Article(id=1307086175055930315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2026031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1778515200000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-12, revisedDate=1781020800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-10, acceptedDate=1781020800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineDate=1789563228620, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563228620, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563228620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563228620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=354, endPage=364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086175223702476, articleId=1307086175055930315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Regional Differences in the Water Retention Behavior of Collapsible Loess under Freeze-Thaw Cycles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Loess is widely distributed in the seasonally frozen regions of China, and its particle composition, pore structure, and engineering properties exhibit significant regional zonation. Under freeze–thaw cycles, the internal pore structure of loess is continuously restructured, thereby affecting its water-holding capacity and the evolution of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). To investigate the regional differences in the water-holding behavior of collapsible loess under freeze–thaw cycles, undisturbed sandy loess from Ningxia, silty loess from Shanxi, and clayey loess from Jingyang were selected. Considering different initial water contents and freeze–thaw cycle numbers, SWCCs were measured using a pressure plate apparatus and fitted with the Fredlund–Xing model. The results show that all SWCCs exhibit a typical S-shaped pattern, and the differences induced by freeze–thaw cycles are mainly concentrated in the main desaturation stage and the high-suction tail. Jingyang samples are the most sensitive to freeze–thaw action and show obvious staged restructuring; Ningxia samples exhibit pronounced moisture-content-dependent divergence; Shanxi samples change more gently overall. The fitted parameters a, b, and c all vary with freeze–thaw conditions, indicating that freeze–thaw cycles not only alter the air-entry-related feature, but also change the slope of the main desaturation section and the residual water-retention behavior in the high-suction range. Regional differences therefore control not only the initial water-holding capacity of loess, but also the restructuring path of its pore system under freeze–thaw disturbance. These findings provide an experimental basis for unsaturated seepage analysis, freeze–thaw degradation assessment, and water-induced hazard prevention in loess engineering in seasonally frozen regions.

, authors=Mi HE, Xinkai CHEN*, authorsList=Mi HE, Xinkai CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinkai CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086178310710235, articleId=1307086175055930315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=冻融循环作用下不同区域湿陷性黄土持水特性区域差异, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄土广泛分布于中国季节冻土区,其颗粒组成、孔隙结构及工程性质具有显著区域分带性。冻融循环作用下,黄土内部孔隙结构持续重组,进而影响其持水能力及土水特征曲线(SWCC)演化。为揭示不同区域湿陷性黄土在冻融循环作用下的持水特性差异,选取宁夏砂黄土、山西粉黄土和泾阳黏黄土3类原状黄土为研究对象,考虑不同初始含水率和冻融循环次数,采用压力膜仪测定土水特征曲线,并利用 Fredlund–Xing 模型进行拟合分析。结果表明:不同区域黄土 SWCC 均呈典型“S”形,冻融循环引起的差异主要集中在主脱饱和段和高吸力尾部;泾阳土样对冻融作用最为敏感并表现为明显的阶段性重组,宁夏土样表现出较强的含水率分化特征,山西土样整体变化较为平缓;Fredlund–Xing 模型参数a、b、c均随冻融条件发生变化,表明冻融循环不仅改变了进气特征,而且改变了主脱饱和段斜率和高吸力区残余持水特征。区域差异不仅决定黄土初始持水能力,也影响冻融扰动下孔隙结构重组的路径。研究结果可为季节冻土区黄土工程中非饱和渗流分析、冻融劣化评价及水致灾害防控提供试验依据。

, authors=贺密, 陈芯恺*, authorsList=贺密, 陈芯恺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈芯恺, authorNote=

贺密(1990−),女,工程师,主要从事生态环境修复治理方面研究。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈芯恺(1994−),女,工程师,主要从事从事土壤地下水调查及管控修复工作。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tejMycg1xtIDiS7tZN1bhA==, magXml=64Z9LGhqkdfmg1LlPx8ljA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3cbbTbvo4arpaHpGLesokQ==, pdfFileSize=2694461, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=sqiEJTP4ipIzgQL4Z0oceg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=B4P7ln5MQ9GaWzwMd7tMsQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086178616894432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=584371639@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086178688197602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, authorId=1307086178616894432, language=EN, stringName=Mi HE, firstName=Mi, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Sichuan Natural Resources Investigation and Design Group Ecological Environment Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051,Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086178755306467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, authorId=1307086178616894432, language=CN, stringName=贺密, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=四川省自然资源勘察设计集团生态环境有限公司,四川 成都 610051, bio={"content":"

贺密(1990−),女,工程师,主要从事生态环境修复治理方面研究。E−mail:

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贺密(1990−),女,工程师,主要从事生态环境修复治理方面研究。E−mail:

