Article(id=1307086270375686183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=1751558400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-04, acceptedDate=1752508800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineDate=1789563251346, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563251346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563251346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563251346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=168, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086270589595688, articleId=1307086270375686183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Research on Oil Seismic Surface Wave Inversion based on Pattern Search with Embedded Kuhn-Munkres Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Surface waves in seismic exploration data provide crucial information about the near surface overburden structure. However, the surface wave energy is distributed in each mode, it is not accurate to discriminate the surface wave mode based on dispersive energy, so the conventional multi-mode surface wave inversion has the problem of mode misidentification, which affects the accuracy of near-surface structure inversion. In this paper, the modes of dispersion curves involved in inversion are determined on the based Kuhn-Munkres pattern searches algorithm, the algorithm is also applied to process and inverse actual seismic surface waves, and the underground velocity structure is established by the inversion based on accurately determining the order of higher-mode dispersion curves. Firstly, the traditional algorithm is utilized to invert the single fundamental mode dispersion curve to obtain a preliminary model. Then, the preliminary model and a weighted bipartite graph of phase velocities with no-explicitly-specified-mode at each frequency is established. The phase velocities of different modes are optimally matched by the Kuhn-Munkres algorithm, and then the mode discrimination and joint inversion with higher-order surface wave dispersion curves are implemented. The effectiveness of this algorithm is verified by three typical theoretical stratigraphic model examples, finally, two sets of actual data are processed to obtain the near-surface one-dimensional shear-wave velocity structure and two-dimensional profile of the relevant study area. The results demonstrate that the algorithm effectively solves the problem of mode misidentification in surface wave multi-mode dispersion curve inversion.

, authors=Tao HU1, 2, Xinxin LI1, 2, *, Jun LIU3, authorsList=Tao HU, Xinxin LI, Jun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinxin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086291837939932, articleId=1307086270375686183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法的地震面波反演研究, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地震勘探资料中的面波信息能够反演近地表覆盖层结构,然而面波能量分布在各阶模式中,以能量高低为标准判别的面波模式并不准确,因此常规的多模式面波反演存在模式误判的问题,从而影响近地表结构反演的准确性。笔者基于Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对参与反演的面波频散曲线模式进行判定,并将其应用于实际地震面波资料的处理和反演中,在准确判定高阶模式频散曲线阶数的基础上反演建立地下速度结构。利用传统算法对基阶模式面波频散曲线进行单独反演获得初步模型,建立初步模型和各频率无明确模式阶数相速度的加权二部图,通过Kuhn-Munkres算法对不同模式的相速度进行最优匹配,实现高阶面波频散曲线的模式判别和联合反演。通过3个典型理论地层模型算例验证了方法的有效性,对两组实际资料进行处理得到相关研究区的近地表一维横波速度结构及二维剖面,研究结果表明该算法能够有效解决面波多模式频散曲线反演中的模式误判问题。

, authors=胡涛1, 2, 李欣欣1, 2, *, 刘军3, authorsList=胡涛, 李欣欣, 刘军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李欣欣, authorNote=

胡涛(1997−),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震面波反演方法研究。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李欣欣(1989−),男,副教授,博士,主要从事地震资料处理与解释。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PVZrq8QMDLQMSThGC3NXDQ==, magXml=ByJkWGNVwCsH+nP1dtL2cw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vH+0IJL8BwZGYAqQdH+Qyw==, pdfFileSize=2338387, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=T3AzVK/wBKihjOhlvPGJsQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=x2uuFrZx6W9sav/nTtt2YQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086292324479207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pro1139995692@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086292429336810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, authorId=1307086292324479207, language=EN, stringName=Tao HU, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi’an Petroleum University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China
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胡涛(1997−),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震面波反演方法研究。E−mail:

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胡涛(1997−),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震面波反演方法研究。E−mail:

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a.第一阶段反演结果与理论频散曲线拟合图;b.第二阶段反演结果与理论频散曲线拟合图;c.两阶段RMS迭代曲线;d.两阶段横波速度结构与理论横波速度结构

