Article(id=1307086302013321531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2026008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772121600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-27, revisedDate=1778428800000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-11, acceptedDate=1778860800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-16, onlineDate=1789563258888, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563258888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563258888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563258888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=133, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086302185287996, articleId=1307086302013321531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Intelligent Identification and Stability Analysis of Geological Rock Mass Structural Plane 3D Networks Based on UAV Monitoring, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Existing rock mass stability analysis methods are mostly based on simplified structural models, making it difficult to accur ately reflect the complex spatial network characteristics of structural planes. To address the lack of intelligent construction methods for three-dimensional structural plane networks and stability analysis using UAV-acquired data, this paper is based on UAV oblique photogrammetry to obtain multi-view images of rock masses. A deep learning model is constructed by fusing geometric and texture features to achieve automatic identification of rock mass structural planes and intelligent extraction of attitude parameters, thereby constructing a three-dimensional structural plane network model. This network is introduced into rock mechanics analysis and combined with block theory to automatically identify potentially unstable blocks and quantitatively calculate their stability. Finally, method validation is carried out from four dimensions: structural plane identification accuracy, block identification integrity, network topology rationality, and stability analysis consistency, while 3D visualization is used to reveal rock mass failure modes and stability characteristics. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 94.2%, a recall rate of 92.5%, and an intersection over union (IoU) of 87.6% for structural plane recognition. Block identification results indicate that when the volume increases from 10 m3 to 1000 m3, the safety factor decreases from 1.3 to 0.6, revealing the scaling effect law. By fusing geometric and texture features, this method optimizes the structural plane identification model, enhances the topological integrity of three-dimensional network construction, and elevates the dimension of rock mass stability analysis from individual structural planes to the network level, significantly improving the accuracy and engineering applicability of stability assessment.

, authors=Yue WANG1, 2, Yingying ZHANG3, *, Da WANG2, Jian JIA1, authorsList=Yue WANG, Yingying ZHANG, Da WANG, Jian JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086306325066083, articleId=1307086302013321531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=基于无人机监测的地质岩体结构面三维网络智能识别与稳定性分析, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

现有岩体稳定性分析方法多基于简化的结构模型,难以真实反映结构面复杂的空间网络特征。笔者针对利用无人机获取数据进行三维结构面网络智能构建与稳定性分析方法缺失的问题,以无人机斜摄影测量为基础,获取岩体多视角图像,通过融合几何和纹理特征构建深度学习模型,实现岩体结构面自动识别和产状参数智能提取,进而构建三维结构面网络模型。将该网络引入岩石力学分析,并结合块体理论,自动识别潜在失稳块体并定量计算其稳定性。从结构面识别精度、块体识别完整性、网络拓扑合理性及稳定性分析一致性4个维度展开方法验证,并利用三维可视化揭示岩体破坏模式和稳定性特征。实验结果表明,该到94.2%,召回率达到92.5%,交并比达到87.6%。块体识别表明,当体积从10 m3增加到1000 m3时,安全系数约从1.3下降到0.6,揭示了规模效应规律。该方法通过融合几何与纹理优化了结构面识别模型,提升了三维网络构建的拓扑完整性,并由此将岩体稳定性分析的维度从单一结构面提升至网络层面,显著增强了稳定性评估的准确性和工程适用性。

, authors=王玥1, 2, 张莹莹3, *, 王达2, 贾健1, authorsList=王玥, 张莹莹, 王达, 贾健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张莹莹, authorNote=

王玥(1983–),男,副教授,主要从事无人机与地质灾害研究。E–mail:

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张莹莹(1988–),女,博士,副教授,主要从事机电一体化系统与技术研究。E–mail:。
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Spatial distribution of block safety factor, (b) classification and probability statistics of block failure modes, figureFileSmall=HCFRZFgvbvkXCcrONPp9Wg==, figureFileBig=hcQj6m/9xayFWF7Sse7g/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086558381764955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086302013321531, language=CN, label=图7, caption=块体安全系数空间分布(a)、块体失效模式分类及概率统计(b), figureFileSmall=HCFRZFgvbvkXCcrONPp9Wg==, figureFileBig=hcQj6m/9xayFWF7Sse7g/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086558469845340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086302013321531, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Topological relationship data of three-dimensional network of rock mass structural surfaces

