Article(id=1307086121649852951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=1744646400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-15, acceptedDate=1745164800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-21, onlineDate=1789563215886, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563215886, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563215886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563215886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047751552885541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554067743, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616259011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=288, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086122035728920, articleId=1307086121649852951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Establishment of Monitoring Index System for Ecological Restoration in Open-pit Mines and Discussion on Some Key Problems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to promote the ecological protection and restoration of open-pit mines, this paper constructs the monitoring index system of ecological restoration of open-pit mines. In this paper, the monitoring index, influencing factors and monitoring frequency of ecological restoration in open-pit mines are studied by means of literature study, systematic analysis, investigation, comparative study and induction, the monitoring concept of mine ecological restoration in the new era and the barriers to be solved are put forward. ① the monitoring content of ecological restoration in open-pit mine includes three levels, the first level includes four aspects: basic information of mine, original ecological geological conditions, current situation of mine ecological problems, ecological restoration process of mine and monitoring of Management and protection stage, the last three first-level contents include 6 second-level contents: Hidden Danger of mine geological safety, aquifer, landform and landscape, land resources, water and soil geochemistry, damage and repair monitoring of ecosystem; ② geological environment condition, ecological system type, mining method, ecological damage degree, mine type, various restoration measures and cycle length are the factors that affect the monitoring of ecological restoration in open-pit mines; ③ the monitoring concept of ecological restoration in open-pit Mines is scientific, systematic, multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, multi-category, continuous, whole life cycle and all elements; ④ the whole-factor, whole-area and real-time transmission technology of mine ecological restoration monitoring and the monitoring of mine ecological restoration under the protection of law need to be studied deeply as an asset. The research results provide theoretical basis for mine ecological restoration and early warning.

, authors=Ruiping LIU1, 2, 3, 4, Gaofeng DONG2, 5, *, Jianmei LAN1, Huaqing CHEN3, 4, Jiangang JIAO6, *, Wenting KANG7, Yibing ZHANG3, 4, Pengfei YANG3, Huishan GONG3, 6, Shuosen WANG3, 4, Xiangyang CHEN3, 4, authorsList=Ruiping LIU, Gaofeng DONG, Jianmei LAN, Huaqing CHEN, Jiangang JIAO, Wenting KANG, Yibing ZHANG, Pengfei YANG, Huishan GONG, Shuosen WANG, Xiangyang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gaofeng DONG, Jiangang JIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086125613470257, articleId=1307086121649852951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系构建及若干关键问题探讨, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了促进矿山生态修复监测,笔者构建了露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系。笔者通过文献研究法、系统分析法,调查研究法,比较法、归纳法等方法研究了露天矿山生态修复监测内容指标、影响因素、监测频率,提出基于参照系的矿山生态修复监测理念和亟待解决的多部门联动、数据资产化的壁垒。结果显示:①露天矿山生态修复监测内容包括三级内容,一级内容包含矿山基本信息、原生生态地质条件、矿区生态问题现状、矿山生态修复过程和管护阶段监测4个方面,其中后3个一级内容包含矿山地质安全隐患、含水层、地形地貌景观、土地资源、水土地球化学、生态系统的破坏与修复监测6个方面二级内容。②地质环境条件、生态系统类型、采矿方式、生态损毁程度、矿山类型、修复措施多样、周期长短是影响露天矿山生态修复监测的因素。③集科学性、系统性、多学科、综合性、多门类、连续性、全生命周期、全要素的露天矿山生态修复监测,不同职能管理部门需要更加紧密的协同开展。④全要素、全域、实时传输矿山生态修复监测技术和法律保障下的矿山生态修复监测数据作为资产需要深入研究。本研究为矿山生态修复与预警工作提供理论依据。

, authors=刘瑞平1, 2, 3, 4, 董高峰2, 5, *, 兰建梅1, 陈华清3, 4, 焦建刚6, *, 亢文婷7, 张怡冰3, 4, 杨鹏飞3, 龚慧山3, 6, 汪硕森3, 4, 陈向阳3, 4, authorsList=刘瑞平, 董高峰, 兰建梅, 陈华清, 焦建刚, 亢文婷, 张怡冰, 杨鹏飞, 龚慧山, 汪硕森, 陈向阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董高峰, 焦建刚, authorNote=

刘瑞平(1979−),女,正高级工程师,长期从事矿山环境调查研究工作。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
董高峰(1976−),男,高级工程师,从事水工环调查研究工作。E−mail:
焦建刚(1976−),男,教授,长期从事矿产普查与勘探及相关教学工作。E−mail:。
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rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 42340—2023. 生态系统评估生态系统格局与质量评价方法[S]. 国家市场监督管理总局、国家标准化管理委员会, 2023: 1−24., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086147839087320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 30363—2013. 森林植被状况监测技术规范[S]. 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局、中国国家标准化管理委员会, 2014: 1−26., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086147910390489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB 5085.3—2007. 危险废物鉴别标准——浸出毒性鉴别[S]. 国家市场监督管理总局、国家标准化管理委员会, 2007: 1−204., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086147977499354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB 8978—1996. 污水综合排放标准[S]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 1996: 1−19., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086148082356955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ/T 166—2004. 土壤环境监测技术规范[S]. 国家环境保护总局, 2004: 1−34., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086148346598108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 91.2—2022. 地表水环境质量监测技术规范[S]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2022: 1−16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086148455650013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 1167—2021. 全国生态状况调查评估技术规范——森林生态系统野外观测[S]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2021: 1−11., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086148526953182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 1168—2021. 全国生态状况调查评估技术规范 ——草地生态系统野外观测[S]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2021: 1−12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086148782805727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 1169—2021. 全国生态状况调查评估技术规范——湿地生态系统野外观测[S]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2021: 1−11., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086148849914592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, 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url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NY/T 2998—2016. 草地资源调查技术规程[S]. 中华人民共和国农业部, 2017: 1−14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086149260956387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TD/T 1070.1—2022. 矿山生态修复技术规范 第1部分: 通则[S]. 中华人民共和国自然资源部, 2022: 1−29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086149323870948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TD/T 1070.2—2022. 矿山生态修复技术规范 第2部分: 煤炭矿山[S]. 中华人民共和国自然资源部, 2022: 1−26., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086150972232421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TD/T 1070.4—2022. 矿山生态修复技术规范 第4部分: 建材矿山[S]. 中华人民共和国自然资源部, 2022: 1−34., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086151051924199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TD/T 1093—2024. 矿山生态修复工程实施方案编制导则[S]. 中华人民共和国自然资源部, 2024: 1−42., 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Monitoring content of ecological restoration of open-pit mines

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一级内容二级内容
矿山基本信息中心位置坐标、矿山开采规模、开采矿种、矿山工业布局、开采矿权范围、矿山当前开发阶段,开发程度、采掘境界、堆排状况、破坏程度等等,已开展的修复工作
矿山生态修复背景条件①矿山自然生态状况,包括区域内自然生态条件,水文、气象、生态系统类型、功能。②地质环境条件,包括原生地质安全隐患、地形地貌景观、区域地质和地层岩性条件、流域水文、地貌景观状况、土壤类型、水文地质条件、地球化学背景条件等。③人类活动影响,包括矿业活动行为等等
矿山生态问题现状监测露天矿山矿权范围及影响区破坏程度和分布情况,涉及内容露天矿山开采矿山地质安全隐患、地形地貌景观破坏、含水层破坏、土地压占与破坏、水土污染、生态系统破坏相对与原生生态背景条件的差异
矿山生态修复过程和管护阶段监测①矿山地质安全隐患消除情况、地形地貌景观重塑、水系连通性、土地复垦、水土污染治理、生态系统和生态恢复情况。②治理矿山生态问题采用的生态修复的工程技术措施、矿山生态修复工程效果
), ArticleFig(id=1307086135461696147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

