Article(id=1307086137961508913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2026043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1777219200000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-27, revisedDate=1782230400000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-24, acceptedDate=1782403200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineDate=1789563219776, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563219776, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563219776, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563219776, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=365, endPage=375, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086138175418418, articleId=1307086137961508913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Study on Water Regulation Mechanism of Salix matsudana Koidz in Mu Us Sandy Land, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the background of global climate change and regional water scarcity, in-depth research on the synergistic driving mechanisms of multiple factors controlling vegetation water use in arid and semi-arid regions is urgently required. Existing studies lack sufficient analysis on the synergistic regulation of meteorology-soil water-groundwater in the sap flow process of Salix matsudana Koidz in the Mu Us Sandy Land. Therefore, taking 40-year-old Salix matsudana Koidz in the Mu Us Sandy Land as the research object, this study systematically analyzed the water use strategy of Salix matsudana Koidz under the synergistic effect of meteorological factors and groundwater in the rainy season, and clarified the key paths of meteorological factors regulating the sap flow process of Salix matsudana Koidz, through in-situ continuous monitoring of meteorological elements, groundwater depth, soil moisture content and stem sap flow density, combined with Structural Equation Model and Boosted Regression Tree model. The results show that Salix matsudana Koidz is a deep water-dependent tree species, forming a water use strategy dynamically adjusted with hydro-meteorological conditions in the growing season. It preferentially utilizes deep soil water and groundwater at 250–450 cm, with extremely low utilization efficiency of surface soil water recharged by rainfall. Meteorological factors regulate the sap flow of Salix matsudana Koidz through dual paths of direct driving and indirect synergy. Solar radiation (β=0.71, P<0.001) is the core direct driving factor, relative humidity (β=−0.27, P<0.05) is the key atmospheric constraint factor, and groundwater level exerts a significant positive indirect effect (total effect 0.39) through the hydrological transmission chain of groundwater-deep soil water-vegetation sap flow. The sap flow density of Salix matsudana Koidz peaks when the air temperature is 9.97–21.20℃ and the relative humidity is moderate. This study clarifies the multi-factor coupled driving mechanism of the sap flow process of Salix matsudana Koidz and provides theoretical support for the management of Salix matsudana Koidz forests and ecological restoration projects in the Mu Us Sandy Land.

, authors=Can LI, authorsList=Can LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086141971263557, articleId=1307086137961508913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=毛乌素沙地旱柳水分调节机制研究, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球气候变化与区域水资源短缺背景下,干旱半干旱区植被水分利用的多因子协同驱动机制研究亟待深化,但现有研究对毛乌素沙地旱柳液流过程中气象因子–土壤水–地下水协同调控机制解析仍存在不足。因此,本研究以毛乌素沙地40年生旱柳为对象,通过原位连续监测气象要素、地下水埋深、土壤含水率及树干液流密度,结合结构方程模型与增强回归树模型,系统解析雨季气象因子与土壤水、地下水协同作用下旱柳的水分利用策略,阐明气象因子调控旱柳液流的关键路径。结果表明:旱柳为深层水分依赖型树种,形成随生长季水文气象条件动态调整的水分利用策略,优先利用250~450 cm深层土壤水与地下水,对降雨形成的表层土壤水利用效率极低;气象因子对旱柳液流存在直接驱动与间接调控的双重机制,太阳辐射为核心直接驱动因子,相对湿度为关键大气约束因子,地下水位通过地下水–深层土壤水–植被液流水文传导链产生显著正向间接效应(总效应0.39);在气温9.97~21.20℃、相对湿度适中时旱柳液流密度达峰值。本研究厘清了旱柳液流过程的多因子协同驱动机制,为毛乌素沙地旱柳林经营与生态恢复工程提供了理论支撑。

, authors=李灿, authorsList=李灿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李灿(2006−),女,本科生,主要从事干旱区植被水分利用机制研究。E−mail:

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李灿(2006−),女,本科生,主要从事干旱区植被水分利用机制研究。E−mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李灿(2006−),女,本科生,主要从事干旱区植被水分利用机制研究。E−mail:

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a. 太阳辐射;b. 相对湿度;c. 露点;d. 饱和水汽压差;e. 空气温度;f. 风速

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a. 降水量;b. 地下水位与温度;c. 液流密度;d. 土壤含水率