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结构面ID倾向(°)倾角(°)面积(m2)节点度相交
长度
(m)
加权强
调度
J001125.365.828.5412.30.78
J00285.772.315.238.70.65
J003235.658.935.8515.20.82
J004175.281.542.3618.90.71
J005305.845.612.725.40.45
J00695.468.723.6410.80.69
), ArticleFig(id=1307086558545342813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086302013321531, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩体结构面三维网络拓扑关系数据

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结构面ID倾向(°)倾角(°)面积(m2)节点度相交
长度
(m)
加权强
调度
J001125.365.828.5412.30.78
J00285.772.315.238.70.65
J003235.658.935.8515.20.82
J004175.281.542.3618.90.71
J005305.845.612.725.40.45
J00695.468.723.6410.80.69
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Evaluation results of the rationality of three-dimensional structure surface network topology

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指标节点度边缘密度局部聚类
系数
路径
长度
交切
状态
孤立
状态
140.310.456是否
230.280.397是否
350.340.525是否
420.210.189否是
540.30.416是否
630.270.368是否
760.380.554是否
810.150.112否是
940.290.436是否
1030.260.357是否
), ArticleFig(id=1307086558738280799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086302013321531, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三维结构面网络拓扑合理性评价结果

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指标节点度边缘密度局部聚类
系数
路径
长度
交切
状态
孤立
状态
140.310.456是否
230.280.397是否
350.340.525是否
420.210.189否是
540.30.416是否
630.270.368是否
760.380.554是否
810.150.112否是
940.290.436是否
1030.260.357是否
), ArticleFig(id=1307086558822166880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086302013321531, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Consistency assessment results of identification results and block stability calculation

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块体编号结构面
匹配比
滑动方向
一致性
边界位置
误差(m)
安全系
数差异
稳定性等
级一致性
10.93是0.180.05是
20.88是0.240.07是
30.91是0.20.04是
40.79否0.460.18否
50.95是0.150.03是
60.86是0.270.09是
70.82否0.390.14否
80.9是0.220.06是
90.94是0.170.04是
100.81否0.410.16否
), ArticleFig(id=1307086558897664353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086302013321531, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

识别结果与块体稳定性计算一致性评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块体编号结构面
匹配比
滑动方向
一致性
边界位置
误差(m)
安全系
数差异
稳定性等
级一致性
10.93是0.180.05是
20.88是0.240.07是
30.91是0.20.04是
40.79否0.460.18否
50.95是0.150.03是
60.86是0.270.09是
70.82否0.390.14否
80.9是0.220.06是
90.94是0.170.04是
100.81否0.410.16否
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基于无人机监测的地质岩体结构面三维网络智能识别与稳定性分析
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王玥 1, 2 , 张莹莹 3, * , 王达 2 , 贾健 1
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 133-143
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 133 -143
基于无人机监测的地质岩体结构面三维网络智能识别与稳定性分析
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2中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083, bio={"content":"

王玥(1983–),男,副教授,主要从事无人机与地质灾害研究。E–mail:

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王玥(1983–),男,副教授,主要从事无人机与地质灾害研究。E–mail:

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王玥1, 2 , 张莹莹3, * , 王达2, 贾健1
作者信息
  • 1辽阳职业技术学院,辽宁 辽阳 111000
  • 2中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
  • 3浙江理工大学科技与艺术学院,信息与控制学院,浙江 绍兴 312300
通讯作者:
张莹莹(1988–),女,博士,副教授,主要从事机电一体化系统与技术研究。E–mail:。
作者简介:

王玥(1983–),男,副教授,主要从事无人机与地质灾害研究。E–mail:

Intelligent Identification and Stability Analysis of Geological Rock Mass Structural Plane 3D Networks Based on UAV Monitoring
Yue WANG1, 2 , Yingying ZHANG3, * , Da WANG2, Jian JIA1
Affiliations
  • 1(1. Liaoyang Vocational and Technical College, Liaoyang 111000, Liaoning, China
  • 2School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3School of Information and Control, School of Science and Art of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing 312300, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026008
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现有岩体稳定性分析方法多基于简化的结构模型,难以真实反映结构面复杂的空间网络特征。笔者针对利用无人机获取数据进行三维结构面网络智能构建与稳定性分析方法缺失的问题,以无人机斜摄影测量为基础,获取岩体多视角图像,通过融合几何和纹理特征构建深度学习模型,实现岩体结构面自动识别和产状参数智能提取,进而构建三维结构面网络模型。将该网络引入岩石力学分析,并结合块体理论,自动识别潜在失稳块体并定量计算其稳定性。从结构面识别精度、块体识别完整性、网络拓扑合理性及稳定性分析一致性4个维度展开方法验证,并利用三维可视化揭示岩体破坏模式和稳定性特征。实验结果表明,该到94.2%,召回率达到92.5%,交并比达到87.6%。块体识别表明,当体积从10 m3增加到1000 m3时,安全系数约从1.3下降到0.6,揭示了规模效应规律。该方法通过融合几何与纹理优化了结构面识别模型,提升了三维网络构建的拓扑完整性,并由此将岩体稳定性分析的维度从单一结构面提升至网络层面,显著增强了稳定性评估的准确性和工程适用性。

岩体结构  /  三维结构面网络  /  无人机倾斜摄影  /  深度学习  /  稳定性分析

Existing rock mass stability analysis methods are mostly based on simplified structural models, making it difficult to accur ately reflect the complex spatial network characteristics of structural planes. To address the lack of intelligent construction methods for three-dimensional structural plane networks and stability analysis using UAV-acquired data, this paper is based on UAV oblique photogrammetry to obtain multi-view images of rock masses. A deep learning model is constructed by fusing geometric and texture features to achieve automatic identification of rock mass structural planes and intelligent extraction of attitude parameters, thereby constructing a three-dimensional structural plane network model. This network is introduced into rock mechanics analysis and combined with block theory to automatically identify potentially unstable blocks and quantitatively calculate their stability. Finally, method validation is carried out from four dimensions: structural plane identification accuracy, block identification integrity, network topology rationality, and stability analysis consistency, while 3D visualization is used to reveal rock mass failure modes and stability characteristics. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 94.2%, a recall rate of 92.5%, and an intersection over union (IoU) of 87.6% for structural plane recognition. Block identification results indicate that when the volume increases from 10 m3 to 1000 m3, the safety factor decreases from 1.3 to 0.6, revealing the scaling effect law. By fusing geometric and texture features, this method optimizes the structural plane identification model, enhances the topological integrity of three-dimensional network construction, and elevates the dimension of rock mass stability analysis from individual structural planes to the network level, significantly improving the accuracy and engineering applicability of stability assessment.