, figureFileSmall=W3W1Bf7coNf1veHimyEw5A==, figureFileBig=y6ne88fDyg8cb1qMTkEAlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086295784780037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Kuhn-Munkres pattern search algorithm's two-stage inversion results of model 2, figureFileSmall=/jrCowSFZNGV3VNhpsPWuA==, figureFileBig=I8anU1E3IyXj6Uv6mG8aZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086295847694598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对模型2的两阶段反演结果

a.第一阶段反演结果与理论频散曲线拟合图;b.第二阶段反演结果与理论频散曲线拟合图;c.两阶段RMS迭代曲线;d.两阶段横波速度结构与理论横波速度结构

, figureFileSmall=/jrCowSFZNGV3VNhpsPWuA==, figureFileBig=I8anU1E3IyXj6Uv6mG8aZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086295902220551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Kuhn-Munkres pattern search algorithm's two-stage inversion results of model 3, figureFileSmall=xKzXeuVDCS6EMWYm8ujIRA==, figureFileBig=uV7oPRitbrljYTx3zpbdoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086295973523720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对模型3的两阶段反演结果

a.第一阶段反演结果与理论频散曲线拟合图;b.第二阶段反演结果与理论频散曲线拟合图;c.两阶段RMS迭代曲线;d.两阶段横波速度结构与理论横波速度结构

, figureFileSmall=xKzXeuVDCS6EMWYm8ujIRA==, figureFileBig=uV7oPRitbrljYTx3zpbdoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086296053215497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Kuhn-Munkres pattern search algorithm's two-stage inversion results of engineering seismic examples, figureFileSmall=fhmpKZEX9PnyPpM0DLr7GA==, figureFileBig=HFwt7G2AL1OHiVYYqXz7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086296158073098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对工程地震实例的两阶段反演结果

a.原始炮集记录;b.两阶段反演结果与实测频散能量拟合图;c.两阶段RMS迭代曲线;d.两阶段横波速度结构

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a.第1炮频散能量图;b.两阶段横波速度结构

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Geological parameters of six-layer velocity increasing model

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22605411.92
33006251.92
44108541.93
562012911.93
670014571.9infinite
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六层速度递增型模型地质参数

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22605411.92
33006251.92
44108541.93
562012911.93
670014571.9infinite
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Geological parameters of six-layer model with low-velocity soft interlayer

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21603921.92
32405881.93
43007351.93
53608821.93
648011761.9infinite
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六层含低速软夹层模型地质参数

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Geological parameters of six-layer model with high-speed hard interlayer

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P波速度
VP(m/s)
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22606011.82
32004621.84
43006931.84
54009241.84
650011551.8infinite
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六层含高速硬夹层模型地质参数

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22606011.82
32004621.84
43006931.84
54009241.84
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基于Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法的地震面波反演研究
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胡涛 1, 2 , 李欣欣 1, 2, * , 刘军 3
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 168-178
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 168 -178
基于Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法的地震面波反演研究
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[Author(id=1307086292324479207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pro1139995692@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086292429336810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, authorId=1307086292324479207, language=EN, stringName=Tao HU, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi’an Petroleum University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China
2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Geology, Xi’an Petroleum University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086292504834283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086270375686183, authorId=1307086292324479207, language=CN, stringName=胡涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
2西安石油大学,陕西省油气成藏地质学重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065, bio={"content":"

胡涛(1997−),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震面波反演方法研究。E−mail:

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胡涛(1997−),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震面波反演方法研究。E−mail:

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胡涛1, 2 , 李欣欣1, 2, * , 刘军3
作者信息
  • 1西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
  • 2西安石油大学,陕西省油气成藏地质学重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
  • 3中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
通讯作者:
李欣欣(1989−),男,副教授,博士,主要从事地震资料处理与解释。E−mail:。
作者简介:

胡涛(1997−),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震面波反演方法研究。E−mail:

