Article(id=1307086373182268326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2026009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1777219200000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-27, revisedDate=1779033600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-18, acceptedDate=1779120000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-19, onlineDate=1789563275857, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563275857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563275857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563275857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086373534589863, articleId=1307086373182268326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Mineralization Potential Analysis of Orogenic Magmatic Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposits Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of the Beishan Region, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Orogenic magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits represent an important source of copper, nickel, and other critical metals, and their formation is closely related to mantle-derived magma evolution and crust–mantle interaction. The Beishan Orogenic Belt, located in a key tectonic position within the Central Asian metallogenic domain, hosts numerous mafic–ultramafic intrusions formed during the post-collisional extensional stage, many of which are associated with varying degrees of Cu-Ni mineralization. However, uncertainties remain in distinguishing ore-bearing from barren intrusions and in evaluating their mineralization potential. In this study, whole-rock geochemical data of mafic-ultramafic intrusions from the Beishan Orogenic Belt were systematically compiled from published literature to construct a dataset comprising 360 samples. A total of 27 geochemical variables were selected as input features, including major elements (e.g., SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO), rare earth elements (La-Lu), and trace elements (e.g., Rb, Nb, Sr, Y). Four machine learning modelswere employed to classify mineralized and non-mineralized intrusions and to evaluate their mineralization potential, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The results indicate that all models exhibit strong classification performance, with the MLP model achieving the highest accuracy of 97%, followed by XGBoost (94%), RF (91%), and SVM (90%). The modeling results demonstrate that whole-rock geochemical characteristics can effectively capture key metallogenic processes such as magmatic differentiation and crustal contamination, serving as reliable indicators for identifying ore-bearing intrusions. The discrimination method established based on the optimal model enables effective evaluation of the mineralization potential of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Beishan Orogenic Belt. This study not only provides a new technical approach for Cu-Ni sulfide exploration in the Beishan region but also offers methodological insights for assessing the mineralization potential of similar orogenic magmatic deposits.

, authors=Wanying LI, Sixian YANG, Jiahui LI, Changfeng LIU*, authorsList=Wanying LI, Sixian YANG, Jiahui LI, Changfeng LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changfeng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086381143057350, articleId=1307086373182268326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于机器学习的造山带岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床含矿潜力分析:以北山地区为例, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床是重要的铜、镍及相关关键金属资源类型,其形成与幔源岩浆演化及壳幔相互作用密切相关。北山造山带位于中亚成矿域关键构造部位,发育大量后碰撞伸展阶段的镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体,并伴随不同程度的铜镍矿化,但成矿与非成矿岩体判别及含矿潜力评价仍存在不确定性。为此,笔者基于已发表文献系统收集北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体全岩地球化学数据,构建包含360条样本的数据集,选取SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO等主量元素、稀土元素、以及Rb、Nb、Sr、Y等微量元素共27项特征作为输入变量,引入多层感知机(MLP)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)4种机器学习模型,对成矿与非成矿岩体进行分类识别及含矿潜力评价。结果表明,各模型均具有较好的判别能力。其中,MLP模型性能最优,分类准确率达97%;XGBoost、RF和SVM模型准确率分别为94%、91%和90%。模型结果表明,全岩地球化学特征能够有效刻画岩浆分异程度及地壳混染等关键成矿控制过程,是识别成矿岩体的重要判据。基于最优模型建立的判别方法可实现对北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体成矿潜力的有效识别。研究结果不仅为北山地区岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床找矿勘查提供了新的技术手段,也为造山带型同类矿床的成矿潜力评价提供了方法参考。

, authors=李宛颖, 杨思贤, 李佳慧, 柳长峰*, authorsList=李宛颖, 杨思贤, 李佳慧, 柳长峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柳长峰, authorNote=

李宛颖(2003–),女,硕士研究生,从事地学大数据研究。E–mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
柳长峰(1982–),男,副研究员,博士生导师,从事造山带岩浆作用研究。E–mail:。
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李宛颖(2003–),女,硕士研究生,从事地学大数据研究。E–mail:

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李宛颖(2003–),女,硕士研究生,从事地学大数据研究。E–mail:

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pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=西北地质, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈阳阳, 段俊, 徐刚, 等. 甘肃北山地区晚三叠世煌斑岩地球化学特征及构造意义[J]. 西北地质, 2024, 57(6): 78−94., articleTitle=甘肃北山地区晚三叠世煌斑岩地球化学特征及构造意义, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086630783832168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=57, issue=6, pageStart=78, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=Northwestern Geology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Yangyang, DUAN Jun, XU Gang, et al. 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journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同机器学习模型特征重要性排序对比, figureFileSmall=2k63a5/v673OiVCQx3HQJg==, figureFileBig=/G4uYhX2G5/x8w/wTseL1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086629538123871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of SHAP-based interpretation results for different machine learning models, figureFileSmall=zUbFhYUzTnDmUO1KUfcWmw==, figureFileBig=eZX1BWMTPjGxTQlyHHQrjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086629605232736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同机器学习模型SHAP解释分析结果对比, figureFileSmall=zUbFhYUzTnDmUO1KUfcWmw==, figureFileBig=eZX1BWMTPjGxTQlyHHQrjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086629835919457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Data sources and classification of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Beishan Orogen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号区域岩体名称岩石类型成矿属性样本数数据来源
1甘肃北山黑山岩体基性岩成矿17王亚磊,2011
2甘肃北山骆驼山岩体基性岩成矿15马博骋等,2022
3甘肃北山红柳沟岩体基性岩成矿10谢燮等,2015
4甘肃北山大山头岩体基性岩成矿12张国鹏等,2017
5甘肃北山拾金灌矿化岩体基性岩成矿11王磊等,2013
6甘肃北山古堡泉辉绿岩辉绿岩不成矿16师震等,2019;高文彬等,2020
7甘肃北山芦草沟富闪深成岩富闪深成岩不成矿7余吉远等,2023
8甘肃北山煌斑岩煌斑岩不成矿4陈阳阳等,2024
9甘肃北山炭山子东橄榄辉长岩辉长岩不成矿6余君鹏等,2021
10甘肃北山炭窑井辉绿岩辉绿岩不成矿6尹冬华等,2024
11甘肃北山基性岩墙群基性岩不成矿19彭仁等,2020
12新疆北山坡北岩体基性–超基性岩成矿80王子玺等,2016
13新疆北山罗东岩体基性岩成矿52凌锦兰等,2011;呼冬强等,2021
14新疆北山启鑫岩体基性岩成矿14黄敏等,2018
15新疆北山笔架山岩体基性岩成矿7夏昭德等,2012
16新疆北山镁铁-超镁铁岩超基性岩不成矿15谢燮等,2018
17新疆磁海铁矿区镁铁质岩基性岩不成矿39孟庆鹏等,2014;陈博等,2015
18青海欧龙布鲁克
微陆块东北缘
红柳沟北岩体基性岩不成矿11周伟等,2015
19阿拉善北部
埋汗哈达地区
晚石炭世辉长岩辉长岩不成矿14于远洋等,2023
20内蒙古北山长玢岩–辉绿岩基性岩不成矿5薛仲凯等,2023
), ArticleFig(id=1307086629932388450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体地球化学数据来源及样本分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号区域岩体名称岩石类型成矿属性样本数数据来源
1甘肃北山黑山岩体基性岩成矿17王亚磊,2011
2甘肃北山骆驼山岩体基性岩成矿15马博骋等,2022
3甘肃北山红柳沟岩体基性岩成矿10谢燮等,2015
4甘肃北山大山头岩体基性岩成矿12张国鹏等,2017
5甘肃北山拾金灌矿化岩体基性岩成矿11王磊等,2013
6甘肃北山古堡泉辉绿岩辉绿岩不成矿16师震等,2019;高文彬等,2020
7甘肃北山芦草沟富闪深成岩富闪深成岩不成矿7余吉远等,2023
8甘肃北山煌斑岩煌斑岩不成矿4陈阳阳等,2024
9甘肃北山炭山子东橄榄辉长岩辉长岩不成矿6余君鹏等,2021
10甘肃北山炭窑井辉绿岩辉绿岩不成矿6尹冬华等,2024
11甘肃北山基性岩墙群基性岩不成矿19彭仁等,2020
12新疆北山坡北岩体基性–超基性岩成矿80王子玺等,2016
13新疆北山罗东岩体基性岩成矿52凌锦兰等,2011;呼冬强等,2021
14新疆北山启鑫岩体基性岩成矿14黄敏等,2018
15新疆北山笔架山岩体基性岩成矿7夏昭德等,2012
16新疆北山镁铁-超镁铁岩超基性岩不成矿15谢燮等,2018
17新疆磁海铁矿区镁铁质岩基性岩不成矿39孟庆鹏等,2014;陈博等,2015
18青海欧龙布鲁克
微陆块东北缘
红柳沟北岩体基性岩不成矿11周伟等,2015
19阿拉善北部
埋汗哈达地区
晚石炭世辉长岩辉长岩不成矿14于远洋等,2023
20内蒙古北山长玢岩–辉绿岩基性岩不成矿5薛仲凯等,2023
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Partial whole rock ceochemical characteristics of ore-forming intrusions and non-ore-forming intrusions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素成矿成矿均值非成矿非成矿均值
SiO243.10~55.5148.0232.67~50.7641.87
Al2O34.37~23.2414.820.08~21.229.73
Fe2O30.58~17.777.962.55~40.3612.85
MgO4.06~34.9113.244.24~43.2918.72
CaO2.34~22.899.860.10~19.986.48
K2O0.51~5.512.410.00~37.386.32
Na2O0.06~2.720.880.00~12.992.74
TiO20.14~0.270.180.02~3.750.62
P2O50.22~3.600.940.01~3.500.71
Cr1.37~43.159.860.10~140.0018.92
Ni3.14~79.9316.880.18~140.0029.54
Co0.42~8.332.010.03~19.004.33
V1.90~39.6910.440.14~85.4018.57
Sc0.50~11.292.880.03~17.405.26
Y0.25~3.340.920.02~5.031.46
La0.64~13.973.120.04~17.704.78
Ce0.10~2.340.580.01~3.270.94
Nd0.68~14.913.450.04~3.901.12
Sm0.14~3.140.730.01~3.270.89
Eu0.36~9.451.920.02~10.802.76
Gd0.06~1.380.310.01~1.820.52
Dy0.36~9.411.870.02~10.002.63
Er0.06~1.380.300.01~1.270.48
Yb0.94~108.5014.760.31~242.0038.25
Lu0.047~42.645.920.034~40.256.88
Ba61.00~1170.00285.405.08~791.90198.30
Sr3.79~86.5018.720.76~97.0012.63
), ArticleFig(id=1307086630263738468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

成矿岩体与非成矿岩体的部分全岩地球化学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素成矿成矿均值非成矿非成矿均值
SiO243.10~55.5148.0232.67~50.7641.87
Al2O34.37~23.2414.820.08~21.229.73
Fe2O30.58~17.777.962.55~40.3612.85
MgO4.06~34.9113.244.24~43.2918.72
CaO2.34~22.899.860.10~19.986.48
K2O0.51~5.512.410.00~37.386.32
Na2O0.06~2.720.880.00~12.992.74
TiO20.14~0.270.180.02~3.750.62
P2O50.22~3.600.940.01~3.500.71
Cr1.37~43.159.860.10~140.0018.92
Ni3.14~79.9316.880.18~140.0029.54
Co0.42~8.332.010.03~19.004.33
V1.90~39.6910.440.14~85.4018.57
Sc0.50~11.292.880.03~17.405.26
Y0.25~3.340.920.02~5.031.46
La0.64~13.973.120.04~17.704.78
Ce0.10~2.340.580.01~3.270.94
Nd0.68~14.913.450.04~3.901.12
Sm0.14~3.140.730.01~3.270.89
Eu0.36~9.451.920.02~10.802.76
Gd0.06~1.380.310.01~1.820.52
Dy0.36~9.411.870.02~10.002.63
Er0.06~1.380.300.01~1.270.48
Yb0.94~108.5014.760.31~242.0038.25
Lu0.047~42.645.920.034~40.256.88
Ba61.00~1170.00285.405.08~791.90198.30
Sr3.79~86.5018.720.76~97.0012.63
), ArticleFig(id=1307086630330847333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of classification performance metrics for different machine learning models

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模型准确率精确率召回率F1值ROC-AUC
MLP0.9720.9581.0000.9780.996
SVM0.9020.9140.9340.9240.987
RF0.9160.9160.9560.9360.980
XGBoost0.9440.9560.9560.9560.980
), ArticleFig(id=1307086630406344806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086373182268326, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同机器学习模型分类性能指标对比

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模型准确率精确率召回率F1值ROC-AUC
MLP0.9720.9581.0000.9780.996
SVM0.9020.9140.9340.9240.987
RF0.9160.9160.9560.9360.980
XGBoost0.9440.9560.9560.9560.980
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基于机器学习的造山带岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床含矿潜力分析:以北山地区为例
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李宛颖 , 杨思贤 , 李佳慧 , 柳长峰 *
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 1-19
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 1 -19
基于机器学习的造山带岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床含矿潜力分析:以北山地区为例
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李宛颖(2003–),女,硕士研究生,从事地学大数据研究。E–mail:

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李宛颖 , 杨思贤, 李佳慧, 柳长峰*
作者信息
  • 中国地质大学(北京)海洋学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
柳长峰(1982–),男,副研究员,博士生导师,从事造山带岩浆作用研究。E–mail:。
作者简介:

李宛颖(2003–),女,硕士研究生,从事地学大数据研究。E–mail:

Mineralization Potential Analysis of Orogenic Magmatic Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposits Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of the Beishan Region
Wanying LI , Sixian YANG, Jiahui LI, Changfeng LIU*
Affiliations
  • School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026009
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造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床是重要的铜、镍及相关关键金属资源类型,其形成与幔源岩浆演化及壳幔相互作用密切相关。北山造山带位于中亚成矿域关键构造部位,发育大量后碰撞伸展阶段的镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体,并伴随不同程度的铜镍矿化,但成矿与非成矿岩体判别及含矿潜力评价仍存在不确定性。为此,笔者基于已发表文献系统收集北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体全岩地球化学数据,构建包含360条样本的数据集,选取SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO等主量元素、稀土元素、以及Rb、Nb、Sr、Y等微量元素共27项特征作为输入变量,引入多层感知机(MLP)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)4种机器学习模型,对成矿与非成矿岩体进行分类识别及含矿潜力评价。结果表明,各模型均具有较好的判别能力。其中,MLP模型性能最优,分类准确率达97%;XGBoost、RF和SVM模型准确率分别为94%、91%和90%。模型结果表明,全岩地球化学特征能够有效刻画岩浆分异程度及地壳混染等关键成矿控制过程,是识别成矿岩体的重要判据。基于最优模型建立的判别方法可实现对北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体成矿潜力的有效识别。研究结果不仅为北山地区岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床找矿勘查提供了新的技术手段,也为造山带型同类矿床的成矿潜力评价提供了方法参考。

北山造山带  /  机器学习  /  成矿潜力  /  XGBoost  /  多层感知机  /  随机森林  /  支持向量机

Orogenic magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits represent an important source of copper, nickel, and other critical metals, and their formation is closely related to mantle-derived magma evolution and crust–mantle interaction. The Beishan Orogenic Belt, located in a key tectonic position within the Central Asian metallogenic domain, hosts numerous mafic–ultramafic intrusions formed during the post-collisional extensional stage, many of which are associated with varying degrees of Cu-Ni mineralization. However, uncertainties remain in distinguishing ore-bearing from barren intrusions and in evaluating their mineralization potential. In this study, whole-rock geochemical data of mafic-ultramafic intrusions from the Beishan Orogenic Belt were systematically compiled from published literature to construct a dataset comprising 360 samples. A total of 27 geochemical variables were selected as input features, including major elements (e.g., SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO), rare earth elements (La-Lu), and trace elements (e.g., Rb, Nb, Sr, Y). Four machine learning modelswere employed to classify mineralized and non-mineralized intrusions and to evaluate their mineralization potential, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The results indicate that all models exhibit strong classification performance, with the MLP model achieving the highest accuracy of 97%, followed by XGBoost (94%), RF (91%), and SVM (90%). The modeling results demonstrate that whole-rock geochemical characteristics can effectively capture key metallogenic processes such as magmatic differentiation and crustal contamination, serving as reliable indicators for identifying ore-bearing intrusions. The discrimination method established based on the optimal model enables effective evaluation of the mineralization potential of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Beishan Orogenic Belt. This study not only provides a new technical approach for Cu-Ni sulfide exploration in the Beishan region but also offers methodological insights for assessing the mineralization potential of similar orogenic magmatic deposits.