露天矿山生态修复监测内容

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一级内容二级内容
矿山基本信息中心位置坐标、矿山开采规模、开采矿种、矿山工业布局、开采矿权范围、矿山当前开发阶段,开发程度、采掘境界、堆排状况、破坏程度等等,已开展的修复工作
矿山生态修复背景条件①矿山自然生态状况,包括区域内自然生态条件,水文、气象、生态系统类型、功能。②地质环境条件,包括原生地质安全隐患、地形地貌景观、区域地质和地层岩性条件、流域水文、地貌景观状况、土壤类型、水文地质条件、地球化学背景条件等。③人类活动影响,包括矿业活动行为等等
矿山生态问题现状监测露天矿山矿权范围及影响区破坏程度和分布情况,涉及内容露天矿山开采矿山地质安全隐患、地形地貌景观破坏、含水层破坏、土地压占与破坏、水土污染、生态系统破坏相对与原生生态背景条件的差异
矿山生态修复过程和管护阶段监测①矿山地质安全隐患消除情况、地形地貌景观重塑、水系连通性、土地复垦、水土污染治理、生态系统和生态恢复情况。②治理矿山生态问题采用的生态修复的工程技术措施、矿山生态修复工程效果
), ArticleFig(id=1307086135755297428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The restoration monitoring indicators and units corresponding to the current situation of ecological problems before the governance of open-pit mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级内容三级内容指标及单位参考标准规范
矿山地质安全隐患崩塌露天采场、矿业道路及周边崩塌,监测崩塌体特征,崩塌高程(m)、宽(m)、高(m),厚(m),体积约(m3)。坡向(°)、坡度(°),诱发因素,主要物质组成,坡面发育裂缝(条数、长度、宽度),是否有水流侵蚀(位置、湿润面面积),松散体崩落(位置、体积量m3),优势结构面和坡面的组合关系,危害性GB/T 40112—2021
滑坡露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边的滑坡,监测滑坡前缘是否临空、地表径流的冲刷情况、是否有季节性泉水出露、地层倾向,倾角(°),边帮高程(m),坡向(°),坡体台阶(数量),台阶坡面角(°),台阶高(m),坡体性质,边坡裂缝(条数、长度、宽度),是否边坡变形,岩土体含水率(Pa)、空隙水压力(Pa)、土压力(Pa)、地压力(pa)、滑坡土体失稳垮塌(位置、体积量m3),植被或建筑物有无变形迹象,有无威胁对象、威胁居民、构筑物等数量和面积( km2)GB/T 40112—2021;
DZ/T 0223—2011
泥石流位于沟道的露天采场、尾矿库、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边的泥石流,监测形成的物质条件[含松散体岩土层和人工弃石、弃渣等堆积物质堆排的位置、松散物平均厚度(m)、堵塞程度、体积量(万m3/km2)、稳定性、泥沙沿程补给长度比(%)、沟口泥石流堆积活动]、地形地貌条件[河沟纵坡度(‰)、沟岸山坡坡度(‰)、产沙区沟槽横断面形状、流域相对高差(m)、流域面积(km2)]、水文条件(降雨量和历时、水源)、植被发育情况(植被类型、覆盖度%)、人类活动的影响,分析泥石流的形成条件、规模、类型、活动特征、侵蚀方式、破坏方式及泥石流影响范围,预测泥石流的发展趋势GB/T 40112—2021;
DZ/T 0221—2006
含水层破坏主要位于露天采场,含水层类型、含水层结构、孔隙率(%)、渗透系数(m/d)、水温(℃)、含水层疏干、露天采坑涌水量为(m3/d)、各个工业场区地下水水位下降量(m)、泉水流量(m3)和个数、地下水水位、降落漏斗的分布范围。地表水系发育情况,地表水位、水量,是否发生地表水体漏失DZ/T 0223—2011
地形地貌景观破坏位于露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路,监测植被损毁面积(hm2)、岩土剥离体积等要素。地形地貌类型、地势高低、采矿共挖掘面积达(km2)、露天采坑深度(m)。排土场原地形高程为(m),标高(m)。植被破坏程度,岩土体裸露程度,是否对原地貌造成彻底破坏,矿山道路、工业场地等的建设造成的破坏程度。是否位于地质遗迹、自然保护区、人文景观、生态环境脆弱区、主要交通干线和重要水源的可视范围内的矿山地形地貌景观破坏DZ/T 0223—2011
土地资源挖损与占压位于露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路,监测破坏的土地资源已损毁土地、拟开采区土地利用现状类型、规模、程度、土地利用面积、基本农田及面积、土壤质量。表土剥离厚度(cm),表土剥离量(m3)。废渣堆治理、工业场地拆除后面积(hm2),土壤有机质含量,土壤结构、土壤肥力情况DZ/T 0223—2011
水土污染地下水水质监测从矿区的上游开始,沿地下水系统的补给、径流、排泄区、主要矿山生态问题发生区等不同部位分别布设。监测地下水质量指标监测项目参考右侧文献DZ/T 0287—2015;
Liu et al., 2024
土壤污染
监测
监测对象主要为矿区、对照区及影响区土壤,同时兼顾大气干湿沉降物、灌溉水和农作物。土地类型、空间分布、面积,土壤类型、分布、厚度、面积,土壤容重、粒度、结构,土壤含水量等。监测土壤污染项目和微量项目参考右侧文献HJ/T 166-2004;
DZ/T 0287—2015
地表水污染监测地表水与矿区的关系、地表水水域面积、沿程监测地表水补给、径流、排泄量、温度、地表水环境质量,分平水期、枯水期、丰水期监测。地表水污染监测项目参考右侧文献HJ 91.2—2022
废水废渣等污染源监测工矿企业废水(选矿水、冶炼水、矿浆)排污、废渣淋滤液(尾矿废渣、采矿废渣)种类增加监测指标种类GB 5085.3—2007;
GB 8978—1996
生态系统
破坏
生态状况
破坏
森林、草地、湿地、荒漠、农田生态系统的破坏或减少情况如下:
(1)基本情况:海拔(m)、地形类型、坡度(°)、坡向、坡位、小气候(降雨、风速/风向、光合有效辐射、气温、湿度等 )、河流径流量(m3)、地下水位(m)、各系统类蒸散量(mm)
土壤类型、腐殖质厚度、土壤容重、土壤pH、土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、土壤的渗透性
(2)各生态系统特性监测:
①森林类型:森林林分蓄积(%)或郁闭度(%), 每木检尺[树种、胸径(cm)、树高、树龄(年)、冠幅、生物量], 林分指标[林分起源、优势树种、林龄/平均年龄(年)、平均胸径(cm)、平均高(m)、郁闭度(%)],林下植被[(种数、高度(m)、覆盖度(%)]
②草地类型:草地优势种、多度(个)、植被覆盖度(%)、群落高度(m)、频度(%)、叶面积指数、生物量
③湿地类型:湿地二级类型、植被覆盖度、叶面积指数、郁闭度、木本生物量、草本生物量、优势种、底栖动物群落特征、水生植被、湿地积水水深、水质、底泥理化性质
④荒漠类型:荒漠二级类型、荒漠植被类型、植被覆盖度、叶面积指数、木本生物量、草本生物量、优势种、动物物种数
⑤农田类型:农作物类型、农作物长势,农作物覆盖度(%)、多度(个)、草本类型、生物量
GB/T 30363—2013;
HJ 1167—2021;
NY/T 2998—2016;
HJ 1168—2021;
HJ 1169—2021;
HJ 1170—2021
生态系统
质量
植被生态破坏:对比原生生态环境或者历史上,各个工矿用地植被类型,覆盖度减少情况,植被长势变化情况。各个工矿用地生物量减少情况GB/T 42340—2023
生态系统服务功能破坏对比原生生态环境或者历史,生物多样性维护、水源涵养量、防风固沙量、土壤保持量降低情况HJ 1173—2021
), ArticleFig(id=1307086137449796245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