Research on Oil Seismic Surface Wave Inversion based on Pattern Search with Embedded Kuhn-Munkres Algorithm
Tao HU1, 2 , Xinxin LI1, 2, * , Jun LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi’an Petroleum University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Geology, Xi’an Petroleum University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Xi’an Research Institute, China Coal Technology and Engineering Group, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025104
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地震勘探资料中的面波信息能够反演近地表覆盖层结构,然而面波能量分布在各阶模式中,以能量高低为标准判别的面波模式并不准确,因此常规的多模式面波反演存在模式误判的问题,从而影响近地表结构反演的准确性。笔者基于Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对参与反演的面波频散曲线模式进行判定,并将其应用于实际地震面波资料的处理和反演中,在准确判定高阶模式频散曲线阶数的基础上反演建立地下速度结构。利用传统算法对基阶模式面波频散曲线进行单独反演获得初步模型,建立初步模型和各频率无明确模式阶数相速度的加权二部图,通过Kuhn-Munkres算法对不同模式的相速度进行最优匹配,实现高阶面波频散曲线的模式判别和联合反演。通过3个典型理论地层模型算例验证了方法的有效性,对两组实际资料进行处理得到相关研究区的近地表一维横波速度结构及二维剖面,研究结果表明该算法能够有效解决面波多模式频散曲线反演中的模式误判问题。

地震面波  /  Kuhn-Munkres算法  /  频散曲线反演  /  模式误判  /  横波速度

Surface waves in seismic exploration data provide crucial information about the near surface overburden structure. However, the surface wave energy is distributed in each mode, it is not accurate to discriminate the surface wave mode based on dispersive energy, so the conventional multi-mode surface wave inversion has the problem of mode misidentification, which affects the accuracy of near-surface structure inversion. In this paper, the modes of dispersion curves involved in inversion are determined on the based Kuhn-Munkres pattern searches algorithm, the algorithm is also applied to process and inverse actual seismic surface waves, and the underground velocity structure is established by the inversion based on accurately determining the order of higher-mode dispersion curves. Firstly, the traditional algorithm is utilized to invert the single fundamental mode dispersion curve to obtain a preliminary model. Then, the preliminary model and a weighted bipartite graph of phase velocities with no-explicitly-specified-mode at each frequency is established. The phase velocities of different modes are optimally matched by the Kuhn-Munkres algorithm, and then the mode discrimination and joint inversion with higher-order surface wave dispersion curves are implemented. The effectiveness of this algorithm is verified by three typical theoretical stratigraphic model examples, finally, two sets of actual data are processed to obtain the near-surface one-dimensional shear-wave velocity structure and two-dimensional profile of the relevant study area. The results demonstrate that the algorithm effectively solves the problem of mode misidentification in surface wave multi-mode dispersion curve inversion.