Beishan orogenic belt  /  machine learning  /  mineralization potential  /  XGBoost  /  multilayer perceptron  /  random forest  /  support vector machine
李宛颖, 杨思贤, 李佳慧, 柳长峰. 基于机器学习的造山带岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床含矿潜力分析:以北山地区为例. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 1 -19 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026009
Wanying LI, Sixian YANG, Jiahui LI, Changfeng LIU. Mineralization Potential Analysis of Orogenic Magmatic Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposits Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of the Beishan Region[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 1 -19 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026009
造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床是重要的铜、镍及相关关键金属资源类型,其形成与幔源基性–超基性岩浆演化及壳幔相互作用密切相关(Barnes et al., 2005;Naldrett, 2010,2013)。传统观点认为岩浆硫化物矿床主要形成于板内伸展环境( Begg et al., 2010;Naldrett, 2013),但近年来在汇聚边缘环境中识别出越来越多赋存铜镍硫化物矿化的超镁铁质–镁铁质岩体(Boyd et al., 1979; Thompson, 1984; 赵昌龙等,1991;Thakurta et al., 2008;姚卓森,2025)。例如,东昆仑造山带夏日哈木镍矿(李世金等,2012)和西班牙阿瓜布兰卡镍矿(Piña et al.,2006)等典型矿床的研究表明,造山带环境同样具备形成大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的有利条件(Casquet et al., 2001;Song et al., 2016)。上述认识表明,造山带型岩浆硫化物矿床的成矿过程受岩浆源区性质、岩浆演化过程及构造背景等多因素耦合控制(Song et al., 2009;高晓峰等,2025)。镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体的全岩地球化学特征能够有效记录上述岩浆演化信息。因此,如何基于地球化学特征实现成矿与非成矿岩体的有效识别,已成为揭示该区成矿规律和指导找矿勘查的关键问题之一。
针对成矿岩体识别问题,前人已提出一系列基于地球化学指标的判别方法,如利用特征元素含量或元素比值区分成矿岩体与非成矿岩体(Pearce,1996;Rollinson,2021)。这些方法在一定程度上推动了岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的研究进展,但由于岩浆演化过程复杂,往往受到结晶分异、岩浆混合及壳源混染等多种因素的共同影响,仅依赖少数地球化学参数难以全面刻画成矿过程,且易产生判别偏差(Anderson, 1976)。随着地球化学测试技术的发展,相关数据呈现出快速增长趋势,传统基于经验判别和单变量分析的方法已难以充分挖掘多源、多维地球化学数据中蕴含的成矿信息,尤其在高维、非线性及多尺度耦合特征明显的地学数据背景下,这一局限性更加突出(Zuo, 2020;Abedini, 2023)。
在此背景下,机器学习作为一种数据驱动方法,能够有效处理多变量之间的非线性关系,在复杂地质问题中展现出良好的应用潜力。近年来,机器学习方法已在矿产预测及成矿判别领域得到广泛应用,例如利用随机森林、支持向量机及神经网络模型识别成矿岩浆或预测矿化有利区,并取得较高精度(Zuo, 2021;Shirmard et al., 2022)。已有研究表明,随机森林、深度神经网络及集成学习等方法在斑岩型铜矿、金矿及VMS型矿床等成矿预测研究中均表现出较好的分类能力与空间预测效果(Sun et al., 2024;Chen et al., 2024)。相比传统基于经验判别的方法,机器学习能够综合利用多源地球化学信息,显著提高复杂成矿系统识别的准确性。然而,目前相关研究多集中于区域尺度矿产预测或单一矿床类型,对造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,尤其是基于镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体地球化学特征开展成矿与非成矿岩体识别的研究仍相对较少。
随着人工智能技术的发展,可解释机器学习、注意力机制及图神经网络等新方法的引入,显著增强了多源、多尺度地学数据集成及复杂成矿信息提取能力(Abdullah et al., 2021;Derrow-Pinion et al., 2021;Chen et al, 2024;Li et al., 2024)。模型解释性与地质一致性逐渐成为矿产预测研究的重要发展方向,对于提升机器学习结果在找矿实践中的可靠性具有重要意义(Abdullah et al., 2021;Chen, 2024)。然而,针对造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,尤其是北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体成矿潜力评价的相关研究仍相对较少。
笔者在系统收集北山造山带已发表文献中镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体全岩地球化学数据的基础上,构建包含360条样本的数据集,选取主量元素、稀土元素及微量元素共27项地球化学特征作为输入变量,分别采用多层感知机(MLP)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)4种机器学习模型,对成矿与非成矿岩体进行分类识别及含矿潜力评价。通过模型性能对比与关键特征分析,建立适用于北山造山带岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的判别方法,以期为该区找矿勘查提供科学依据,并为造山带型同类矿床的成矿潜力评价提供参考。
北山造山带位于中亚造山带南部,是连接塔里木陆块与华北陆块的重要构造单元,整体呈近EW向展布,构造格局复杂且演化历史多阶段(Windley et al., 2007;秦克章等,2015;黄河等,2024;吴妍蓉等,2024;武磊等,2025)。该区经历了古亚洲洋的开启、俯冲与闭合,以及后期陆内构造调整等过程,形成了典型的汇聚边缘–后碰撞构造体系(秦克章等,2015;薛胜超等,2022;薛春纪等,2024)。多期构造叠加作用使区域形成以近EW向为主干,并叠加NW向和NE向断裂的复杂构造格局(图1;Xiao et al., 2004;秦克章等,2015)。区内发育多条区域性深大断裂,这些断裂总体呈NW向或近EW向展布,构成区域构造的基本格架(图1;秦克章等,2015;薛胜超等,2022)。不同级别断裂的交汇部位往往成为岩浆活动集中及矿化富集的有利部位,对岩体侵位及矿体空间展布具有显著控制作用(Groves et al., 2005;Pirajno, 2008)。区内地层出露零散,时代跨度较大,自前寒武纪至中生代均有分布,但多数地层经历了不同程度的变质作用与构造改造(薛春纪等,2024)。相比之下,岩浆岩在区内分布广泛且发育较为完整,是记录区域地质演化的重要载体(秦克章等,2015)。北山造山带岩浆活动具有明显的多期性特征,其中以晚古生代—中生代最为强烈,尤其在后碰撞伸展阶段发育了大量镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体(图1;Zhou et al., 2004;薛胜超等,2022;薛春纪等,2024)。这些岩体多沿区域性断裂带分布,呈带状或串珠状展布,反映了深部幔源物质沿构造通道上侵的过程,同时为岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床的形成提供了必要的物质来源与热动力条件(Maier et al., 1998;Naldrett, 2013)