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a. 影响路径;b. 路径系数

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a. 太阳辐射(w/m2);b. 相对湿度(%);c. 空气温度(℃);d. 风速(m/s);e. 浅层土壤含水率(%);f. 中层土壤含水率(%);g. 深层土壤含水率(%);h. 地下水位(m)

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毛乌素沙地旱柳水分调节机制研究
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李灿
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(4): 365-375
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (4) : 365 -375
毛乌素沙地旱柳水分调节机制研究
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李灿(2006−),女,本科生,主要从事干旱区植被水分利用机制研究。E−mail:

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李灿(2006−),女,本科生,主要从事干旱区植被水分利用机制研究。E−mail:

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李灿
作者信息
  • 河北地质大学水资源与环境学院,河北 石家庄 052161
作者简介:

李灿(2006−),女,本科生,主要从事干旱区植被水分利用机制研究。E−mail:

Study on Water Regulation Mechanism of Salix matsudana Koidz in Mu Us Sandy Land
Can LI
Affiliations
  • School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 052161, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026043
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在全球气候变化与区域水资源短缺背景下,干旱半干旱区植被水分利用的多因子协同驱动机制研究亟待深化,但现有研究对毛乌素沙地旱柳液流过程中气象因子–土壤水–地下水协同调控机制解析仍存在不足。因此,本研究以毛乌素沙地40年生旱柳为对象,通过原位连续监测气象要素、地下水埋深、土壤含水率及树干液流密度,结合结构方程模型与增强回归树模型,系统解析雨季气象因子与土壤水、地下水协同作用下旱柳的水分利用策略,阐明气象因子调控旱柳液流的关键路径。结果表明:旱柳为深层水分依赖型树种,形成随生长季水文气象条件动态调整的水分利用策略,优先利用250~450 cm深层土壤水与地下水,对降雨形成的表层土壤水利用效率极低;气象因子对旱柳液流存在直接驱动与间接调控的双重机制,太阳辐射为核心直接驱动因子,相对湿度为关键大气约束因子,地下水位通过地下水–深层土壤水–植被液流水文传导链产生显著正向间接效应(总效应0.39);在气温9.97~21.20℃、相对湿度适中时旱柳液流密度达峰值。本研究厘清了旱柳液流过程的多因子协同驱动机制,为毛乌素沙地旱柳林经营与生态恢复工程提供了理论支撑。

旱柳  /  树干液流  /  水分利用策略  /  气象因子  /  地下水  /  毛乌素沙地

Against the background of global climate change and regional water scarcity, in-depth research on the synergistic driving mechanisms of multiple factors controlling vegetation water use in arid and semi-arid regions is urgently required. Existing studies lack sufficient analysis on the synergistic regulation of meteorology-soil water-groundwater in the sap flow process of Salix matsudana Koidz in the Mu Us Sandy Land. Therefore, taking 40-year-old Salix matsudana Koidz in the Mu Us Sandy Land as the research object, this study systematically analyzed the water use strategy of Salix matsudana Koidz under the synergistic effect of meteorological factors and groundwater in the rainy season, and clarified the key paths of meteorological factors regulating the sap flow process of Salix matsudana Koidz, through in-situ continuous monitoring of meteorological elements, groundwater depth, soil moisture content and stem sap flow density, combined with Structural Equation Model and Boosted Regression Tree model. The results show that Salix matsudana Koidz is a deep water-dependent tree species, forming a water use strategy dynamically adjusted with hydro-meteorological conditions in the growing season. It preferentially utilizes deep soil water and groundwater at 250–450 cm, with extremely low utilization efficiency of surface soil water recharged by rainfall. Meteorological factors regulate the sap flow of Salix matsudana Koidz through dual paths of direct driving and indirect synergy. Solar radiation (β=0.71, P<0.001) is the core direct driving factor, relative humidity (β=−0.27, P<0.05) is the key atmospheric constraint factor, and groundwater level exerts a significant positive indirect effect (total effect 0.39) through the hydrological transmission chain of groundwater-deep soil water-vegetation sap flow. The sap flow density of Salix matsudana Koidz peaks when the air temperature is 9.97–21.20℃ and the relative humidity is moderate. This study clarifies the multi-factor coupled driving mechanism of the sap flow process of Salix matsudana Koidz and provides theoretical support for the management of Salix matsudana Koidz forests and ecological restoration projects in the Mu Us Sandy Land.