rock mass structural planes  /  3D structural plane networks  /  UAV oblique photogrammetry  /  deep learning  /  stability analysis
王玥, 张莹莹, 王达, 贾健. 基于无人机监测的地质岩体结构面三维网络智能识别与稳定性分析. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 133 -143 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026008
Yue WANG, Yingying ZHANG, Da WANG, Jian JIA. Intelligent Identification and Stability Analysis of Geological Rock Mass Structural Plane 3D Networks Based on UAV Monitoring[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 133 -143 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026008
岩体工程广泛分布于交通、水利、能源、城市建设等领域,其安全状态受结构面空间分布和组合的控制。结构面作为岩体内部的主要薄弱面,其产状特征、相交关系、空间延伸形态直接影响岩体的变形破坏模式(毛正君等,2021;邓明东等,2024)。在自然地质作用与工程扰动的共同影响下,岩体结构面常呈不规则分布和复杂组合特征,导致稳定性问题呈现显著的空间异质性(Zhang et al., 2024)。长期以来,岩体结构面信息主要依赖人工勘察和接触式测量方法获取(贾丽娜等,2024;程雨柯等,2024),在复杂地形和陡峻坡面环境下受作业条件限制明显,数据采集周期长,结果一致性受人为经验影响较大。由于调查范围和测量密度的限制,结构面在稳定性分析过程中,常被简化为少量理想几何单元,削弱了真实空间关系,无法满足环境条件复杂及精细化研究的需求(程锦波等,2024)。岩体结构面真实空间表征与稳定性分析之间的脱节问题日益突出,制约着工程安全评估的开展。
为突破传统方法的局限,无人机(UAV)倾斜摄影测量技术应运而生。Utlu et al.(2021)较早探索了基于该技术的岩崩灾害评估和三维数值模拟方法,并强调了多源数据融合的潜力。Wang et al.(2025)进一步将UAV倾斜摄影应用于三峡库区柱状不稳定岩的稳定性评价,验证了其在复杂地质条件下的适用性。针对关键结构面参数提取问题,Chen et al.(2024)提出了一种基于UAV摄影的半自动识别方法,提高了结构面方向和间距的获取效率;将运动恢复结构(SfM)点云与离散元逆分析相结合,实现贵州凯里落石事件的三维结构建模与灾害机理回溯(Liu et al., 2024)。在精细化识别方面,Yakar et al.(2023)侧重于从UAV点云中自动提取结构面组;Wang et al.(2025)提出了高速公路隧道施工期间快速获取岩体结构数据的技术流程。随着技术的进步,Weng et al.(2025)通过将UAV图像与离散元建模相融合,系统地评估了悬臂边坡的破坏机制和落石轨迹。此外,Soleimani et al.(2024)和 Li et al.(2025)研究分别证实了无人机在滑坡三维建模和露天矿测图方面的效率和应用优势。上述工作虽然取得了一系列进展,但工作多集中于单一环节,尚未形成从识别到分析的完整技术链条。
随着无人机技术发展,高分辨率影像的获取方式发生了显著变化,多视角数据为复杂岩体精细建模创造了条件,一些研究开始引入无人机倾斜摄影技术构建三维模型以识别岩体结构面。与此同时,深度学习在点云语义分割领域取得进展,为结构面的自动识别提供了新的技术路径。部分研究尝试结合几何特征与纹理信息对结构面进行分类识别,在识别准确率上取得提升。然而,现有成果多聚焦于单条结构面的提取,缺乏对结构面间空间交互关系的系统性描述,识别结果与岩体力学分析的联系较为松散(熊开治等,2021)。结构面网络尚未作为一个整体引入稳定性研究过程,三维模型中所蕴含的空间关联信息尚未在工程分析中得到充分利用。笔者以无人机监测数据为研究对象,从图像采集、三维重建、结构面智能识别、网络关系建模与稳定性分析等方面进行研究。利用深度学习方法从三维点云中自动分割结构面,提取结构面的空间参数。建立结构曲面的三维网络表征,系统地刻画结构曲面之间的相交和组合关系。将该网络模型引入到岩体稳定性分析过程中,使潜在失稳块体的识别和判别能够基于真实的空间结构展开。研究成果无论在理论表达还是工程应用方面都具有积极意义,为复杂岩体稳定性研究提供了更为现实的分析途径。
