Article(id=1307086283927474586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2026035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1781107200000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-11, revisedDate=1781884800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-20, acceptedDate=1781884800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-20, onlineDate=1789563254577, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563254577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563254577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563254577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=190, endPage=200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086284082663835, articleId=1307086283927474586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=One-Dimensional Inversion of Source-Loop Transient Electromagnetics Based on Smoothed Inversion-Derived Prior Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve refined inversion outcomes of TEM and enhance the precision of geological problem interpretation, conducting research on inversions under different initial models holds substantial significance. This study selected two distinct initial models: the homogeneous half-space model and the model derived from the inversion result of the least-squares method with a smoothing factor. Initially, the forward-response data of a three-layer geoelectric model (H-type and K-type) were utilized to conduct inversion computations via the least-squares method with a smoothing factor and the regularization-damped least squares method under different initial models. The inversion performances under various initial models were then compared and analyzed. Subsequently, field - measured data were employed to perform inversion calculations identical to those of the forward - fitting data. The normalized potential of the secondary field at a single point with different decay times, resistivity, the result model, and their corresponding errors were selected for comparative analysis. Additionally, the inversion effect of a complete apparent-resistivity profile was analyzed in conjunction with geological data. Finally, the research findings were validated through engineering cases. The results show that: The inversion of the least - squares method with a smoothing factor is poorly fitted with transient electromagnetic data. Under equivalent conditions, although the regularization-damped least squares method can more realistically reflect the stratal characteristics, its depiction of deep - stratum information is less accurate compared to when the initial model is the inversion - result model of the least - squares method with a smoothing factor. The inversion result of the regularization-damped least-squares method, with the inversion result of the least-squares method with a smoothing factor serving as the initial model, provides a more precise reflection of the underground geological conditions. The choice of different initial models exerts a remarkable influence on the inversion effect of TEM data. Through comparative analysis, it is further verified that the inversion of the regularization-damped least-squares method, with the inversion result of the least-squares method with a smoothing factor as the initial model, enjoys significant advantages in terms of accuracy and reliability. This conclusion offers crucial references and practical guidance for the application of the TEM in detecting complex geoelectric structure.

, authors=Jie LI1, Zhongxiao WU2, Dianchun ZHAO1, Yu MA1, Chao NIU3, *, Chao HUO2, authorsList=Jie LI, Zhongxiao WU, Dianchun ZHAO, Yu MA, Chao NIU, Chao HUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086291493999041, articleId=1307086283927474586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于平滑反演先验约束的瞬变电磁定源回线一维反演研究, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为取得瞬变电磁精细化反演结果,提高其对地质问题的解译精度,开展不同初始模型下的反演研究具有重要意义。研究选取了均匀半空间模型和平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果模型两种不同的初始模型,以三层地电模型(H型、K型)的正演响应数据进行不同初始模型下的平滑因子最小二乘法与正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演运算,对比分析不同初始模型下的反演效果;利用实测数据进行与正演拟合数据相同的反演计算,选取单点不同衰减时二次场归一化电位、电阻率、反演结果模型及其对应误差进行对比分析,结合地质资料对某一完整电阻率剖面进行反演效果分析,并通过工程案例校验研究结论。结果表明:以均匀半空间为初始模型进行的平滑因子最小二乘法反演与瞬变电磁数据的拟合效果较差;同等条件下的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法虽能较为真实地反映地层特征,但对深部地层信息的刻画不及初始模型为平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果模型;以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始模型的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演结果对地下地质条件的反映更加准确。研究结果揭示了不同初始模型的选择会对TEM数据反演效果产生显著影响。通过对比分析,进一步证实了以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始模型的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演在精确度和可靠性方面具有较大优势。研究成果为瞬变电磁法在复杂地电结构探测中的应用提供了重要参考和实践指导。

, authors=李杰1, 吴中骁2, 赵佃春1, 马毓1, 牛超3, *, 霍超2, authorsList=李杰, 吴中骁, 赵佃春, 马毓, 牛超, 霍超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛超, authorNote=

李杰(1985−),男,高级工程师,长期从事煤矿安全生产技术管理和灾害防治工作。E–mail:

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牛超(1985–),男,博士,副教授,从事矿井水文地质与水害防治相关教学与科研。E–mail:
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李杰(1985−),男,高级工程师,长期从事煤矿安全生产技术管理和灾害防治工作。E–mail:

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李杰(1985−),男,高级工程师,长期从事煤矿安全生产技术管理和灾害防治工作。E–mail:

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基于平滑反演先验约束的瞬变电磁定源回线一维反演研究
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李杰 1 , 吴中骁 2 , 赵佃春 1 , 马毓 1 , 牛超 3, * , 霍超 2
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 190-200
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 190 -200
基于平滑反演先验约束的瞬变电磁定源回线一维反演研究
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李杰1 , 吴中骁2, 赵佃春1, 马毓1, 牛超3, * , 霍超2
作者信息
  • 1杭锦旗聚能能源有限公司油房壕煤矿,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 017000
  • 2陕西正通煤业有限责任公司,陕西 咸阳 713600
  • 3西安科技大学地质与环境学院,陕西 西安 710054
通讯作者:
牛超(1985–),男,博士,副教授,从事矿井水文地质与水害防治相关教学与科研。E–mail:
作者简介:

李杰(1985−),男,高级工程师,长期从事煤矿安全生产技术管理和灾害防治工作。E–mail:

One-Dimensional Inversion of Source-Loop Transient Electromagnetics Based on Smoothed Inversion-Derived Prior Model
Jie LI1 , Zhongxiao WU2, Dianchun ZHAO1, Yu MA1, Chao NIU3, * , Chao HUO2
Affiliations
  • 1Youfanghao Coal Mine, Hangjinqi Juneng Energy Co., Ltd., Ordos 017000, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2Shaanxi Zhengtong Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Xianyang 713600, Shaanxi, China
  • 3College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026035
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为取得瞬变电磁精细化反演结果,提高其对地质问题的解译精度,开展不同初始模型下的反演研究具有重要意义。研究选取了均匀半空间模型和平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果模型两种不同的初始模型,以三层地电模型(H型、K型)的正演响应数据进行不同初始模型下的平滑因子最小二乘法与正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演运算,对比分析不同初始模型下的反演效果;利用实测数据进行与正演拟合数据相同的反演计算,选取单点不同衰减时二次场归一化电位、电阻率、反演结果模型及其对应误差进行对比分析,结合地质资料对某一完整电阻率剖面进行反演效果分析,并通过工程案例校验研究结论。结果表明:以均匀半空间为初始模型进行的平滑因子最小二乘法反演与瞬变电磁数据的拟合效果较差;同等条件下的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法虽能较为真实地反映地层特征,但对深部地层信息的刻画不及初始模型为平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果模型;以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始模型的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演结果对地下地质条件的反映更加准确。研究结果揭示了不同初始模型的选择会对TEM数据反演效果产生显著影响。通过对比分析,进一步证实了以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始模型的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演在精确度和可靠性方面具有较大优势。研究成果为瞬变电磁法在复杂地电结构探测中的应用提供了重要参考和实践指导。

瞬变电磁  /  初始模型  /  平滑因子最小二乘法  /  正则化–阻尼最小二乘法  /  反演

To achieve refined inversion outcomes of TEM and enhance the precision of geological problem interpretation, conducting research on inversions under different initial models holds substantial significance. This study selected two distinct initial models: the homogeneous half-space model and the model derived from the inversion result of the least-squares method with a smoothing factor. Initially, the forward-response data of a three-layer geoelectric model (H-type and K-type) were utilized to conduct inversion computations via the least-squares method with a smoothing factor and the regularization-damped least squares method under different initial models. The inversion performances under various initial models were then compared and analyzed. Subsequently, field - measured data were employed to perform inversion calculations identical to those of the forward - fitting data. The normalized potential of the secondary field at a single point with different decay times, resistivity, the result model, and their corresponding errors were selected for comparative analysis. Additionally, the inversion effect of a complete apparent-resistivity profile was analyzed in conjunction with geological data. Finally, the research findings were validated through engineering cases. The results show that: The inversion of the least - squares method with a smoothing factor is poorly fitted with transient electromagnetic data. Under equivalent conditions, although the regularization-damped least squares method can more realistically reflect the stratal characteristics, its depiction of deep - stratum information is less accurate compared to when the initial model is the inversion - result model of the least - squares method with a smoothing factor. The inversion result of the regularization-damped least-squares method, with the inversion result of the least-squares method with a smoothing factor serving as the initial model, provides a more precise reflection of the underground geological conditions. The choice of different initial models exerts a remarkable influence on the inversion effect of TEM data. Through comparative analysis, it is further verified that the inversion of the regularization-damped least-squares method, with the inversion result of the least-squares method with a smoothing factor as the initial model, enjoys significant advantages in terms of accuracy and reliability. This conclusion offers crucial references and practical guidance for the application of the TEM in detecting complex geoelectric structure.