Salix matsudana Koidz  /  stem sap flow  /  water use strategy  /  meteorological factor  /  groundwater  /  Mu Us Sandy Land
李灿. 毛乌素沙地旱柳水分调节机制研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 365 -375 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026043
Can LI. Study on Water Regulation Mechanism of Salix matsudana Koidz in Mu Us Sandy Land[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 365 -375 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026043
旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz.)因其较强的抗旱耐贫瘠特性,近年来已成为毛乌素沙地生态修复与植被重建的核心树种之一,在防风固沙、水土保持及维持生态系统稳定性方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用。在全球气候变化的背景下,毛乌素地区的水资源短缺日益加剧(徐同仁等,2025),水分作为旱区植被生存与发育的核心限制因素,直接关系到旱区植被的生长发育与生态修复成效,其植被耗水的水文响应与适应机制已成为生态水文学领域的重点研究方向之一(张亚峰等,2025)。毛乌素沙地的降水时空差异显著、地下水位波动剧烈,极端干旱事件频发,导致旱柳生长面临土壤水分亏缺、地下水埋深动态失衡等现实胁迫(Zhao et al,2020)。旱柳的水分利用策略及气象调控机制不确定性制约了区域生态修复进程,也给生态系统稳定性带来潜在风险。因此,系统地解析气象因子、土壤水分与地下水动态协同驱动下的旱柳水分利用策略,对于完善生态水文调控理论和科学指导区域植被建设与生态修复具有重要的现实意义。
树干液流是连接陆地生态系统水分循环与能量交换的关键过程,直接反映植物对环境水分的吸收、运输与消耗效率,其动态变化对气象因子具有高度敏感性(黄金廷等,2013)。旱柳作为地下水依赖型树种,其水分利用策略同时受气象因素、土壤水分及地下水位三重环境因子的调控,三者的协同作用深刻影响旱柳的生长状态与生态功能(尹立河等,2015;许文豪等,2018)。气象因素包括空气温度(Air Temperature,Ta)、相对湿度(Relative Humidity,RH)、太阳辐射(Solar Radiation,Rs)、饱和水汽压差(Photosynthetically active radiation,VPD)、露点温度(Dew Point Temperature,Td)、风速(Wind Speed,$ WS $)等要素(赵亚迪等,2018;马鑫等,2020)。近年来,国内外学者开展了大量环境因素对旱柳液流的驱动机制研究,认为气象与水文条件是驱动植物液流变化的核心因素。例如,通过原位监测证实,水汽压亏缺、潜在蒸散发与旱柳树干液流呈显著正相关(许文豪等,2018);统计分析表明旱柳叶水势与气温、净辐射呈显著负相关,与空气相对湿度呈正相关,太阳辐射是影响叶水势变化的主导气象因子(尹立河等,2016);前人研究也表明地下水作为稳定水源对旱柳液流产生明显影响(乔冈等,2026)。此外,通过增温控制实验发现,气温升高可通过改变旱柳叶片水分特征与水力结构,进而增强其抗旱保水能力(何维明等,2001)。前人研究也证实气象因素通过调控植物叶片的气孔开闭及相关的生理代谢过程影响旱柳液流的时空变化(Waseem et al.,2024;乔冈等,2026)。现有研究虽已初步阐明了气象因子、地下水对旱柳液流的单一调控机制,但关于其液流变化的主控因子仍存在分歧,且现有研究仅开展原位监测与简单相关性分析,较少有定量解析各要素的独立作用及交互作用贡献度,旱柳液流多因子协同调控机制仍有待进一步明确。
