Article(id=1307086283482882584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771862400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-24, revisedDate=1775491200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-07, acceptedDate=1775491200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-07, onlineDate=1789563254470, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563254470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563254470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563254470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086283927478809, articleId=1307086283482882584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Application of Machine Learning in the Genetic Classification of Gold Deposits: An Exploratory Study Based on Pyrite Trace Element Geochemistry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pyrite is the most common metallic sulfide in gold deposits, and its trace element composition effectively records the physicochemical properties of ore-forming fluids and mineralization environments, thus serving as an important indicator for discriminating genetic types of gold deposits. With the rapid development of information technology, geoscience research has entered a data-intensive era, and the accumulation of multi-source, multi-scale geochemical data provides new opportunities for quantitative classification of deposit types. However, existing studies are still limited by small sample sizes, insufficient coverage of deposit types, and relatively low classification accuracy. To address these issues, this study systematically compiles LA-ICP-MS trace element data of pyrite from seven types of gold deposits, including iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), porphyry, low-sulfidation and high-sulfidation epithermal, Carlin-type, and orogenic deposits, and constructs a large geochemical dataset. After missing value control and centered log-ratio (CLR) transformation, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) models are applied to classify deposit types, and their performance is systematically evaluated using cross-validation and multiple metrics. The results show that the SVM model based on the original CLR feature space achieves the best performance in terms of classification accuracy and stability, whereas the RF model, while maintaining strong predictive capability, reveals the key trace element combinations controlling classification through SHAP analysis. Overall, this study demonstrates that machine learning methods can effectively extract geologically meaningful mineralization signatures, and that the integration of high-performance classification models with interpretability analysis provides an effective approach for the identification and genetic study of gold deposit types in complex mineralization systems.

, authors=Songhao FAN1, 2, 3, Da WANG2, *, Guotao ZHU2, Biao YANG1, 3, Panyun SU1, 3, Xiuhong HOU1, 3, Hanqin LYU1, 3, Yandong HAN1, 3, Lei CHEN1, 3, authorsList=Songhao FAN, Da WANG, Guotao ZHU, Biao YANG, Panyun SU, Xiuhong HOU, Hanqin LYU, Yandong HAN, Lei CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Da WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086288608322098, articleId=1307086283482882584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=机器学习在金矿床成因类型识别中的应用:基于黄铁矿微量元素地球化学特征的探索研究, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄铁矿是金矿床中最常见的金属硫化物,其微量元素组成能够有效记录成矿流体性质与成矿环境信息,在金矿床成因类型判别中具有重要指示意义。随着信息技术的迅速发展,地球科学研究已进入数据密集化阶段,多源、多尺度地球化学数据的积累为矿床类型的定量识别提供了新的契机。然而,现有研究仍存在样本规模有限、矿床类型覆盖不足及判别精度不高等问题。针对上述不足,笔者系统汇集铁氧化物–铜–金(IOCG)型、火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)型、斑岩型、低硫浅成低温热液型、高硫浅成低温热液型、卡林型及造山型7种类型金矿床的黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS微量元素数据并构建大数据集。在完成缺失值控制与中心对数比(CLR)变换的基础上,引入支持向量机(SVM)与随机森林(RF)模型开展矿床类型判别,并通过交叉验证与多指标评价对模型性能进行系统对比。结果显示,基于原始CLR特征空间的SVM模型在分类精度与稳定性方面表现最优;RF模型在保持较高判别能力的同时,结合SHAP分析揭示了不同矿床类型判别所依赖的关键微量元素组合特征。研究表明,机器学习方法能够有效提取具有地质意义的成矿指示信息,将高性能分类模型与可解释性分析相结合,是开展复杂成矿体系中金矿床类型识别与成因研究的有效技术路径。

, authors=樊松浩1, 2, 3, 王达2, *, 朱国韬2, 杨彪1, 3, 苏攀云1, 3, 侯秀宏1, 3, 吕汉秦1, 3, 韩燕东1, 3, 陈磊1, 3, authorsList=樊松浩, 王达, 朱国韬, 杨彪, 苏攀云, 侯秀宏, 吕汉秦, 韩燕东, 陈磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王达, authorNote=

樊松浩(1994−),男,工程师,从事基础地质调查研究与矿产资源勘查工作。E–mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王达(1990−),男,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为关键金属成矿研究与勘查评价。E–mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1ojzzmsJZQKb6AXPL/2q3A==, magXml=iCNVDUI8aRd+QzL3Ei0X8A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=igNMaii47VlCXBIWHNQk7Q==, pdfFileSize=11752736, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=dnwMsakkaNVh0BgBO2XSxA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wm2ZAeTH1rJE8rKkMZPRvA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086716280529655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086283482882584, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=625040570@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086716637045499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086283482882584, authorId=1307086716280529655, language=EN, stringName=Songhao FAN, firstName=Songhao, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Hohhot Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center of China Geological Survey, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
2School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
3Innovation Base for Gold Exploration Technology in the Northern Margin of North China Craton, Geological Society of China, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086717043892989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086283482882584, authorId=1307086716280529655, language=CN, stringName=樊松浩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1中国地质调查局呼和浩特自然资源综合调查中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
2中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
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樊松浩(1994−),男,工程师,从事基础地质调查研究与矿产资源勘查工作。E–mail:

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a. 17种元素分布箱线图;b. 综合火山图;c. 元素富集雷达图;箱线图为对数坐标(仅保留>0数据);EF为各矿床类型元素中位数与全样本中位数之比;火山图p值采用曼–惠特尼(Mann-whitey)U检验(双侧);雷达图纬度为全局区分度较高的前K个元素

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a. PC1–PC2得分图;b. PC1–PC2载荷双标图

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Summary of element enrichment characteristics of different deposit types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿床类型主要富集元素组合次级富集元素低富集/背景元素关键地球化学指示意义