seismic surface waves  /  Kuhn-Munkres algorithm  /  dispersion curve inversion  /  mode misidentification  /  shear wave velocity
胡涛, 李欣欣, 刘军. 基于Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法的地震面波反演研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 168 -178 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025104
Tao HU, Xinxin LI, Jun LIU. Research on Oil Seismic Surface Wave Inversion based on Pattern Search with Embedded Kuhn-Munkres Algorithm[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 168 -178 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025104
地震面波在非均匀介质中传播时的速度随频率而变化,具有频散的特性,利用面波的频散曲线进行反演能够获得地下介质的横波速度结构(McMechan,1981)。现有的面波反演方法可分为局部线性化方法和非线性全局优化算法两大类。局部线性方法利用泰勒级数展开,近似地将面波方程线性化,采用扰动法计算雅可比矩阵,因此当初始模型接近真实模型时才能获得较好的反演结果,对初始模型要求较高(王一鸣等,2021)。非线性反演方法保存遗传算法(Lei et al.,2019),模拟退火算法(Beaty et al.,2002)、神经网络算法(杨文采,1995)、灰狼优化算法(Song et al.,2015)、模拟原子跃迁算法(师学明等,2007)、改进的蒙特卡罗算法(魏超等,2011)、模式识别算法(宋先海,2008)等。这类方法的反演结果对初始模型的依赖度较低,具有较强的全局寻优和非线性反演映射能力。
面波具有多模式发育的特征,若仅利用基阶模式频散曲线进行反演,在存在频散数据误差时将会使反演过程变得不稳定,而引入高阶模式频散数据进行联合反演就可显著提高反演的稳定性,同时提高结果的准确性和分辨率(Xia et al.,2003)。然而对于多模式面波联合反演而言,无论采用局部线性化或全局非线性优化的反演方法都需要在反演时给定频散曲线的具体阶数。由于实际数据的频散曲线通常从频率–速度域的频散能量谱中提取得到(赵兆等,2010),而面波各模式能量分布的不平衡会导致频散能量谱中出现模式损失和跳变的现象,这会引起频散曲线模式阶数的误判,并对反演结果带来负面的影响(Zhang et al.,2003)。
为解决面波多模式频散曲线反演中的模式误判问题,杨博等(2019)提出两步法反演判断高阶频散曲线对应的模态,进行的多模式联合反演可以更好地反映地下地层真实情况。Yan et al.(2022)提出以内嵌Kuhn-Munkres算法模式搜索为核心的多模式面波频散曲线反演工作流程,采用分阶段策略解决多模式面波频散曲线反演中的模式误判问题;相关数据测试结果表明,该方法在频散曲线模式判别和多模式联合反演中取得了很好的效果,在面波实际数据处理和成像中具有良好的应用前景。
利用Yan et al.(2022)提出的基于Kuhn-Munkres模式的多模式搜索算法,笔者对某研究采集的实测地震数据进行处理,对3组典型地层理论模型的频散曲线进行了测试,验证方法的准确性;对两组来自不同研究区的实际工程地震面波和石油地震面波资料进行处理,通过改进的F-K变换法生成频率–速度域的频散能量谱(李欣欣,2017),利用Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法在判定频散曲线阶数的同时进行多模式联合反演,生成地下一维横波速度结构及二维剖面,揭示研究区地层特征。
地球物理反演是采用一定的算法或策略更新模型$ m $,使观测数据与模型数据之间的“距离”(或误差函数)最小的过程,可以看作是通过在误差函数值的超曲面上采样得到满意的反演结果。地球物理反演问题本质上是非线性问题,其可概括为公式(1)。
$ min\left(f\left(x\right)\right)\text{,}l\leqslant {x}_{j}\leqslant u $
式中:$ f\left(x\right) $为待优化的目标函数,假定上式连续可微,$ l、u $分别为待求$ n $个地球物理模型参数 $ {x}_{j}\left({x}_{j}=\mathrm{1,2},3\cdots n\right) $的下边界和上边界。在以往的认知中,误差函数值在迭代过程中陷入局部极小值,会影响局部优化算法的寻优能力和性能,如最速下降(王飞等,2014)、拟牛顿(田玥等,2006)和预条件梯度下降算法(Neymeyr,2014)等。