针对以上存在的科学问题,本研究对毛乌素沙地的旱柳液流进行原位监测,基于气象、地下水位及土壤含水率数据,利用结构方程模型(Structural equation modeling,SEM)与增强回归树模型(Boosted regression tress,BRT)进行分析,旨在揭示气象因素、土壤含水率及地下水位协同作用下旱柳的水分利用策略,阐明各要素影响旱柳液流的关键路径,填补现有研究在多因子协同驱动作用及机制解析方面的空白。研究结果可为毛乌素沙地旱柳林的科学经营、水资源优化配置及生态恢复工程的可持续性提供理论支撑。
试验场位于毛乌素沙地与黄土高原的过渡带,地处黄河中游区段(图1),坐标为E 109°11′42″、N 38°23′27″,海拔为1 100~1 360 m(乔冈等,2026),属温带大陆性气候。年平均气温为8.1 ℃、多年平均降水量为340 mm、蒸发量为2 180~2 800 mm(赵宣等,2016;雒宇等,2021)。降水时空分布极不均衡,7~9月降水量占全年70%以上,水资源匮乏与生态系统脆弱性成为区域生态保护与可持续发展的核心制约因素(尹立河等,2016;徐永等,2024)。该区原生植被以沙生灌草为主,旱柳为区域优势乡土乔木,在防风固沙与水土保持中发挥关键作用(李志熙等,2005)。
本研究以毛乌素沙地原生乔木旱柳为研究对象,在研究区内设置3块条件相似的平行样地,每个场地面积为10 m×10 m,样地间距为8 m。各样地内分别选取3株、2株、1株生长状况良好的旱柳作为观测样本。所选旱柳平均树高为12 m,平均胸径为36 cm,平均冠幅为2.3 m2,植株间距为4.5 m。
试验采用Granier热消散探针法(Granier,1987)对研究区内旱柳树干液流进行连续监测。在旱柳样株树干1.5 m处,用砂纸打磨树干,穿透树皮至边材,将两组液流计探针(FLGS TDP 50 mm)等距插入树干,深度为50 mm。传感器与树干间用导热硅胶密封,外部包裹铝箔以防止太阳辐射和雨水入渗。通过数据采集仪(CR1000)测得探头温差ΔT(℃)。
采用ECH2O土壤水分监测系统在原位对土壤含水率进行连续监测。每个样地设置2个土壤监测剖面,监测深度为5 m,分别于地下5 cm、15 cm、30 cm、50 cm、100 cm、150 cm、200 cm、250 cm、300 cm、400 cm、450 cm及500 cm深度处布设传感器。为保证监测精度,每30天采用烘干法对监测结果进行校正。
在距离试验林约100 m的空地处,安装自动气象站(HOBO-30U)监测气象因子。监测数据包括:空气温度(Ta,℃)、露点温度(Td,℃)、相对湿度(RH,%)、风速(WS,m/s)、降水量(P,mm)、太阳辐射(Rs,w/m2),配合RX3001-00-01(ETH)数据采集器进行数据采集。
采用哈司特(Hastelloy)合金式压阻硅传感器监测地下水位(GWL,m),测量精度为±0.05%FS(满量程)。配套白金电阻式探头监测地下水温度(Tgw,℃),测量精度为±0.05 ℃。野外监测井井深为20 m,井管采用PVC材质,直径为200 mm,水位计固定于井管内9 m深处。气象要素、土壤含水率和地下水数据采集的时间间隔均为1 h。
旱柳液流密度通量(SF)采用通用的Granier液流经验公式公式(1)(Granier,1987)计算。
$ SF=0.011\;9{(\frac{\Delta Tm-\Delta T}{\Delta T})}^{1.231} $
式中:SF(cm/d)为液流密度通量;ΔTm(℃)为零流量时的温差;ΔT(℃)为两个传感器之间的实测温差。
饱和水汽压差(VPD,kPa)可使用公式(2)(Allen et al.,1998)计算。
$ VPD=0.6108{\text{e}}^{\tfrac{17.27{T}_{\text{a}}}{{T}_{\text{a}}+237.3}}(1-RH) $
式中:Ta(℃)为空气温度,RH(%)为相对湿度。