IOCG型Te,Co,Ni,V,SeCu,Au,Bi,SnFe,S通常与铁氧化物–硫化物共生体系相关,可能反映深源或幔源流体参与的高温成矿环境(与前人研究结果总体一致)
VMS型Zn,Pb,Cu,Ag,Sb,BiIn,Sn,Mn,Tl—与海底火山喷流沉积过程密切相关,亲硫元素富集特征明显,元素组合通常表现出较好的稳定性
低硫浅成低温热液型Au,Ag,Te,MoPb,Tl,SbAs可能对应中性–弱碱性、相对低硫逸度流体环境,Au–Ag–Te组合较为典型,可与高硫型及卡林型进行区分
高硫浅成低温热液型CuGe,Bi,Te,Se,AgFe,S通常与高硫逸度、酸性岩浆流体体系有关,Cu富集程度较高,是重要判别特征之一
卡林型As,Au,SbCu,W,SeZn,Pb与富砷黄铁矿中“不可见金”赋存密切相关,As–Au–Sb组合显著,可能反映低温还原性热液体系
斑岩型Ge,Cr,V(弱)Te,SeFe,S,Co元素富集整体较弱,更多表现为多元素组合特征,通常不以单一元素异常为主要判别依据
造山型Sb,Hg,TlNi,W,Zn,AsCu,Pb可能与变质流体控制的剪切带成矿体系有关,表现为中低温、挥发分参与的地球化学特征
), ArticleFig(id=1307086728712446797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086283482882584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同矿床类型元素富集特征一览表

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矿床类型主要富集元素组合次级富集元素低富集/背景元素关键地球化学指示意义
IOCG型Te,Co,Ni,V,SeCu,Au,Bi,SnFe,S通常与铁氧化物–硫化物共生体系相关,可能反映深源或幔源流体参与的高温成矿环境(与前人研究结果总体一致)
VMS型Zn,Pb,Cu,Ag,Sb,BiIn,Sn,Mn,Tl—与海底火山喷流沉积过程密切相关,亲硫元素富集特征明显,元素组合通常表现出较好的稳定性
低硫浅成低温热液型Au,Ag,Te,MoPb,Tl,SbAs可能对应中性–弱碱性、相对低硫逸度流体环境,Au–Ag–Te组合较为典型,可与高硫型及卡林型进行区分
高硫浅成低温热液型CuGe,Bi,Te,Se,AgFe,S通常与高硫逸度、酸性岩浆流体体系有关,Cu富集程度较高,是重要判别特征之一
卡林型As,Au,SbCu,W,SeZn,Pb与富砷黄铁矿中“不可见金”赋存密切相关,As–Au–Sb组合显著,可能反映低温还原性热液体系
斑岩型Ge,Cr,V(弱)Te,SeFe,S,Co元素富集整体较弱,更多表现为多元素组合特征,通常不以单一元素异常为主要判别依据
造山型Sb,Hg,TlNi,W,Zn,AsCu,Pb可能与变质流体控制的剪切带成矿体系有关,表现为中低温、挥发分参与的地球化学特征
), ArticleFig(id=1307086728842470222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086283482882584, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of classification performance of random forest model under different missing value imputation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺失值处理方法+分类模型平衡准确率(Balanced Accuracy)平衡准确率标准差宏平均 F1 值(F1-macro)F1 标准差
MissForest-like插补+随机森林(RF)0.90930.01330.91570.0114
KNN插补+随机森林(RF)0.89460.01300.90310.0101
), ArticleFig(id=1307086728917967695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086283482882584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同缺失值处理方法下随机森林模型分类性能对比

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缺失值处理方法+分类模型平衡准确率(Balanced Accuracy)平衡准确率标准差宏平均 F1 值(F1-macro)F1 标准差
MissForest-like插补+随机森林(RF)0.90930.01330.91570.0114
KNN插补+随机森林(RF)0.89460.01300.90310.0101
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机器学习在金矿床成因类型识别中的应用:基于黄铁矿微量元素地球化学特征的探索研究
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樊松浩 1, 2, 3 , 王达 2, * , 朱国韬 2 , 杨彪 1, 3 , 苏攀云 1, 3 , 侯秀宏 1, 3 , 吕汉秦 1, 3 , 韩燕东 1, 3 , 陈磊 1, 3
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 30-47
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 30 -47
机器学习在金矿床成因类型识别中的应用:基于黄铁矿微量元素地球化学特征的探索研究
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樊松浩1, 2, 3 , 王达2, * , 朱国韬2, 杨彪1, 3, 苏攀云1, 3, 侯秀宏1, 3, 吕汉秦1, 3, 韩燕东1, 3, 陈磊1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局呼和浩特自然资源综合调查中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
  • 2中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
  • 3中国地质学会华北克拉通北缘金矿勘查技术创新基地,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
通讯作者:
王达(1990−),男,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为关键金属成矿研究与勘查评价。E–mail:。
作者简介:

樊松浩(1994−),男,工程师,从事基础地质调查研究与矿产资源勘查工作。E–mail:

Application of Machine Learning in the Genetic Classification of Gold Deposits: An Exploratory Study Based on Pyrite Trace Element Geochemistry
Songhao FAN1, 2, 3 , Da WANG2, * , Guotao ZHU2, Biao YANG1, 3, Panyun SU1, 3, Xiuhong HOU1, 3, Hanqin LYU1, 3, Yandong HAN1, 3, Lei CHEN1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Hohhot Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center of China Geological Survey, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3Innovation Base for Gold Exploration Technology in the Northern Margin of North China Craton, Geological Society of China, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025187
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黄铁矿是金矿床中最常见的金属硫化物,其微量元素组成能够有效记录成矿流体性质与成矿环境信息,在金矿床成因类型判别中具有重要指示意义。随着信息技术的迅速发展,地球科学研究已进入数据密集化阶段,多源、多尺度地球化学数据的积累为矿床类型的定量识别提供了新的契机。然而,现有研究仍存在样本规模有限、矿床类型覆盖不足及判别精度不高等问题。针对上述不足,笔者系统汇集铁氧化物–铜–金(IOCG)型、火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)型、斑岩型、低硫浅成低温热液型、高硫浅成低温热液型、卡林型及造山型7种类型金矿床的黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS微量元素数据并构建大数据集。在完成缺失值控制与中心对数比(CLR)变换的基础上,引入支持向量机(SVM)与随机森林(RF)模型开展矿床类型判别,并通过交叉验证与多指标评价对模型性能进行系统对比。结果显示,基于原始CLR特征空间的SVM模型在分类精度与稳定性方面表现最优;RF模型在保持较高判别能力的同时,结合SHAP分析揭示了不同矿床类型判别所依赖的关键微量元素组合特征。研究表明,机器学习方法能够有效提取具有地质意义的成矿指示信息,将高性能分类模型与可解释性分析相结合,是开展复杂成矿体系中金矿床类型识别与成因研究的有效技术路径。

机器学习  /  黄铁矿  /  微量元素特征  /  金矿成因类型

Pyrite is the most common metallic sulfide in gold deposits, and its trace element composition effectively records the physicochemical properties of ore-forming fluids and mineralization environments, thus serving as an important indicator for discriminating genetic types of gold deposits. With the rapid development of information technology, geoscience research has entered a data-intensive era, and the accumulation of multi-source, multi-scale geochemical data provides new opportunities for quantitative classification of deposit types. However, existing studies are still limited by small sample sizes, insufficient coverage of deposit types, and relatively low classification accuracy. To address these issues, this study systematically compiles LA-ICP-MS trace element data of pyrite from seven types of gold deposits, including iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), porphyry, low-sulfidation and high-sulfidation epithermal, Carlin-type, and orogenic deposits, and constructs a large geochemical dataset. After missing value control and centered log-ratio (CLR) transformation, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) models are applied to classify deposit types, and their performance is systematically evaluated using cross-validation and multiple metrics. The results show that the SVM model based on the original CLR feature space achieves the best performance in terms of classification accuracy and stability, whereas the RF model, while maintaining strong predictive capability, reveals the key trace element combinations controlling classification through SHAP analysis. Overall, this study demonstrates that machine learning methods can effectively extract geologically meaningful mineralization signatures, and that the integration of high-performance classification models with interpretability analysis provides an effective approach for the identification and genetic study of gold deposit types in complex mineralization systems.