北山造山带是中国重要的铜镍硫化物矿床成矿区带,区内发育大量与镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体密切相关的铜镍矿化(图1;秦克章等,2015;薛胜超等,2022;张翔等,2025)。根据矿床空间分布特征,自西向东可划分为坡北矿集区、启鑫–黑海矿集区及黑山–大头山矿集区(薛胜超等,2022)。其中,坡北矿集区以坡一镍矿、坡十、坡东、坡三及罗东等矿化点为代表;启鑫–黑海矿集区以启鑫和黑海矿化杂岩体为典型;黑山–大头山矿集区则发育黑山镍矿、怪石山、拾金滩、红柳沟及三个井岩体等多处铜镍矿化体(薛胜超等,2022;薛春纪等,2024)。此外,区内还分布有红石山、旋窝岭、笔架山Ⅱ号、蚕头山及蚕西等一系列镍矿化点(薛胜超等,2022)。已有研究表明,这些矿床的形成与幔源基性–超基性岩浆的演化过程密切相关,其成矿过程受源区部分熔融程度、岩浆结晶分异及地壳混染等多种因素的综合控制(Maier et al., 1998;Naldrett, 2013;薛胜超等,2022;薛春纪等,2024)。
笔者共收集来自北山造山带的360条镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体全岩地球化学数据,包括成矿岩体与非成矿岩体两类样本(表1)。其中,成矿岩体样本依据已报道的铜镍硫化物矿床及矿化点对应的岩体地球化学数据确定;非成矿岩体样本则选取远离已知矿化区、且未见明显矿化迹象的岩体数据。所建立的数据集覆盖坡北矿集区、启鑫–黑海矿集区及黑山–大头山矿集区等典型成矿区带,能够较为全面地反映北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩体的地球化学特征。
为保证模型训练与测试的可靠性,文中按照8∶2的比例将全部样本随机划分为训练集与测试集。其中,训练集用于模型训练与参数优化,测试集用于评估模型的泛化能力与分类性能。为减少随机划分带来的偶然性影响,模型训练过程中结合多项评价指标(准确率、召回率、F1-score及ROC-AUC值)对模型结果进行综合评估,从而提高模型预测结果的稳定性与可信度。
文中共选取27项地球化学特征用于机器学习模型训练(表2),包括9种主量元素(SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、MnO、TiO2)、14种稀土元素(La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu)及4种微量元素(Rb、Nb、Sr、Y)。上述特征的选取主要基于以下原则:①元素数据在样本中具有较高完整性与可获取性;②相关元素能够有效反映岩浆演化、源区性质、部分熔融程度及壳幔相互作用等关键地质过程;③已有研究表明,这些元素对铜镍硫化物矿床形成过程及成矿岩浆体系识别具有较好的指示意义(薛胜超等,2022;薛春纪等,2024)。为降低变量间强相关性对模型训练结果的影响,进一步对输入特征进行了相关性检验,并结合特征重要性分析评估各变量对模型预测结果的贡献程度。结果表明,大部分特征之间不存在显著冗余关系,能够较好地保留北山造山带岩浆演化与成矿作用相关的地球化学信息,为后续机器学习模型训练提供可靠的数据基础。
为保证数据的可靠性与一致性,对不同文献来源的数据进行了统一处理。原始数据主要来源于X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等分析方法。针对不同来源数据在单位与精度上的差异,统一进行单位换算与标准化处理(Z-score),以消除量纲差异对模型训练的影响;同时剔除分析方法不明确及关键元素缺失严重的样本,并基于统计分布特征(如3σ原则)识别并剔除异常值。在样本标记过程中,以岩体是否与已知铜镍矿床或矿化点具有明确空间分布及成因联系作为判别依据,将样本划分为成矿岩体(标记为1)和非成矿岩体(标记为0),从而保证分类结果具有良好的地质约束。
成矿岩体与非成矿岩体的全岩地球化学统计特征(表1)与多元素分布特征(图2)显示,两类样本在多数元素上的取值范围存在一定程度的重叠,但在关键地球化学参数上表现出系统性差异。成矿岩体SiO2(均值48.02%)、Al2O3(14.82%)及CaO(9.86%)含量整体较高,而Fe2O3、MgO在非成矿岩体中更为富集(均值分别为12.85%和18.72%),反映后者可能经历了更强的铁镁质富集或分异过程。微量元素方面,非成矿岩体中Cr、Ni、Co、V及Sc等镁铁质指示元素含量普遍较高,指示其更接近原始幔源岩浆组成;而成矿岩体在Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素上相对富集,暗示其在演化过程中可能受到一定程度的壳幔混染作用。
稀土元素特征进一步揭示了两类岩体在岩浆演化过程中的差异。总体上,非成矿岩体在Sm、Gd、Dy、Yb等中–重稀土元素及Y元素上表现出较高含量(图2),指示其岩浆分异程度较强;而部分轻稀土元素(如La、Ce)在成矿岩体中相对富集,可能反映源区组成差异或部分熔融程度的不同。箱线图结果(图2)表明,各元素分布均存在不同程度离散性与重叠性,说明单一地球化学指标难以有效区分成矿与非成矿岩体。因此,有必要引入机器学习等多变量方法,对多维地球化学特征进行综合建模与判别分析,以实现对成矿岩体的有效识别。
为实现成矿与非成矿岩体的有效识别,本文选取多层感知机(MLP)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)4种典型机器学习算法(图3)开展对比研究。上述模型均具有较强的非线性特征学习能力,能够较好地适应地球化学数据高维度、强非线性及样本规模相对有限等特点,因此被广泛应用于矿产预测与地学分类研究中。
多层感知机(MLP)是一种经典的前馈神经网络模型,由输入层、隐藏层和输出层构成,各层之间通过全连接方式实现信息传递。在模型训练过程中,输入特征通过多层非线性变换映射至输出空间,从而建立输入变量与分类结果之间的复杂关系。当预测结果与实际标签存在偏差时,模型通过反向传播算法不断调整网络权重与偏置参数,以最小化误差函数,实现模型的迭代优化(Rumelhart et al., 1986)。由于MLP具有较强的非线性拟合能力,能够有效处理高维复杂数据,且地球化学元素之间通常存在复杂耦合关系,因此MLP能够较好地提取多变量之间的非线性特征,在岩浆岩分类、地球化学异常识别及矿产预测等研究中具有良好的适用性(Rodriguez-Galiano et al., 2015)。
支持向量机(SVM)是一种基于统计学习理论的监督学习方法,其核心思想是在高维特征空间中构建最优分类超平面,使不同类别样本之间的间隔最大化(Cortes et al., 1995)。通过引入核函数,SVM能够将非线性问题映射到高维空间进行线性分割,从而提高模型的分类能力。该方法在小样本和高维数据条件下具有较强的泛化能力,能够有效避免复杂模型在有限样本条件下出现过拟合问题,因此适用于地球化学数据这类变量维度较高但样本规模有限的分类任务(Zuo et al., 2011)。
随机森林(RF)是一种基于Bagging思想构建的集成学习算法,通过随机抽取训练样本与特征子集构建多棵决策树,并通过投票机制完成最终分类(Breiman, 2001)。该方法具有较强的抗噪声能力和稳定性,能够有效处理高维、多变量及非线性数据,同时可对输入特征的重要性进行定量评估。因此,RF在矿产预测、地球化学异常提取及遥感地质分类等领域得到广泛应用。