为综合识别气象因素、土壤含水率及地下水位对旱柳液流密度的协同驱动效应,量化各因子对旱柳液流密度的直接与间接影响,对土壤水进行分层处理(符超峰等,2015;Zhou et al.,2023;Han et al.,2025)。根据不同土层水分的分布特征与量化指标,将土壤划分为浅层(0~50 cm)、中层(50~200 cm)和深层(200~500 cm)。利用厚度加权平均法计算浅层土壤含水率(M50)、中层土壤含水率(M200)和深层土壤含水率(M500)(焦峰等,2006;宁婷等,2015;刘磊等,2017)。土壤含水率利用公式(3)计算。
$ {\theta }_{vi}=\frac{1}{Di}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{d}_{ij}\times {\theta }_{mij}\times \rho _{bij}^{} $
式中:θvi为i层土壤的平均含水量(%);Di为i层土壤的取样深度(cm);n为该层土壤采样点个数;dij为i层土壤第j个采样点对应土层厚度(cm);θmij为i层土壤第j个采样点的3个样地剖面土壤质量百分比的平均值(%);ρbij为i层土壤第j个采样点的土壤容重。
本研究采用结构方程模型(Structural Equation Modeling,SEM)探究气象因子、土壤含水率以及地下水水位对旱柳液流密度的影响路径及调控机制。假定各要素能通过直接或者间接途径影响旱柳液流密度,自变量为Ta、WS、VPD、Rs、RH、浅层土壤含水率(M50)、中层土壤含水率(M200)、深层土壤含水率(M500)以及地下水位(GWL),因变量为SF。参考已有研究的SEM模型构建与分析方法(谢俊杰等,2025),分析各要素对旱柳液流密度的影响路径。
结构方程模型拟合结果中,卡方自由度比值Chi-square/df=1.504,处于1.0~3.0的理想区间内(温忠麟等,2004);近似误差均方根RMSEA=0.065,小于判别阈值0.08;比较拟合指数CFI=0.995、TLI=0.980、规范拟合指数NFI=0.986,均大于0.90的优良标准(Bentler.,1990)。研究表明,本研究构建的SEM模型与实测数据拟合程度良好,可用于因子驱动效应的定量解析。
为分析环境因素对旱柳液流密度通量的贡献占比及确定其主要贡献区间,本研究构建了增强回归树模型(Boosted regression tress,BRT)。BRT模型的关键参数包括决策树复杂程度(tree complexity, tc)、学习速率(learning rate, lr)、分割比率(bag fraction, bg)及树数量(tree number, nt)。本研究基于R4.4.1软件开展BRT模拟(郑永宏等,2021;李成等,2023),共设置10 000组迭代计算。测试集决定系数R2=0.83,表明模型拟合效果良好、结果可靠。在此基础上,利用最优BRT模型,进一步解析气温(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、风速(WS)、光合有效辐射(PAR)及饱和水汽压差(VPD)等气象因子与浅层土壤含水率(M50)、中层土壤含水率(M200)、深层土壤含水率(M500)及地下水位(GWL)对旱柳液流的相对贡献度Ic与主要贡献区间。
研究期内试验区各气象因子变化规律(图2)显示,在试验期内平均Rs为5 229.90 w/m2,整体呈现波动下降的趋势,6月平均Rs为6 378.75 w/m2,随后逐渐下降,到8月18日达到观测期内最低值976.10 w/m2。RH呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,RH在7~8月均值达到71.51%,6月和9月仅为40.31%和58.49%,月际差异性较大。Td与RH的变化趋势类似,均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,6月平均Td为7.18 ℃,随后逐渐上升至8月的峰值(17.42 ℃)。9月骤降至8.01 ℃,降幅54.0%。观测期内最低露点为9月23日的−6.15 ℃,最高露点为8月12日的23.20 ℃;9月露点波动幅度最大(−6.15~14.08 ℃)。VPD整体呈现波动下降的变化趋势,观测期内VPD平均值为1.07 kPa,6月平均值达到最高1.83 kPa,8月平均值最低为0.65 kPa。