岩体结构面智能构建与稳定性分析框架包含6个层次(图1):①输入数据层接收无人机获取的高密度点云与多视角影像;②特征提取层分别计算几何属性与纹理信息;③深度学习模型层通过点云语义分割网络融合多特征实现端到端训练;④结构面分割层进行点云聚类与连通域分析;⑤参数计算层采用平面拟合算法提取产状参数;⑥最终输出层提供结构面的空间位置、倾角及边界信息。该框架实现了从原始数据到结构面参数自动化的处理流程,为岩体稳定性分析奠定基础,具有系统性、自动化与高精度的特点。
采用无人机倾斜摄影技术获取复杂岩体表面地貌数据,有效解决区域尺度不匹配问题。在无人机航线设计中,结合4种经典类型岩体(灰岩、砂岩、花岗岩及片麻岩)三维形态及坡面走向,设计多条飞行路线,确保数据获取的全面性。通过设置合理的前后航向重叠、旁向重叠、倾斜角度以及无人机飞行高度,基于多视角观测条件实现对岩体表面的充分覆盖。从不同方向对每个特定位置进行影像采集时使用多个摄像机角度,以减少阴影和局部遮挡对影像匹配过程的影响(图2)。
影像采集后对原始影像进行系统预处理。依据质量标准(影像清晰度、曝光度、畸变度等),删除不符合这些标准且无法用于建模的影像数据。此外,对保留下来的影像进行相机内参校正和畸变校正,并通过结合无人机飞控系统提供的姿态信息和外方位元素完成初始空间定位。在研究区建立并精确测量地面控制点,将其纳入影像处理流程,对影像数据进行空间约束和统一坐标变换,为三维重建过程提供稳定一致的空间参考基准。
为生成高精度岩体表面模型,采用结构化光束法平差构建影像间几何对应关系,进而反演相机外方位参数并形成稀疏点云(罗姣等,2025) 。在稀疏重建阶段,通过引入误差约束与冗余观测条件,迭代降低匹配误差对模型稳定性的影响。
针对岩体表面纹理变化强烈、局部区域存在重复或弱纹理的问题,密集匹配过程中引入多尺度匹配策略和视图一致性约束,以抑制误匹配点的生成(Ma et al.,2024)。密集点云生成后,通过统计滤波与空间约束去除噪声点,并依据点云空间分布构建连续三角网格模型,为后续结构面识别与三维网络建模提供精细、连续的空间数据基础(Liang et al,2024)。
在构建高密度岩体三维点云后,针对结构面的空间形态和表面纹理差异对点云数据进行特征组织与样本构建。基于点云局部邻域关系计算法向量、曲率等几何属性,以表征岩体表面在局部尺度上的几何变化。将无人机影像反投影至点云表面,获取对应点的颜色和纹理信息,在点云空间几何特征之外引入影像纹理约束。为保证样本尺度统一与模型泛化能力,对点云进行规则采样与分块划分,构建统一尺度的点云子块样本,并对每个子块内的多维特征进行归一化处理。为进一步增强模型对结构面空间连续性的感知能力,在样本构建中引入邻域关联约束,使模型同时学习点的局部特征分布与空间邻接关系(林明明等,2024)。
该深度学习模型采用端到端点云语义分割网络结构,对输入点云样本逐点分类。通过多层特征编码模块提取点云的高维特征表示,在特征聚合阶段融合几何属性与纹理信息,以区分结构化点与非结构化点(Zhu Zhifei,et al.2025)。在模型训练过程中,以人工标记的结构化点云样本作为监督信号,通过最小化分类损失函数迭代更新网络参数,计算过程表达为公式(1)(Battulwar et al,2024)。
$ L=-\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\sum\limits_{c=1}^{C}{y}_{ic}\log \left({p}_{ic}\right) $
式中:N为样本点的数量;C为类别数;yic表示真实标签,表示pic模型的预测概率。
在完成点云语义分割后,对模型输出的结构面点应用空间一致性约束。利用连通分量分析聚合离散的结构面点集,将空间连续且法向量相似的点云区域划分为独立的结构面单元,从而消除孤立错分点对结构面完整性的干扰。对每个结构面单元,采用最小二乘平面拟合方法计算点云的平面约束,获得结构面的空间表示。在平面拟合过程中,通过最小化点到拟合平面距离平方和确定平面参数,目标函数表示为公式(2)。
$ \min \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\left(a{x}_{i}+b{y}_{i}+c{z}_{i}+d\right)}^{2} $
式中:$ \left({x}_{i},{y}_{i},{z}_{i}\right) $ 为结构面上点的坐标,a、b、c、d为平面参数。
