Article(id=1307086117736571366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738425600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-02, revisedDate=1761062400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-22, acceptedDate=1762790400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineDate=1789563214953, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563214953, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563214953, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563214953, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=231, endPage=242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086117967258087, articleId=1307086117736571366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Analysis of Bolivia's Geology, Minerals and Mining Investment Environment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Bolivia is located at the junction of the Antarctic Plate and the American Plate, situated at the intersection of two major tectonic units, the Andes and the Amazonia craton. It has experienced a long and complex geological evolution process and has been significantly influenced by the Andean orogeny. The stratigraphy of Bolivia is well-developed from the Archean to the Cenozoic, with Cenozoic magmatic activity being closely related to the formation of metal mineral deposits in Bolivia. Bolivia is rich in mineral resources, with iron, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, bismuth, antimony, silver, lithium, and other minerals being the dominant ones. It holds an important position globally and is a world-renowned mineral-rich country and traditional exporter of mineral products. Historically, it was known as the "Republic of Mining." Due to natural conditions, political situations, and mining policies, the overall geological work level in Bolivia is relatively low, with significant differences in work levels among different regions. The degree of mineral resource development is far behind that of neighboring countries such as Brazil, Peru, and Chile. Therefore, Bolivia is considered one of the most prospective countries for exploration in the world today. In recent years, the Bolivian government has issued new decrees, implemented tax reforms, and abolished the value-added tax on the import of capital goods, industrial plants, machinery, and equipment to attract foreign mining companies to invest and cooperate in Bolivia, thereby increasing the added value of Bolivian mineral exports. This paper introduces the geological and mineral resources overview of Bolivia, with a focus on interpreting the mining regulations and other documents issued since 2014. Four mining investment suggestions are proposed: First, it is necessary to study the geological background and mineralization laws of Bolivia to prepare for entering the Bolivian mining market. Second, systematic exploration preparations should be made to conduct regional or small-scale mineral rights resource exploration work together with Bolivia and to refine and correct existing data. Third, respect for the indigenous people and environmental organizations of Bolivia is essential. While exploiting resources, efforts should be made to promote the development of surrounding communities and gain public recognition. Fourth, professional legal teams should be hired to conduct due diligence and establish flexible exit mechanisms.