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articleId=1307086175055930315, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=soil-water characteristic curve), Keyword(id=1307086179569001454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=黄土高原), Keyword(id=1307086179644498927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=季节性冻土), Keyword(id=1307086179753550832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=湿陷性黄土), Keyword(id=1307086179812271089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=冻融循环), Keyword(id=1307086179875185651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=土水特征曲线)], refs=[Reference(id=1307086183159324678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2019, 170: 329−350., articleTitle=Distribution and genetic types of loess landslides in China - ScienceDirect, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307086178541396956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086178545591261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, companyId=1307086178541396956, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sichuan Natural Resources Investigation and Design Group Ecological Environment Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051,Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086178553979870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, companyId=1307086178541396956, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川省自然资源勘察设计集团生态环境有限公司,四川 成都 610051)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307086179988431860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Particle-size distribution curves of intact loess in different regions, figureFileSmall=J524WsWbRIIGfhnejXP/PA==, figureFileBig=sqiEJTP4ipIzgQL4Z0oceg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086180051346421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同区域原状黄土粒度分布曲线图, figureFileSmall=J524WsWbRIIGfhnejXP/PA==, figureFileBig=sqiEJTP4ipIzgQL4Z0oceg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086180273644534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Liquid limit-plasticity index distribution of intact loess from different regions, figureFileSmall=IYneNKh6/TTr0v6cx4w1CA==, figureFileBig=A+UYtdNcdasjCHZVDU17FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086180344947703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同区域原状黄土液限–塑性指数分布图

CH. 高液限粘质土;CL. 低液限粘质土;MH. 高液限粉质土;ML. 低塑限粉质土;CHO. 含有机质的高液限粘质土;MHO. 含有机质的高液限粉质土;MLO. 含有机质的低液限粉质土

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Physical properties of intact loess in different regions

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地区比重
Gs
饱和含
水率ωn
(%)
干密度ρd
(g·cm−3)
液限ωL
(%)
塑限ωP
(%)
孔隙比
泾阳2.53041.2101.238631.4418.831.043
宁夏2.64329.2151.491319.2511.810.772
山西2.72135.2801.388231.9616.780.960
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不同区域原状黄土的物理性质

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地区比重
Gs
饱和含
水率ωn
(%)
干密度ρd
(g·cm−3)
液限ωL
(%)
塑限ωP
(%)
孔隙比
泾阳2.53041.2101.238631.4418.831.043
宁夏2.64329.2151.491319.2511.810.772
山西2.72135.2801.388231.9616.780.960
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Setting of moisture content and freezing-thawing cycles

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冻融含水率冻融循环次数泾阳土样宁夏土样山西土样
<Wp0√√√
1√√√
2√
3√
4√√√
5√
6√√√
Wp1√√√
4√√√
6√√√
>Wp1√√√
4√√√
6√√√
), ArticleFig(id=1307086182882500611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

含水率和冻融循环次数的设置

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冻融含水率冻融循环次数泾阳土样宁夏土样山西土样
<Wp0√√√
1√√√
2√
3√
4√√√
5√
6√√√
Wp1√√√
4√√√
6√√√
>Wp1√√√
4√√√
6√√√
), ArticleFig(id=1307086182974775300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fitted FX model parameters of loess from different regions under different freeze-thaw conditions

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区域工况abcR2
泾阳<Wp, 1次75.1770.8341.7560.996
=Wp, 1次30.0881.2260.8950.999
>Wp, 1次31.0620.7330.9560.998
<Wp, 4次22.1231.2360.8290.997
=Wp, 4次361.6620.4773.1420.997
>Wp, 4次35.7720.7450.9500.995
<Wp, 6次32.9520.8260.9970.992
=Wp, 6次64.7030.3931.0930.986
>Wp, 6次26.6560.9880.8380.996
宁夏<Wp, 1次5040.2960.7335.0000.936
=Wp, 1次247.7950.5923.2330.998
>Wp, 1次23.5471.7900.7540.998
<Wp, 4次34.0951.6730.3460.980
=Wp, 4次47.6110.8581.4200.996
>Wp, 4次20.3670.9050.8380.984
<Wp, 6次4757.6660.3594.0250.993
=Wp, 6次20.2691.7220.7900.998
>Wp, 6次65.0080.8100.5660.993
山西<Wp, 1次14.1112.7550.3860.990
=Wp, 1次8.4061.7680.5130.998
>Wp, 1次11.9201.7570.5670.999
<Wp, 4次12.3541.3350.5740.993
=Wp, 4次12.0412.3490.4050.996
>Wp, 4次14.2212.0540.4240.998
<Wp, 6次7.4051.0960.4140.995
=Wp, 6次10.4501.6900.4960.997
>Wp, 6次17.4761.7060.4470.998
), ArticleFig(id=1307086183058661381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086175055930315, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同区域黄土不同冻融条件下的 FX模型拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域工况abcR2
泾阳<Wp, 1次75.1770.8341.7560.996
=Wp, 1次30.0881.2260.8950.999
>Wp, 1次31.0620.7330.9560.998
<Wp, 4次22.1231.2360.8290.997
=Wp, 4次361.6620.4773.1420.997
>Wp, 4次35.7720.7450.9500.995
<Wp, 6次32.9520.8260.9970.992
=Wp, 6次64.7030.3931.0930.986
>Wp, 6次26.6560.9880.8380.996
宁夏<Wp, 1次5040.2960.7335.0000.936
=Wp, 1次247.7950.5923.2330.998
>Wp, 1次23.5471.7900.7540.998
<Wp, 4次34.0951.6730.3460.980
=Wp, 4次47.6110.8581.4200.996
>Wp, 4次20.3670.9050.8380.984
<Wp, 6次4757.6660.3594.0250.993
=Wp, 6次20.2691.7220.7900.998
>Wp, 6次65.0080.8100.5660.993
山西<Wp, 1次14.1112.7550.3860.990
=Wp, 1次8.4061.7680.5130.998
>Wp, 1次11.9201.7570.5670.999
<Wp, 4次12.3541.3350.5740.993
=Wp, 4次12.0412.3490.4050.996
>Wp, 4次14.2212.0540.4240.998
<Wp, 6次7.4051.0960.4140.995
=Wp, 6次10.4501.6900.4960.997
>Wp, 6次17.4761.7060.4470.998
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冻融循环作用下不同区域湿陷性黄土持水特性区域差异
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贺密 , 陈芯恺 *
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(4): 354-364
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (4) : 354 -364
冻融循环作用下不同区域湿陷性黄土持水特性区域差异
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贺密(1990−),女,工程师,主要从事生态环境修复治理方面研究。E−mail:

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贺密 , 陈芯恺*
作者信息
  • 四川省自然资源勘察设计集团生态环境有限公司,四川 成都 610051
通讯作者:
陈芯恺(1994−),女,工程师,主要从事从事土壤地下水调查及管控修复工作。E−mail:。
作者简介:

贺密(1990−),女,工程师,主要从事生态环境修复治理方面研究。E−mail:

Regional Differences in the Water Retention Behavior of Collapsible Loess under Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Mi HE , Xinkai CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Sichuan Natural Resources Investigation and Design Group Ecological Environment Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051,Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026031
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黄土广泛分布于中国季节冻土区,其颗粒组成、孔隙结构及工程性质具有显著区域分带性。冻融循环作用下,黄土内部孔隙结构持续重组,进而影响其持水能力及土水特征曲线(SWCC)演化。为揭示不同区域湿陷性黄土在冻融循环作用下的持水特性差异,选取宁夏砂黄土、山西粉黄土和泾阳黏黄土3类原状黄土为研究对象,考虑不同初始含水率和冻融循环次数,采用压力膜仪测定土水特征曲线,并利用 Fredlund–Xing 模型进行拟合分析。结果表明:不同区域黄土 SWCC 均呈典型“S”形,冻融循环引起的差异主要集中在主脱饱和段和高吸力尾部;泾阳土样对冻融作用最为敏感并表现为明显的阶段性重组,宁夏土样表现出较强的含水率分化特征,山西土样整体变化较为平缓;Fredlund–Xing 模型参数a、b、c均随冻融条件发生变化,表明冻融循环不仅改变了进气特征,而且改变了主脱饱和段斜率和高吸力区残余持水特征。区域差异不仅决定黄土初始持水能力,也影响冻融扰动下孔隙结构重组的路径。研究结果可为季节冻土区黄土工程中非饱和渗流分析、冻融劣化评价及水致灾害防控提供试验依据。

黄土高原  /  季节性冻土  /  湿陷性黄土  /  冻融循环  /  土水特征曲线

Loess is widely distributed in the seasonally frozen regions of China, and its particle composition, pore structure, and engineering properties exhibit significant regional zonation. Under freeze–thaw cycles, the internal pore structure of loess is continuously restructured, thereby affecting its water-holding capacity and the evolution of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). To investigate the regional differences in the water-holding behavior of collapsible loess under freeze–thaw cycles, undisturbed sandy loess from Ningxia, silty loess from Shanxi, and clayey loess from Jingyang were selected. Considering different initial water contents and freeze–thaw cycle numbers, SWCCs were measured using a pressure plate apparatus and fitted with the Fredlund–Xing model. The results show that all SWCCs exhibit a typical S-shaped pattern, and the differences induced by freeze–thaw cycles are mainly concentrated in the main desaturation stage and the high-suction tail. Jingyang samples are the most sensitive to freeze–thaw action and show obvious staged restructuring; Ningxia samples exhibit pronounced moisture-content-dependent divergence; Shanxi samples change more gently overall. The fitted parameters a, b, and c all vary with freeze–thaw conditions, indicating that freeze–thaw cycles not only alter the air-entry-related feature, but also change the slope of the main desaturation section and the residual water-retention behavior in the high-suction range. Regional differences therefore control not only the initial water-holding capacity of loess, but also the restructuring path of its pore system under freeze–thaw disturbance. These findings provide an experimental basis for unsaturated seepage analysis, freeze–thaw degradation assessment, and water-induced hazard prevention in loess engineering in seasonally frozen regions.