根据拟合的平面参数计算结构面法向量方向,并推导出结构面倾角和倾向信息,实现结构面产状参数的自动化计算。为保证参数稳定性,在计算过程中引入点数阈值和平面残差约束,剔除不符合拟合质量要求的结构面要素。将识别出的结构面边界、空间位置和姿态参数进行统一存储,为后续的结构面三维网络构建和稳定性分析提供标准化的输入数据。
在完成结构面自动识别和产状参数计算后,笔者进一步分析各结构面单元的空间相交关系以构建三维网络。基于拟合平面参数与结构面边界点云坐标,通过计算两平面交线及最近点到交线的距离、边界投影重叠长度,判定结构面间的空间交切关系,并记录交切类型与交线坐标作为网络边构建的数据基础。在此基础上,以结构面单元为网络节点、具有交切关系的结构面为网络边,形成初步邻接矩阵。构建过程中引入空间容差阈值处理微小偏移,增强网络结构对局部误差的鲁棒性,采用平面法向量夹角约束剔除非真实交切关系,确保网络拓扑与实际岩体结构的一致性(漆琳靖等,2025)。
构建初始邻接矩阵后,对网络拓扑进行组合关系分析。识别结构面之间的连接路径。采用图遍历算法标记各结构面上的节点间直接或间接连接关系,从而识别和分类局部结构面群组。根据节点间交切点数量和交线长度对网络边进行加权,构建加权网络矩阵W,其计算过程表达为公式(3)。
$ {W}_{ij}={L}_{ij}\cdot\cos \left({\theta }_{ij}\right) $
式中:$ {L}_{ij} $为结面i与j的交线长度;$ {\theta }_{ij} $为两个结构面法向量之间的夹角。
通过加权矩阵可对网络连接方式进行差异化处理,剔除弱连接或孤立连接,优化整体三维网络连接拓扑。进而对构成结构面的各节点及其邻接关系进行统一编码,生成完整的三维结构面网络数据结构,为岩体稳定性分析提供拓扑与空间参照信息。此外,在网络构建过程中引入空间一致性校验算法,确保网络中所有交切与连接关系满足几何约束条件,网络结构得到正确表达,从而能够准确刻画岩体的内部结构特征。
研究区内结构面倾向分布于85.7°~305.8°,倾角介于45.6°~81.5°,整体呈陡倾特征,呈现典型的工程岩体多向交切几何网络拓扑形态。结构面节点度数介于2~6,其中J004节点度数最高(6),对应交线长度18.9 m,为该三维网络中的关键枢纽结构面;J005节点度数最低(2),交线长度仅5.4 m且加权强度0.45,网络连通性与结构控制作用相对较弱;J003加权强度最高(0.82),其交线长度达15.2 m,表明其几何交切形态与法向量夹角在组合效应中起主导作用(表1)。
构建三维结构面网络后,将结构面节点和拓扑边信息融入岩体力学分析,建立块体识别数据框架。基于三维结构面网络节点的空间关系,采用组合拓扑搜索算法遍历节点并分析相交关系及法向量夹角约束,筛选满足几何稳定性准则的结构面组合单元。针对候选块体构建边界面集合,利用最小包围盒算法生成几何边界模型,确保块体几何与结构面分布一致。通过设置块体尺寸和界面夹角约束阈值,消除非力学显著的结构组合,保障识别结果对岩体整体稳定性分析具有工程意义。
将块体边界面参数和受力特性输入到极限平衡分析模型,结合块体理论计算块体潜在滑动或倾覆模式。根据各块体的接触面摩擦系数、正压力与下滑力分布,通过离散力学平衡求解块体的安全系数FS,其基本表达为公式(4)(古腾飞等,2024)。
$ FS=\frac{\sum\left({c}_{i}{A}_{i}+{N}_{i}\tan {\phi}_{i}\right)}{\sum{T}_{i}} $
式中:$ {{c}_{i}} $ 为结构面单元的内聚力;$ {{A}}_{{i}} $为接触面积;$ {{N}}_{{i}} $为法向力;$ {\phi}_{{i}} $为摩擦角;$ {{T}}_{{i}} $为剪切力。对块体的所有接触面进行求和。在此基础上,对所有候选块进行排序筛选,形成块安全系数矩阵,并根据块的空间位置和临界滑动方向标记块的潜在失稳特征。引入三维力传递路径分析方法,对网络中节点间的力学耦合关系进行迭代修正,确保安全系数计算兼顾结构面组合效应与块体间相互约束。在整个分析过程中,通过自动化脚本实现从结构面网络到块体识别再到稳定性计算的数据流闭环处理,使岩体稳定性定量评价在保持空间真实性和力学约束完整性的前提下得以系统化完成。
结构面网络约束下的三维空间潜在块体分布显示,块体沿边坡方向呈条状分布,失稳块体主要集中在坡体前缘和构造面控制的区域,体现了优势构造面倾角和坡体几何形态共同作用的空间控制效果。临界稳定块体多分布在中间过渡带,稳定块体主要分布在坡体后缘和较高部位。相应区块安全系数统计分布表明,安全系数主要集中在1.0~1.6的范围内,FS < 1.0的区块比例很小,但具有明显的不稳定性。FS = 1.0和FS = 1.2两条阈值线明确区分了失稳、临界稳定和稳定状态,为后续基于结构面网络的岩体稳定性评价和风险分区提供了定量依据(图3)。