单日最高VPD为6月16日的2.97 kPa,最低为8月10日的0.15 kPa。6月至8月为研究期内的高温期,月平均Ta达到22.97 ℃,日均Ta波动范围为14.41~28.72 ℃,6月16日的日最高Ta是38.84 ℃;9月Ta明显回落,月平均Ta为17.24 ℃,日平均Ta在9.97~21.20 ℃范围内波动,9月23日Ta最低为−1.30 ℃。WS整体呈现逐月降低的变化趋势,观测期内平均风速为1.08 m/s,日均风速在0.15~2.63 m/s范围内波动。月平均风速6月(1.27 m/s)>7月(1.41 m/s)>8月(1.04 m/s)>9月(0.89 m/s),6月28日风速最大为2.63 m/s,8月19日最小为0.15 m/s。
研究区降水较为集中(图3a),整个研究期内降水天数共计36 d,降水频率偏低,整体降水量呈现“两端少、中间多”的分布格局。降水量总计238.2 mm,降水事件主要发生在7~8月,降水量占观测期总降水量的90.8%,单日最大降水量为8月9日的35.6 mm。6月和9月降水稀少,月降水量分别为18.0 mm和3.8 mm。观测期内地下水位埋深介于6.15~7.32 m,呈先下降后回升的变化趋势(图3b)。6月地下水位埋深从6.23 m逐渐下降至7.32 m,随后因降水补给略微回升至6.54 m。
旱柳树干液流密度与Rs和Ta的变化趋势类似(图3c)。液流密度通量9月均值最高(144.52 g/(cm2·day)),7月最低(114.68 g/(cm2·day))。月平均树干液流密度动态变化特征表现为9月(144.52 g/(cm2·day))>6月(134.27 g/(cm2·day))>8月(132.68 g/(cm2·day))>7月(114.68 g/(cm2·day)),其中9月总液流量达4 335.70 g/(cm2·day),占生长季总量的27.0%。
不同深度的土壤含水率呈现分层特征(图3d),在旱柳生长季呈现中层(0.157)>深层(0.127)>浅层(0.067)的趋势。浅层土壤含水率(M50)最低(月均值0.062~0.07),受降水和蒸发影响强烈,在每次降水后1~2天内含水率可提升30%~50%,但干旱期迅速回落,整体变化幅度较小;中层土壤含水率(M200)最高,波动范围介于0.156~0.159;深层土壤含水率(M500)介于0.126~0.128,整体保持相对稳定,空间与时间变异性较弱。
结构方程模型(SEM)路径分析结果(图4)表明,旱柳的液流密度不仅受到气象因素的影响,还受到土壤水、地下水影响。Rs是影响旱柳液流密度的核心气象驱动因子,Rs对SF呈极显著正向驱动,直接路径系数为0.71,间接路径系数为0.10,以直接影响为主;RH对SF呈显著负向影响,直接路径系数为−0.27,以直接影响为主;Ta、VPD、WS对SF的直接效应均未达显著水平(P>0.05)。土壤水中,中层土层含水率(M200)对SF表现为极显著正向直接作用,直接路径系数为0.52,间接路径系数为−0.07;地下水位(GWL)、浅层土层含水率(M50)与深层土层含水率(M200)对SF的直接效应均未达显著水平(P>0.05),间接路径系数分别为−0.07、−0.23、0.24。路径分析结果显示,不显著的因子均可通过间接路径对旱柳液流产生影响。GWL通过影响土层含水率对SF产生正向间接效应,路径系数为0.24,总效应达0.39。Rs则通过Ta和RH对SF产生间接效应;Ta、VPD、WS等气象因子通过影响RH、Rs间接调控SF;M50、M500通过影响M200对SF产生负向间接效应。
通过BRT模型计算得到试验期间各环境因素对旱柳液流密度通量的贡献(图5),折线图表示在其他自变量均取平均值时,旱柳液流密度随该自变量的变化趋势。在各个环境因子中,Rs是旱柳液流密度通量最主要的贡献因素,相对贡献率Ic达到45.21%,主要贡献区间大于5 000 w/m2,当Rs低于5 000 w/m2时,对旱柳液流密度起抑制作用。相对湿度RH对旱柳液流主要起抑制作用,当相对湿度大于70%后,对旱柳液流的抑制作用快速增大。空气温度Ta对旱柳液流密度的主要贡献区间为17~22 ℃,相对贡献度为4.89%,整体的贡献水平比较低。当温度低于17 ℃或高于22 ℃时,空气温度对于旱柳液流主要起抑制作用。风速WS对于旱柳液流密度的相对贡献度为2.85%,对液流密度的影响程度较低,主要贡献区间为0.5~1 m/s。浅层土壤含水率整体水平偏低,对旱柳液流的贡献度为3.90%,相对贡献程度较低,对旱柳液流密度整体起抑制作用。中层土壤含水率与深层土壤含水率对旱柳液流贡献相对较高,相对贡献率分别为8.95%和11.78%,主要贡献区间分别大于0.15和0.12。地下水位的相对贡献率为5.27%,主要贡献区间小于6.4 m,当地下水位埋深大于6.8 m时,地下水位对旱柳液流密度起抑制作用。