极端梯度提升(XGBoost)是一种基于梯度提升框架的集成学习算法,通过逐步构建弱学习器并对前一轮模型的残差进行拟合,实现模型性能的持续优化(Chen et al., 2016)。该方法在传统梯度提升决策树(GBDT)的基础上引入正则化项,以控制模型复杂度并防止过拟合,在计算效率和预测精度方面具有明显优势。由于成矿系统通常受到多种地质因素共同控制,具有复杂非线性特征,XGBoost能够较好地捕捉不同地球化学变量之间的复杂关系,因此在成矿预测与资源评价研究中展现出较高的应用潜力(Zhang et al., 2017)。
上述4种模型均以27项地球化学特征作为输入变量,以岩体是否成矿作为输出标签,构建二分类模型,实现对成矿岩体与非成矿岩体的自动识别。通过对不同模型分类性能进行对比分析,可进一步评估各模型在北山造山带铜镍硫化物矿床成矿预测中的适用性与泛化能力,从而筛选最优模型用于后续成矿潜力评价。
在数据预处理阶段,进一步对特征进行标准化(StandardScaler),以消除不同量纲之间的影响(图4;Pedregosa et al., 2011)。针对样本类别不平衡问题,采用SMOTE(Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique)方法对训练集进行过采样,从而提升模型对少数类样本的识别能力(Chawla et al., 2002)。在模型构建方面,选取随机森林(Random Forest)、极端梯度提升(XGBoost)、支持向量机(SVM)及多层感知机(MLP)4种典型机器学习算法进行对比分析,其中树模型参数通过经验与调优确定,非线性模型采用默认或常用参数配置。
模型训练完成后,通过测试集对各模型性能进行综合评估,采用准确率(Accuracy)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1值(F1-score)及ROC曲线下面积(AUC)等多指标进行量化评价(Fawcett, 2006;Powers, 2020)。利用五折交叉验证(5-Fold Cross-Validation)对模型稳定性进行检验(Kohavi, 1995;Jones, 2025)。在可视化分析方面,绘制多模型ROC曲线及混淆矩阵,以直观展示模型分类效果(Fawcett, 2006;Pedregosa et al., 2011)。此外,为增强模型可解释性,针对树模型及非树模型分别采用特征重要性分析和SHAP方法,对关键地球化学指标对成矿预测结果的贡献进行定量刻画,从而揭示控制成矿的主导因素(Lundberg et al., 2017)。
为系统评估不同机器学习模型在成矿预测中的分类性能,笔者基于混淆矩阵(Confusion Matrix)构建多维评价体系,选取准确率(Accuracy)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1值(F1-score)以及受试者工作特征曲线下面积(ROC-AUC)等指标进行综合分析(Fawcett, 2006;Pedregosa et al., 2011;Powers, 2020)。在二分类问题中,设正类为“成矿样本”,负类为“非成矿样本”。混淆矩阵中的4个基本元素定义如下:真阳性(True Positive, TP)表示被正确判定为成矿的样本数;真阴性(True Negative, TN)表示被正确判定为非成矿的样本数;假阳性(False Positive, FP)表示被误判为成矿的非成矿样本数;假阴性(False Negative, FN)表示被误判为非成矿的成矿样本数(Pedregosa et al., 2011;Jones, 2025)。
(1)准确率(Accuracy)
$ \text{Accuracy=}\frac{TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN} $
式中:TP+TN表示模型预测正确的样本总数,TP+TN+FP+FN表示全部样本数。准确率反映模型整体分类的正确程度,但在类别分布不均衡的情况下,该指标可能受到多数类样本的主导影响,从而掩盖模型对少数类(成矿样本)的识别能力(Powers, 2020)。
(2)精确率(Precision)
$ \text{Precision=}\frac{TP}{TP+FP} $
式中:TP+FP表示所有被预测为成矿的样本数。精确率衡量预测为成矿样本中实际为成矿的比例,反映模型预测结果的可靠性。在找矿预测中,该指标对应于预测靶区的可信度,即误报程度的控制能力(Powers, 2020)。
(3)召回率(Recall)
$ \text{Recall=}\frac{TP}{TP+FN} $
式中:TP+FN表示实际成矿样本总数。召回率用于衡量模型识别成矿样本的能力,即在所有真实成矿样本中被正确识别的比例。在矿产预测中,该指标具有重要意义,因为较低的召回率意味着潜在矿化信息的遗漏(Powers, 2020)。
(4)F1值(F1-score)
$ F1=2\cdot\frac{\text{Precision}\cdot{\mathrm{Recal}}}{\text{Precision}+{\mathrm{Recall}}} $
F1值为精确率与召回率的调和平均值,用于综合评价模型在误报(FP)与漏报(FN)之间的平衡能力。相较于单一指标,F1值在类别不平衡问题中能够更加客观地反映模型的整体性能(Powers, 2020)。
(5)ROC曲线与AUC值
受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve, ROC)通过不同分类阈值下的真正例率(True Positive Rate, TPR)与假正例率(False Positive Rate, FPR)刻画模型判别能力,其定义如下:
$ \text{TPR=}\frac{TP}{TP+FN} $
$ \text{FPR=}\frac{FP}{FP+TN} $
式中:TPR 表征模型对正类样本的识别能力;FPR 表征模型误判负类为正类的概率。ROC曲线通过描绘不同阈值条件下TPR与FPR的变化关系,全面反映模型的分类性能;曲线下面积(Area Under Curve, AUC)则对该性能进行定量表征。AUC值越接近1,表明模型对成矿与非成矿样本的区分能力越强(Hanley et al., 1982;Fawcett, 2006)。
在成矿预测研究中,召回率和AUC值尤为关键,因为较高的召回率有助于减少潜在矿化信息的遗漏,而较大的AUC值则表明模型具有较强的综合判别能力,从而更有利于指导找矿靶区的圈定(Fawcett, 2006;Powers, 2020)。
为系统评估不同机器学习模型在成矿预测中的分类性能,文中选取随机森林(Random Forest)、极端梯度提升(XGBoost)、支持向量机(SVM)及多层感知机(MLP)4种模型进行对比分析(图5)。从整体性能来看,不同模型在各项评价指标上均表现出较高水平,但仍存在一定差异。其中,MLP模型在所有指标上均表现最优,准确率达到0.972,精确率为0.958,召回率达到1.000,F1值为0.978(表3),同时其ROC-AUC值为0.996,显示出极强的分类能力与稳定性,表明MLP模型在当前数据集上能够有效识别成矿与非成矿样本,尤其在成矿样本识别方面具有一定的敏感性。
相比之下,XGBoost模型整体表现较为均衡,其准确率为0.944,精确率与召回率均为0.956,F1值为0.956,ROC-AUC为0.980,显示出较好的综合判别能力。随机森林模型的表现略低于XGBoost,其准确率为0.916,召回率为0.956,说明其对成矿样本具有较强识别能力,但精确率相对较低,表明存在一定程度的误判。SVM模型的整体性能相对较弱,其准确率为0.902,F1值为0.924,尽管其ROC-AUC值仍达到0.987,说明其在概率判别层面具有较强区分能力,但在具体分类结果上略逊于其他模型。