, authors=Xuezhou HE, Xiufa CHEN
*, Yulong LI, Zhenfang ZHANG, Weibo ZHANG, Yanggang WANG, Xifeng CHEN, Lirong HAO, authorsList=Xuezhou HE, Xiufa CHEN, Yulong LI, Zhenfang ZHANG, Weibo ZHANG, Yanggang WANG, Xifeng CHEN, Lirong HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiufa CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086119116497390, articleId=1307086117736571366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=玻利维亚地质矿产特征与矿业投资环境分析, columnId=1307086089244668506, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=境外地质矿产调查研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
玻利维亚位于南极洲板块与美洲板块的交界地带，处于安第斯与安美地台两个大的构造单元交汇部位，经历了漫长、复杂的地质构造演化过程，受到安第斯造山运动的影响显著。玻利维亚地层自元古宙到新生代均有发育，新生代岩浆作用与玻利维亚相关金属矿产的形成密切相关。玻利维亚矿产资源丰富，铁、铅、锌、钨、锡、铋、锑、银、锂等为优势矿产，在全球占据重要地位，是世界著名矿产富集国和传统矿产品出口国，历史上曾被称为“矿业共和国”。受自然条件、矿业政策等影响，玻利维亚的地质工作程度总体较低且地区间工作程度差异较大，矿产资源开发程度远低于巴西、秘鲁、智利等周边国家，因此被认为是当今世界最具勘查潜力的国家之一。近些年，玻利维亚政府颁布新的法令，出台税制改革，取消了资本货物、工业厂房、机械和设备的进口增值税等，吸引外国矿业企业赴玻利维亚进行投资合作，提高了玻利维亚矿产品的出口附加值。逼着介绍了玻利维亚地质与矿产资源概况，重点解读2014年以来颁发的矿业法规等文件，提出4点矿业投资建议。①要研究玻利维亚地质背景和成矿规律，为进入玻利维亚矿业市场做好前期准备；②做好系统勘查准备，与玻利维亚一起进行区域性或小范围矿业权的资源勘探工作，细化订正已有资料；③尊重玻利维亚土著居民和环保组织，开采资源的同时带动周边是社区的发展，赢得公众的认可；④聘请专业法律团队展开尽职调查、设定灵活的退出机制。
, authors=何学洲, 陈秀法
*, 李玉龙, 张振芳, 张伟波, 王杨刚, 陈喜峰, 郝丽荣, authorsList=何学洲, 陈秀法, 李玉龙, 张振芳, 张伟波, 王杨刚, 陈喜峰, 郝丽荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈秀法, authorNote=
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何学洲（1982−），男，正高级工程师，主要从事境外地质矿产信息研究工作。E−mail：hexuezhou2001@163.com
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何学洲（1982−），男，正高级工程师，主要从事境外地质矿产信息研究工作。E−mail：hexuezhou2001@163.com
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Division of mineral metallogenic zones and distribution of large and medium-sized deposits in Bolivia, figureFileSmall=rVwgYCu8Co+kbho6j1SscA==, figureFileBig=onuyGiUMLECzXS/7KgcEsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086122752959015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
玻利维亚成矿带划分与大中型矿床分布图, figureFileSmall=rVwgYCu8Co+kbho6j1SscA==, figureFileBig=onuyGiUMLECzXS/7KgcEsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086122975257128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Investment in solid mineral exploration in Bolivia from 2014 to 2023, figureFileSmall=NXZKlz1ViVq3zzJevLZXqw==, figureFileBig=SrFb/EGr4ZQSydswvQ2Syw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086123059143209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
2014～2023年玻利维亚固体矿产勘查投资（数据来源S&P Global Market Intelligence，2024）, figureFileSmall=NXZKlz1ViVq3zzJevLZXqw==, figureFileBig=SrFb/EGr4ZQSydswvQ2Syw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086123138834986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Organization chart of ministerio de mineria y metalurgia of Bolivia, figureFileSmall=/2d7S40N5j8RYHNy4Oj4kQ==, figureFileBig=rNwghBtAg0BJ+10YUJgXCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086123218526763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