治理前露天矿山生态问题现状对应的修复监测指标及单位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级内容三级内容指标及单位参考标准规范
矿山地质安全隐患崩塌露天采场、矿业道路及周边崩塌,监测崩塌体特征,崩塌高程(m)、宽(m)、高(m),厚(m),体积约(m3)。坡向(°)、坡度(°),诱发因素,主要物质组成,坡面发育裂缝(条数、长度、宽度),是否有水流侵蚀(位置、湿润面面积),松散体崩落(位置、体积量m3),优势结构面和坡面的组合关系,危害性GB/T 40112—2021
滑坡露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边的滑坡,监测滑坡前缘是否临空、地表径流的冲刷情况、是否有季节性泉水出露、地层倾向,倾角(°),边帮高程(m),坡向(°),坡体台阶(数量),台阶坡面角(°),台阶高(m),坡体性质,边坡裂缝(条数、长度、宽度),是否边坡变形,岩土体含水率(Pa)、空隙水压力(Pa)、土压力(Pa)、地压力(pa)、滑坡土体失稳垮塌(位置、体积量m3),植被或建筑物有无变形迹象,有无威胁对象、威胁居民、构筑物等数量和面积( km2)GB/T 40112—2021;
DZ/T 0223—2011
泥石流位于沟道的露天采场、尾矿库、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边的泥石流,监测形成的物质条件[含松散体岩土层和人工弃石、弃渣等堆积物质堆排的位置、松散物平均厚度(m)、堵塞程度、体积量(万m3/km2)、稳定性、泥沙沿程补给长度比(%)、沟口泥石流堆积活动]、地形地貌条件[河沟纵坡度(‰)、沟岸山坡坡度(‰)、产沙区沟槽横断面形状、流域相对高差(m)、流域面积(km2)]、水文条件(降雨量和历时、水源)、植被发育情况(植被类型、覆盖度%)、人类活动的影响,分析泥石流的形成条件、规模、类型、活动特征、侵蚀方式、破坏方式及泥石流影响范围,预测泥石流的发展趋势GB/T 40112—2021;
DZ/T 0221—2006
含水层破坏主要位于露天采场,含水层类型、含水层结构、孔隙率(%)、渗透系数(m/d)、水温(℃)、含水层疏干、露天采坑涌水量为(m3/d)、各个工业场区地下水水位下降量(m)、泉水流量(m3)和个数、地下水水位、降落漏斗的分布范围。地表水系发育情况,地表水位、水量,是否发生地表水体漏失DZ/T 0223—2011
地形地貌景观破坏位于露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路,监测植被损毁面积(hm2)、岩土剥离体积等要素。地形地貌类型、地势高低、采矿共挖掘面积达(km2)、露天采坑深度(m)。排土场原地形高程为(m),标高(m)。植被破坏程度,岩土体裸露程度,是否对原地貌造成彻底破坏,矿山道路、工业场地等的建设造成的破坏程度。是否位于地质遗迹、自然保护区、人文景观、生态环境脆弱区、主要交通干线和重要水源的可视范围内的矿山地形地貌景观破坏DZ/T 0223—2011
土地资源挖损与占压位于露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路,监测破坏的土地资源已损毁土地、拟开采区土地利用现状类型、规模、程度、土地利用面积、基本农田及面积、土壤质量。表土剥离厚度(cm),表土剥离量(m3)。废渣堆治理、工业场地拆除后面积(hm2),土壤有机质含量,土壤结构、土壤肥力情况DZ/T 0223—2011
水土污染地下水水质监测从矿区的上游开始,沿地下水系统的补给、径流、排泄区、主要矿山生态问题发生区等不同部位分别布设。监测地下水质量指标监测项目参考右侧文献DZ/T 0287—2015;
Liu et al., 2024
土壤污染
监测
监测对象主要为矿区、对照区及影响区土壤,同时兼顾大气干湿沉降物、灌溉水和农作物。土地类型、空间分布、面积,土壤类型、分布、厚度、面积,土壤容重、粒度、结构,土壤含水量等。监测土壤污染项目和微量项目参考右侧文献HJ/T 166-2004;
DZ/T 0287—2015
地表水污染监测地表水与矿区的关系、地表水水域面积、沿程监测地表水补给、径流、排泄量、温度、地表水环境质量,分平水期、枯水期、丰水期监测。地表水污染监测项目参考右侧文献HJ 91.2—2022
废水废渣等污染源监测工矿企业废水(选矿水、冶炼水、矿浆)排污、废渣淋滤液(尾矿废渣、采矿废渣)种类增加监测指标种类GB 5085.3—2007;
GB 8978—1996
生态系统
破坏
生态状况
破坏
森林、草地、湿地、荒漠、农田生态系统的破坏或减少情况如下:
(1)基本情况:海拔(m)、地形类型、坡度(°)、坡向、坡位、小气候(降雨、风速/风向、光合有效辐射、气温、湿度等 )、河流径流量(m3)、地下水位(m)、各系统类蒸散量(mm)
土壤类型、腐殖质厚度、土壤容重、土壤pH、土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、土壤的渗透性
(2)各生态系统特性监测:
①森林类型:森林林分蓄积(%)或郁闭度(%), 每木检尺[树种、胸径(cm)、树高、树龄(年)、冠幅、生物量], 林分指标[林分起源、优势树种、林龄/平均年龄(年)、平均胸径(cm)、平均高(m)、郁闭度(%)],林下植被[(种数、高度(m)、覆盖度(%)]
②草地类型:草地优势种、多度(个)、植被覆盖度(%)、群落高度(m)、频度(%)、叶面积指数、生物量
③湿地类型:湿地二级类型、植被覆盖度、叶面积指数、郁闭度、木本生物量、草本生物量、优势种、底栖动物群落特征、水生植被、湿地积水水深、水质、底泥理化性质
④荒漠类型:荒漠二级类型、荒漠植被类型、植被覆盖度、叶面积指数、木本生物量、草本生物量、优势种、动物物种数
⑤农田类型:农作物类型、农作物长势,农作物覆盖度(%)、多度(个)、草本类型、生物量
GB/T 30363—2013;
HJ 1167—2021;
NY/T 2998—2016;
HJ 1168—2021;
HJ 1169—2021;
HJ 1170—2021
生态系统
质量
植被生态破坏:对比原生生态环境或者历史上,各个工矿用地植被类型,覆盖度减少情况,植被长势变化情况。各个工矿用地生物量减少情况GB/T 42340—2023
生态系统服务功能破坏对比原生生态环境或者历史,生物多样性维护、水源涵养量、防风固沙量、土壤保持量降低情况HJ 1173—2021
), ArticleFig(id=1307086137537876630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Reclamation monitoring indicators and units corresponding to the ecological problems of open-pit mines in the reclamation process and management stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级内容三级内容指标及单位参考法律法规、
标准规范
矿山地质安全隐患消除情况露天采场、矿业道路及周边原生的崩塌(1)监测正在治理和新产生的崩体监测指标参考。
(2)监测治理矿山崩塌采用的爆破清除、遮挡、拦截、锚固、拦挡、支护、镶补勾缝、削坡、排水等生态修复的工程技术措施。
(3)矿山生态修复工程效果:监测裂缝、坡体鼓胀、挡墙裂缝及鼓包、落石、泉水消失、地声等边坡不稳定的表征现象是否消除(见右侧参考文献),被动防护、支护排水等生态修复工程是否起到相应作用
DB 61/T 1741—2023
露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边原生的滑坡(1)监测正在治理和新产生的滑坡监测指标参考。
(2)同时监测治理矿山滑坡采用的生态修复的工程技术措施有:采取坡体锚固、削坡卸荷、垫脚堆坡、坡脚拦挡、疏导排水等工程措施消除矿山滑坡隐患。
(3)矿山生态修复工程效果:监测裂缝、坡体鼓胀、挡墙裂缝及鼓包、落石、泉水消失、地声等边坡不稳定的表征现象是否消除(见右侧参考文献),支护排水等生态修复工程是否起到相应作用
位于沟道的露天采场、尾矿库、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边原生的
泥石流
(1)监测正在治理和新产生的泥石流监测指标参考表2。
(2)同时监测治理矿山泥石流采用的形成区建造防护林阻滞泥沙输移工程;修建水库、水塘和引水、排水渠道、隧洞等治水工程。拦挡坝、谷坊、排导沟、停淤场等疏导工程措施(参考文献见右侧)。
(3)矿山生态修复工程效果:形成区滞泥沙输移作用是否起到,流通区和堆积区疏导泥石流流通和堆积途径,调蓄、引导泥石流流域的地表水,泥石流形成与发展的水动力条件改善情况,消能池、拦挡坝、谷坊、排导沟、停淤场等生态修复工程是否起到相应作用
DZ/T0239—2004
水系连通性
修复
(1)监测正在治理和新产生的含水层破坏监测指标参考表2。
(2)已治理的矿区内河湖水系连通状况历史与现状连通性特征。连通性可分为常年连通和间歇性连通两类。 分丰水期枯水期泉、井水位(m)、水量(m3),水域面积(km2)恢复情况
董哲仁等, 2013
地形地貌景观重塑(1)监测正在治理和新产生的地形地貌景观破坏监测指标参考表2。
(2)矿山恢复到与原地形地貌景观相协调的程度,监测丘陵山区可采用边坡治理、采坑回填、植树种草等措施,平原区可采用清理废石废渣、采坑回填、平整覆土、复绿造景等措施,监测坡向、坡度、地形起伏度(m)
DB43/T 2299—2022;
翟良良等, 2024
土地复垦当建立土地复垦质量控制制度,露天采场和排土场等工业用地土壤重构后对已修复的土地面积、土壤质量(土壤有机质含量,土壤结构、土壤肥力情况)进行监测,剥离土壤是否用于复垦中华人民共和国土地复垦条例
水土污染地下水、土壤、地表水及废水废渣等污染源监测同表2
生态系统情况生态状况森林、草地、湿地、荒漠生态系统参照表2GB/T 30363—2013;
HJ 1167—2021;
NY/T 2998—2016;
HJ 1168—2021;
HJ 1169—2021;
HJ 1170—2021
生态系统质量生物群落、植被生态恢复:对比原生生态环境或者历史上,各个工矿用地植被类型,覆盖度增加情况,植被长势提升情况。各个工矿用地生物量增加情况参照表2GB/T 42340—2023
生态系统服务功能破坏对比原生生态环境或者历史,生物多样性维护、水源涵养量、防风固沙量、土壤保持量增加情况参照表2HJ 1173—2021
), ArticleFig(id=1307086137625957015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