Dauphin et al.(2014)研究表明,鞍点的扩散是影响局部优化算法的寻优能力的根本原因,而不是局部极小点,特别是定义在连续、高维空间上的误差函数。鞍点在某些维度上被高误差函数值的平台所包围,这些高误差函数值会极大地降低局部优化算法的性能,并给人一种局部最小值存在的错觉。在反演过程中更新模型时,采样真实局部最小值的概率很低。对于鞍点,我们总能找到一个维度的模型参数进行修正,进一步优化误差函数值。
Conn et al.(1991)提出模式识别方法用于求解具有简单边界约束的全局优化问题。由于误差函数的超曲面包含大量鞍点的特点,模式识别方法在每次迭代时最多只更新模型$ m $的一个维度,因此值得采用。宋先海(2008) 首次将模式识别算法引入到面波频散曲线的反演中。
模式识别算法的核心可以概括为在第$ k\left(k\geqslant 0\right) $次迭代时,围绕当前模型$ {m}_{k} $生成多个试用模型,并从这些模型中选择最优模型。扰动当前模型$ {m}_{k} $的模板矩阵$ {P}_{k} $定义为公式(2)。
$ {P}_{k}={\alpha }_{k}{D}_{k} $
式中:$ {\alpha }_{k} $是迭代网格步长的对角矩阵,其每行的对角元素定义了模型参数在相应维度上的扰动步长,$ {D}_{k} $是描述搜索方向的矩阵。笔者将地层的横波速度矢量$ {V}_{S} $和厚度矢量$ h $ 进行了反演,模型的反演形式为$ m={\left({V}_{S},h\right)}^{T} $,符号 $ T $表示转置运算,而纵波速度和密度由经验确定。因此,当地下介质参数化为$ l $层时,反演系统的变量个数$ n $为$ 2l-1 $。此时,$ {\alpha }_{k} $和$ {D}_{k} $的大小分别为$ n\times n $和$ n\times 2n $。$ {\alpha }_{k} $的形式表示为公式(3)。
$ {a}_{k}=\left[ \begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{cc}{\alpha }_{k}^{00}& \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}{\alpha }_{k}^{11}& \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}\ddots & \begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\\ & \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}{\alpha }_{k}^{n-2n-2}& \end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\\ & \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& \begin{array}{cc}& {\alpha }_{k}^{n-1n-1}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array} \right] $
每一行的对角元素给出了第$ k $次迭代时对应维度反演参数的试探步长。$ {D}_{k} $的详细组成为公式(4)。
$ {D}_{k}={D}_{0}=\left[I,-I\right] $
式中:$ \mathrm{I} $为$ n $阶单位矩阵,$ {D}_{k} $在整个反演过程中保持不变。$ {P}_{k} $的每一列用来扰动当前模型$ {m}_{k} $,因此第$ k $次迭代将生成$ 2n $个试探模型,其中一个为公式(5)。
$ {m}^{t}={m}_{k}+{P}_{k}^{t} $
利用$ {P}_{k} $的第$ t $列对$ {m}_{k} $进行扰动,生成试验模型$ {m}^{t} $。通过比较这些试验模型的最小误差函数值和当前模型的误差函数值$ {m}_{k} $,给出了如下的模型修正规则为公式(6)。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{k+1}={m}^{optimal}={m}_{k}+{P}_{k}^{optimal}\\ {m}_{k+1}={m}_{k}\end{array}\right. $
式中:$ {m}^{optimal} $为这些试验模型中最小误差值的模型。如果 $ \mathrm{\varphi }\left({{m}}^{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}\right) < \mathrm{\varphi }\left({\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{k}}\right) $,表示预测成功,则扩大或保留步长;如果$ \varphi \left({m}^{optimal}\right)\geqslant \varphi \left({m}_{k}\right) $,表示预测失败,则减少步长,重新预测,即公式(7)。