玻利维亚矿业和冶金部组织机构图, figureFileSmall=/2d7S40N5j8RYHNy4Oj4kQ==, figureFileBig=rNwghBtAg0BJ+10YUJgXCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086123306607148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Reserves and resources of major mineral resources in Bolivia
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 矿种 | 储量 | 储量全球占比 | 资源量 | 资源量全球占比 |
| 铁矿石 | − | − | 201×108 t | − |
| 铜 | − | − | 80万t | − |
| 铅 | 100万t | 1.68% | − | − |
| 锌 | 300万t | − | 448万t | − |
| 锡 | 40万t | 9.30% | 27万t | 2.95% |
| 铋 | 1.5万t | 3.83% | − | − |
| 锑 | 31万t | 14.04% | − | − |
| 金 | 25 t | − | 222 t | − |
| 银 | 2.2万t | 3.61% | 13.26万t | − |
| 锂 | − | − | 9643万t | 17.11% |
| 铟 | 342 t | 8.47% | 5456 t | 17.11% |
), ArticleFig(id=1307086123415659053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
玻利维亚主要矿种的储量和资源量情况
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| 矿种 | 储量 | 储量全球占比 | 资源量 | 资源量全球占比 |
| 铁矿石 | − | − | 201×108 t | − |
| 铜 | − | − | 80万t | − |
| 铅 | 100万t | 1.68% | − | − |
| 锌 | 300万t | − | 448万t | − |
| 锡 | 40万t | 9.30% | 27万t | 2.95% |
| 铋 | 1.5万t | 3.83% | − | − |
| 锑 | 31万t | 14.04% | − | − |
| 金 | 25 t | − | 222 t | − |
| 银 | 2.2万t | 3.61% | 13.26万t | − |
| 锂 | − | − | 9643万t | 17.11% |
| 铟 | 342 t | 8.47% | 5456 t | 17.11% |
), ArticleFig(id=1307086123512128046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Statistics of Bolivia's major mineral resources output from 2015 to 2024
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| 矿种 | 单位 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| 铁 | 104 t（金属量） | 1.42 | 0.17 | 2.22 | 4.16 | 4.58 | 1.54 | 1.70 | 21.59 | 12.96 | |
| 锰 | t（金属量） | | | | 110 | 3660 | 4710 | 5100 | 420 | 560 | |
| 铜 | t | 9479 | 8718 | 7219 | 5216 | 4478 | 2822 | 3310 | 3608 | 3881 | |
| 铅 | 104 t | 7.53 | 8.99 | 11.33 | 11.21 | 8.80 | 6.46 | 9.28 | 8.98 | 10.29 | 6.0 |
| 锌 | 104 t | 44.22 | 48.70 | 52.72 | 51.96 | 52.75 | 35.84 | 49.93 | 51.75 | 49.18 | 51 |
| 钨 | t | 1461 | 1109 | 1015 | 1366 | 1064 | 1347 | 1563 | 1358 | 1505 | 1600 |
| 锡 | 104 t | 2.01 | 1.75 | 1.84 | 1.73 | 1.71 | 1.47 | 1.96 | 1.76 | 1.87 | 2.10 |
| 锑 | t | 3843 | 2669 | 2881 | 3110 | 2747 | 2629 | 3084 | 3453 | 3884 | 3700 |
| 铋 | t | 20 | 57 | 8 | 39 | 0 | 55 | 27 | 3 | 58 | 70 |
| 金 | t | 19.77 | 22.545 | 28.726 | 31.599 | 42 | 23.207 | 45.662 | 53.374 | 46.62 | |
| 银 | t | 1306.98 | 1356.62 | 1222.37 | 1191.02 | 1153.11 | 929.91 | 1289.46 | 1214.30 | 1350.22 | 1300 |
| 钽 | t（Ta2O5） | 1 | | 3 | 18 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
| 锂 | t（Li2O） | | 10 | 20 | 10 | 160 | 80 | 410 | 250 | 380 | |
| 砷 | t（As2O3） | 38 | 38 | 20 | 238 | 126 | 50 | 100 | 35 | | |
| 钾盐 | t（K2O） | | | | 1700 | 17800 | 4400 | 32600 | 42600 | 53700 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1307086123587625519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
2015～2024年玻利维亚主要矿产产量统计表
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 矿种 | 单位 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| 铁 | 104 t（金属量） | 1.42 | 0.17 | 2.22 | 4.16 | 4.58 | 1.54 | 1.70 | 21.59 | 12.96 | |
| 锰 | t（金属量） | | | | 110 | 3660 | 4710 | 5100 | 420 | 560 | |
| 铜 | t | 9479 | 8718 | 7219 | 5216 | 4478 | 2822 | 3310 | 3608 | 3881 | |
| 铅 | 104 t | 7.53 | 8.99 | 11.33 | 11.21 | 8.80 | 6.46 | 9.28 | 8.98 | 10.29 | 6.0 |