Loess Plateau  /  seasonal frozen soil  /  collapsible loess  /  freeze–thaw cycles  /  soil-water characteristic curve
贺密, 陈芯恺. 冻融循环作用下不同区域湿陷性黄土持水特性区域差异. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 354 -364 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026031
Mi HE, Xinkai CHEN. Regional Differences in the Water Retention Behavior of Collapsible Loess under Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 354 -364 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026031
黄土广泛分布于中国西北、华北及东北西部等地区,其中大部分位于季节冻土区和多年冻土区。受沉积环境、搬运分选和成土作用的共同影响,黄土在颗粒组成、物质成分、微观结构及工程性质等方面表现出明显的区域性和分带性。刘东生(1964)将黄河中游黄土自西北向东南划分为砂黄土带、黄土带和黏黄土带。相应地,不同区域黄土在湿陷性、水稳定性、渗透性及强度变形特征等方面也表现出显著差异(张红等,2016)。近年来的统计结果表明,黄土灾害的发育类型、分布特征及诱发条件同样具有一定的区域规律性(Peng et al.,2019) 。因此,从区域分带视角认识黄土的水力与力学响应特征,对于揭示黄土灾害形成机制及服务工程防灾减灾具有重要意义。
在中国黄土分布区,冻融作用是影响土体结构和工程性质的重要外部环境因素之一(褚洪义等,2024)。冻结与融化过程中,土中水分反复发生相变、迁移及重分布,易导致颗粒接触关系调整、胶结结构削弱、孔隙形态改变及裂隙扩展,从而引起黄土物理力学性质的持续劣化(黄翀垚等,2026;凌松耀等,2026)。研究表明,冻融循环不仅会改变黄土的基本物理性质和微观结构(倪万魁等;2014;周泓等,2015;付翔宇等,2021),还会对其强度、变形、压缩性及湿陷性等产生显著影响(Leroueil et al,1991;董晓宏等,2010;丑亚玲等,2019;秦辉等,2022)。对于边坡、路基、土坝及防渗工程而言,这种由冻融引起的结构损伤和水力性质演化,往往是诱发渗漏、浅层失稳、滑坡及防渗失效等问题的重要内因。因此,研究冻融循环作用下黄土持水特性的变化规律,不仅具有理论意义,也具有明确的工程背景。
黄土工程中大量土体常处于地下水位以上,长期处于非饱和状态。土水特征曲线(Soil-Water Characteristic Curve, SWCC)用于描述土体含水状态与基质吸力之间的关系,是非饱和土力学研究中最基础、最关键的内容之一。SWCC 不仅反映土体的持水能力,还与其渗透性、抗剪强度、变形特征及多场耦合行为密切相关。前人已从土体结构(Cai et al,2020) 、物性指标(文宝萍等,2008)、应力条件(陈存礼等,2011)、干湿循环(张芳枝等,2010)及冻融循环(齐吉琳等,2006;谷琪等,2016;崔宏环等,2020)等多个方面对 SWCC 的影响进行了研究。总体而言,SWCC 的变化本质上受土体内部孔隙结构控制,而孔隙结构又与颗粒级配、胶结状态、架空结构特征及冻融扰动过程密切相关。尤其对于具有典型架空大孔隙和非均质结构特征的黄土而言,冻融循环可能通过改变孔隙分布和连通关系,进一步引起持水能力的演化。因此,从微观结构和孔隙分布变化角度理解冻融条件下黄土 SWCC 的区域差异,具有较强的科学意义。
尽管已有研究对冻融循环作用下黄土的物理力学性质及持水特征开展了较多工作,但从黄土区域分带视角出发,砂黄土、粉黄土和黏黄土在冻融条件下持水特性差异的演化规律及控制机制仍不清楚。 不同区域黄土在粒度组成、天然结构及孔隙特征方面存在先天差异,这些差异可能导致其对冻融扰动的响应程度及演化规律并不相同。区域分带导致的黄土初始结构差异是否会控制冻融循环作用下孔隙系统的重组路径,进而形成差异化的土水特征曲线(SWCC)演化规律?笔者假设区域性不仅是黄土初始持水能力的决定因素,更是控制其在冻融作用下结构演化路径与持水响应模式的关键内因。为验证这一假设,笔者以黄土高原不同地区具有代表性的宁夏砂黄土、山西粉黄土和泾阳黏黄土原状样为研究对象,考虑初始含水率和冻融循环次数的影响,采用压力膜仪开展持水特性试验,并结合模型拟合结果,分析不同区域黄土在冻融循环作用下土水特征曲线的变化规律,探讨区域性与冻融条件对黄土持水特性的影响。研究成果可为进一步认识季节冻土区黄土非饱和水力行为及相关工程灾害机理提供试验依据。
本试验选取黄土高原不同区域具有代表性的原状黄土作为研究对象,分别采自宁夏、山西和泾阳。对比分析可见,不同区域黄土在土粒比重、饱和含水率、干密度、液塑限、孔隙比等物理指标,以及颗粒级配组成上均表现出明显差异(表1,图1、图2 ),这为研究区域性黄土在冻融循环作用下持水特性的响应规律提供了材料基础。