$ {\alpha }_{k+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda {\alpha }_{k}\quad successful\;prediction\\ {\theta \alpha }_{k}\quad failed\;prediction\end{array}\right. $
式中:$ \lambda $为大于等于1的膨胀因子,$ \theta $为小于1大于0的收缩因子。一旦给定$ {m}_{0} $、$ {\alpha }_{0} $、$ {mD}_{0} $、$ \lambda $和$ \theta $,根据公式(2)~公式(7)自然地开始迭代,从而不断减小误差值。
在多模式面波发育的情况下,定义误差函数反映面波基阶模式相速度和无明确模式高阶面波相速度集合与预测值集合之间的平均速度差$ \varphi \left({m}\right) $,表达为公式(8)。
$ \varphi \left({m}\right)={\left(\frac{{d}\left({m}\right)}{N}\right)}^{\frac{1}{{p}}} $
式中:$ d\left(m\right) $表示基阶模式相速度和无明确模式阶数相速度与预测值之间最小距离,$ N $表示观测到相速度的数目,$ p $参数设置为2,此式反映了基阶模式相速度和无明确模式阶数相速度集合与预测值之间的均方根( RMS )误差。
建立两个集合$ A $和$ B $,设基阶和高阶模式面波的相速度集合为$ {\mathrm{\nu }}^{\circ } $,集合$ A $表示为采用模式识别算法对基阶频散曲线的反演结果,集合$ B $表示为无明确模式阶数 (no-explicitly-specified-mode-order(NESMO)) 面波,集合$ A $和$ B $的关系表达为公式(9)。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{c}A\cup B=v^ \circ ,\\ A\cap B=\varnothing .\end{array}\right. $
Kuhn-Munkres算法,也称为匈牙利算法,是一种解决二分图最大权匹配问题的经典算法。该算法的基本思想是通过寻找增广路径来不断增加匹配的数量,直到无法再增加为止。笔者需要了解二分图及其匹配的概念。二分图是指将一个图的所有节点分为两个集合,且图中所有边的两个端点分别属于这两个集合。匹配是指将二分图中的节点两两配对,使得每个节点最多只能与一个节点匹配。最大权匹配是指在所有匹配中,使得匹配边权值之和最大的匹配。Kuhn-Munkres算法的目标就是求解二分图的最大权匹配。构造一个加权二部图解决多模式频散曲线反演过程中明确各模式阶数的匹配方案,使得在一定频率下基阶模式相速度与无明确模式阶数相速度和预测值之间的差异最小。长方形表示顶点(图1),每个频率下具有基阶模式面波相速度与无明确模式阶数面波相速度作为观测值由集合$ {X}_{1} $和$ {X}_{2} $表示,则预测值由集合$ {Y}_{1} $、$ {Y}_{2} $和$ {Y}_{3} $表示。红色数字表示相应的相速度,将观测值的顶点以一定的频率连接到所有使用的预测值,边的权重由$ X $和$ Y $的顶点之间基于$ {L}_{p} $ ( $ p $设为2)范数的负距离计算得到。因此,Kuhn-Munkres算法的作用是使具有无明确模式顺序相速度的模式阶次信息在反演过程中动态确定,从而对含有模式损失和混叠的数据进行自动匹配处理,确定未知阶数频散曲线的阶数,得到更加准确的地下横波速度结构。
针对近地表结构的3种典型情况,笔者设计3组六层理论模型算例检验该方法的有效性和适用性,分别是速度递增型、含低速软弱夹层型以及含高速硬夹层型。
利用模型正演生成频散曲线,选取基阶频散曲线和任意两条缺失部分频段的高阶频散曲线进行反演。在反演中利用Kuhn-Munkres算法对频散曲线的模式进行判定进而获得地层模型,将反演模型与设计的理论地层模型进行对比,验证方法的准确性。
六层递增型理论模型采用改进的广义反射–透射算法正演得到多模式频散曲线,将频率范围设置在5~100 Hz(Hisada,1994;Lai,1998),频点设置为95 个,偏移距设置为10 m,并设定模型的地质参数(表1)。
将六层理论模型反演参数分别设置为迭代次数500 次(当迭代到500 次反演中止),横波速度容差为0. 001,层厚容差为0.01(即当横波速度小于0. 001,层厚小于0.01时,反演终止)。膨胀因子λ为1.1(λ≥1),收缩因子θ为0.7(0<θ<1),横波速度和层厚的初始步长分别为1和0.02。整个反演过程中,密度和Vp/Vs的比值分别设置为1 900 kg/m3和2.08,横波速度搜索范围为50~1500 m/s。