| 锌 | 104 t | 44.22 | 48.70 | 52.72 | 51.96 | 52.75 | 35.84 | 49.93 | 51.75 | 49.18 | 51 |
| 钨 | t | 1461 | 1109 | 1015 | 1366 | 1064 | 1347 | 1563 | 1358 | 1505 | 1600 |
| 锡 | 104 t | 2.01 | 1.75 | 1.84 | 1.73 | 1.71 | 1.47 | 1.96 | 1.76 | 1.87 | 2.10 |
| 锑 | t | 3843 | 2669 | 2881 | 3110 | 2747 | 2629 | 3084 | 3453 | 3884 | 3700 |
| 铋 | t | 20 | 57 | 8 | 39 | 0 | 55 | 27 | 3 | 58 | 70 |
| 金 | t | 19.77 | 22.545 | 28.726 | 31.599 | 42 | 23.207 | 45.662 | 53.374 | 46.62 | |
| 银 | t | 1306.98 | 1356.62 | 1222.37 | 1191.02 | 1153.11 | 929.91 | 1289.46 | 1214.30 | 1350.22 | 1300 |
| 钽 | t（Ta2O5） | 1 | | 3 | 18 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
| 锂 | t（Li2O） | | 10 | 20 | 10 | 160 | 80 | 410 | 250 | 380 | |
| 砷 | t（As2O3） | 38 | 38 | 20 | 238 | 126 | 50 | 100 | 35 | | |
| 钾盐 | t（K2O） | | | | 1700 | 17800 | 4400 | 32600 | 42600 | 53700 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1307086123679900208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
List of major mines in Bolivia
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), ArticleFig(id=1307086123767980593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
玻利维亚主要矿山一览表
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), ArticleFig(id=1307086123877032498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086117736571366, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
List of main mining taxes in Bolivia
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| 税费种类 | 税费比例 | 税费说明 |
| 企业所得税 | 一般企业所得税为25%
| 所有公司都需缴纳该项税收。政府、公立大学以及非营利性机构豁免该项税。征税比例为汇出总额的12.5%、在玻利维亚开展部分业务的汇寄总额的1.5%～4.0% |
| 国外受益人税 | 1.5～4%，12.5%两个档次 | 将企业在玻利维亚所得的利润汇往国外，征税比例为汇款金额的12.5%，其中在玻利维亚开展部分业务的汇寄征税比例为总额的1.5%～4.0% |
| 个人所得税（RC-IVA） | 13% | 比例为收入和允许扣除部分差额的13%。按月统计缴纳，起征点为扣除个人社保后最低工资标准的4倍 |
| 增值税（IVA） | 销售额或提供服务总额的13% | 1000美元以内的进口等可以免交该项税收 |
| 交易税 | 3% | 每笔交易计算。相当于中国的营业税，税基是当月收入总额（当月账单申报额即产值），可以在所得税税前抵扣 |
| 不动产及机动车转让税 | 3% | |
| 矿产税 | 根据矿物的国际市场价格，黄金、银、硼、碳酸锂、氯化钾等部分矿物的税率在在矿业法中已经明确，大致为1%～7%。其他未明确矿种的税率为2.5% | |
| 矿业权使用费 | 探矿和开采费用为每25公顷缴纳325玻利维亚诺每年（约47美元）；每个航空物探许可费用是5万玻利维亚诺（约7200美元）；采矿证费用根据开采面积进行核定，开采面积小于等于30个网格（1个网格每25公顷），每年为400玻利维亚诺（约58美元）；第31～40个网格（1个网格每25公顷）则每年为500玻利维亚诺（约72美元）；大于40个网格面积则按照600玻利维亚诺（约87美元）缴费。商业许可和运营许可的费用为每年20000玻利维亚诺（约2884美元） | |
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玻利维亚主要矿业税费一览表
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| 税费种类 | 税费比例 | 税费说明 |
| 企业所得税 | 一般企业所得税为25%
| 所有公司都需缴纳该项税收。政府、公立大学以及非营利性机构豁免该项税。征税比例为汇出总额的12.5%、在玻利维亚开展部分业务的汇寄总额的1.5%～4.0% |
| 国外受益人税 | 1.5～4%，12.5%两个档次 | 将企业在玻利维亚所得的利润汇往国外，征税比例为汇款金额的12.5%，其中在玻利维亚开展部分业务的汇寄征税比例为总额的1.5%～4.0% |
| 个人所得税（RC-IVA） | 13% | 比例为收入和允许扣除部分差额的13%。按月统计缴纳，起征点为扣除个人社保后最低工资标准的4倍 |
| 增值税（IVA） | 销售额或提供服务总额的13% | 1000美元以内的进口等可以免交该项税收 |
| 交易税 | 3% | 每笔交易计算。相当于中国的营业税，税基是当月收入总额（当月账单申报额即产值），可以在所得税税前抵扣 |
| 不动产及机动车转让税 | 3% | |
| 矿产税 | 根据矿物的国际市场价格，黄金、银、硼、碳酸锂、氯化钾等部分矿物的税率在在矿业法中已经明确，大致为1%～7%。其他未明确矿种的税率为2.5% | |
| 矿业权使用费 | 探矿和开采费用为每25公顷缴纳325玻利维亚诺每年（约47美元）；每个航空物探许可费用是5万玻利维亚诺（约7200美元）；采矿证费用根据开采面积进行核定，开采面积小于等于30个网格（1个网格每25公顷），每年为400玻利维亚诺（约58美元）；第31～40个网格（1个网格每25公顷）则每年为500玻利维亚诺（约72美元）；大于40个网格面积则按照600玻利维亚诺（约87美元）缴费。商业许可和运营许可的费用为每年20000玻利维亚诺（约2884美元） | |
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