依据黄土中砂粒和黏粒含量,可将其划分为砂黄土、粉黄土和黏黄土。其中,砂黄土中粒径大于 0.05 mm 的砂粒含量大于 30%,黏粒含量小于 15%;粉黄土中砂粒含量为 15%~30%,黏粒含量为 15%~25%;黏黄土中砂粒含量小于 15%,黏粒含量大于 25%。根据粒组组成特征(图2),可将宁夏土样归为砂黄土,山西土样归为粉黄土,泾阳土样归为黏黄土,这些黄土满足本研究对不同区域、不同类型黄土的取样要求。
试样制备采用环刀切取原状土样,环刀尺寸为直径 38 mm、高 10 mm。为研究初始含水率对冻融后持水特性的影响,采用小喷壶对试样进行均匀增湿,配制不同含水率条件下的试样。增湿完成后,立即用保鲜膜密封包裹,并静置过夜,以减小水分迁移不均对试验结果的影响。
在此基础上,对试样开展不同次数的冻融循环处理。试验中以−20 ℃ 冻结12 h、室温融化12 h 作为一个完整冻融周期,设置不同冻融含水率和冻融循环次数(表2)进行试验。冻融循环次数的设置综合考虑了冻融作用初期敏感响应、累积效应表征及试验工作量控制等因素。已有研究表明,冻融循环对土体孔隙结构和力学性质的影响主要集中在前10次,特别是经历6次冻融作用后,与未经历冻融作用的黄土相比孔隙率增大约18.8%。随着冻融作用的继续,黄土孔隙率减小且趋于稳定(陈鑫等,2020)。因此,本研究将冻融次数上限设为6次,旨在捕捉冻融作用早期的快速演化阶段。 设置0次冻融作为对照组,用于表征原状黄土未受冻融扰动时的初始持水特性;设置1次冻融,旨在捕捉首轮冻融对土体结构及持水能力的快速影响;设置4次和6次冻融,则用于反映中等与较高累积冻融作用下土水特征曲线的演化规律。考虑到不同区域土样的冻融响应可能存在差异,并为更细致识别早-中期演化特征,在泾阳土样(对冻融最敏感)的部分代表性工况下进一步加密设置了2次、3次和5次冻融循环。该设置在保证区域对比分析的基础上,兼顾了工况代表性与试验可实施性。需要指出的是,本研究中的冻融循环次数主要用于识别0~6次范围内的早期演化规律,尚不足以全面反映更高次数冻融作用下的长期变化特征。
完成预定冻融处理后,采用真空饱和缸对试样进行饱和处理,以统一后续压力膜仪测试土水特征曲线时的初始状态,并为不同区域黄土持水特性的对比分析提供一致的试验条件。
本试验采用美国 Soil Moisture 公司生产的压力膜仪测定土水特征曲线。该仪器基于Hilf(1956) 提出的轴平移技术,通过对试样施加一定的孔隙气压力,并借助高进气值陶土板排出孔隙水,使土体在不同吸力水平下逐步达到水分平衡状态,从而实现对基质吸力的控制。试样含水率采用取样称量法确定,即称量试样在各级吸力平衡状态下的质量,并结合已知饱和状态参数换算相应含水率,据此建立含水率(或饱和度)与基质吸力之间的关系,获得土水特征曲线。
在具体测试过程中,将经不同冻融处理并完成饱和的试样放入压力膜仪中,采用空压机供压,在轴平移条件下逐级施加气压力,以控制试样所处的基质吸力水平。试验设置的吸力级别依次为 5 kPa、7 kPa、9 kPa、11 kPa、15 kPa、25 kPa、35 kPa、50 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa、600 kPa、800 kPa 和 1000 kPa。每一级压力施加后,待试样排水基本稳定并达到平衡状态,取出试样进行称量。根据试样在饱和状态下的含水率和质量,推算其在相应吸力条件下的含水率,进而获得不同吸力水平下的持水状态数据。
采用分级加压可以较完整地表征试样在低吸力段至高吸力段的脱饱和过程。其中,低吸力区间有助于识别土体由近饱和状态向进气阶段过渡时的持水响应特征,高吸力区间则有助于刻画土体持续失水条件下的含水率衰减规律。通过上述测试,可获取不同区域黄土在不同冻融条件下的土水特征曲线,为后续模型拟合和持水特性分析提供基础数据。
目前,用于描述非饱和土土水特征曲线的常用模型主要包括 Fredlund and Xing 模型、Van Genuchten 模型、Van Genuchten–Burdine 模型、Van Genuchten–Mualem 模型以及 Brooks–Corey 模型等。其中,Fredlund and Xing 模型(简称:FX)在较宽吸力范围内具有较好的适用性(Fredlund et al.,1994),尤其对曲线尾部的拟合能力较强,能够较好表征不同类型土体的土水特征曲线特征,因此被广泛应用于非饱和土持水特性的研究(Ghadr et al.,2018)。文中采用 Fredlund and Xing模型对试验数据进行拟合分析(公式1)。
$ {\theta }_{w}=\frac{{\theta }_{s}}{{\left\{ln\left[e+{\left(\dfrac{\varphi }{a}\right)}^{b}\right]\right\}}^{c}} $