transient electromagnetics  /  initial model  /  smoothing factor least squares method  /  regularization-damped least square method  /  inversion
李杰, 吴中骁, 赵佃春, 马毓, 牛超, 霍超. 基于平滑反演先验约束的瞬变电磁定源回线一维反演研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 190 -200 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026035
Jie LI, Zhongxiao WU, Dianchun ZHAO, Yu MA, Chao NIU, Chao HUO. One-Dimensional Inversion of Source-Loop Transient Electromagnetics Based on Smoothed Inversion-Derived Prior Model[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 190 -200 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026035
瞬变电磁法是建立在电磁感应基础上的时域人工源电磁勘探方法,具有探测深度大,穿透高阻和分辨低阻覆盖能力强,受体积效应小,无高阻屏蔽等诸多优点,已广泛应用于矿产勘查、水文地质调查、工程地质勘察、环境与灾害地质调查以及考古研究等众多领域(陈魁奎等,2016;牛峥等,2017;柳宁等,2019;解海军等,2020;燕帅等,2023;陈靖等,2024;李正明等,2025;赵宁等,2025)。钟国对瞬变电磁的研究工作已有50余年,在理论研究、仪器研制、应用推广方面虽取得了长足进步,但多维瞬变电磁理论、数据处理方法难以在短时间内指导生产实践,当前的瞬变电磁反演解释方法仍以基于层状模型的一维反演、二维成像为主(王猛等,2015;张文波等,2022;张旭等,2025)。在一维反演方面,基于“烟圈”理论的近似反演方法与基于严格正演公式的最优反演方法是两个主要方法。前者虽具有反演速度快,无需初始模型的特点,但属于近似反演方法,其结果通常不能拟合实测数据;后者可将正演结果与观测数据达到最佳拟合,常用的有高斯法、梯度下降法、阻尼最小二乘法以及OCCAM法等(戚志鹏等,2014;唐荣江等,2017;陈辉等,2020;王少杰等,2024)。昌彦君等(2010)研究了瞬变电磁一维反演初值问题,当初值选择合理时,利用常规线性反演方法可使反演曲线获得快速、稳定收敛和等值减小的效果。王园园等(2013)采用阻尼最小二乘法优化逼近正演结果的算法进行瞬变电磁反演的计算,得到不同电阻率初值的地层反演结果,证实该方法可行,误差较小。前人利用阻尼最小二乘法在围岩力学参数反演、位场欧拉反演、高密度电法反演等方面进行了研究,均取得了较好的研究成果(刘强等,2019;杨聪等,2020;王哲成等,2023)。另有学者对阻尼最小二乘法的研究与改进,进一步丰富和发展了其寻优内涵,更好地满足了工程计算所需(肖艳丽等,2018),但阻尼最小二乘法反演对初始模型的选择和噪声较为敏感,不同的初始模型可能会产生不同的反演结果,噪声可能会导致反演结果出现波动和偏差,进而增加了反演的不确定性和复杂性。
考虑到阻尼最小二乘法反演存在的不足,智庆全等(2015)在目标函数中引入平滑约束,利用阻尼最小二乘法实现了带约束反演,有效抑制了反演过程中的噪声干扰,增强了解的稳定性与地质合理性。李刚等(2017)引入正则化思想对模型进行约束反演,且正则化因子通过计算每次迭代的数据目标函数和模型目标函数自适应得到,使反演能够稳定地进行;引入拟牛顿法来更新雅可比矩阵,大大缩短反演所需要的时间,通过典型的3层与多层理论模型的反演试算,证明了拟牛顿法自适应正则化反演算法拟合效果好,收敛速度快,适应性强,体现了良好的稳定性和可靠性。