在修复过程和管护阶段露天矿山生态问题对应的修复监测指标及单位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级内容三级内容指标及单位参考法律法规、
标准规范
矿山地质安全隐患消除情况露天采场、矿业道路及周边原生的崩塌(1)监测正在治理和新产生的崩体监测指标参考。
(2)监测治理矿山崩塌采用的爆破清除、遮挡、拦截、锚固、拦挡、支护、镶补勾缝、削坡、排水等生态修复的工程技术措施。
(3)矿山生态修复工程效果:监测裂缝、坡体鼓胀、挡墙裂缝及鼓包、落石、泉水消失、地声等边坡不稳定的表征现象是否消除(见右侧参考文献),被动防护、支护排水等生态修复工程是否起到相应作用
DB 61/T 1741—2023
露天采场、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边原生的滑坡(1)监测正在治理和新产生的滑坡监测指标参考。
(2)同时监测治理矿山滑坡采用的生态修复的工程技术措施有:采取坡体锚固、削坡卸荷、垫脚堆坡、坡脚拦挡、疏导排水等工程措施消除矿山滑坡隐患。
(3)矿山生态修复工程效果:监测裂缝、坡体鼓胀、挡墙裂缝及鼓包、落石、泉水消失、地声等边坡不稳定的表征现象是否消除(见右侧参考文献),支护排水等生态修复工程是否起到相应作用
位于沟道的露天采场、尾矿库、排土场、办公厂区、矿业道路及周边原生的
泥石流
(1)监测正在治理和新产生的泥石流监测指标参考表2。
(2)同时监测治理矿山泥石流采用的形成区建造防护林阻滞泥沙输移工程;修建水库、水塘和引水、排水渠道、隧洞等治水工程。拦挡坝、谷坊、排导沟、停淤场等疏导工程措施(参考文献见右侧)。
(3)矿山生态修复工程效果:形成区滞泥沙输移作用是否起到,流通区和堆积区疏导泥石流流通和堆积途径,调蓄、引导泥石流流域的地表水,泥石流形成与发展的水动力条件改善情况,消能池、拦挡坝、谷坊、排导沟、停淤场等生态修复工程是否起到相应作用
DZ/T0239—2004
水系连通性
修复
(1)监测正在治理和新产生的含水层破坏监测指标参考表2。
(2)已治理的矿区内河湖水系连通状况历史与现状连通性特征。连通性可分为常年连通和间歇性连通两类。 分丰水期枯水期泉、井水位(m)、水量(m3),水域面积(km2)恢复情况
董哲仁等, 2013
地形地貌景观重塑(1)监测正在治理和新产生的地形地貌景观破坏监测指标参考表2。
(2)矿山恢复到与原地形地貌景观相协调的程度,监测丘陵山区可采用边坡治理、采坑回填、植树种草等措施,平原区可采用清理废石废渣、采坑回填、平整覆土、复绿造景等措施,监测坡向、坡度、地形起伏度(m)
DB43/T 2299—2022;
翟良良等, 2024
土地复垦当建立土地复垦质量控制制度,露天采场和排土场等工业用地土壤重构后对已修复的土地面积、土壤质量(土壤有机质含量,土壤结构、土壤肥力情况)进行监测,剥离土壤是否用于复垦中华人民共和国土地复垦条例
水土污染地下水、土壤、地表水及废水废渣等污染源监测同表2
生态系统情况生态状况森林、草地、湿地、荒漠生态系统参照表2GB/T 30363—2013;
HJ 1167—2021;
NY/T 2998—2016;
HJ 1168—2021;
HJ 1169—2021;
HJ 1170—2021
生态系统质量生物群落、植被生态恢复:对比原生生态环境或者历史上,各个工矿用地植被类型,覆盖度增加情况,植被长势提升情况。各个工矿用地生物量增加情况参照表2GB/T 42340—2023
生态系统服务功能破坏对比原生生态环境或者历史,生物多样性维护、水源涵养量、防风固沙量、土壤保持量增加情况参照表2HJ 1173—2021
), ArticleFig(id=1307086137764369048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistical table of mine ecological problems caused by open-pit mining in the Gobi Desert area in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质环境
分区及代码
地区分类开采
规模
数量
(处)
产生的生态问题
戈壁沙漠沙地区(I)位于中国的西北和华北地区,设计甘肃、内蒙古、青海、陕西、宁夏、新疆、河北、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁开采
规模
小型5709废石(土)和尾矿压占3处;毁损土地类型:耕地5.584 km2、林地4.454 km2、草地80.11 km2、其他地类194.41 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.095 km2、林地0.089 km2、草地0.1372 km2、其他地类0.066 7 km2
中型87发生小型地裂缝等地质灾害8处,废水污染7处;废石(土)和尾矿压占7处;毁损土地类型:耕地0.49 km2、林地0.24 km2、草地0.21 km2、其他地类24.13 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.098 km2、林地0.30 km2、草地1.26 km2、其他地类0.51 km2
大型33发生中大型滑坡3次、大型崩塌1次,小型泥石流1次;废水排放10处,废石(土)和尾矿压占3处;废水污染1处;毁损土地类型:林地101 km2、草地47.26 km2、其他地类15.31 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地1.38 km2、林地0.34m2、草地4.73 km2、其他地类1.09 km2
不同
矿种
金属137发生大–小型滑坡4次、小型崩塌1次,小型裂缝4次,小型泥石流1次;废石(土)和尾矿压占77处;堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水23处;毁损土地类型:耕地0.31 km2、林地0.07 km2、草地10.69 km2、其他地类14.22 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.0517 km2、林地0.014 km2、草地0.56 km2、其他地类0.20 km2
非金属5637发生大型–小型滑坡10次、大型–小型崩塌4次,大型–小型裂缝2次,中型–小型泥石流6次;废石(土)和尾矿压占1235处;矿坑水和选矿废水75处;毁损土地类型:耕地53.90 km2、林地47.55 km2、草地105.40 km2、其他地类217.54 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.092 km2、林地0.094 km2、草地0.19 km2、其他地类0.076 km2
煤炭55发生小型滑坡2次、小型地裂缝1次、小型泥石流2次;废石(土)、粉煤灰和煤矸石压占45处;矿坑水24处;毁损土地类型:耕地6.26 km2、林地0.33 km2、草地32.77 km2、其他地类2.09 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地2.09 km2、林地1.65 km2、草地1.17 km2、其他地类0.10 km2
开发
阶段
生产
矿山
5018发生大型–小型滑坡16次、大型–小型崩塌5次、中型–小型地裂缝4次、中型–小型泥石流7次;废石(土)、尾矿、粉煤灰和煤矸石压占1163处;堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水109处;毁损土地类型:耕地55.17 km2、林地47.19 km2、草地125.16 km2、其他地类209.16 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.10 km2、林地0.11 km2、草地0.25 km2、其他地类0.08km
在建
矿山
210废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石压占23处;矿坑水和选矿废水6处;毁损土地类型:耕地3.22 km2、林地0.05 km2、草地16.83 km2、其他地类8.79 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.46 km2、林地0.003 8 km2、草地0.44 km2、其他地类0.09 km2
闭坑矿山601废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石、粉煤灰压占23处;矿坑水、堆浸废水、选矿废水6处;毁损土地类型:耕地2.08 km2、林地0.71 km2、草地6.87 km2、其他地类15.90 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.06 km2、林地0.01 km2、草地0.11 km2、其他地类0.06km
生态
系统
农田595发生大型–小型滑坡8次、小型崩塌4次、中型地裂缝1次、中型–小型泥石流4次;废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石压占151处;矿坑水和选矿废水7处;毁损土地类型:耕地60.47 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.10 km2
林地511发生小型滑坡2次、大型地裂缝1次、小型泥石流1次;废石(土)、尾矿和煤矸石压占211处;矿坑水和选矿废水10处;毁损土地类型:林地47.95 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:林地0.09 km2
生态系统草地611发生小型滑坡2次;废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石压占204处;矿坑水和选矿废水35处;毁损土地类型:草地148.95 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:草地0.24 km2
其他4112发生大型–小型滑坡4次、小型崩塌1次、小型地裂缝2次、中型-小型泥石流3次;废石(土)、尾矿、粉煤灰和煤矸石压占790处;堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水69处;毁损土地类型:其他地类233.85 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:其他地类0.06 km2
), ArticleFig(id=1307086137844060825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中国戈壁沙漠沙地区露天开采产生的矿山生态问题统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质环境
分区及代码
地区分类开采
规模
数量
(处)
产生的生态问题
戈壁沙漠沙地区(I)位于中国的西北和华北地区,设计甘肃、内蒙古、青海、陕西、宁夏、新疆、河北、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁开采
规模
小型5709废石(土)和尾矿压占3处;毁损土地类型:耕地5.584 km2、林地4.454 km2、草地80.11 km2、其他地类194.41 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.095 km2、林地0.089 km2、草地0.1372 km2、其他地类0.066 7 km2
中型87发生小型地裂缝等地质灾害8处,废水污染7处;废石(土)和尾矿压占7处;毁损土地类型:耕地0.49 km2、林地0.24 km2、草地0.21 km2、其他地类24.13 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.098 km2、林地0.30 km2、草地1.26 km2、其他地类0.51 km2
大型33发生中大型滑坡3次、大型崩塌1次,小型泥石流1次;废水排放10处,废石(土)和尾矿压占3处;废水污染1处;毁损土地类型:林地101 km2、草地47.26 km2、其他地类15.31 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地1.38 km2、林地0.34m2、草地4.73 km2、其他地类1.09 km2
不同
矿种
金属137发生大–小型滑坡4次、小型崩塌1次,小型裂缝4次,小型泥石流1次;废石(土)和尾矿压占77处;堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水23处;毁损土地类型:耕地0.31 km2、林地0.07 km2、草地10.69 km2、其他地类14.22 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.0517 km2、林地0.014 km2、草地0.56 km2、其他地类0.20 km2
非金属5637发生大型–小型滑坡10次、大型–小型崩塌4次,大型–小型裂缝2次,中型–小型泥石流6次;废石(土)和尾矿压占1235处;矿坑水和选矿废水75处;毁损土地类型:耕地53.90 km2、林地47.55 km2、草地105.40 km2、其他地类217.54 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.092 km2、林地0.094 km2、草地0.19 km2、其他地类0.076 km2
煤炭55发生小型滑坡2次、小型地裂缝1次、小型泥石流2次;废石(土)、粉煤灰和煤矸石压占45处;矿坑水24处;毁损土地类型:耕地6.26 km2、林地0.33 km2、草地32.77 km2、其他地类2.09 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地2.09 km2、林地1.65 km2、草地1.17 km2、其他地类0.10 km2
开发
阶段
生产
矿山
5018发生大型–小型滑坡16次、大型–小型崩塌5次、中型–小型地裂缝4次、中型–小型泥石流7次;废石(土)、尾矿、粉煤灰和煤矸石压占1163处;堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水109处;毁损土地类型:耕地55.17 km2、林地47.19 km2、草地125.16 km2、其他地类209.16 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.10 km2、林地0.11 km2、草地0.25 km2、其他地类0.08km
在建
矿山
210废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石压占23处;矿坑水和选矿废水6处;毁损土地类型:耕地3.22 km2、林地0.05 km2、草地16.83 km2、其他地类8.79 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.46 km2、林地0.003 8 km2、草地0.44 km2、其他地类0.09 km2
闭坑矿山601废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石、粉煤灰压占23处;矿坑水、堆浸废水、选矿废水6处;毁损土地类型:耕地2.08 km2、林地0.71 km2、草地6.87 km2、其他地类15.90 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.06 km2、林地0.01 km2、草地0.11 km2、其他地类0.06km
生态
系统
农田595发生大型–小型滑坡8次、小型崩塌4次、中型地裂缝1次、中型–小型泥石流4次;废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石压占151处;矿坑水和选矿废水7处;毁损土地类型:耕地60.47 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:耕地0.10 km2
林地511发生小型滑坡2次、大型地裂缝1次、小型泥石流1次;废石(土)、尾矿和煤矸石压占211处;矿坑水和选矿废水10处;毁损土地类型:林地47.95 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:林地0.09 km2
生态系统草地611发生小型滑坡2次;废石(土)、尾矿、煤矸石压占204处;矿坑水和选矿废水35处;毁损土地类型:草地148.95 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:草地0.24 km2
其他4112发生大型–小型滑坡4次、小型崩塌1次、小型地裂缝2次、中型-小型泥石流3次;废石(土)、尾矿、粉煤灰和煤矸石压占790处;堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水69处;毁损土地类型:其他地类233.85 km2。单矿山平均毁损土地类型:其他地类0.06 km2
), ArticleFig(id=1307086137936335514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Ecological restoration measures for the Qinling Erhua Quarry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型技术内容概述治理效果
覆土种植小于25°坡面采取平整土地,覆土种植复绿
草袋垒堰小于45°坡面采用植生袋垒堰技术,以植草作为先锋护坡,以灌木作为长久固坡
混凝土(绿色砼)喷播采坑边坡坡度大,坡面长且凹凸不平,坡面处理难度极大,对大于45°的高陡边坡采用绿化砼喷播技术。该项技术特点喷播植绿后的边坡坡面不坍塌,不流失,同时草、灌木茂盛
孔种草灌黄土质边坡钻孔,栽植刺槐、柠条、卫矛、紫穗槐等灌木
鱼鳞坑种栽植鱼鳞坑是在大于45°碎石质坡面修筑鱼鳞状的坑穴。在坑穴栽植沙生
灌木
轮胎护坡利用废弃轮胎,内置草种植土,将其固定在高陡的岩质坡面。主要用于高陡岩质边坡。可以建植草地或灌草群落,亦可植小乔木
), ArticleFig(id=1307086138041193115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