式中:θw 为体积含水率(cm3/cm3);θs 为饱和体积含水率(cm3/cm3);e为自然对数底数;φ为基质吸力(kPa);a、b、c 为拟合参数。其中,参数a主要反映曲线横向位置及进气特征,其增大通常意味着曲线整体向高吸力区移动,土体在较大吸力下仍能维持较高饱和度;参数b反映主脱饱和段的陡缓程度,b较大时曲线在主脱饱和段下降更快,表明水分释放更集中、排水更迅速;参数c主要控制高吸力段尾部形态,c的变化反映了残余持水阶段衰减方式的差异本文中各土样的土水特征曲线数据点均为实测结果,连结曲线为 FX 模型拟合结果。通过对不同区域、不同冻融条件下拟合曲线及其参数变化进行对比,可分析冻融循环和区域差异对黄土持水特性的影响规律。
总体来看,不同冻融条件下不同区域黄土的土水特征曲线均呈典型“S”形(图3):低吸力区间土样基本保持较高含水或高饱和状态,随着吸力增大,曲线进入主脱饱和段并快速下降,在高吸力区逐渐趋于平缓,说明3类黄土虽具有不同区域背景,但其非饱和持水行为均符合由大孔隙排水向中小孔隙束缚水控制逐步过渡的基本规律。冻融循环引起的差异主要集中在主脱饱和段和高吸力尾部,而低吸力区间差别相对较小,表明冻融作用对黄土持水特性的影响主要体现为孔隙结构重组后排水过程及残余持水能力变化,而非简单改变其近饱和状态。
泾阳粘黄土的变化最具阶段性(图3a)。在小于塑限含水率条件下,经历首次冻融后曲线整体明显下移,说明首轮冻融对原状黄土天然结构的扰动最强,土体在中高吸力区的持水能力明显减弱;随着冻融次数继续增加,曲线并非单调下移,而是出现一定程度的回升和再次调整,表现出明显的非单调特征。同一含水率下不同冻融次数曲线差异显著,主脱饱和段与高吸力区波动明显,直观反映冻融作用下孔隙结构阶段性重组特征。等于塑限含水率条件下,曲线随冻融次数增加总体表现为逐步上移,说明反复冻融后土体在该含水状态下的中高吸力持水能力有所增强。大于塑限含水率条件下,不同冻融次数下曲线差异相对较小,主要表现为主脱饱和段和尾部局部位置的调整。总体而言,泾阳土样对冻融作用最为敏感,且其响应路径具有明显的阶段性和复杂性。
宁夏砂黄土同样表现出较显著的冻融响应,但其规律与泾阳并不完全一致(图3b)。新增饱和度–吸力曲线显示,在N=1 时,3条曲线在绝大多数吸力范围内表现为 w<wp试样持水能力最强,w=wp次之,w>wp最弱;在N=4 时,w<wp仍保持较高持水水平,而 w>wp曲线在中高吸力区已明显高于w=wp;到N=6 时,w<wp与w>wp两组曲线已较为接近,而w=wp明显最低。说明宁夏土样在冻融循环下具有较强的含水率依赖性:低含水率试样整体保持较高持水能力,等于塑限含水率试样在反复冻融后持水能力持续减弱,而高于塑限含水率试样则表现出较明显的累积响应,即前期受损、后期相对恢复或重组。与泾阳相比,宁夏土样也受冻融影响明显,但其演化路径更偏向“分化式调整”,不同初始含水率之间的差异在反复冻融后反而被进一步拉大,各含水率工况曲线间距随冻融次数增加持续扩大,呈现显著的含水率分化特征。。
山西粉黄土对冻融循环的响应相对较弱(图3c)。在N=1 时,w<wp曲线整体高于另外两组,而 w=wp与w>wp差别较小;在N=4 时,3组曲线明显趋于收敛,尤其在中高吸力区几乎重合;到 N=6 时,3组曲线再次出现分离,但总体仍表现为 w<wp最高、w>wp次之、w=wp最低,且分离幅度明显小于宁夏。由此可见,山西土样在0~6次冻融范围内虽然也存在一定调整,但曲线整体变幅较小。山西土各工况 FX 模型拟合优度 R2 均大于 0.990(表3 ),曲线形态稳定、变化平缓,未出现大幅波动或明显分化。山西粉黄土在本试验条件下的冻融响应相对平缓。
对比结果显示,冻融循环对 SWCC 的影响同时受冻融次数和初始含水率控制,但其作用方式在不同区域并不一致。泾阳土样表现为显著的阶段性重组,宁夏土样表现为不同含水率路径的持续分化,山西土样则表现为较弱而平缓的调整。由此说明,冻融循环并不会对所有区域黄土产生统一的“增强”或“削弱”作用,而是通过改变不同土样孔隙系统的排水顺序和连通特征,形成具有区域差异的持水响应模式
在相同试验体系下,不同地域黄土对冻融循环的响应方式存在明显区域差异。泾阳黏黄土的主要特征是曲线调整幅度大、阶段性明显,尤其在小于塑限和等于塑限含水率条件下;随冻融次数增加,曲线既可能下移,也可能上移,说明其持水特性并非单调演化。宁夏砂黄土则表现出更突出的含水率分化特征,不同初始含水率试样之间的曲线间距在反复冻融后可明显拉大。山西粉黄土整体变化幅度最小,3组曲线在 N=4 时趋于明显收敛,表现出较弱的区域敏感性。区域性不仅影响黄土的初始持水状态,也决定了冻融扰动后曲线调整的路径与强度。进一步分析发现,泾阳和宁夏均属于对冻融作用较敏感的土样,但二者的敏感方式不同:泾阳变现为同一含水率路径下随冻融次数变化的阶段性重组,宁夏表现为不同初始含水率路径之间的持续分化。山西则表现为响应幅度有限、路径较平缓,反映了不同区域黄土在冻融作用下具有不同的结构响应模式。