在瞬变电磁一维反演中,初始模型的选择对反演结果的精度、收敛速度及稳定性具有重要影响。然而,当前关于初始模型的研究相对较少,多数研究仍依赖经验设定或利用简单的地质假设进行选取,导致反演过程中可能出现局部收敛、非唯一解或计算效率低等问题。本研究以阻尼最小二乘法反演为基础,通过构建不同类型的初始模型并结合实际观测数据,系统分析初始模型差异对反演结果的影响,深入探讨初始模型的优化,旨在提升阻尼最小二乘法在瞬变电磁数据反演中的精确性与可靠性,从而为实际勘探工程建立更精准的地球物理模型解释体系,最终获取更高置信度的地质勘查成果。通过对不同初始模型反演结果的研究,不仅能够提供多样化反演策略,还可为复杂地质条件下的瞬变电磁勘探提供有力支撑。
阻尼最小二乘法最早由Levenberg提出,Marquardt对其进行了完善,Fletcher做了进一步改进,改进的阻尼最小二乘法已成为求解非线性最优问题最常用的算法之一(Madsen et al., 2004; Marquardt, 2006; Jose, 2007),其基本原理表达为公式(1)的目标函数,将其转化为求解线性方程组的问题,即公式(2)。
$ \Phi \left(b\right)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}f\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2}{i}\left(b\right) $
$ (A+\lambda I)\delta =g $
式中: $ b={\left[{b}_{1},{b}_{2},\cdots ,{b}_{n}\right]}^{T} $为待求解的参数向量;A表示M×N阶矩阵;δ表示每一次迭代的校正量,即$ \delta = {b}^{\left(k+1\right)}-{b}^{k} $;g表示一种N维向量;λ为阻尼因子;I为单位矩阵;k为迭代次数。
由上述公式可知,校正量δ与阻尼因子λ之间存在函数关系,即δ=δ(λ)。为更直观地理解迭代量与阻尼因子之间的关系,可改写为公式(3)。
$ {b}^{\left(k+1\right)}={b}^{\left(k\right)}+{(A+\lambda I)}^{-1}g $
阻尼最小二乘法的优异特征可以概括为:当阻尼因子逐渐增大时,阻尼最小二乘法的迭代方向由高斯–牛顿法的方向渐渐转向最速下降方向,最速下降方向能够保证迭代的收敛性。当需要增大迭代速度时就减小阻尼因子,使之靠近高斯–牛顿法,增大迭代步长。换言之,如果方程(A+λI)δ=g中的矩阵A是病态的或者非正定的而导致迭代无法有效收敛,只要增大阻尼因子,就可以改善上述矩阵的病态特征。因此,阻尼最小二乘法相较于最小二乘法、高斯–牛顿法、最速下降法等反演方法确实具有明显优势。在此基础上引入正则化约束,构成正则化–阻尼最小二乘法,通过正则化因子在数据拟合误差与模型平滑性之间进行权衡,进一步抑制反演过程中的病态问题,提高反演结果的稳定性与可靠性。
为得到不同初始模型下的反演结果,使用层状介质模型的理论响应数据进行反演计算。为此,建立正演模型,计算得到模型数值解;将正演数据进行不同初始模型下的反演运算,对比分析反演效果。正演模型设置为简单的三层地电模型H型与K型,并与均匀半空间(电阻率100 Ω·m)作对比。前者电阻率依次为100 Ω·m、10 Ω·m、100 Ω·m,层厚为50 m、50 m、10000 m;后者电阻率依次为10 Ω·m、100 Ω·m、10 Ω·m,层厚同于H型。
考虑到定源回线可视为中心回线的一种特殊形式,正演计算参数以中心回线为基础进行设定:矩形发射线框边为420 m×540 m,线圈匝数为1匝,发射电流为12 A,接收线圈为2匝边长10 m的方形线圈,关断时间为156×10−6s,采集时窗为10−6~10−2s,指数等间隔为0.1,共计41个衰减时。通过正演计算,得到了H、K型感应电动势与电阻率(图1)。H型地电模型二次场衰减曲线在早、晚期与均匀半空间地电模型一致,10−5~10−2 s感应电动势明显增大,为低阻层的响应(图1a)。K型地电模型二次场衰减曲线全期均高于均匀半空间地电模型,曲线梯度变化不大,表明中间高阻层响应不明显,即正演数值模拟高阻(图1b)。从视电阻率曲线上看,两地电模型视电阻在晚期道均能反映深部地层信息,而早期的响应难以反映浅部地层信息,低阻层的响应优于高阻层的响应。