从不同评价指标角度分析,MLP模型在召回率上的突出表现(Recall = 1.000)尤为关键,表明其几乎未出现成矿样本漏判现象;而XGBoost与随机森林模型在召回率与精确率之间保持较好平衡,表现出较强的稳定性。ROC曲线结果进一步表明,各模型均具备较高的判别能力,其中MLP模型曲线整体最优,显著优于其他模型。
综合来看,MLP模型在本研究中表现出最佳分类性能,适合作为主要预测模型;XGBoost与随机森林模型则在稳定性和可解释性方面具有优势,可作为辅助分析模型。SVM模型虽然整体性能略低,但仍具有一定参考价值。
为进一步评估不同模型在成矿与非成矿样本之间的判别能力,笔者绘制了4种模型的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线;图6)。从整体趋势来看,各模型的ROC曲线均明显位于随机分类基线(对角线)之上,表明所有模型均具备良好的分类能力。其中,MLP模型的ROC曲线最接近左上角,其曲线在大部分阈值范围内均优于其他模型,对应的AUC值最高(AUC = 0.9967),说明该模型在不同判别阈值下均具有优异的区分能力,能够有效区分成矿与非成矿样本。
相比之下,随机森林与XGBoost模型的ROC曲线基本重合,AUC值均为0.9808,表明两种树模型在整体判别能力上表现相当,且均具有较高的稳定性。SVM模型的AUC值为0.9875,略高于树模型,但其ROC曲线在低假正例率区间的表现略低于MLP模型,说明其在高精度判别条件下仍存在一定差距。进一步分析可见,在低假正例率(FPR < 0.2)区间内,各模型的真正例率(TPR)均快速上升,表明模型能够在较低误报水平下识别大部分成矿样本。其中,MLP模型的上升速度最快,反映出其在早期判别阶段即具备较强的识别能力,这对于找矿预测具有重要意义。
综上所述,4种模型均表现出较高的判别能力,但MLP模型在ROC曲线形态及AUC值上均表现最优,说明其在整体分类性能及稳定性方面具有明显优势。该结果与前述评价指标分析一致,为后续分类结果分析及特征解释提供了可靠基础。
为进一步分析不同模型在成矿与非成矿样本识别中的分类特征,获取各模型在测试集上的混淆矩阵(图7)。总体来看,各模型均能够较好地区分成矿与非成矿样本,但在误判类型与程度上存在明显差异。随机森林模型中,实际非成矿样本有4个被误判为成矿样本(FP = 4),同时存在2个成矿样本被误判为非成矿样本(FN = 2),表明该模型在保持较高召回率的同时,仍存在一定程度的误报与漏报。相比之下,XGBoost模型的误判数量有所减少,其中假阳性为2,假阴性同样为2,显示出更好的分类平衡性。
SVM模型的分类结果与随机森林较为接近,但其假阴性数量略有增加(FN = 3),说明该模型在识别成矿样本方面存在一定不足,可能导致部分潜在矿化信息被遗漏。相较而言,MLP模型表现出最优的分类效果,其假阴性为0,即所有成矿样本均被正确识别(Recall = 1.000),同时仅存在少量假阳性(FP = 2),表明该模型在保证较高识别能力的同时,误报程度较低。从找矿预测的角度来看,假阴性(FN)对应于成矿样本被误判为非成矿样本,意味着潜在矿化信息的遗漏,因此具有更高的风险。MLP模型在该指标上的显著优势表明其在识别潜在矿化区域方面具有更强能力,而XGBoost和随机森林模型在误报与漏报之间表现出较好的平衡性,具有较强的稳定性。相比之下,SVM模型在成矿样本识别方面略显不足。
综上所述,MLP模型在分类结果上表现最优,尤其在减少漏判方面具有显著优势;XGBoost与随机森林模型则在整体分类稳定性方面表现良好,可作为辅助模型进行对比分析。这一结果与前述评价指标分析结果相一致,为后续特征重要性与SHAP解释分析提供了基础。
为识别控制成矿预测的关键地球化学指标,笔者基于随机森林、XGBoost、SVM及MLP模型对各特征的重要性进行定量分析(图8)。总体来看,不同模型所识别的关键特征具有一定一致性,但在具体排序及贡献程度上存在差异。随机森林与XGBoost模型的结果表现出较好的稳定性,均将Al2O3、TiO2、MnO及MgO等主量元素识别为重要控制因子。其中,Al2O3在两种树模型中均位于首位,表明其在区分成矿与非成矿样本中具有显著作用;TiO2与MnO紧随其后,反映出铁镁质组分及氧化物含量对成矿判别的重要贡献。此外,部分微量元素如Sr、Nb及稀土元素(如La、Ce等)也在模型中占据一定权重,说明其对成矿过程具有辅助指示意义。
MLP模型的特征重要性分布与树模型存在一定差异,其结果显示MgO为最重要特征,MnO和Tb等元素亦具有较高贡献,表明该模型更强调镁铁质成分及部分稀土元素在分类中的作用。相比之下,SVM模型的特征重要性呈现出更为分散的特征,其结果显示MnO和MgO仍为主要正向贡献变量,而部分元素(如TiO2)则表现出负向贡献,反映出该模型在特征作用方向上的复杂性。
综合各模型结果可以发现,MgO、MnO、Al2O3及TiO2等主量元素在多个模型中均表现出较高的重要性,显示出较好的稳定性和一致性,说明这些指标可能是控制成矿过程的关键地球化学因子。其中,MgO含量通常能够反映岩浆原始程度及镁铁质组分富集特征,高MgO值往往指示幔源岩浆具有较高的原始性,与铜镍硫化物矿床形成密切相关;MnO和TiO2则在一定程度上反映岩浆分异过程及氧化还原条件的变化,其含量变化可能与硫化物熔离及铁钛氧化物结晶作用有关。Al2O3的重要性则可能与斜长石分离结晶及源区组成差异有关,能够间接反映岩浆演化程度与壳幔相互作用过程。
此外,Sr、Nb及稀土元素(REE)在部分模型中具有较高贡献,暗示其可能反映源区性质或岩浆演化过程,从而间接影响成矿作用。其中,Sr元素通常对斜长石结晶作用较为敏感,而Nb等高场强元素则能够反映岩浆源区富集特征及构造背景差异;轻稀土元素(La、Ce等)的富集特征可能指示岩浆经历了不同程度的部分熔融或壳幔混染作用。这些地球化学特征共同表征了北山造山带镁铁质–超镁铁质岩浆体系的演化过程,并进一步影响铜镍硫化物矿床的形成与富集。
总体而言,树模型(随机森林与XGBoost)在特征重要性排序上表现出更高一致性与稳定性,而SVM与MLP模型则揭示了部分差异性信息。上述结果为后续基于SHAP方法的定量解释提供了重要依据,有助于进一步揭示各地球化学指标对成矿预测结果的具体影响机制。
为进一步揭示各地球化学指标对模型预测结果的贡献及其作用方向,采用SHAP(SHapley Additive exPlanations)方法对4种模型进行解释分析(图9)。总体来看,不同模型所识别的关键控制因子具有较好一致性,但在具体影响程度及作用方向上存在一定差异。MLP模型的SHAP结果显示,MgO、Y及SiO2为影响模型输出的主要因素,其中MgO的重要性最高。高MgO值对应正的SHAP值,表明其对成矿预测具有显著促进作用,而低MgO值则倾向于降低成矿概率,反映出镁铁质组分在成矿过程中的关键控制作用。Y元素表现出明显的负相关特征,即高Y值对应负的SHAP值,说明其富集可能与非成矿环境相关。SiO2则呈现出相对复杂的分布特征,其对模型输出的影响在不同取值区间内存在差异,反映出硅含量在成矿判别中的非线性作用。
随机森林模型的SHAP结果表明,Al2O3、TiO2及MgO为主要控制变量。其中,较高的Al2O3和TiO2含量多对应负的SHAP值,表明其在一定程度上抑制成矿预测,而MgO仍表现出正向贡献特征。这一结果与特征重要性分析中树模型的排序结果一致,进一步验证了上述主量元素在成矿判别中的稳定性。
SVM模型的SHAP分析结果显示,MgO和CaO为主要正向影响因子,而MnO在部分样本中表现出显著负向贡献。该模型中部分特征(如TiO2、Fe2O3)呈现出较强离散性,说明其在非线性决策边界下的影响较为复杂。XGBoost模型的结果与随机森林总体一致,CaO、TiO2及Al2O3为主要控制变量,其中CaO表现出明显正向贡献,而TiO2和Al2O3则多表现为负向影响。
综合4种模型的SHAP结果可以发现,MgO在所有模型中均表现出稳定的正向贡献,是最为关键的控制因子之一;而TiO2和Al2O3在树模型中普遍表现为负向影响,表明其可能与非成矿环境或岩浆演化阶段有关。此外,Y及部分稀土元素(如Tb、Nd等)在不同模型中亦表现出一定贡献,暗示其可能反映源区特征或分异过程对成矿的间接控制作用。
