,分类准确率达0.96;SVM模型次之,为0.95。上述结果表明,相较于基于距离度量的KNN模型,采用集成学习策略的RF模型和基于高维空间划分的SVM模型更能有效捕捉黄铁矿微量元素之间的复杂非线性耦合关系。
测试集各项评估参数表明,3种机器学习模型均表现出优异的分类性能,初步验证了利用黄铁矿微量元素判别金矿床成因类型的可行性。然而,考虑到测试集部分数据可能与训练集样本存在同源或相似的地质背景关联,模型在测试阶段展现出的高精度可能无法完全反映其对完全未知数据的真实预测能力。为客观评价模型的泛化性能与稳健性,本研究进一步引入东昆仑造山带已知成因的黄铁矿样本作为独立验证集。该数据集全程未参与模型的训练与参数调优过程,且其造山型成因归属已获地质证据明确佐证。通过将该独立验证集代入已构建的模型,结合混淆矩阵(图4)分析其外部判别表现。鉴于该验证集样本均属于单一矿床类型,本阶段评估仅以准确率作为核心评价指标(表4)。验证结果显示,KNN模型准确率得分为0.72;尽管RF模型在测试阶段展现出最优的分类精度,但在独立验证集中的准确率仅为0.81。相比之下,SVM模型在验证集表现最为稳健,准确率达0.88,明显优于RF模型和KNN模型。
不同机器学习模型在测试集与独立验证集中表现出性能差异,可能反映了其对数据结构的敏感性的不同。RF模型通过随机采样构建复杂的非线性决策边界,虽能捕捉微细特征,但在面对具有区域特异性的新样本时,易受训练集局部特征的干扰而产生过拟合现象,这一局限在先前的研究中亦有报道(Barreñada et al., 2024)。相比之下,SVM模型通过构建最大间隔分类边界,并引入正则化机制控制模型复杂度,其决策函数相对平滑,对局部异常值或噪声不敏感,因此在跨区域数据应用中通常表现出更稳定的泛化能力。
综上所述,SVM模型在3种模型中整体性能最优,具备较强的稳定性与预测能力,可作为基于黄铁矿微量元素区分浅成低温热液型、斑岩型与造山型矿床的有效工具,具有一定的实际应用价值。
尽管机器学习已成为地球科学研究的重要工具,但其复杂的“黑匣子”特性往往限制了研究人员对分类机制的深入理解。为提升决策者对模型的信任度并从中获取有效的科学认知,模型可解释性的重要性日益凸显。因此,笔者引入机器学习可解释方法SHAP值对表现最优的SVM模型的内部运作过程进行了解释,用以定量评估Au、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb、Te和Pb等9种黄铁矿微量元素对分类结果的影响程度。SHAP特征贡献图能够直观展示不同特征对模型输出的相对重要性:图中纵坐标按特征重要性由高到低自上而下排列,越靠近上方的特征表明其对模型整体输出的贡献越大。每个数据点代表一个样本,点的颜色反映该样本对应特征的取值高低(蓝色至红色渐变表示特征值由低到高),而点在水平方向上的位置则体现了该特征对模型输出的正向或负向影响强度。
在运用黄铁矿微量元素成分识别斑岩型和造山型金矿时,对判别结果影响最大的3个元素依次为As、Co和Cu(图5)。尽管两种矿床的黄铁矿均以低Cu为特征,来自斑岩型和造山型金矿的黄铁矿表现出不同的As、Co含量趋势:来自造山型金矿的黄铁矿具有高As、低Co的特征,而来自斑岩型金矿的黄铁矿具有低As、高Co的特征。此外,两种矿床的其他微量元素也表现出截然不同的特征,如来自斑岩型矿床的黄铁矿具有高Ni、低Sb、低Pb和低Zn的趋势,而来自造山型金矿的黄铁矿则倾向于低Ni、高Sb、高Pb和高Zn。与斑岩型金矿和造山型金矿不同,在运用黄铁矿成分识别浅成低温热液型金矿时最重要的特征依次为Cu、As和Ni,并且Cu含量越高,越可能为浅成低温热液矿床。以上这些特征与3种矿床的黄铁矿微量元素统计结果一致(图1)。
综上所述,SHAP特征贡献图系统揭示了黄铁矿微量元素在不同矿床类型判别中的差异化影响模式。上述差异不仅从机器学习可解释性角度量化了各微量元素在不同成矿系统中的判别权重,更与各类型矿床黄铁矿的地球化学特征高度吻合,从而在模型预测能力与地质认知之间建立了可信的桥梁。不过,造成不同矿床之间黄铁矿地球化学差异的地质过程尚未完全查明,需要未来进一步研究。