将以上正演数据进行不同初始模型下的反演计算,共计3种模型。模型1为均匀半空间,电阻率为100 Ω·m,反演方法为平滑因子最小二乘法反演;模型2为均匀半空间,电阻率为100 Ω·m,反演方法为正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演;模型3为以模型1结果作为初始模型,进行正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演。反演参数设置为:电性层数20层,迭代次数10次,深度递增因子1.1(即每层厚度为上一层的1.1倍,层厚随深度缓慢递增,以兼顾浅层分辨率与深层探测能力),均方误差限10%。通过反演计算,获得H型、K型地电模型在3种不同模型下的电阻率反演效果(图2)。
H型、K型地电模型下的两种初始模型反演结果均大致符合理论模型,模型1对理论模型的刻画精细度不足,拟合精度低于模型2和模型3,尤其是K型地电模型反演结果偏离理论模型较大;模型2与3拟合精度差别较小,只是在电性分层上前者拟合精度略低于后者(图2)。由此可知,以平滑因子最小二乘法反演后的结果作为初始模型进行正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演,其反演效果最优;均匀半空间下的平滑因子最小二乘法反演精度最低。以上反演结果的对比分析是基于正演响应数据进行的,笔者将结合实测数据对不同初始模型下的反演效果进行对比分析。
本次实测数据采集地位于榆林市横山区。研究区地处毛乌素沙漠东南缘与陕北黄土高原接壤地带,地貌形态以垄状、波状沙丘夹沙间洼地为主(图3)。地形总体较为平坦,海拔为+995~+1063 m,最大高差68 m。沙界沟为区内唯一水系,由西北向东南流入无定河。
研究区地质构造简单,处于鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡中部,总体为NWW微倾的单斜构造(平均倾角小于1°),无较大褶皱,仅局部发育宽缓波状起伏,无断层发育,无岩浆岩侵入。
研究区位于陕北侏罗纪煤田榆横矿区中东部,地表绝大部分被第四系上更新统风成沙及萨拉乌苏组砂土、亚砂土所覆盖。地层由老至新依次为三叠系上统瓦窑堡组(T3w)、下侏罗统富县组(J1f)、侏罗系中统延安组(J2y)、第四系中更新统离石组(Q2l)、全新统风积沙(Q4eol)。延安组为区内含煤地层,厚度约为230 m,共含煤9层,其中3号煤层为研究区唯一可采煤层,厚度为2.85~3.53 m,平均为2.89 m,处于延安组第三段顶部,埋深为90~190 m。
根据地下水的赋存条件及水力特征,研究区地下水划分为第四系松散岩类孔隙潜水和中生代碎屑岩类裂隙承压水两种类型,第四系全新统砂层孔隙潜水、第四系中更新统离石组黄土裂隙孔隙潜水、侏罗系中统碎屑岩类风化带裂隙潜水、侏罗系碎屑岩类裂隙承压水4个含水岩层(组)。矿井主要充水水源为以上4个含水层水。中生界互层状沉积的泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩为相对隔水层。研究区水文孔抽水试验结果:风化基岩含水层钻孔涌水量为12.44~37.24 m3/h,单位涌水量为0.0108~0.0427 L/s·m,渗透系数为0.110926~0.2669 m/d,含水层富水性弱。
风积沙、离石组黄土为松散沉积物,电阻率表现为高阻特征,延安组砂岩电阻率相对较高,当其富水时电阻率明显降低;新生界与中生界为不整合接触,接触带存在基岩风化裂隙带,当地下水汇集到基岩风化层中时,其电阻率表现为低阻特征;煤层相对顶底板围岩通常变现为高阻特征(图4)。研究区地层沉积稳定,横向上电性差异较小。
实测数据由加拿大Protem57采集,发射频率25Hz,定源回线边长(发射线框)为420 m×540 m,点距为20 m,接收线圈面积为200 m2,发射电流为12 A,关断时间为156 μs,增益为4,时间门为30,积分时间为15 s。数据采集区域为发射线框面积的三分之一区域,即180 m×140 m的方形区域(图5)。