秦岭二华采石场矿山生态修复措施

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类型技术内容概述治理效果
覆土种植小于25°坡面采取平整土地,覆土种植复绿
草袋垒堰小于45°坡面采用植生袋垒堰技术,以植草作为先锋护坡,以灌木作为长久固坡
混凝土(绿色砼)喷播采坑边坡坡度大,坡面长且凹凸不平,坡面处理难度极大,对大于45°的高陡边坡采用绿化砼喷播技术。该项技术特点喷播植绿后的边坡坡面不坍塌,不流失,同时草、灌木茂盛
孔种草灌黄土质边坡钻孔,栽植刺槐、柠条、卫矛、紫穗槐等灌木
鱼鳞坑种栽植鱼鳞坑是在大于45°碎石质坡面修筑鱼鳞状的坑穴。在坑穴栽植沙生
灌木
轮胎护坡利用废弃轮胎,内置草种植土,将其固定在高陡的岩质坡面。主要用于高陡岩质边坡。可以建植草地或灌草群落,亦可植小乔木
), ArticleFig(id=1307086138133467804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The complete ecological restoration cycle of abandoned or closed open-pit mines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态修复
阶段
建筑物拆除
阶段
地质安全隐患
消除
地形地貌景观重塑和含水层重构土地复垦生态重建修复监管
生态修复监测重点内容建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整
——地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测
————地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构、水量、水位变化监测;水土污染监测地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构水量、水位变化、水土污染监测地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构水量、水位变化、水土污染
监测
地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构水量、水位变化、水土污染
监测
——————土地复垦利用、复垦修复、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复、配套工程和土地利用类型土地复垦利用、复垦修复、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复、配套工程和土地利用类型土地复垦利用、复垦修复、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复、配套工程和土地利用类型
————————生态系统监测内容包括复垦修复后生态系统多样性、动物多样性、复垦修复植物生态系统监测内容包括复垦修复后生态系统多样性、动物多样性、复垦修复植物
), ArticleFig(id=1307086138204770973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

完整的闭坑或废弃矿山露天矿山生态修复周期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态修复
阶段
建筑物拆除
阶段
地质安全隐患
消除
地形地貌景观重塑和含水层重构土地复垦生态重建修复监管
生态修复监测重点内容建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整建筑物拆除、土地平整
——地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测地质安全隐患监测及治理工程监测
————地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构、水量、水位变化监测;水土污染监测地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构水量、水位变化、水土污染监测地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构水量、水位变化、水土污染
监测
地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测;含水层结构水量、水位变化、水土污染
监测
——————土地复垦利用、复垦修复、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复、配套工程和土地利用类型土地复垦利用、复垦修复、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复、配套工程和土地利用类型土地复垦利用、复垦修复、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复、配套工程和土地利用类型
————————生态系统监测内容包括复垦修复后生态系统多样性、动物多样性、复垦修复植物生态系统监测内容包括复垦修复后生态系统多样性、动物多样性、复垦修复植物
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刘瑞平 1, 2, 3, 4 , 董高峰 2, 5, * , 兰建梅 1 , 陈华清 3, 4 , 焦建刚 6, * , 亢文婷 7 , 张怡冰 3, 4 , 杨鹏飞 3 , 龚慧山 3, 6 , 汪硕森 3, 4 , 陈向阳 3, 4
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(1): 288-302
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露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系构建及若干关键问题探讨
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2Key Laboratory of Environmental Geology of Qinghai Province, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
3Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey / Northwest China Center for Geoscience Innovation, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
4Shaanxi typical Mine Geological Environment Field Science Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086127081476687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086121649852951, authorId=1307086126724960841, language=CN, stringName=刘瑞平, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1自然资源部洞庭湖流域生态保护修复工程技术创新中心,湖南 长沙 410004
2青海省环境地质勘查局,青海 西宁 810000
3中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,陕西 西安 710119
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刘瑞平(1979−),女,正高级工程师,长期从事矿山环境调查研究工作。E−mail:

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刘瑞平(1979−),女,正高级工程师,长期从事矿山环境调查研究工作。E−mail:

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刘瑞平1, 2, 3, 4 , 董高峰2, 5, * , 兰建梅1, 陈华清3, 4, 焦建刚6, * , 亢文婷7, 张怡冰3, 4, 杨鹏飞3, 龚慧山3, 6, 汪硕森3, 4, 陈向阳3, 4
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部洞庭湖流域生态保护修复工程技术创新中心,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 2青海省环境地质勘查局,青海 西宁 810000
  • 3中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,陕西 西安 710119
  • 4陕西典型矿山地质环境野外科学观测研究站,陕西 西安 710119
  • 5青海省地质环境保护与灾害防治工程技术研究中心, 青海 西宁 810000
  • 6长安大学,陕西 西安 710054
  • 7内蒙古水利水电勘测设计院有限公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
通讯作者:
董高峰(1976−),男,高级工程师,从事水工环调查研究工作。E−mail:
焦建刚(1976−),男,教授,长期从事矿产普查与勘探及相关教学工作。E−mail:。
作者简介:

刘瑞平(1979−),女,正高级工程师,长期从事矿山环境调查研究工作。E−mail:

Establishment of Monitoring Index System for Ecological Restoration in Open-pit Mines and Discussion on Some Key Problems
Ruiping LIU1, 2, 3, 4 , Gaofeng DONG2, 5, * , Jianmei LAN1, Huaqing CHEN3, 4, Jiangang JIAO6, * , Wenting KANG7, Yibing ZHANG3, 4, Pengfei YANG3, Huishan GONG3, 6, Shuosen WANG3, 4, Xiangyang CHEN3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Dongting Lake Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Environmental Geology of Qinghai Province, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
  • 3Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey / Northwest China Center for Geoscience Innovation, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 4Shaanxi typical Mine Geological Environment Field Science Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
  • 5Qinghai Engineering Research Center of Geoenvironment Protection and Geohazard Prevention, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
  • 6Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 7Inner Mongolia Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025061
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为了促进矿山生态修复监测,笔者构建了露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系。笔者通过文献研究法、系统分析法,调查研究法,比较法、归纳法等方法研究了露天矿山生态修复监测内容指标、影响因素、监测频率,提出基于参照系的矿山生态修复监测理念和亟待解决的多部门联动、数据资产化的壁垒。结果显示:①露天矿山生态修复监测内容包括三级内容,一级内容包含矿山基本信息、原生生态地质条件、矿区生态问题现状、矿山生态修复过程和管护阶段监测4个方面,其中后3个一级内容包含矿山地质安全隐患、含水层、地形地貌景观、土地资源、水土地球化学、生态系统的破坏与修复监测6个方面二级内容。②地质环境条件、生态系统类型、采矿方式、生态损毁程度、矿山类型、修复措施多样、周期长短是影响露天矿山生态修复监测的因素。③集科学性、系统性、多学科、综合性、多门类、连续性、全生命周期、全要素的露天矿山生态修复监测,不同职能管理部门需要更加紧密的协同开展。④全要素、全域、实时传输矿山生态修复监测技术和法律保障下的矿山生态修复监测数据作为资产需要深入研究。本研究为矿山生态修复与预警工作提供理论依据。

矿山环境  /  露天矿山  /  矿山生态修复监测  /  体系构建

In order to promote the ecological protection and restoration of open-pit mines, this paper constructs the monitoring index system of ecological restoration of open-pit mines. In this paper, the monitoring index, influencing factors and monitoring frequency of ecological restoration in open-pit mines are studied by means of literature study, systematic analysis, investigation, comparative study and induction, the monitoring concept of mine ecological restoration in the new era and the barriers to be solved are put forward. ① the monitoring content of ecological restoration in open-pit mine includes three levels, the first level includes four aspects: basic information of mine, original ecological geological conditions, current situation of mine ecological problems, ecological restoration process of mine and monitoring of Management and protection stage, the last three first-level contents include 6 second-level contents: Hidden Danger of mine geological safety, aquifer, landform and landscape, land resources, water and soil geochemistry, damage and repair monitoring of ecosystem; ② geological environment condition, ecological system type, mining method, ecological damage degree, mine type, various restoration measures and cycle length are the factors that affect the monitoring of ecological restoration in open-pit mines; ③ the monitoring concept of ecological restoration in open-pit Mines is scientific, systematic, multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, multi-category, continuous, whole life cycle and all elements; ④ the whole-factor, whole-area and real-time transmission technology of mine ecological restoration monitoring and the monitoring of mine ecological restoration under the protection of law need to be studied deeply as an asset. The research results provide theoretical basis for mine ecological restoration and early warning.