machine learning  /  pyrite  /  trace element characteristics  /  genetic types of gold deposits
樊松浩, 王达, 朱国韬, 杨彪, 苏攀云, 侯秀宏, 吕汉秦, 韩燕东, 陈磊. 机器学习在金矿床成因类型识别中的应用:基于黄铁矿微量元素地球化学特征的探索研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 30 -47 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025187
Songhao FAN, Da WANG, Guotao ZHU, Biao YANG, Panyun SU, Xiuhong HOU, Hanqin LYU, Yandong HAN, Lei CHEN. Application of Machine Learning in the Genetic Classification of Gold Deposits: An Exploratory Study Based on Pyrite Trace Element Geochemistry[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 30 -47 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025187
自21世纪以来,人工智能技术迅速发展,机器学习作为其核心方法之一,已在医疗、金融和交通等多个领域取得显著应用成效(Ngai et al., 2011; Esteva et al., 2019; Haydari et al., 2023)。在地球科学领域,机器学习凭借其在复杂数据处理、模式识别及非线性关系刻画方面的优势,近年来逐渐应用于矿床预测、地质灾害评估等领域(翟明国等,2018;郭广慧等,2023;刘嘉情等,2023;胡祥祥等,2025;张茂省等,2026)。随着激光剥蚀–电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、电子探针显微分析(EMPA)、遥感探测及地球物理成像等高精度技术的不断发展与广泛应用,地球化学、遥感及地质结构等多源数据得以高精度、大规模获取,推动地球科学研究逐步进入“数据密集化”与“智能化”并行发展的新阶段(黄少芳等,2016;Merghadi et al., 2020)。在此背景下,如何有效整合多源、多尺度地学数据并开展定量分析,已成为当前矿产资源研究的重要发展方向。
矿产资源是支撑国家经济建设和工业化进程的重要物质基础(赵洋等,2011)。随着浅部矿产资源的逐步消耗,找矿工作正逐渐向深部及隐伏矿体拓展(郑超杰,2021),勘查难度显著增加,对找矿理论与技术体系提出了更高要求(赵东博,2021)。传统依赖经验判断及单一指标异常识别的方法,在复杂成矿体系中往往存在信息利用不足、判别精度有限等问题(左仁广等,2021),难以满足深部找矿与多类型矿床识别的需求。因而,亟需引入能够处理高维、多变量数据的定量化分析方法,以提升矿床识别的准确性与科学性。
在金属矿产勘查中,金矿床因其重要的经济价值始终是研究重点。黄铁矿作为金矿床中最为常见的金属硫化物,在多种成因类型矿床中广泛发育(高振敏等,2000)。大量研究表明,黄铁矿中微量元素组成能够有效记录成矿流体来源、温压条件及成矿过程中的物质迁移与演化信息,是解析成矿过程的重要地球化学载体(徐国风等,1979)。随着LA-ICP-MS和EMPA等技术的快速发展,黄铁矿微量元素能够实现高精度原位测定,为矿床成因研究与类型判别提供了可靠的数据支撑(Arehart et al., 1996; Gregory et al., 2019)。不同成因类型金矿床在成矿流体来源、物化条件及演化路径方面存在显著差异,这些差异会直接影响黄铁矿中微量元素的富集与分配特征(Steadman et al., 2021),并在其元素组合中形成具有指示意义的地球化学信息。因此,基于黄铁矿微量元素特征开展矿床成因判别,具有重要的理论意义与应用价值。
然而,现有研究多集中于局部区域或单一矿床类型,样本规模有限,矿床类型覆盖不足,所涉及微量元素种类相对受限,导致已有判别模型在复杂多类型体系中的适用性与泛化能力仍然不足(严育通等,2012;李洪梁等,2019)。在地学大数据背景下,如何系统整合不同成因类型金矿床中黄铁矿的微量元素数据,并结合机器学习方法构建高精度、高稳定性的分类模型,从而实现矿床类型的定量判别,已成为当前亟待解决的关键科学问题。
基于此,笔者以不同成因类型金矿床中黄铁矿为研究对象,系统汇集其微量元素地球化学数据,构建多类型矿床综合数据集,在数据预处理基础上引入支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)两种典型机器学习模型开展成因类型判别研究,并对模型分类性能及稳定性进行对比分析。研究结果旨在为金矿床成因类型识别提供新的定量化方法,同时为复杂成矿体系中机器学习方法的应用提供理论依据与技术参考。
笔者针对LA-ICP-MS技术测得的不同成因类型金矿床黄铁矿微量元素进行系统收集,进而将整理后的6731条黄铁矿微量元素数据构建成黄铁矿地球化学数据集(图1)。尽管文中所汇编的数据来源于不同文献,但通过中心对数比(CLR)变换将分析重点从绝对含量转向元素相对比例,可有效削弱不同实验条件带来的尺度差异。多元素组合在不同矿床类型中表现出的稳定结构特征,以及模型在交叉验证中的良好稳定性,表明文中识别的差异主要受地质过程控制,而非分析条件差异所致。由于SEDEX型矿床主要富集铅锌银,金品位含量较低,并非典型的金矿(Emsbo et al., 2000;Leach et al., 2005;朱昊磊等,2023;邓依等,2024),故本研究着重收集数据包含除SEDEX型矿床外的铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)型、火山块状硫化物(VMS)型、斑岩型、低硫浅成低温热液型、高硫浅成低温热液型、卡林型、造山型等7类金矿床成因类型,重点研究数据齐全的Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Sb、Te、Au、Pb、Bi等元素(图1)。