通过模型1参数正演得到的多模式面波理论频散曲线与第一阶段基阶反演结果拟合的图像(图2a),其中第一阶段采用模式识别算法进行基阶频散曲线反演。该算法第一阶段反演结果正演得到的多模式频散曲线中的基阶频散曲线与理论基阶频散曲线能较好的拟合;高阶模式频散曲线与理论频散曲线存在一定的偏离,拟合效果较差(图2a)。这些充分说明了基阶频散曲线反演可以得到较为准确的基阶频散曲线,然而仅靠基阶模式反演难以获得所有模式较为准确的频散曲线。第二阶段多模式联合反演结果正演得到的多模式频散曲线与理论频散曲线拟合的结果图(图2b)。在第二阶段加入缺失部分频段的无明确模式顺序的高阶模式频散曲线,以第一阶段基阶模式频散曲线反演结果为初始模型进行多模式频散曲线联合反演。对于每个频率,在反演过程中模型1的无明确模式阶数观测值和预测值之间建立加权二部图,通过Kuhn-Munkres算法计算观测数据集和预测数据集之间的最小距离自动地确定无明确模式顺序高阶频散曲线的模式阶数信息。因此,Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法可以高度精确地反演和重建近地表的横波速度结构。第一阶段的最终RMS值已经收敛到极小值(图2c),说明第一阶段反演结果与理论基阶频散曲线非常接近,可以进一步验证基阶反演结果的基阶频散曲线与理论基阶频散曲线在视觉上完全拟合(图2a)。第二阶段的最初RMS值与第一阶段最终RMS值相差较大,说明加入未知阶数的高阶模式频散曲线,获得更多的反演信息量;第一阶段反演结果作为初始模型与真实模型值仍然有一定的差距,经过第二阶段的反演不仅准确识别未知阶数高阶频散曲线的阶数,而且较为准确地刻画了一维横波速度结构(图2d)。
模型2为六层含低速软夹层模型,其模型具体参数如表2所示。反演的初始横波速度约为350.9 m/s(图3d的均匀半空间模型)。经过第一阶段基阶频散曲线反演结果和第二阶段多阶频散曲线反演结果与理论模型的平均相对误差分别为1.08%和0.38%(图3a、图3b),由此可得出该算法使得反演精度进一步提高。第一阶段反演最终RMS值约为0.78729 m/s,但第二阶段最初RMS值约为39.3039 m/s(图3c),说明模型2第一阶段基阶模式面波反演结果较为准确,但仅靠基阶曲线反演得到的反演结果中高阶模式频散曲线与理论高阶模式频散曲线仍然存在较大误差。无论是第一阶段还是第二阶段进行反演,该算法均能快速地收敛到最优解附近,随后的迭代曲线下降缓慢,直至趋于平缓,表明目标函数已收敛到最优解。初始横波速度大小约为350.9 m/s(图3d),第一阶段横波速度结构可以看出仅反演基阶频散曲线很难获取所有地层的准确信息(图3d)。因此,当进行第二阶段反演时,加入无明确模式顺序频散曲线,在模式识别算法中加入Kuhn-Munkres算法进行多模式联合反演,将未知阶数的高阶模式频散曲线进一步动态确定,有效避免了模式丢失或模式混合的情况。不仅提高了地震面波反演的稳定性和精度,也验证了该算法具有较强的适用性。
模型3为六层含高速硬夹层模型,其模型具体参数如表3所示。第一阶段基阶频散曲线反演结果已经与理论频散曲线拟合的较好(图4a),但仍然存在一定的误差,反演结果与理论频散曲线在视觉上观察是完全拟合的(图4b)。第一阶段最终误差值和第二阶段初始误差值分别为0.6524 m/s和4.444 m/s(图4c),两者差异较小,说明第一阶段反演结果已经接近准确的地下介质横波速度结构。第一阶段初始横波速度约为316.9 m/s,第一阶段和第二阶段反演结果平均相对误差由4.7624%降低为0.1381%(图4d)。因此,采用以Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法为核心的两阶段反演策略进行多模式频散曲线联合反演,可以得到较为准确的地下横波速度结构。
对内蒙古河套地区某研究区采集的多道瑞雷波记录进行相应的反演试验。采用改进的F-K变换提取多模式频散曲线,以测试Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对实测数据的反演效果。采集的仪器是Geopen24,数据采集的检波器频率为4.5 Hz,最小炮间距为5 m,记录道号为24 道,道间距为1 m,采样率是2 000 Hz。
采用改进的F-K变换法提取频散曲线,得到明显的频散能量团(图5b),实测的地震面波原始炮集记录(图5a),确定频散曲线的频率区间为5~60 Hz,相速度大小区间为50~600 m/s。
将实测数据反演参数分别设置为迭代次数500 次(当迭代到500 次反演中止),横波速度容差为0.001,层厚容差为0.01(即当横波速度小于0. 001,层厚小于0.01时,反演终止)。膨胀因子为1.0($ \mathrm{\lambda } $≥1),收缩因子$ \mathrm{\theta } $为0.5(0<$ \mathrm{\theta } $<1),横波速度和层厚的初始步长分别为1和0.02。整个反演过程中,密度和Vp/Vs值分别设置为1 900 kg/m3和2.08,横波速度搜索范围为50~1500 m/s。通过Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对实测数据进行反演测试(图5)。