mine environment  /  open pit mine  /  mine ecological restoration monitoring  /  system construction
刘瑞平, 董高峰, 兰建梅, 陈华清, 焦建刚, 亢文婷, 张怡冰, 杨鹏飞, 龚慧山, 汪硕森, 陈向阳. 露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系构建及若干关键问题探讨. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (1) : 288 -302 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025061
Ruiping LIU, Gaofeng DONG, Jianmei LAN, Huaqing CHEN, Jiangang JIAO, Wenting KANG, Yibing ZHANG, Pengfei YANG, Huishan GONG, Shuosen WANG, Xiangyang CHEN. Establishment of Monitoring Index System for Ecological Restoration in Open-pit Mines and Discussion on Some Key Problems[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (1) : 288 -302 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025061
矿山生态修复是国内生态保护修复工程的重要内容之一。随着中国对矿山生态修复的不断重视和持续推进,矿山生态修复取得重要成效,但也呈现出范围广、类型多、情况复杂等特点。多样性的矿山生态修复实施计划形成了大量修复成效显著差异,给监测监管工作提出巨大挑战。按开采方式分为露天开采、井工开采和混合开采,露天开采技术具有许多优点,开采空间大、机械化和自动化程度高、开采效率高、开采成本低、工作环境条件优良等,在矿产资源开采中优先考虑露天开采方式。然而,露天矿山开采对矿山生态环境产生了地质安全隐患、含水层破坏、地形地貌景观破坏、土地资源和植被生态损毁等影响(李金雨等,2025;刘向东等,2025;贺俊等,2025),亟需针对露天矿山生态修复实施周期长、修复措施多样、修复目标多元、修复效果差异显著等特点,结合露天矿山所在区域生态状况、生态系统类型、矿山矿种类型、矿山生态破坏程度等因素,构建露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系。
目前,中国关于露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系处于发展阶段,矿山生态修复监测的内涵也不断的丰富,矿山生态环境监测内容相应地做出调整,自然资源部及部分省先后颁布了多个涉及矿山生态修复监测的规范、规程。《矿山地质环境保护规定》规定了在县级以上行政主管部门建立本行政区域内的矿山地质环境监测工作体系的要求,实现对矿山地质环境的动态监测。在相关条例法规、政策支持下,国内关于矿山地质环境监测体系的研究也日益增多,通常集中在监测体系构建及监测方式、体系运行现状及局限性、监测技术等领域。《矿山地质环境监测技术规程》(DZ/T 0287—2015)涉及了矿山监测对象、要素、级别、频率和密度等内容。《矿山生态修复技术规范》(TD/T 1070.1—2022、TD/T 1070.2—2022、TD/T 1070.4—2022)提及了地质稳定性监测、水体、土壤、植被群落、动物种群、工程设施维护、植被养护监测。《矿山生态监测规范》(DB 61/T 1741—2023)规定了矿山地质安全隐患、含水层破坏、地形地貌破坏、土地损毁、生态状况等监测。《矿山土地复垦与生态修复监测评价技术规范》(GB/T 43935—2024)主要规定了矿山建设、开采前、开采中、开采后4个阶段的地质环境损毁与恢复治理、土地损毁与复垦利用、生态系统破坏(退化)与恢复等内容进行了规范,未考虑生态修复措施、矿山基本情况变化及矿山地质环境中地形地貌景观重塑等。目前,在露天矿山生态监测方面还不够完善,均未构建出较为完善的露天矿山生态修复监测体系(涉及内容、指标和频率等指标)。
20世纪60年代,世界各国开始重视对矿产资源开发的监管工作。Bell et al. (1977)在对土地利用变化的研究中得出,德国、美国等矿业比较发达的国家20世纪70年代已经开始了矿产资源开采过程中的环境保护及恢复治理工作,配套了严格的矿山环境监测评估制度,并进行长期保护。1969 年,美国颁布了《国家环境政策法》,在防灾减灾方面效果显著。在欧洲,以法国地质调查局为代表的多个公司和研究单位共同开展了欧共体MINEO工程,利用地球观测技术对采矿活动对环境产生的影响进行评价、监测(Loveland, 2000)。一些学者提出监管体系有助于消除矿山废物倾倒、储存和尾矿对环境的影响(Oluranti et al.,2020);也有学者研究了露天矿山植被恢复的指标(Xie,2024)。国内学者也针对采矿活动影响严重的生态问题和矿山生态监测修复做了相关研究工作(李立,2021;欧为友等,2022;岳永胜等,2022;杜臻等,2023;冯立等,2023;李强等,2023;蔺楠等,2023;王尧等,2023;李金雨等,2025;贺俊等,2025)。李立(2021)提出生态系统是一个复杂的整体,涉及废弃采石矿山风险评价、环境治理、环境监测等3个方面,主要监测对象是区域内的植被恢复情况、水质情况和灾害发生情况。欧为友等(2022)主要围绕木里矿区种草复绿过程进行监测,即工程实施与完成情况、土壤改良和种草复绿成效、植被稳定性和自我更新能力及管理目标等5个方面。岳永胜等(2022)认为矿山生态修复监测指标内容,包括水土环境、地表环境、地质环境、生态修复综合效益。在前人研究基础上,笔者构建了中国露天矿山生态修复监测指标体系,并分析其影响因素,为中国矿山生态修复与预警工作提供理论依据。
本研究的内容涉及矿山生态修复与监测、技术方法,国家政策、法律法规,标准规范等方面,涵盖了国际国内矿山修复领域的情况,采用了文献研究法、系统分析法,调查研究法,比较研究法等方法。
(1)文献研究法:围绕矿区生态问题、矿山生态修复技术以及矿山生态监测内容和涉及标准,搜集、鉴别、整理相关文献,通过对文献的阅读与研究,收集中国矿区生态问题、生产和在建矿山的生态修复方案、历史遗留矿山修复工程、生态保护情况、国家与地区的矿山生态监测法律法规政策等。
(2)调查研究法:对全国不同地质环境条件、不同类型、不同规模矿山开展综合研究,调研矿区生态问题,并对单个生产矿山和集中连片的历史遗留矿山进行实地调研和分析。
(3)比较研究法:通过对比研究和整理形成矿山生态修复监测体系。为了更好地阐明国际国内矿山修复理念,对比近自然和传统修复理念的区别。
(4)系统分析法:从研究矿山生态修复监测内容和影响因素入手,细化各个监测内容中的子指标元素以及监测内容的频率。着眼于现阶段矿山生态修复工作目标,分析矿山生态修复监测理念的改进方向和国家和地方在监测领域壁垒。
矿山生态修复监测工作是集科学性、系统性、多学科的工作,以国土空间山水林田湖草沙一体化生态修复理念为指导,监测内容涉及山水林田湖草沙全要素监测;体现人类改造自然的时空变迁过程,矿山生态修复监测全修复周期内矿山基本情况的变化、区域参照系统、矿山生态修复问题识别与监测、采用的生态修复的工程技术措施、矿山生态修复工程成效监测等内容(表1)。
建立矿山基本信息档案:建矿、开采和闭坑时间,矿山中心位置坐标,开采规模、开采矿种,发生其他问题(停采、开采矿权范围变更、露天开采转井工开采等)。由于露天矿山在开发过程中会引起、开发程度、开采境界线、已开展的修复工程和范围等矿山基本情况的变化,在边开采边治理的理念下,矿山开发动态变化应该纳入到矿山生态修复监测体系中。
《矿山生态修复工程实施方案编制导则》规定,生态系统是指能够作为生态恢复目标或基准的生态系统,通常包括当地受损前的生态系统、未因人类活动而退化的本地生态系统及能够适应正在发生的或可预测的环境变化的生态系统。采取与历史资料对比分析或矿山周围同类型地区综合调查等方法,建立矿山生态修复照生态系统。一般用胁迫因素、物质条件、物种组成、结构多样性、生态系统功能等生态系统属性描述参照生态系统(TD/T 1093—2024)。根据调查分析结果,确定实施区域内修复前表征矿山地质环境破坏状况、土地利用现状、生态系统状况的本底指标及数值(TD/T 1093—2024)。参照矿山生态修复监测区域自然资源历史调查监测数据、受损前的生态描述、物种名录和地图、历史遥感影像、待修复矿区资料(表明当地物理条件和生物区系)、周边相似的且未受干扰的生态系统的生态描述和物种目录等资料,以区域内未受干扰的或自然状况相似的本地原生生态系统或类似生态系统为参照生态系统(表2)。结合工程建设规模、自然地理条件、本地近年来生态系统演替规律等,选取典型区域作为生态参照系统(刘瑞平等,2023)。
从生态和流域的角度上开展调查,矿山生态修复监测要明确矿区的生态问题(表3),包括矿山生态状况、露天矿山开采前–中–后期采矿山地质安全隐患、地形地貌景观破坏、含水层破坏、土地资源挖损与压占、水土污染、生态植被破坏、生物多样性减少等内容,然后制定修复监测目标。若生态问题不明,生态修复的技术、措施就无计可施(张进德,2023)。
针对不同矿山生态系统的不同修复措施差异性,科学反映各生态系统各修复措施对矿区生态修复成效的综合评价,对露天矿山矿权范围及影响区生态修复前、修复过程和管护阶段开展监测。涉及矿山地质安全隐患情况、地形地貌景观重塑、水系连通性、土地复垦、水土污染、生态植被重建、生物多样性恢复情况和治理矿区生态问题采用的生态修复的工程技术措施、矿山生态修复工程效果,为科学合理开展矿区生态修复成效评价和风险预警工作提供数据支撑。
由于露天矿山和井工开采的开拓方式不同,导致两者对地质环境、生态植被的破坏强度和表现形式是有一定的差异性的。露天矿山对生态系统的影响主要体现在露天矿山开采边坡失稳、地形地貌景观破坏、土地压占与破坏,金属矿山或是酸性矿山产生的水土污染、露天开采较深的可能切穿含水层,造成含水层破坏,而井下开采则面临更多的地下安全隐患,如采空区塌陷,含水层疏干;地面塌陷对地面标高会产生一定的影响,引起地表坡度一些变化,产生的伴生裂缝,会改变原生地貌的完整性,对地形地貌景观产生影响。露天矿山生态修复监测的重点有一定差异性。
露天矿山根据工业布局产生的生态问题不尽相同。露天采场通过采掘可能产生地质灾害、含水层破坏、边坡失稳、地形地貌景观破坏、土地压占与破坏、生态植被的破坏;排土场(包括煤矸石堆场)滑坡、地形地貌景观破坏、土地压占与破坏、生态植被的破坏;在金属矿山选厂与尾矿库周边不仅存在上述问题,还可能产生三废污染的问题。
露天矿山生态修复监测工作是集科学性、系统性、多学科的工作,涉及山水林田湖草沙国土空间一体化修复监测,体现人类改造自然的时空变迁的过程,矿山生态修复过程中全生命周期内矿山基本情况的变化。因此,受地质环境条件、生态系统类型、采矿方式、生态损毁程度、矿山种类、修复措施多样、周期长短等因素影响,矿山生态修复监测以近自然的修复理念和流域一体化保护格局布设监测工作,因地制宜,一矿一策的开展监测工作。
(1)原生地质环境背景条件的影响:中国地质环境条件复杂多样,前人依据中国地形地貌、气象水文、植被、岩土体性质及原生环境地质问题等因素,可将影响中国矿山环境地质问题分布规律的地质环境背景划分为戈壁沙漠区、平原盆地区、黄土高原、中低山丘陵、中高山区、多年冻土区等六大地质环境区域(何芳等,2010);通过对自然地理、地质背景条件等因素进行综合分析,梳理了地质环境区域差异性的主控因素及序次,采用主导因素分析法进一步分为七大地质环境分区(中国地质环境监测院,2017)。就不同地质环境区域而言,由矿山地质灾害发生的次数从高到低依次为中高山地区、中低山丘陵区、平原盆地区、黄土高原区、戈壁沙漠区和多年冻土区。其中,川、西、滇、 黔、鄂、湘、桂等地区山川相间,峡谷较多,气候湿润多雨是泥石流、滑坡、崩塌的多发地,矿产开发等人为活动加剧泥石流、滑坡、崩塌的发育更为严重。矿山土地和植被的占用与破坏在中国中东部高于西部地区(王英鉴等, 2016)。不同露天矿产资源勘探开发方式、产生的矿山生态地质负效应、影响程度对局部原生地质环境产生破坏作用会加剧矿区生态问题,不同地质环境条件加剧程度不一样。矿山生态修复不仅监测已有矿区生态问题,也需要关注地质环境与矿产资源勘探开发互馈产生的矿区生态问题及修复进程和成效。