本研究设置3种反演模型。模型1和模型2以均匀半空间模型分别进行平滑因子最小二乘法(模型1)与正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演(模型2),模型电阻率为100 Ωm,预设地层数为20。反演控制参数:迭代次数为10次,平滑因子为0.05,电阻率为0.1~10000 Ω·m,均方误差限10%等。模型3则以平滑因子最小二乘反演结果作为初始模型进行正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演,其它反演参数不变。
运用前述反演方法与初始条件进行反演,反演最优结果为最后一次迭代结果,选取单点不同衰减时二次场归一化电位(V/(A·m2)×10−6)、电阻率拟合曲线进行分析(图6),并对不同初始条件下的反演模型及其对应误差进行对比研究(图6)。拟合误差Rms的计算过程表达为公式(4)。
$ Rms=\sqrt{\int\limits_{j=1}^{M}{\frac{\left(\left(d_{j}^{obs}-{d}_{0j}\right)/d_{j}^{obs}\right)}{M}}^{2}} $
式中: M为观测数据的个数;$ d_{j}^{obs} $、$ {d}_{oj} $为观测值与正演理论值,Ω·m。
以均匀半空间为初始条件的平滑因子最小二乘法反演后,其归一化电位在早、晚期道与实测值拟合较差,而同等条件下的模型2与模型3反演结果拟合较好(图6a)。模型1电阻率在早、晚期道与模型2、模型3差别较大,而后两者电阻率值几近重合(图6b),这表明模型2与模型3反演结果相差不大。从反演模型(图7a)上看,模型1测深曲线总体表现为“H”型,电性分层界线不清,说明该方法对地层的分辨能力不足,而模型2与模型3均能有效响应地层特征,测深曲线总体呈“HK”型,但两者电性分层结果略有差异,即后者较前者分层减少,分层界面更加清晰。3种模型的拟合差都在稳步减小(图7b),说明迭代的稳定性较好,模型2前期迭代最快,模型3前期迭代较慢,模型1迭代3次后即趋于稳定,但拟合误差偏大,最后一次迭代达到7.3%,表明该反演算法收敛快速但精度不足。模型2、模型3在5次迭代后,其拟合误差一致,第8次迭代拟合差降到了0.3%,拟合精度较高。综合分析得到,3种模型反演结果优等级别:模型3>模型2>模型1,这与数值计算分析结果相契合。
为使不同模型反演结果对比更加直观,以完整的一条反演电阻率等值线断面为基础并结合地层资料进行分析(图8)。从反演电阻率断面图中可以看出,3种模型在标高980 m以浅呈高阻特征,这是由一次场关断时间较长(156 μs)而导致反演结果浅部(约55 m)地层信息缺失,也致使Q2l(离石组黄土)与下伏J2y4(延安组四段风化基岩)的不整合接触面响应不明显。标高+930 m~+950 m位置呈明显的低阻、中高阻特征,结合地质资料(钻孔SB5),此两处位置分别对应风化基岩段和3煤层。模型2与模型3的反演结果均能有效反映3煤层(中高阻薄层)、风化基岩含水层(低阻薄层),而模型1无此响应特征。根据区域资料,标高+869~807 m为延安组二段,电阻率呈中阻特征;标高+807~753 m为延安组一段,标高+753~707 m为二叠系富县组,这两组地层电阻率差异不大,均表现为低组特征;标高+707 m以深为三叠系瓦窑堡组,瓦窑堡组上部电阻率表现为明显的低阻特征。由此可知,在标高900 m以深,模型3电阻率断面的成层性优于模型2,其对深部煤系地层的刻画更清晰,更加符合沉积地层发育规律。
此外,瞬变电磁在相对富水地层中的频散效应会使信号的衰减速度和传播路径发生变化,导致探测到的异常区域范围和强度可能会与实际情况存在一定差异。电阻率断面中的风化基岩含水层因裂隙发育形成弥散型频散介质,表现为全域低阻;延安组二段至瓦窑堡组总体表现为低阻特征,且分层较浅部模糊,一定程度上表明频散效应的存在使地层电阻率趋同,分辨率降低(图7)。