这种区域差异与三地黄土的粒度组成和初始结构背景密切相关。宁夏土样以粗颗粒成分为主,干密度最大(1.4913 g/cm3),孔隙比最小(0.772),砂粒含量优势显著(表1、表2),其颗粒骨架以粗颗粒为主,排水通道相对稳定,因此冻融影响主要表现为不同初始含水率路径下的“持续分化”,而非全曲线的整体漂移;山西土样以粉粒为主,属于粉黄土。泾阳土样(黏黄土) 孔隙比最大(1.043),黏粒含量最高(>25%),液限(31.44%)和塑限(18.83%)均为最高。这种高孔隙比、高黏粒含量的结构,使其天然状态下富含架空孔隙和团聚体,为冻融作用下的孔隙塌缩与细粒重分配提供了物质基础,从而表现为最敏感的“阶段性重组”。细粒含量越高、比表面积越大、吸附能力越强,土体往往更容易形成细小孔隙并表现出较强持水能力;然而本研究表明,区域性持水差异并不能仅由粒度组成直接决定。泾阳虽细粒含量较高,但其曲线变化并非始终“持水最强”,而是呈现更复杂的阶段性调整;宁夏虽粗颗粒占优,却对冻融循环表现出很强的含水率分化响应;山西介于两者之间,却整体更平缓。这些特征说明粒度组成只是控制因素之一,真正决定区域差异的还包括颗粒排列方式、胶结状态、孔隙连通性及多尺度孔隙组合特征。
从区域性影响的本质上看,SWCC 的差异归根到底是孔隙体系差异的外在反映。不同区域黄土在沉积环境、成土过程和天然结构上的差异,会导致其初始孔径分布、团聚体结构及优势排水通道存在显著不同。冻融循环作用后,这些差异进一步表现为:某些土样更容易发生大孔隙塌缩和局部压密,某些土样更容易发生孔隙再连通和结构分化,还有些土样则主要表现为中等幅度的渐进调整。因此,区域性对 SWCC 的影响,并不是单一参数大小规律的差别,而是不同区域黄土孔隙系统在冻融扰动下重组方式不同的结果。
为进一步定量表征不同区域黄土土水特征曲线在冻融循环作用下的形态变化,采用FX模型,设置拟合参数(表3)并对图3中的试验数据进行拟合,获取参数热图(图4)和参数变化热图(图5)。FX模型能够较好描述不同区域黄土在不同冻融条件下SWCC 的整体形态,多数工况(表3)的拟合优度R2较高,说明该模型适用于表征区域性黄土在冻融扰动下的持水特性变化。
不同区域黄土在不同冻融条件下的参数本底格局存在明显差异(图4)。总体而言,泾阳土样的参数波动幅度最大,尤其在w=wp 条件下,参数a和c随冻融次数变化较为显著,说明其土水特征曲线横向位置和高吸力尾部形态均发生了较强调整;宁夏土样在参数a上表现出更强的离散性,尤其在 w<wp条件下取值明显高于其他区域,说明其进气特征及曲线整体位置对冻融扰动更为敏感;山西土样在参数 b 和c上整体分布相对更集中,表明其曲线形态变化总体较为平缓,但在个别工况下参数 a 仍可出现一定幅度偏移。由此可见,区域差异并不仅仅表现为“参数大小规律不同”,更表现为“参数组合模式不同”,这正是不同区域初始结构背景在模型参数层面的反映。
从不同初始含水率条件看,参数变化还体现出明显的路径差异。当w<wp时,参数变化往往反映首轮冻融对原始大孔隙骨架的快速扰动,后续冻融则更多体现为不同区域土样在塌缩、重排和再连通之间的竞争结果;当w=wp时,土–水–气体系处于较敏感的临界状态,冻融作用既易引起明显结构破坏,又易触发颗粒重排和孔隙再分配,因此最容易放大区域差异;当w>wp时,更多水分参与冻结与融化,冰晶生长、水分迁移及融后重分布作用更为强烈,参数a、b、c的组合变化所反映不同区域土样在“结构破坏–再连通–再组织”之间的不同竞争结果。
笔者进一步揭示了冻融循环次数增加后的累积效应(图5)。以首轮冻融为基准,泾阳土样在后续冻融过程中参数变化最为复杂,尤其在w=wp条件下,a、b、c均表现出较大幅度调整,说明该类土样在接近塑限含水率时最易发生持续的孔隙结构重组;宁夏土样的参数变化更突出地表现为不同初始含水率路径之间的分化,说明其冻融累积效应具有较强的含水率依赖性;山西土样相对于首轮冻融后的参数变化幅度总体较小,说明其在0~6次冻融范围内的累积响应相对有限。研究发现,参数本底格局与区域差异(图4),冻融循环次数增加后参数变化方向与幅度(图5),共同构成了对 SWCC 变化规律的定量表征。
FX模型参数之间具有一定耦合性,个别工况下可能出现参数放大、边界取值或不同参数共同补偿同一曲线形态特征的情况。因此,参数的物理解释更适合结合 SWCC 整体形态、区域对比和冻融条件综合进行,而不宜对单个参数的绝对值作孤立解读。不同区域黄土在冻融次数影响下的土水特征曲线图(图3)和不同冻融条件下的FX模型拟合参数热图(图4)揭示了不同区域黄土在冻融扰动下参数组合模式及其变化路径的差异,为后续从微观结构和孔隙分布角度解释持水特性演化机制提供定量支撑。
冻融循环对不同区域湿陷性黄土持水特性的影响,本质上是土体在水–冰相变作用下微观结构和孔隙体系持续重组的结果。由不同区域黄土的土水特征曲线可知,不同区域土样在低吸力区的差异相对较小,而在主脱饱和段和高吸力区的差异更为显著,说明冻融循环主要改变的是孔隙体系对水分释放过程的控制方式,而不是单纯改变近饱和状态下的含水水平。换言之,冻融作用影响的核心并不是某一个孤立特征点,而是整个孔隙排水路径、束缚水保持能力以及不同尺度孔隙之间的协同关系。