全国层面看,矿山生态系统基本上涵盖了森林、灌丛、草地、湿地、荒漠、农田、城市等各类陆地生态系统9个类型。从单个矿山看,一个矿山可能涵盖多个生态系统,每个生态系统监测要素是不一样的。因此,针对各个生态系统做出特有的监测体系,矿山生态修复在合理利用土地和切实保护耕地的基本国策基础上,坚持“宜耕则耕、宜林则林、宜草则草、宜湿则湿、宜荒则荒、宜沙则沙”原则。以陕西西湾煤矿在边开采边治理的基础上,对矿区内排场恢复成耕地、林地,增加耕地面积。不合理的矿山生态系统的重构可能引起土壤酸化、有效土层薄、营养元素含量低、植被覆盖度低(王烨,2023), 植被生物入侵、减少当地物种的风险(沈泽昊等,2016)。因此,矿山生态修复监测各个生态系统基本情况、质量、服务功能,实现矿区重构的生态系统可持续发展。
(2)矿业活动影响:以戈壁沙漠地区为例(表4),原生背景条件对露天矿山生态修复监测影响以下几个方面。①从开采规模看,随着开采规模的增加,产生生态问题种类增多,损毁程度增大。②从矿山类型研究,不同类型的开采造成的地质灾害数量及类型差别也较大(徐友宁等, 2002),金属矿山、非金属矿山和能源矿山存在不同的水土污染源,金属矿山废水主要来源堆浸废水、矿坑水和选矿废水,固体废物包括废石(土)和尾矿(GB/T 43933—2024);非金属矿山废水主要来源矿坑水和选矿废水,固体废物包括废石(土)和尾矿,能源矿山废水主要来源矿坑水,固废包括废石(土)、粉煤灰和煤矸石;单个能源矿山毁损的土地资源和植被生态面积大于非能源矿山;中国非金属类矿山最突出的地质环境问题是山体破损、景观破坏和崩塌滑坡等地质灾害(中国地质环境监测院,2017)。③从开发阶段研究得出,地质灾害主要发生在生产矿山,在建和闭坑阶段地质灾害相对开采阶段地质灾害发育程度轻;从总量和平均单个矿山上评估生产露天矿山造成水土污染和土地和植被生态毁损均比在建和闭坑露天矿山产生的问题严重。④不同生态系统毁损的土地类型有一定差异(表4)。地质环境条件、生态系统类型、采矿方式、生态损毁程度、矿山类型影响到产生的矿区生态问题类型、程度。因此,露天矿山生态修复监测根据监测对象的不同需掌握地质环境条件、生态系统类型、采矿方式、生态损毁程度、矿山类型差异。
(3)生态修复模式和工程影响:生态修复工程根据地质环境条件、修复对象和修复目标的特点,采用多种多样修复措施,进而影响到修复周期长短。
①修复模式的影响:露天矿区生态修复面临的诸多生态问题亟待解决, 但修复路径大多为单一的地貌重塑、植被重建、环境修复, 具体实践和操作层面对矿山的修复目标不明确, 缺乏全要素统筹, 忽视了生态风险与生态质量相结合(王烨, 2023)。重建生态系统自维持力低、维持成本高,尤其是修复后“采矿痕迹”明显等问题,亟待协调好人工修复与自然恢复的关系。中国在推进山水林田湖草沙一体化项目的同时,近自然矿山生态修复(Nature-based Solutions,简称NbS)模式在中国生态保护修复领域也逐渐得到认可。该模式为效仿周边邻近自然生态系统或采前自然生态系统的地形、水文、土壤、植被、景观特征及其演变规律,使修复后的矿业斑块达到与周边自然生态系统近似的结构与功能状态,并与周边邻近自然地貌、水系、景观相融合的一种修复模式(雷少刚等,2024)。近自然修复模式强化了土地利用、区域历史、考古和古生物资源、水文气候、地貌、地质和覆盖层、土壤、植被、野生动物的等基础信息;仿自然地貌和侵蚀控制;土壤剥离、存储、重构;植被恢复四方面的监测和调查。与传统矿山生态修复模式的区别在于,近自然修复更强调修复后生态系统与周边自然生态系统具有较好的相似性和相融性。
②生态修复工程:通过人工干预缩短生态修复进程,生态修复工程包括地质安全隐患消除工程、地形地貌重塑、含水层重建、景观营建,土壤重构、生态重建等方面,而影响矿山生态修复的主要因素包括自然因素和人为因素。自然因素有地域(气候、降水)、岩性(硬岩与软岩)、坡度(高陡边坡、缓坡)、土壤;人为因素主要是修复措施多样化,多种多样修复措施,产生的修复效果和作用大相径庭。以秦岭采石场矿山生态修复工程为例(表5),清除危岩体后,对小于25°的坡面采取覆土种植方案;小于45°坡面采用植生袋垒堰技术、碎石质坡面采用孔种草灌、鱼鳞坑种栽植;大于45°的高陡边坡采用生态植被混凝土喷播、轮胎护坡,通过该治理方式很好地解决了基岩岩面保土的问题。因此,生态修复监测的关键点有地形坡度、复垦的地质环境条件、土壤重构、复垦工艺等等相应的发生了变化。
③修复周期的影响:生产矿山是边开采边治理,修复周期长;闭坑或废弃矿山生态修复周期大概包括建筑物拆除阶段、地质安全隐患消除、地形地貌景观重塑和含水层重构、土地复垦、生态重建、修复监管6个阶段(表6)。露天生产矿山生产年限和工矿用地的服务年限有关,生产年限有几年也有上百年,随着边开采边治理政策的提出,矿山生态系统每年都在发生变化,集中连片历史遗留矿山一般几个月到3年修复工程完成(刘瑞平等,2023),加之修复管护3~5年,或者6~10年(2024)。
露天矿山生态环境监测包括矿山修复前、修复中和修复后3个阶段的矿山地质环境隐患和恢复治理、土地损毁与复垦利用、生态系统恢复等内容。采用自动监测和人工监测相结合的“天地空一体化”监测,对矿区生态问题和工程数量、规模、范围、影响程度、修复成效进行监测,科学合理的监测频率的设定极大提高矿山生态修复的监管效率。在遵循《矿山土地复垦与生态修复监测评价技术规范》(GB/T 43935—2024)的同时,建议考虑修复周期内监测,注重重点时间节点监测项目的安排。
(1)露天矿山地质环境监测:露天生态修复监测内容包括地质安全稳定性、地形地貌破坏与重塑、含水层破坏与重构监测等治理期间产生的新的生态问题和采取的治理工程。①地质安全隐患监测:地质安全稳定性和治理工程宜采用日、月短周期监测,随情况变化及时增加频次,人工巡查每月至少巡查1次。②含水层监测:每年在平水期、丰水期和枯水期监测含水层水量、水位变化,发现变化异常情况时须加密观测,监测点水位、水质监测时间为长期监测。③地形地貌景观监测:主要对矿区地形地貌景观破坏和修复的面积和程度、地表植被覆盖程度等监测,每年在植被茂盛的时节采用人工巡查+遥感影像+无人机航拍的方式监测1次。④水土污染监测:无论是地表水,还是地下水环境质量,每年考虑平水期、丰水期和枯水期水质监测;废渣淋滤液每年丰水期雨后监测要素的反映1次;土壤环境质量每年同一时间节点监测1次。
(2)土地损毁与复垦利用:土地复垦本质是复垦耕地、林地、草地、湿地,或转型利用为建设用地,并对后续生态系统监测,重点对土地资源利用现状、损毁土地复垦利用、土地平整、土壤重构、土壤质量、复垦修复配套工程和土地利用类型、面积和权属问题监测,土地复垦监测需考虑植被生长时节监测为宜。
(3)生态系统监测生态系统监测内容包括复垦修复后生态系统多样性、动物多样性、复垦修复植物。《矿山土地复垦与生态修复监测评价技术规范》(GB/T 43935—2024)建议采后复垦修复监测周期为 5 年~10 年;通过野外调研从细节上还需补充,露天生产矿山在边开采边治理的过程中,矿山生态系统每年都在发生变化,“十三五”、“十四五”期间实施的集中连片历史遗留矿山治理时间一般几个月到2年修复完成。因此,修复监测周期根据监测内容而调整,尤其各个关键环节治理完需要监测;从生态群落的形成和稳定性角度考虑,管护阶段监测时间3 年以上为宜。
(1)矿山生态修复监测的进程也从开矿前–开采阶段–闭坑阶段–修复阶段–管护阶段全链条进行监测。体现人类改造自然的时空变迁的过程,矿山生态修复全生命周期内矿山基本情况的变化、区域参照系统、矿山生态修复问题、采用的生态修复的工程技术措施、矿山生态修复工程成效监测等内容。
(2)近自然修复理念的认可度,在业内正持续提升。那么矿山生态修复监测内容,也需要重视矿山生态背景基值和参照值,反映矿区所在地区域生态系统的结构、地质环境条件、生态胁迫因子、生物多样性、生态功能、生态空间的连通性等因素。监测要素与参照生态系统对照,即可检验矿山生态修复过程各个要素的变化情况,变好变坏提供了参考依据(张进德,2023)。
(3)矿山生态修复监测工作是集科学性、系统性、多学科的工作,涉及山水林田湖草沙国土空间一体化修复监测,不局限于矿区监测,不能单一、局部地看问题。更应该从生态系统和流域的角度上开展在建矿山、生产矿山、闭坑矿山进行修复监测工作。
(4)矿山生态修复监测工作是一项集综合性、多门类的工作,不同职能管理部门需要更加紧密的协同开展监测工作,建议多部门协同开展矿山生态修复监测工作。目前,山西省已开展多部门联动统筹的生态修复监测。
针对矿山生态修复监测要素指标不够系统全面,对应天–空–地–人网可观测识别技术手段未形成全要素观测感知模式,针对矿山生态修复监测全天候、全覆盖观测数据获取困难,亟需整合天–空–地–人一体化数据资源,构建数据协同调度与统筹获取模型,形成实时传输、全域、全矿山自然资源要素监测的保障机制。
在政府监管方面:矿山生态修复监测工程已产生巨大效益,矿山生态修复监测工作需要在法律保障下开展,矿山生态修复监测资源的整合有待进一步深入研究。
(1)露天矿山生态修复监测内容可分为3级,一级内容包含矿山基本信息、矿山生态背景条件、矿区生态问题现状、矿山生态修复过程和管护阶段监测等4个方面。其中,矿区生态问题现状、矿山生态修复过程和管护阶段涉及矿山地质安全隐患、含水层、地形地貌景观、土地资源、水土污染、生态系统的破坏与修复监测等6个方面的二级内容。
(2)地质环境条件、生态系统类型、生态损毁程度、矿种、影响露天矿山生态修复的自然、政策、技术因素、周期长短是影响露天矿山生态修复监测的因素,不同条件的矿山才能因地制宜,有针对性地开展监测工作。
(3)矿山生态修复监测工作是一项集科学性、系统性、多学科的工作,涉及山水林田湖草沙国土空间一体化全生命周期内矿山修复情况变化的监测;不同职能管理部门需要更加紧密的协同开展。
(4)矿山生态修复监测管理壁垒:①矿山生态修复监管部门,县域到省域实时监测还处于起步阶段,智能监管平台和实时传输系统亟需解决。②需在法律保障下开展矿山生态修复监测工作。③矿山生态修复监测工程已产生巨大效益,矿山生态修复监测资源的整合有待进一步深入研究。

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2026年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025061
  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
  • 录用日期:2025-04-21
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作者信息
    1自然资源部洞庭湖流域生态保护修复工程技术创新中心,湖南 长沙 410004
    2青海省环境地质勘查局,青海 西宁 810000
    3中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心,陕西 西安 710119
    4陕西典型矿山地质环境野外科学观测研究站,陕西 西安 710119
    5青海省地质环境保护与灾害防治工程技术研究中心, 青海 西宁 810000
    6长安大学,陕西 西安 710054
    7内蒙古水利水电勘测设计院有限公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020

通讯作者:

董高峰(1976−),男,高级工程师,从事水工环调查研究工作。E−mail:
焦建刚(1976−),男,教授,长期从事矿产普查与勘探及相关教学工作。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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