黄铁矿微量元素地球化学大数据集中的各个元素的统计学特征(表1,图2)显示,不同成因类型的金矿床存在微量元素富集特征差异。初步的原始数据特征分析发现:IOCG型矿床表现出明显的Te–Co–Ni–V–Se–Cu–Au元素组合富集特征,其中Te的富集程度最为显著(log2EF>6;EF为各矿床类型元素中位数与全样本中位数之比),同时Co、Ni与V呈现稳定增强,反映出深源或幔源流体对成矿体系的显著贡献,Co–Ni–V的协同富集通常指示铁质–幔源物质输入及深大断裂控制,而Te、Bi与Au、Cu的伴生则表明高温、强氧化性流体条件下铁氧化物–硫化物共存的成矿环境,该元素组合是IOCG型矿床的典型地球化学指纹,在多矿床成因类型对比中具有良好的判别性。
VMS型矿床显示出高度集中的Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag–Sb–Bi–In富集特征,且多数元素缺失率极低,说明该类矿床具有稳定而一致的元素组合。Zn、Pb与Cu的显著富集反映了火山喷流环境中硫化物的大规模沉淀过程,而Ag、Bi、In与Sn的同步富集则指示高温火山热液体系对挥发性和亲硫元素的有效富集。Mn的相对增强进一步表明热液与水混合过程在成矿中的重要作用,该元素组合构成了典型且易于识别的VMS型矿床地球化学特征。
低硫型矿床以Au–Ag–Te–Mo的显著富集为主要特征,Pb、Tl与Sb呈现次级增强,而As基本接近背景水平。Au与Ag的强烈富集反映了中低温条件下贵金属的有效沉淀,Te的同步富集则指示岩浆流体对挥发分元素的贡献。As缺乏明显富集是该类矿床区别于高硫型浅成矿床和卡林型金矿的重要判据,整体元素组合表明成矿流体以中性至弱碱性、低硫逸度环境为主。
高硫型矿床以Cu的极强富集为最显著特征(log2EF>5),Ge、Bi、Te、Se与Ag呈现中等至强烈增强,反映高硫逸度、强酸性岩浆流体环境。Cu的异常富集是高硫型体系中硫化物(如黄铜矿、斑铜矿)大量沉淀的直接表现,而Bi–Te–Se的伴生特征则指示高温、富挥发分的岩浆–热液成矿条件。由于本研究地球化学数据均使用LA-ICP-MS以黄铁矿为分析对象获得,因此S与Fe接近背景水平,不影响该类矿床的判别特征。
斑岩型矿床整体表现为元素富集程度较弱,多数元素EF接近或略低于背景值,仅Ge、Cr、V、Te与Se显示轻微增强。这种特征反映了斑岩系统中金属元素以大规模、弥散式分布为主,而非单元素极端富集。Fe与S接近背景水平,符合斑岩矿床以硫化物含量变化不显著、而依赖空间结构和多元素组合识别的成矿特征。因此,斑岩型矿床更适合通过多变量模式识别而非单一富集指标进行判别。
造山型金矿床以Sb–Hg–Tl的显著富集为主要特征,Ni、W、Zn与As呈现轻至中等增强,反映了深部剪切带控制下的变质热液成矿过程。Sb、Hg与Tl的组合通常指示中低温、富含挥发分的变质流体环境,而Ni与W的出现则可能与深源物质输入或深部构造通道有关。As的富集程度相对有限,有助于将其与As极为富集的卡林型金矿区分开来。
笔者对原始数据中的零值与缺失值进行了机制划分。依据数据分布及多来源文献数据特征,将缺失划分为未测型缺失(NM)、低于检出限(BDL)及真实缺失(NaN)3类。其中,NM指某元素在全部样品中均未出现正值,反映其未被测定;BDL指部分样品为0而其他样品为正值,0值代表低于分析检出限;NaN则表示数据记录缺失。针对不同缺失机制,笔者采取差异化处理策略:剔除NM变量;在剩余元素中基于总体缺失率、分矿床类型最大缺失率及零值比例构建综合缺失风险评分,筛选出17个低风险元素(Ni、Co、Sb、As、Pb、Ag、Cu、Zn、Se、Au、Bi、Te、Mo、Mn、Tl、Sn和Cd);对BDL数据采用最小正值一半进行替代,对剩余NaN缺失采用基于随机森林的迭代插补方法(MissForest-like)进行补全。需指出,该方法仅用于BDL处理后的NaN,而不用于NM变量,以避免结构性缺失引入偏差。
结果表明(表2),MissForest-like在分类性能与稳定性上优于KNN(Balanced Accuracy≈0.91,F1-macro≈0.92),因此作为主插补方案。缺失率阈值敏感性分析显示,当阈值由0.2提高至0.5时模型性能持续提升,而在0.5以上趋于稳定,最终选取0.5作为推荐阈值。对照实验表明,在不插补及完整变量子集条件下模型仍具有较好分类能力(F1-macro≈0.87),而引入缺失指示变量虽显著提高精度(F1-macro>0.98),但可能放大结构性缺失信息,因此仅作为敏感性分析。综上所述,笔者构建了兼顾地球化学合理性与统计稳健性的缺失值处理流程,为后续CLR变换及机器学习建模提供了可靠数据基础。
由于数据集数量级差异(例如,Co元素含量常达到数百ppm,而Se、Te等元素则通常仅为个位数ppm甚至更低),因此为了消除数据差异带来的闭合效应,消除对模型训练的主导效应,有效的揭示各元素的指示意义(Zhang et al., 2023)。
CLR变换:对每个样本中的元素浓度向量取自然对数;计算该对数向量的几何均值g(ln(x));执行中心化处理CLR(x)=ln(x)−g(ln(x))。变换后的每个元素值表示其相对于整个样本中元素的对数比例,从而实现变量间的归一化和独立性增强。通过CLR变换后,元素间的相关性强度显著下降。CLR变换有助于将绝对浓度转化为相对组成信息,减少闭合效应对相关结构和分类模型的干扰,从而更适合开展多变量统计分析和监督学习建模(Aitchison et al., 1982)。
基于黄铁矿微量元素地球化学大数据集,对全体样本及不同矿床成因类型金矿床分别开展了斯皮尔曼(Spearman)等级相关分析,以揭示元素间的单调相关结构及其在不同成矿体系中的差异(图3)。
在全体样本尺度上,共获得136组元素对相关关系,其相关系数绝对值中位数为0.137,90分位值为0.340,整体表现为弱–中等相关为主,表明多数元素之间不存在显著的单调依赖关系,仅少数元素对呈现明显协同变化。其中,Ni-Co(ρ=0.633)为最强正相关组合,而Sb-Se(ρ=−0.580)为最显著负相关,反映不同元素组合在区域尺度上可能受相似或差异成矿过程控制。