研究结果表明,毛乌素沙地旱柳采用多因子协同驱动的水分利用策略。旱柳对土壤水的水分利用策略主要表现为以稳定性优先为核心,多种环境因素协同调控的特征,主要利用中层土壤和深层土壤的水分,有效规避了表层土壤水受降水脉冲式补给带来的波动性与不确定性,从而维持水分供应的持续性与可靠性。旱柳优先利用中深层土壤水的水分利用策略,反映了其对研究区干旱生境与水分分布的生态适应。毛乌素沙地风沙土质地疏松,砂粒含量高、孔隙结构发达,整体呈现保水能力差、毛管上升高度有限的水文特征(张强等,2004;成龙等,2024)。地下水原位监测数据(图3b)显示,研究区地下水埋深稳定在6.15~7.32 m,而旱柳主要吸水根系集中分布在2.5~4.5 m土层(乔冈等,2026),且根系主体与潜水面之间存在较厚干燥包气带。这些特殊土壤物理结构决定了该区植物极难通过根系直接利用地下水,而是依托“地下水–土壤水–植被”水文传导链来汲取地下水分。研究区风沙土包气带内存在连续的基质势梯度(刘秀花等,2024),地下水位抬升时,潜水面与根系层的基质势梯度明显增大,水分垂向向上传导通量提升,根系层土壤水分利用率增加,旱柳液流密度升高;地下水位下降时,土水势梯度减小,包气带水分向上运移能力减弱,根系层水分供给不足,植株水分供需失衡,液流密度受到抑制。许文豪等(2018)在研究环境因素对毛乌素沙地旱柳树干液流的影响时也发现类似规律,充分表明干旱区植被以基质流为主的地下水利用方式,展现了旱柳可主动适应地下水埋深变化以及其对干旱半干旱区降水时空分布不均、大气蒸发需求旺盛等区域环境特征的综合适应能力。这一结果也印证了地下水可以通过改变土壤水分供给条件,调控植物生长过程(赵亚迪等,2018)。
研究发现,表层土壤含水率对旱柳液流密度贡献程度较低,这一现象是因为表层土壤含水率与降水事件存在直接关联,降水事件会削弱太阳辐射、提升大气湿度,降低叶片蒸腾需求,进而抑制液流活动(刘勇等,2025;尤勇刚等,2026)。毛乌素沙地表层土壤为风沙土,保水性差、水分初始入渗速率快(张强等,2004;成龙等,2024),降水入渗形成的表层土壤水持续时间短,难以被旱柳根系有效吸收利用(宁婷等,2015),反而会通过降低土壤通气性,抑制浅层根系呼吸与吸水活性(王淑芬等,2006);旱柳作为深层根系树种,其水分利用策略以优先吸收深层土壤水与地下水为主(乔冈等,2026),对表层土壤水的依赖性极低,表层土壤水的变化无法对其水分供给产生正向贡献。这一结果揭示了干旱风沙土区乡土树种水分利用的特征,即植被对表层不稳定水分的利用效率极低,主要依赖深层稳定的土壤水与地下水维持生理活动,这与黄土丘陵区撂荒坡地土壤水分循环特征的研究结论相呼应(宁婷等,2015),反映了干旱区植被对土壤水分异质性的适应性分化。
研究发现,表层土壤水分与旱柳液流密度呈负相关的规律,与已有研究“表层水分升高促进植被蒸腾”的结论存在分异。主要原因是前人研究针对的是沙蒿、油蒿等浅根灌木(宋炳煜等,1997;何维明等,2001;曹恭祥等,2020)或是农作物(刘昌明等,1992),研究对象均为无稳定地下水补给的浅层根系植物,所得出的结论不适用于存在浅层地下水补给的沙地乔木系统。本研究明确了沙地乔木对地下水分利用的特有机制,阐明了干旱半干旱区植被与地下水之间的关系,弥补了仅依托单一环境因子评判植被液流密度变化规律的局限,可对西北同类风沙区生态水文过程研究与植被修复提供相关理论参考。