文中基于黄铁矿原位微量元素大数据构建的SVM模型,在区分浅成低温热液型、斑岩型和造山型金矿床方面展现出较高的准确率与泛化能力。与传统二维判别图解相比,该高维机器学习模型能够深度挖掘多元素之间的非线性关系与综合特征,有效优化了矿床成因的判别流程,为找矿预测与靶区评价提供了更为客观的定量工具。
需要指出的是,文中所采用的数据集来源于全球不同区域的浅成低温热液型、斑岩型及造山型金矿床,不同区域在构造背景、岩浆演化及成矿流体性质等方面存在一定差异,这可能在一定程度上引入区域偏倚,从而对模型的泛化能力产生影响。尽管如此,黄铁矿微量元素组成在不同类型矿床中通常表现出相对稳定的判别特征,使得跨区域数据整合具备一定的可行性。以东昆仑地区金矿床作为独立验证数据集,其判别结果与已有地质认识相一致,表明该模型在一定程度上具备跨区域应用能力。未来研究中,可进一步通过构建区域子数据集、开展分区建模或引入更多具有代表性的样本数据,对模型进行针对性优化,以提升其泛化能力与适用范围。
此外,多源数据融合不可避免地受制于不同实验室分析方法及测试条件的差异。未来需建立统一的数据筛选标准、引入标准参考物质进行归一化处理,或构建同一分析平台下的数据子集模型,以进一步提高数据的一致性和模型的可靠性。用于训练与验证的特征选择主要基于数据可获得性,可能未包含部分对矿床成因判别具有重要意义但报道较少的微量元素,且不同元素之间可能存在一定相关性或信息冗余,可能对模型判别能力产生影响。虽然文中已引入SHAP算法对主控元素进行了提取,但在未来研究中,仍需结合更全面的标准化测试数据与先进的降维算法,持续优化关键判别特征库,从而不断提升模型的预测精度与地球化学可解释性。
(1)汇编了来自全球浅成低温热液型、斑岩型、造山型矿床中的黄铁矿微量元素数据,采用KNN模型、RF模型与SVM模型3种机器学习方法,构建了基于黄铁矿微量元素判别上述3类矿床的机器学习分类模型。
(2)模型分类性能评估结果表明,训练所得KNN模型、RF模型与SVM模型的分类准确率分别为0.89、0.96和0.95。将上述模型应用于东昆仑造山带金矿识别,结果显示各模型均具备可靠的识别能力,其中SVM模型表现最佳,准确率达0.88。
(3)SHAP分析结果显示,在斑岩型和造山型金矿的识别过程中,对模型输出贡献最大的黄铁矿微量元素特征依次为As、Co和Cu,而在识别浅成低温热液型金矿时,Cu、As和Ni对模型输出的影响最为显著。未来工作中,需要进一步深化对控制上述元素地球化学行为的地质过程解译。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026004
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
  • 修回日期:2026-04-22
  • 录用日期:2026-04-23
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    1中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2江西工业贸易职业技术学院,江西 南昌 330038
    3山东黄金矿业(金星)有限公司,山东 青岛 266748
    4山东黄金矿业(莱西)有限公司,山东 青岛 266715

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钟世华(1989−),男,博士,副教授,从事矿床学和地质大数据研究。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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