由于3煤层回采后形成的导水裂隙带已全部发育至地表,3煤层顶板以上含水层均为矿井的直接充水含水层。工作面回采时易受到风化基岩含水层及延安组基岩含水层水的影响,其不均一的富水特性给煤矿工作面正常生产带来一定安全隐患,查明其不同含水层的富水区分布及水力联系尤为重要。可以从区域上开展地面水害治理工作,为从井下探查疏放顶板水提供目标区域。为此,开展了1∶5000地面磁性源瞬变电磁勘探工作。基于前述3种模型的对比分析结果,以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为正则化–阻尼最小二乘法的初始模型,在实测定源回线TEM数据反演中展现出无可比拟的优势。基于这一特性,将其应用于研究区地面瞬变电磁实测数据的处理与解释工作,提取了4个等深度(标高分别为1000 m、980 m、950 m、930 m)的电阻率电性特征图(图8),其对应的地层分别为第四系底部、风化基岩层顶部、风化基岩含水层以及风化基岩底部。
第四系底部整体表现为相对较高的电阻率,仅在局部区域出现小范围低阻区域(图9),表明第四系松散含水层的富水性较弱,地下水主要沿垂向渗透,难以大量滞留,大部分地下水已渗流至下伏的基岩风化壳中。随着标高的降低,电阻率低值区逐渐扩大,直至标高950 m,整个研究区内电阻率普遍较低,表明风化基岩含水层分布广泛,具备良好的储水空间和一定的富水性,可能与基岩风化带的裂隙发育程度密切相关。当标高降低至风化基岩层底部,电阻率开始逐步增大,低阻范围逐渐缩小,说明3煤层顶板砂岩层的富水性较弱,属于相对隔水层或弱富水层。需要特别关注由上至下贯穿的局部低阻区域,这些异常区可能暗示风化基岩含水层与砂岩含水层、第四系孔隙潜水含水层之间存在水力联系,在采动影响下可能形成渗流通道,进而增加矿井水害风险。
后续沿Line320测线施工YZK01、YZK02验证钻孔,钻探揭露的风化基岩、3煤层层位与电阻率剖面解释结果一致性良好(图10),说明引入平滑反演先验约束的一维瞬变电磁反演可靠性高、应用成效显著。
(1)在其他参数相同的条件下,采用不同的初始模型进行3层地电模型(H型、K型)响应数据与实测定源回线TEM数据一维反演,得到不同的反演结果。
(2)以均匀半空间和平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始模型,研究了平滑因子最小二乘法、正则化–阻尼因子最小二乘法的反演效果。结果表明均匀半空间下的平滑因子最小二乘法反演不能对地层信息作出有效响应,而后两者可真实反映地层信息,尤以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始条件的方法对层状地层的拟合更为突出,特别是对低阻薄层和深部地层的响应。
(3)由于煤系地层的成层性,以平滑因子最小二乘法反演结果作为初始条件的正则化–阻尼最小二乘法反演优势明显,8次迭代拟合差0.3%,拟合精度高。这为今后瞬变电磁一维反演初始模型的选择提供了实际参考。文中的正演模型与实例均以近水平层状地层为主,所提方法在倾斜地层或非层状地层条件下的适用性有待进一步验证,将作为后续研究方向加以探讨。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026035
  • 接收时间:2026-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-11
  • 修回日期:2026-06-20
  • 录用日期:2026-06-20
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    1杭锦旗聚能能源有限公司油房壕煤矿,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 017000
    2陕西正通煤业有限责任公司,陕西 咸阳 713600
    3西安科技大学地质与环境学院,陕西 西安 710054

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牛超(1985–),男,博士,副教授,从事矿井水文地质与水害防治相关教学与科研。E–mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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