从地质意义上看,MgO的正向作用可能指示富镁铁质岩浆或幔源物质对成矿过程的促进作用,而Y及部分稀土元素的负向贡献则可能反映出高分异程度或特定源区性质对成矿的不利影响。Al2O3与TiO2的负向影响进一步表明,富铝或富钛环境可能对应于较为演化或非成矿的岩浆体系。上述结果表明,成矿过程受到主量元素组成与微量元素地球化学特征的共同控制,体现了源区性质、岩浆演化及元素分异过程的综合影响。
基于特征重要性分析与SHAP解释结果可以发现,MgO、Al2O3、TiO2以及部分稀土元素(如Y、Tb、Nd等)在不同模型中均表现出较高的重要性,反映出其对成矿过程具有关键控制作用。其中,MgO在多数模型中表现出较为显著的正向贡献,表明其在区分成矿与非成矿岩体过程中具有重要判别意义。然而,结合前文统计结果可以看出,非成矿岩体整体上具有更高的MgO含量,这说明MgO对成矿的指示作用并非简单的单调关系,而是受到多变量耦合作用的控制。在机器学习模型中,MgO的正向贡献更可能反映其在特定地球化学组合条件下(如较低TiO2、适中分异程度及一定程度的壳幔相互作用)对成矿概率的提升作用,而非单一高MgO含量本身决定成矿与否。总体而言,适中的MgO含量通常指示岩浆仍具有较强的幔源亲和性和较高温度条件,有利于金属的有效搬运及硫化物熔离过程,而过高的MgO含量则可能对应更为原始、未发生有效成矿分异的幔源熔体(Lu et al., 2019;薛胜超等,2022;Barnes et al., 2023;薛春纪等,2024)。
相比之下,Al2O3和TiO2在树模型及SHAP分析中多表现为负向贡献,说明其含量较高时往往对应非成矿岩体。这与前文统计结果中非成矿岩体相对富集Fe2O3、MgO等铁镁质组分的特征具有一致性,表明其可能代表更原始或经历不同分异路径的岩浆体系。较高的Al2O3和TiO2含量通常反映岩浆在演化过程中经历了较强的结晶分异或特定矿物(如斜长石、钛铁矿)的分离结晶作用,从而不利于维持铜镍硫化物成矿所需的高温、高镁及有效金属富集环境(Lu et al., 2019;Barnes et al., 2023)。此外,Y及部分中–重稀土元素在模型中表现出的负向贡献,可能与岩浆分异程度及源区矿物组成有关。较高的Y含量及中–重稀土富集特征通常与角闪石、石榴子石等矿物的分配效应密切相关,可能指示较深部或较高分异程度的岩浆演化环境(Wang et al., 2021;Gao et al., 2024)。这一特征与前文中非成矿岩体相对富集中–重稀土元素的统计结果相一致,进一步表明过强分异或特定源区条件可能不利于铜镍硫化物矿化。
综合来看,模型识别出的关键地球化学指标能够有效刻画岩浆源区性质、结晶分异程度及壳幔相互作用过程,表明成矿过程受多因素耦合控制,而非单一地球化学参数所决定(Lu et al., 2019;Barnes et al., 2023)。
虽然四种模型在整体分类性能上均表现良好,但在特征识别及作用机制解释方面存在一定差异。树模型(随机森林与XGBoost)在特征重要性排序上表现出较高一致性,通常能够较稳定地识别关键变量,说明其在处理地球化学数据时具有较强的鲁棒性与可解释性(Antonini et al., 2024;Zhu et al., 2026)。相比之下,MLP模型在分类性能上表现最优,其SHAP结果更加突出MgO及部分微量元素的作用,反映出该模型对非线性关系的捕捉能力更强,能够挖掘复杂地球化学变量之间的耦合效应(Zhu et al., 2026)。
SVM模型的特征贡献分布相对分散,部分变量表现出较强离散性,说明其在高维非线性空间中的决策边界较为复杂;总体而言,树模型在特征解释方面通常更具优势,而神经网络模型在处理复杂非线性关系和提升分类精度方面往往更具潜力,两者具有良好的互补性(Zhu et al., 2026)。
因此,在实际找矿预测中,可优先采用MLP模型进行成矿潜力评价,同时结合随机森林或XGBoost模型对关键控制因素进行解释,从而实现“高精度预测 + 高可解释性”的综合应用模式。
研究表明,基于机器学习方法对多维地球化学数据进行综合分析,能够有效提升成矿岩体识别的准确性。相比传统基于单一元素或元素比值的判别方法,机器学习模型能够同时考虑多个变量之间的非线性关系,从而更加全面地刻画岩浆演化及成矿过程(Sun et al., 2024;Zhu et al., 2026)。
此外,SHAP方法的引入显著增强了模型的可解释性,使“黑箱模型”能够转化为具有地质意义的解释工具,实现从“预测结果”到“成矿机制”的转化。这不仅提高了模型的可信度,也有助于深化对成矿过程的认识(Antonini et al., 2024;Zhu et al., 2026)。
在实际应用中,文中建立的模型可用于对区域内未评价岩体进行快速筛选,识别潜在成矿有利区,从而为找矿靶区优选提供定量依据。该方法具有较好的可推广性,可应用于其他造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,甚至拓展至其他类型矿床的成矿潜力评价(Sun et al., 2024;Zhu et al., 2026)。随着深度学习与可解释人工智能的发展,该方法在复杂成矿系统识别与区域找矿预测中的应用潜力将进一步提升,并可推广至类似矿床类型的成矿潜力评价研究。
该研究仍存在一定局限性。①受区域公开数据规模限制,当前样本数量相对有限,部分元素数据存在缺失情况,可能对模型训练结果及泛化能力产生一定影响;②成矿与非成矿样本之间仍可能存在一定程度的不均衡问题,尽管本文已通过模型评估指标综合检验模型性能,但仍可能对部分模型的分类结果产生影响;③文中数据主要来源于北山造山带,其区域地质背景具有一定特殊性,因此模型在其他地区的适用性仍需进一步验证。未来研究中,可进一步扩大样本规模,融合遥感、地球物理及同位素地球化学等多源数据,并结合深度学习与迁移学习等方法,以进一步提高模型的稳定性、泛化能力及区域适用性。
(1)多层感知机(MLP)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)及极端梯度提升(XGBoost)4种模型均能够有效区分成矿与非成矿岩体,其中MLP模型表现最优,其准确率达97%,召回率为1.000,ROC-AUC值为0.997,显示出极高的分类能力与稳定性,可作为成矿预测的优选模型。
(2)特征重要性分析与SHAP解释结果表明,MgO、Al2O3、TiO2等主量元素及部分稀土元素为控制成矿预测的关键地球化学指标。其中,MgO表现出稳定的正向贡献,是最重要的成矿指示因子;而Al2O3、TiO2及Y等元素多表现为负向影响,可能与岩浆分异程度及源区性质有关。
(3)机器学习模型能够有效刻画多维地球化学变量之间的非线性关系,相较传统判别方法具有更高的精度与适用性。结合SHAP方法,可进一步揭示各地球化学指标对成矿预测的作用机制,实现模型预测与地质解释的统一。
(4)文中建立的机器学习成矿判别模型可为北山造山带镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体找矿靶区优选及造山带型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床成矿潜力评价提供定量依据。未来可进一步扩大样本规模,并融合遥感、地球物理及同位素地球化学等多源数据,构建更加综合的成矿预测体系。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026009
  • 接收时间:2026-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-27
  • 修回日期:2026-05-18
  • 录用日期:2026-05-19
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    中国地质大学(北京)海洋学院,北京 100083

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柳长峰(1982–),男,副研究员,博士生导师,从事造山带岩浆作用研究。E–mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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