初始含水率是控制这一过程的首要因素。当 w<wp时,土中可冻结水含量相对较低,但天然架空结构和较大孔隙对首次冻融极为敏感,冰晶胀缩和融化后的局部塌缩容易优先破坏大孔隙骨架,因此曲线常在首轮冻融后迅速调整;当w=wp时,土–水–气体系处于较敏感的临界区间,冻融作用既易引起明显结构破坏,又易触发颗粒重排和孔隙再分配,因此最容易放大区域差异;当w>wp时,更多水分参与冻结与融化,冰晶生长、水分迁移和融后重分布作用更为强烈,因此曲线变化常表现出延迟性和波动性。也就是说,初始含水率决定了冻融作用的激发方式,并进一步影响土体持水特性的演化路径。
区域性则进一步决定了这种冻融响应在何种结构背景下发生。泾阳黏黄土细粒含量高、天然孔隙比大、团聚体结构和架空结构并存,因此在冻融循环中既容易发生原始大孔隙塌缩,也容易在后续循环中伴随细颗粒再分配和局部压密,最终表现为 SWCC 的阶段性重组和参数的大幅波动;宁夏砂黄土粗颗粒占比较高,大孔隙和骨架孔隙在排水过程中的作用更突出。因此,不同初始含水率条件下的结构演化路径更容易被保留下来,表现为不同工况曲线之间持续分化,参数 a、b、c的差异也更加鲜明;山西粉黄土则处于两者之间,颗粒组成和孔隙系统相对居中,使其在本试验范围内主要表现为较温和、较连续的渐进调整,参数分布也更为集中。由此表明,区域性并不是一个静态标签,而是通过“初始结构背景–冻融重组方式–SWCC 响应结果”发挥作用。
从孔隙分布角度看,本研究观察到的差异可以理解为3类过程的竞争结果。① 大孔隙塌缩或被细颗粒填充,使进气推迟、局部持水能力增强,对应曲线右移或高吸力尾部抬升;② 颗粒破碎、胶结削弱和孔隙再连通,使中大孔隙比例增加、排水加快、主脱饱和段变陡;③ 反复冻融后细颗粒迁移、团聚和局部压密并存,使曲线在不同吸力区间表现出不同步变化。不同区域黄土之所以表现出不同的 SWCC 演化路径,正是因为这3类机制在各自土样中的主导程度不同:泾阳以阶段性交替占优为主要特征,宁夏以不同含水率路径差异放大为主要特征,山西则以多过程相互抵消、整体变化较缓为主要特征。
上述认识概括为冻融循环作用下不同区域湿陷性黄土土水特征曲线响应机制(图6):区域初始结构差异构成不同的孔隙系统本底,初始含水率决定冻融作用的激发强度和方式,冻结–融化过程引起的大孔隙塌缩、颗粒重排、孔隙再连通以及细颗粒迁移与团聚,共同控制了SWCC主脱饱和段和高吸力尾部的调整,而FX参数所表征的曲线位置、斜率和尾部变化,则是这种“含水率–结构–孔隙”耦合演化在宏观水力响应上的集中体现。
因此,冻融循环作用下不同区域黄土持水特性的影响机制可以概括为:初始含水率控制冻融作用的激发方式,区域性结构背景控制孔隙系统的重组路径,而宏观 SWCC 及其模型参数变化则是这种耦合演化在水力响应层面的综合表现。这一认识说明,后续研究应进一步结合扫描电镜、压汞试验和孔径分布分析,对不同区域黄土大孔隙、中孔隙和小孔隙的演化进行定量识别,从而实现对宏观持水曲线差异的微观验证。
(1)不同区域黄土在各冻融工况下的土水特征曲线均呈典型“S”形,冻融循环引起的差异主要集中在主脱饱和段和高吸力尾部,而低吸力区变化相对较小,说明冻融作用主要改变的是孔隙系统对水分释放过程的控制方式,而非近饱和状态本身。
(2)冻融循环对黄土持水特性的影响同时受初始含水率和冻融次数控制,但其演化并非统一的单调劣化过程。泾阳黏黄土对冻融作用最为敏感,表现为明显的阶段性重组;宁夏砂黄土表现出较强的含水率分化特征;山西粉黄土在本试验条件下整体变化较为平缓,表明区域性不仅决定黄土初始持水能力,也影响其在冻融扰动下的响应路径与强度。
(3)Fredlund–Xing 模型能够较好表征不同区域黄土在冻融条件下的土水特征曲线,拟合参数a、b、c呈现出明确的演化规律;冻融循环通过控制砂黄土、粉黄土和黏黄土孔隙系统的差异化重组,进而影响其进气特征、脱饱和过程和残余持水特征,最终形成不同的持水响应模式。
(4)工程实践方面,季节冻土区黄土工程应根据区域分带特性差异化设计:黏黄土区需警惕冻融初期的持水能力突降及阶段性波动,加强边坡防护与动态参数分析;砂黄土区应依据天然含水率与塑限的关系分区制定排水策略,避免高含水率土体经历多次冻融;粉黄土区变化相对平缓,可按常规理论设计但需长期监测。在非饱和渗流数值分析中,建议根据黄土类型和冻融条件选取本文提供的FX模型参数进行修正。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026031
  • 接收时间:2026-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-12
  • 修回日期:2026-06-10
  • 录用日期:2026-06-10
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    四川省自然资源勘察设计集团生态环境有限公司,四川 成都 610051

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陈芯恺(1994−),女,工程师,主要从事从事土壤地下水调查及管控修复工作。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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