不同成因类型矿床内部的元素相关结构存在明显差异,体现出成矿环境与元素迁移机制的多样性。其中,IOCG型中Mo-Tl(ρ=0.800)表现出最强正相关;VMS型矿床以Sb-Pb(ρ=0.629)为主要相关特征;低硫型中Ni-Co(ρ=0.714)相关性最强;卡林型矿床中Ni–Co(ρ=0.864)表现出极强正相关,Co-Mo(ρ=−0.734)呈显著负相关;斑岩型矿床中Ni-Co(ρ=0.787)相关性突出;造山型矿床中以Sb-Tl(ρ=0.739)最为显著;高硫型中Mo-Sn(ρ=0.894)表现出最强相关性。上述差异表明,不同矿床类型具有各自特征性的元素协同变化模式。总体而言,Spearman相关分析表明,不同成因类型矿床具有各自特征性的元素协同变化模式,而全体样本中仅表现出有限的强相关元素对。这一结果说明,矿床成因类型判别与成矿特征识别不能依赖单一或少数元素间的简单相关关系,而需结合多元素联合特征开展多变量分析。相关结构分析结果为后续主成分分析、因子分析及监督分类模型提供了重要的统计依据与变量组合线索。
支持向量机(SVM)通过构建最大间隔最优分离超平面并结合核函数实现非线性映射,在小样本高维数据中具有良好的泛化能力与稳定性,但对超参数敏感且在大规模数据下计算成本较高(Guyon et al., 2003;Schober et al., 2018;Mahesh et al., 2020)。
随机森林(RF)通过自助采样(Bagging)构建多棵决策树并对其结果进行集成,在降低方差的同时提升模型的稳定性与泛化能力,从而实现高效可靠的分类与回归(Cortes et al., 1995;Cai et al., 2010)。
笔者基于混淆矩阵及其衍生指标(准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数)对模型分类性能进行综合评价,并通过十折交叉验证提高评估结果的稳健性(图4),从而有效降低数据划分偏差并增强模型泛化能力(Breiman et al., 2001;Breiman et al., 2004;Powers et al., 2020;Nathwani et al., 2022)。
为克服SVM与RF“黑箱”特性带来的可解释性不足,文中引入SHAP算法,从全局与局部层面量化各特征对模型预测的贡献,从而揭示模型判别结果背后的地球化学意义(Hawkins et al., 2003;Kotsiantis et al., 2006;Lundberg et al., 2017;Rudin et al., 2019;Pal et al., 2024)。
通过对所有样本SHAP值求平均,可获得特征的全局重要性排序;同时,也可针对特定矿床类型分析关键微量元素对预测结果的局部贡献。这一方法不仅提升了模型的可解释性,也为机器学习结果与成矿地球化学机制之间的联系提供了定量支撑。
为降低变量维度并提取多元素协同变化结构,在SVM与RF建模之前,对CLR转换后的地球化学变量进行了主成分分析(PCA)。需要说明的是,PCA所使用的数据与后续机器学习建模保持完全一致,均基于统一预处理流程所得数据,即在NM、BDL数据进行最小正值一半替代,并采用MissForest-like方法完成剩余NaN插补后,再进行CLR转换得到的最终数据集。在PCA过程中未进行额外插补,仅对变量进行Z-score标准化处理,以消除量纲差异对主成分提取的影响。
PCA结果表明,前10个主成分累计解释了86.02%的总体方差。其中,PC1解释方差为18.16%,PC2为15.69%,前两个主成分累计解释33.85%的数据变异性;当前7个主成分时,累计解释率已达73.42%,能够较好表征多元素地球化学结构特征。
从变量载荷贡献角度看,PC1中Sb、Se、Te、Tl和Pb的贡献相对较高,同时Sn、As、Cd、Cu和Ag也表现出一定载荷,表明该主成分主要表征了重金属及硫亲和元素的协同变化特征(图5a)。PC2中Ni和Co的贡献最为突出,Ag、Pb、Mo、Sn和Bi也表现出较高载荷,说明该主成分主要表征了过渡金属与部分亲硫元素之间的联合变化关系,可能反映不同矿床体系中元素赋存状态及流体—矿物相互作用的差异。
在主成分空间中,不同矿床类型样品表现出一定程度的分布差异(图5b)。部分矿床类型在PC1或PC2方向上呈现一定分离趋势,但不同类型之间仍存在明显重叠,反映出不同成因类型既具有差异化的地球化学特征,也存在一定连续性与过渡性。这一结果表明,仅依赖低维主成分空间难以实现复杂多类型矿床的完全区分,也进一步说明引入监督学习方法进行判别分析的必要性。
总体而言,PCA主要用于揭示黄铁矿微量元素之间的多变量协同变化结构及其潜在地球化学意义,而并非作为提升分类性能的必然降维步骤。其对后续矿床类型判别性能的影响,将在监督分类模型中通过对比分析进行系统评估。基于累计方差解释率与模型复杂度的综合考虑,后续机器学习建模中将采用80%~95%累计解释率对应的主成分数量作为PCA降维方案,并与使用原始标准化变量的模型结果进行对比,以评估PCA对分类性能的影响。
基于前述PCA分析结果,采用SVM对多类型矿床地球化学数据进行了监督分类实验。模型分别基于CLR原始标准化特征(RAW,17维)和PCA分析降维特征(累计解释方差≥0.85,对应11个主成分,PCA11)CLR构建。所有模型在统一的数据划分条件下进行训练与验证,其中训练集样本数为5384,测试集样本数为1347。考虑到不同矿床类型样本规模存在差异(536~1541),最大类与最小类样本量比值为3.61,数据表现为中等程度类别不平衡。因此,设置类别权重平衡策略(class weight='balanced'),并采用平衡准确率(balanced accuracy)与宏平均F1(macro-F1)作为核心评价指标,以减弱类别分布差异对模型评价的影响。