经过第一阶段的反演,第一阶段最终和第二阶段最初RMS值分别约为3.68 m/s和6.15 m/s(图5c),说明第一阶段反演已经非常接近真实的地下横波速度结构模型。第一阶段反演结果:在频率30~40 Hz期间,高阶模式相速度曲线在实测频散能量团下部边缘,说明仅反演基阶频散曲线,高阶模式相速度存在一定误差(图5b)。第二阶段比第一阶段的反演结果相比,第二阶段的反演结果具有更大的横波速度值和探测深度(图5d)。因此,采用Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法进行反演相比于基阶频散曲线反演,能够有效的避免多模式频散曲线反演中出现模式误判现象,充分证明该算法在实际资料处理中具有较好的适用性,较为准确的重建地下横波速度结构。
对某勘探区块的石油大炮地震勘探资料进行处理,利用资料中的面波信息获取覆盖层的结构(图6)。原始数据使用放置在直测线上的10 Hz垂直分量检波器记录。每一炮有360道记录。激发采用中间放炮的方式,炮点在180~181号接收点之间,炮点距相邻接收点(180和181)的偏移距为40 m,其余接收点(1~180和181~360)之间的道间距为20 m。每道数据的采样间隔为2 ms,记录长度为7000 ms。实际采集通过滚动向前的方式进行,炮间距为80 m,观测系统如图7所示,笔者对资料中一组连续采集的21炮记录进行处理和反演成像。
采集的第1炮数据的360道地震记录(图8),炮点位于第180和181道之间,可以清晰地看出地震面波在第181道至230道中获得了较完整的采集记录。笔者采用改进的F-K变换法对每一炮数据分别进行面波频散能量提取,得到较为明显的频散能量团(图6a)。其中,第1炮数据选取180道至200道较为明显的面波数据,一共21道数据,每道样点由3501个,通过充零的方式将道数增至128道,进行空间的拓展,将每道样点充零补充至8192个,进一步将时间延长(张旭等,2025)。将第1炮数据中提取的频散曲线反演得到一维横波速度结构(图6b)。
利用Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对各炮数据进行反演,得到每一炮集排列中点处横波速度随深度变化的曲线,将一系列的横波速度结构按照顺序排列联合构建一条长为1.6 km的地下二维横波速度剖面(图9)。二维横波速度剖面显示,研究区内地下120 m深度范围内横波速度约为100~1 000 m/s,且整个研究区测线横波速度随着深度增加而增大。反演结果显示,第一层为速度100~350 m/s,厚度约为40 m,在整个测线布置区域横向起伏不大,结合区内地表情况推测为松散的黄土层堆积。第二层速度范围350~450 m/s,厚度约为30 m,且研究区整体横向差异较小,推测为稍密实的黄土覆盖层。地下深度大于70 m,横波速度区间约为450~1000 m/s,推测可能为较密实的碎石土沉积;在测线东段1 200~1 600 m范围下方,高速地层埋深变浅,推测该范围内深部地层发生局部隆起。
(1)笔者采用Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对3个经典的六层地质理论模型进行测试验证,并运用于实测数据的反演与分析中,证明了该算法的准确性和可行性。
(2)Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法分两个阶段进行反演,第一阶段采用模式识别算法单独采用基阶模式面波反演,第二阶段在反演过程中加入Kuhn-Munkres算法,对无明确模式阶数相速度进行动态确认模式阶数信息。因此,反演结果较为准确地反映地下地层真实情况,进一步提高了反演结果的可信度及适用性。
(3)采用改进的F-K变换法分别提取工程面波和石油地震实测数据频散曲线,并利用Kuhn-Munkres模式搜索算法对工程和石油面波频散数据进行反演,得到了相应研究区的一维横波速度结构和二维横波速度结构剖面。该算法在浅层工程面波勘察和石油地震面波资料反演中都具有良好的适用性和有效性,可为场地评价、静校正等工作提供有力的技术支持。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025104
  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
  • 修回日期:2025-07-04
  • 录用日期:2025-07-15
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    1西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
    2西安石油大学,陕西省油气成藏地质学重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
    3中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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李欣欣(1989−),男,副教授,博士,主要从事地震资料处理与解释。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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