研究发现,旱柳液流密度呈现9月>6月>8月>7月的变化特征,9月液流密度均值明显高于6~8月。旱柳液流密度月尺度分异是Rs、RH、VPD、Ta等因素综合调控的结果。Rs是核心正向驱动因子,总路径系数为0.81;RH是主要抑制因子,总路径系数为−0.27;VPD为次要抑制因子,总路径系数为−0.12;Ta发挥弱驱动作用,总路径系数为0.12(图4)。6~9月土壤含水率无明显月际波动,地下水位变幅微弱(图3),水分供给充足,风速及其他气象因子对旱柳月平均液流密度影响不明显。Rs、RH、VPD、Ta是旱柳液流密度的主要影响因子,是其出现月均差异的主导因素。
气象因素随时间变化规律(图2)显示,9月Rs供给充足,RH、VPD两类抑制因子处于偏低水平,避免了6月高VPD、7月高RH造成的抑制作用以及8月低Rs导致的驱动力明显减弱的现象,且该时段Ta适宜(图2),无极端高温环境产生气孔胁迫(Waseem et al.,2024),月平均液流密度达到研究时段峰值。这与前人提出的黄土沙区柳属植被多在生长季中后期出现耗水峰值的研究结论相互印证(刘潇潇等,2017),进一步证实9月旱柳液流密度出现峰值与该时段温湿均衡、辐射适中的环境条件有关。
从单一因子作用机制角度分析,本研究证实RH对旱柳液流密度具有明显抑制作用,该观测结果与现有研究结论一致(彭小平等,2013),表明雨季湿度升高会显著降低沙生柳树蒸腾耗水。本研究VPD与旱柳液流呈负相关关系,这与前人结论存在差异(徐丹丹等,2017),产生差异的原因是VPD对旱柳液流的调控存在阈值,当VPD小于调控阈值时促进液流密度,超过阈值时则抑制液流密度。本次试验时空范围内的VPD超过了该阈值,与旱柳液流呈负相关关系,前人的研究中VPD则始终未超过该阈值(徐丹丹等,2017),在研究时段内与旱柳液流呈正相关关系。这一现象与已有研究的观测结果一致(杨睿智等,2019),共同印证VPD对旱柳液流的调控机制存在临界阈值。
旱柳液流密度的动态变化并非受单一环境因子独立驱动,而是气象因素、土壤水分与地下水共同作用的结果。太阳辐射为液流密度提供了能量驱动,相对湿度形成大气蒸发约束,土壤水与地下水则决定可利用水分的供给能力,三者协同塑造了液流密度的日变化规律。降水、土壤水(浅层M50、中层M200、深层M500)与地下水共同构成旱柳可利用水分的供给体系,浅层土壤水为旱柳根系快速吸收提供即时水分支撑,中层与深层土壤水则保障水分供给的稳定性,地下水是深层水分补给来源,扩大了可利用水分阈值。与此同时,旱柳还可通过气孔调节、水力结构调整等生理过程(何维明等,2001;乔冈等,2026),对环境因子变化做出主动适应性响应,进一步增强其在复杂异质环境下的生存与适应能力。旱柳的生理调控过程与环境因子、水分供给相互协同,共同保障了旱柳在毛乌素沙地干旱、半干旱生境下的正常生长与生态功能发挥。
(1)平均液流密度并非随气温的升高而单调增加,而是在气象因子、水分供给、植被生理特征三者协同作用下呈现出明显的时间分异,表现为9月>6月>8月>7月的非单调变化规律。
(2)在气象–土壤水–地下水协同作用下,旱柳形成了深层水分依赖的利用策略,优先利用深层土壤水及地下水,对降雨形成的表层土壤水利用效率极低,实现了水分利用的稳定性优先。
(3)气象因子与地下水、土壤水对旱柳液流密度存在双重调控,既可以通过降水等直接影响液流密度,又可利用地下水–深层土壤水–植被液流水文传导链,间接调控旱柳液流密度。
(4)本研究仅监测生长季,缺乏全年连续数据,难以揭示旱柳液流完整季节与年际变化;缺乏对植株根系分布的定量分析,无法精确解析根系吸水贡献与分层调控机制。未来应开展全年原位连续监测,并结合根系观测技术量化吸水贡献,为区域植被适应性管理提供更全面依据。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026043
  • 接收时间:2026-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-27
  • 修回日期:2026-06-24
  • 录用日期:2026-06-26
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    河北地质大学水资源与环境学院,河北 石家庄 052161
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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