SVM采用径向基核函数(RBF),并通过5折交叉验证对惩罚参数C与核函数参数γ进行网格搜索优化(图6)。交叉验证结果表明,基于RAW特征空间的SVM模型在整体分类性能与稳定性方面均优于PCA11特征方案。结果表明,基于RAW特征空间的SVM模型在分类性能与稳定性上均优于PCA降维方案。训练集10折交叉验证结果显示,SVM(RAW)模型的平衡准确率为0.9212±0.0126,准确率为0.9220±0.0123,宏平均F1为0.9219±0.0134;而SVM(PCA11)对应指标分别为0.8947±0.0133、0.8908±0.0122和0.8900±0.0123。在测试集上,SVM(RAW)取得准确率0.9146、平衡准确率0.9168、宏平均F1=0.9143,明显优于SVM(PCA11)(分别为0.8656、0.8723、0.8639),说明原始多元素特征能够更充分保留判别信息。
误分类分析进一步揭示了模型判别行为的差异(图7)。在SVM(RAW)模型中,误分类主要集中于成矿过程具有过渡性或地球化学特征相近的矿床类型之间,其中低硫浅成低温热液型向造山型的误判最为突出(count=8,proportion=0.051),此外,IOCG向VMS、斑岩型及高硫型向斑岩型亦存在一定误判比例。总体来看,误分类主要发生于元素组合相似或流体演化连续的矿床类型之间,表明模型已能够有效刻画主要判别边界。
相比之下,SVM(PCA11)模型的误分类范围明显扩大,不仅低硫型与造山型之间的混淆进一步增强,还出现斑岩型–VMS型、造山型–卡林型及VMS型–造山型等多类型交叉误判,且比例整体升高。这说明PCA降维在压缩维度的同时削弱了关键判别信息,使不同矿床类型在低维空间中的可分性下降。
基于30次分层随机重复实验结果,SVM(RAW)的平均平衡准确率与宏平均F1分别为0.9188±0.0078和0.9189±0.0069,变异系数均小于1%,表现出较高稳定性;而PCA方案对应指标介于0.8596~0.9102。Wilcoxon配对检验表明,RAW模型相对于PCA方案在主要指标上均达到极显著水平(p<0.001),说明性能差异具有统计显著性。因此,SVM(RAW)被选定为后续模型对比分析的基准方案。
在相同的数据划分条件下,采用RF模型对多类型矿床地球化学数据进行监督分类实验。模型使用数据集、样本分布和类别顺序与SVM模型保持一致,同时设置class_weight='balanced'以确保模型间结果的可比性。
在模型参数设置方面,RF通过10折交叉验证(以准确率为优化指标)对决策树数量进行优化,最终确定最优树数;同时固定最大树深为20(图8)。在该参数配置下,RF模型在测试集上取得准确率0.9087、平衡准确率0.8972及宏平均F1为0.9076;训练集交叉验证结果为0.9024±0.0194(balanced accuracy)、0.9118±0.0125(accuracy)和0.9113±0.0166(macro-F1)。总体来看,RF模型在多数矿床类型上具有较高识别能力,但在地球化学特征重叠明显的类型之间仍存在一定混淆。
误分类分析表明(图9),RF模型的误判主要集中于低硫型浅成低温热液矿床、VMS型及造山型之间,其中低硫型向VMS型(count=8,proportion=0.051)及向造山型的误判较为突出,同时斑岩型与VMS型之间亦存在明显混淆。这些误分类路径表明,不同矿床类型在As-Sb-Au-Pb等元素组合上存在连续变化关系,从而导致判别边界出现重叠。与SVM相比,RF模型的误分类分布更为分散,说明其在复杂高维连续边界上的刻画能力略逊,但在整体识别稳定性方面仍具有较好表现。
基于30次重复实验,RF(RAW)的平均平衡准确率为0.9054±0.0090,较SVM(RAW)(0.9188±0.0078)下降约1.3个百分点。Wilcoxon检验结果(p=1.86×10−9)表明,两者差异具有统计显著性,说明SVM在本研究数据体系下具有更优判别能力,而RF在模型解释性方面具有优势。
总体而言,RF模型在原始多元素地球化学特征空间中能够稳定识别主要矿床类型,其分类性能与SVM模型处于同一量级。RF模型在处理复杂非线性关系和高维特征交互方面具有天然优势,为后续结合SHAP等解释性分析揭示不同矿床类型的关键控矿元素提供了重要基础。
结合One-vs-Rest ROC曲线(图10)及AUC结果,可对模型稳定性与判别能力作出更加凝练的综合认识。整体而言,RF模型在不同矿床类型上的表现具有显著分异性,反映出数据内在结构及成矿类型可分性的本质差异。
IOCG型(AUC=0.996)与VMS型(AUC=0.991)具有近乎理想的判别能力,说明其在多元素空间中具有清晰边界;而高硫型(0.552)表现为中等水平,斑岩型(0.454)、低硫型(0.459)、造山型(0.409)及卡林型(0.320)整体较弱,反映出这些类型在地球化学空间中存在显著重叠。
微平均AUC为0.576,表明模型整体性能受少数难分类型制约,呈现“优势类型主导、复杂类型拖累”的特征。这一结果说明,模型性能差异本质上受控于不同成矿体系之间的可分性,而非单一算法差异。进一步分析表明,在PCA累计解释率为0.80~0.95范围内,各PCA方案的分类性能均低于RAW模型(0.8596-0.9102vs0.9188),最大差值约5.9个百分点,说明PCA对判别信息的削弱具有一致性。
需要指出的是,尽管笔者通过交叉验证、重复随机划分及统计检验增强了模型稳定性论证,但结果仍属于内部验证,尚不能完全替代独立外部数据集的泛化检验。综合分析,RF模型在地球化学信号强、判别边界清晰的矿床类型中具有极高可靠性,但在多类型、强叠加成矿体系中,其稳定性与泛化能力明显依赖于不同矿床类型之间的本征可分性。这一结果进一步印证:模型性能差异本质上源于地质过程复杂性,而非单一算法优劣。
基于RF模型的SHAP分析结果(图11、图12),可以从定量角度揭示不同微量元素在矿床类型判别中的相对贡献,并进一步反映其背后的成矿过程控制机制。从全局SHAP重要性来看,各元素对模型的贡献呈现出明显的层级结构。其中,Sb为最核心的判别因子,其重要性显著高于其他元素,表明挥发性元素在不同成矿体系中的分配行为对矿床类型识别具有关键控制作用。其次为Ag、As、Cu、Pb及Au等元素,这一组合反映了贵金属–基底金属耦合体系的共同作用,而Sn、Co、Te等元素则作为辅助指示因子参与不同成矿过程的调控。该特征说明,模型本质上依赖的是多元素协同变化所构成的高维判别结构,而非单一元素的简单响应。
从矿床类型的SHAP分布特征(图12)来看,不同成因类型矿床在SHAP空间中表现出相对稳定的元素组合特征:IOCG型矿床,Sb、Pb及Ag表现出较高的重要性,其中较高Pb与Sb值通常对应正向SHAP贡献,这一特征与铁氧化物–铜–金体系中重金属与挥发性元素协同富集的认识相一致。VMS型矿床中,Ag、Pb及Zn等元素贡献较为突出,高Ag–Pb组合对应较强正向SHAP值,可能反映喷流沉积环境中多金属同步沉淀的地球化学特征。对于斑岩型矿床,Cu、Mo、Pb及Sn等元素具有较高贡献,其中Cu和Mo的高值通常对应正向SHAP分布,提示该类矿床中岩浆–热液分异过程对金属元素富集具有重要控制作用。在低硫型矿床中,As、Sb、Ag及Au表现出较强贡献,高As-Sb-Ag组合对应稳定的正向SHAP值,与低温热液体系中挥发性元素与贵金属协同富集的典型特征相一致。相比之下,高硫型矿床表现出更强的As、Sb及Sn控制,高As与Sb值对模型输出具有持续正向影响,部分基性金属元素呈现双向分布,可能反映流体–岩石反应及硫化作用强度差异对元素分配的影响。
在卡林型矿床中,As、Sb、Tl及Au表现出较高重要性,高As-Sb-Tl组合对模型输出具有显著贡献,提示该类矿床可能受沉积建造与隐伏热液作用共同控制。造山型金矿床,As、Sb、Cu及Au为主要判别因子,其SHAP分布具有一定离散性,表明构造控矿背景下多阶段流体活动可能导致元素响应的复杂性与多样性。
总体而言,SHAP结果表明RF模型在矿床类型判别过程中并非依赖单一元素,而是通过多元素协同变化模式进行决策。不同矿床类型在SHAP空间中呈现出具有物质基础和成矿指向意义的差异化响应特征,这不仅解释了RF模型较高的分类性能,也为后续从地球化学角度理解不同矿床类型的判别机理提供了直观依据。
从模型解释结果来看,Sb元素在本研究中表现出最突出的判别贡献,其平均绝对SHAP值显著高于其他元素,明显超过第二重要元素Ag,表明Sb元素是控制不同金矿成因类型判别的核心变量之一。该结果不仅体现了数据驱动模型的统计优势,也具有明确的地球化学意义。已有研究表明,Sb元素在不同矿床类型中具有显著分异特征,尤其在卡林型及低温热液体系中富集,而在斑岩型及岩浆主导体系中相对较低,同时在多变量分析中表现出较高载荷,显示出良好的稳定性与敏感性(Large et al., 2007;邓依,2024)。结合本研究SHAP分布特征,Sb元素不仅具有最高的重要性,还在不同矿床类型中呈现方向性差异,表明其既控制分类边界,也参与定义矿床的地球化学结构。
从成矿机制来看,Sb元素属于典型低温亲硫元素,其迁移主要以硫络合物形式进行,并与As、Au、Ag等元素形成稳定共迁移体系,构成典型Au–As–Sb–Ag组合(Reich et al., 2005;Martin et al., 2019),广泛发育于卡林型及浅成低温热液矿床中,指示还原性强、硫活度较高的成矿环境。相关研究表明,Sb元素的沉淀通常发生于约150~250 ℃的中低温条件,并受流体混合、沸腾及CO2脱气等过程控制,从而触发与Au等元素的协同沉淀(万卫,2026)。在矿物尺度上,Sb元素既可进入黄铁矿晶格,也常沿微裂隙或边部富集,并与Au元素形成复合矿物相(彭渤,2007;Wang et al., 2024),记录多阶段热液演化信息。
从矿床类型对比来看,Sb元素对低温成矿体系具有显著指示意义:卡林型及浅成低温热液型矿床表现为Sb–As–Au协同富集,而斑岩型及高温岩浆体系中Sb含量较低,反映温度控制下的系统性分异;在VMS及SEDEX等沉积喷流体系中,Sb元素常与Zn–Pb–Cu等元素共同富集,指示海底热液多金属共沉淀过程。总体而言,Sb元素在“成矿温度–流体性质–矿物赋存”多维耦合中的综合响应,使其成为连接不同成矿过程的重要指示元素,其在模型中的主导作用反映了低温热液体系在金矿类型判别中的关键控制地位。
综合PCA、SVM与RF模型结果表明,不同矿床类型在黄铁矿微量元素空间中的可分性差异是控制模型性能与稳定性的根本因素。SVM(RAW)在原始CLR特征空间中表现出最高的分类精度与最小的交叉验证波动,表明多元素之间存在显著的非线性组合关系;而PCA降维后性能下降,则说明弱异常信息及高阶非线性交互对矿床类型判别具有关键意义。这与前人认识一致,即黄铁矿微量元素不仅受单一地球化学过程控制,而是综合记录成矿流体来源、温度、氧逸度、硫逸度及流体混合、相分离等多因素耦合过程(Mukherjee et al., 2017;Li et al., 2018;Del Real et al., 2020;Liang et al., 2021;Baidya et al., 2021;Ehrig et al., 2023)。RF的SHAP结果进一步表明,模型判别依赖于As、Sb、Cu、Sn、Pb、Co、Au和Te等多元素协同变化模式,说明“特征重要性”本质上对应不同成矿体系的地球化学指纹,而非单一变量的统计贡献。
从不同矿床类型来看,IOCG与VMS型矿床表现出最高的可分性及ROC-AUC值。IOCG型矿床以Co–As–Te组合为核心,反映高温、相对氧化的岩浆–铁氧化物热液体系,其元素分布受流体来源转换与氧化还原条件控制(Li et al., 2018;Del Real et al., 2020;Liang et al., 2021;Ehrig et al., 2023);VMS型矿床则以Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag–Sb组合为特征,指示喷流沉积环境中多金属共沉淀及热液演化过程(Genna et al., 2015;Belousov et al., 2016;Basori et al., 2018;Dehnavi et al., 2018;Sun et al., 2023)。相比之下,斑岩型与浅成低温热液体系呈现明显连续谱特征,其中斑岩型矿床主要受Cu–Mo–Sn控制,反映岩浆热液分异、相分离及流体混合作用(Tang et al., 2021;Wu et al., 2021;Keith et al., 2022;Sheng et al., 2022;Chen et al., 2024);低硫型矿床以As–Sb–Ag–Au组合为主,指示低温条件下贵金属沉淀与挥发性元素协同富集(Keith et al., 2020;Xu et al., 2020;Börner et al., 2021;Cheng et al., 2024;Tolstykh et al., 2025),而高硫型矿床则表现为As–Sb–Sn–Cu组合,反映岩浆挥发分主导的高硫化环境及斑岩型-浅成低温热液型过渡过程(King et al., 2014;Franchini et al., 2015;Tanner et al., 2016;Zhao et al., 2020)。
卡林型与造山型矿床则表现出较低的AUC值与更强的特征重叠,揭示其成矿过程的复杂性与多阶段演化特征。卡林型矿床以As–Sb–Tl–Au组合为典型特征,反映低温隐伏体系中“不可见金”在富砷黄铁矿中的赋存机制及沉积地层–热液流体耦合过程(Liang et al., 2021;He et al., 2021;Li et al., 2021;Wei et al., 2022;Lin et al., 2023;Chen et al., 2025;Xiao et al., 2025);造山型矿床则表现为As–Cu–Au及部分Co的协同作用,指示变质流体主导、多期流体叠加及流体-岩石反应过程(George et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2019;Tarasova et al., 2020;Zheng et al., 2021;Li et al., 2022;Zhou et al., 2023;Mpaka et al., 2024;Wang et al., 2024)。因此,RF在这些类型中的较低判别能力并非模型缺陷,而是反映了斑岩-浅成低温热液体系及卡林型-造山型之间客观存在的成矿连续性与叠加改造特征。
研究表明,基于黄铁矿微量元素的机器学习方法可构建“判别–解释–预测”一体化找矿框架。不同矿床类型对应的关键元素组合(如IOCG的Co–As–Te、VMS的Sb–Pb–Zn–Cu、斑岩型的Cu–Mo–Sn及卡林型的As–Sb–Tl–Au)可作为区域地球化学筛选与矿床类型快速识别的重要指标;SHAP所揭示的元素贡献方向为构建向量找矿模型提供了定量依据。例如,利用多元素梯度约束喷流中心或岩浆热液中心位置(Genna et al., 2015;Dehnavi et al., 2018)。更为重要的是,模型识别出的“低可分性区域”往往对应成矿过渡带或多期叠加区,这为深部隐伏矿体预测提供了新的判据。
尽管本研究取得了较好的分类效果与地质解释一致性,但仍存在一定局限性。SHAP结果反映的是统计贡献而非严格因果关系,其地质解释需结合矿物学与成矿理论综合分析。不同矿床类型样本数量及来源差异可能引入数据偏倚,从而影响模型对弱类的识别能力。此外,黄铁矿微量元素信号可能受到后期改造(如变质重结晶或流体再活化)的影响,从而增加类内离散性(George et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2019)。未来研究可通过引入多矿物组合(如黄铁矿+黄铜矿+闪锌矿)、同位素信息及空间结构数据,构建多模态融合模型,以进一步提高矿床类型判别精度与成矿过程解析能力。结合三维地质建模与机器学习方法,有望实现从“元素判别”向“成矿系统定量重建”的跨越。
(1)构建的黄铁矿微量元素大数据集在样本规模、元素维度及矿床类型覆盖方面具有良好代表性。统计结果表明,Se元素在不同成因类型金矿床中普遍富集且整体高于Te元素,显示出显著的成因普适性,该特征从大样本统计角度支持了Se元素可能以类质同象方式进入黄铁矿晶格的认识,并指示其在成矿流体中的稳定配位行为。
(2)通过系统的数据预处理(缺失值控制与CLR变换)和多变量分析表明,黄铁矿微量元素具有清晰的多元素协同变化结构,但PCA降维在一定程度上削弱了对矿床类型判别具有关键意义的弱异常与非线性组合信息。
(3)在多类型金矿床智能判别中,基于原始CLR特征空间的支持向量机在分类精度与交叉验证稳定性方面整体表现最优,而随机森林模型在保持较高判别能力的同时,通过SHAP分析提供了清晰的模型可解释性。
(4)SHAP结果揭示了不同矿床类型所对应的关键微量元素组合特征(如IOCG的Co–As–Te、斑岩型的Cu–Mo–Sn、卡林型的As–Sb–Tl–Au等),这些判别特征与经典成矿模型高度一致,表明将高性能机器学习模型与解释性分析相结合,是复杂成矿体系中金矿床类型识别与成因理解的有效技术路径。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025187
  • 接收时间:2026-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-24
  • 修回日期:2026-04-07
  • 录用日期:2026-04-07
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    1中国地质调查局呼和浩特自然资源综合调查中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
    2中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
    3中国地质学会华北克拉通北缘金矿勘查技术创新基地,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010

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王达(1990−),男,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为关键金属成矿研究与勘查评价。E–mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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