为系统评估本文方法的有效性与工程适用性,从结构面识别精度、块体识别完整性、网络拓扑合理性及稳定性分析一致性四个维度构建验证评价体系。
(1)结构面识别精度评价。作为验证体系的基础层,该维度旨在评估特征提取的准确性。采用准确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1分数和交并比(IoU)四项主流分割指标,对比文中方法与PointNet++、RandLANet等代表性点云语义分割网络,以及基于法向量与区域生长的传统聚类方法。其中,人工解释结果由3位工程地质专家独立标注后取交集获得,作为精度评估的上限参考基准。该对比旨在量化文中方法在岩体结构面分割任务中的相对性能优势。
(2)块体识别完整性评估。作为验证体系的中间层,该维度聚焦于几何重构的可靠性。通过统计正确识别表面数、缺失表面数、冗余表面数及体积误差,评估不同尺度块体的识别完整性与连续性。该评估依据岩体块体理论中关于块体几何完整性的基本要求,确保识别结果能够真实反映岩体内部结构特征,为后续网络构建提供可靠输入。
(3)网络拓扑合理性验证。作为验证体系的进阶层,该维度评判网络结构是否符合岩体结构面空间分布的真实规律。采用节点度、边密度、局部聚类系数、路径长度及交切/孤立状态等网络拓扑指标,结合图论与岩体力学耦合理论,验证三维结构面网络是否能够真实反映岩体的空间交切特征。该验证确保网络结构不仅是数学意义上的连接关系,更具备地质工程意义。
(4)稳定性分析一致性评估。作为验证体系的最终层,该维度检验识别结果与力学分析之间的耦合程度。以结构面匹配比、滑动方向一致性、边界位置误差、安全系数差异及稳定性等级一致性为指标,量化结构面识别与块体稳定性计算之间的空间与力学耦合度。该验证确保整个方法链从几何识别到力学评价的一致性,最终保障工程应用的可靠性。
上述4个维度形成“特征–几何–拓扑–力学”的闭环验证体系,各层级相互制约、逐层递进,为方法有效性的全面评估提供理论支撑与实践依据。
基于前文构建的闭环验证体系,笔者采用公开三维岩体点云数据集展开实验验证。该数据集由多组岩体影像和高密度激光扫描点云组成,涵盖不同岩性、坡度和结构面复杂度的典型边坡区域,并配有人工标注的结构面边界和块体信息。数据集经统一坐标校准和噪声过滤预处理后,以点云位置、结构面单元边界和块体组合信息为参照基准,从结构面识别精度、块体构建完整性、网络拓扑合理性、稳定性分析一致性4个维度定量评估方法性能。
将自动识别结果与人工标注点云进行空间匹配,通过计算识别表面与标注表面之间的重叠面积比例(IoU)及误差分布,并结合空间连续性,分别统计对未识别点集和误识别点集,计算整体覆盖率。评估过程采用批处理脚本迭代处理不同尺寸和几何特征的结构面单元,生成各单元精度报告。在对比模型方面,除文中方法外,纳入PointNet++、RandLA-Net等代表性点云语义分割网络,以及基于法向量与区域生长的传统聚类方法作为参照,同时以人工标注结果作为精度基准。实验结果表明,文中方法准确率达94.2%、召回率92.5%、F1分数93.3%、交并比(IoU)为87.6%,整体性能显著优于传统聚类方法,与人工解释水平接近。通过对位置误差、法向误差及边界误差的统一维度分析,各类误差均控制在20%以内,满足文中设定的精度要求,说明结构面空间定位及整体连通性识别较为可靠(图4)。
为了确认被分类为潜在不稳定块的块单元组合的可靠性,验证每个块节点组合的空间连续性,并确定在块的边缘是否存在任何缝隙或错误。此外,将块体周边区域的点云与已识别的块进行比较,记录正确识别的表面数量、缺失的表面数量和多余的表面数量。所有循环评估的块单元都对其完整性指数进行统计分析,以确定块的连续性和完整性,为后续的稳定性计算提供可靠的基础。随着块大小的增大,完整性和连续性普遍降低,而体积误差逐渐增大,反映出识别大尺度块在边界闭合和体积重建方面的难度较高。通过使用堆叠条形图统计正确识别、缺失和冗余表面的数量,可以看到在大体积块中缺失和冗余表面的比例增加,但正确识别的表面仍然占主导地位,表明所提出的方法在复杂块几何条件下仍然具有良好的整体识别完整性(图5)。
对结构面三维网络的拓扑关系进行定量验证。计算指标节点度、边密度、局部聚类系数和路径长度,分析网络是否反映岩体的实际结构特征。逐一检查相交关系、连通路径、孤立节点,记录拓扑异常。通过遍历网络节点,将其与原始点云的空间关系进行比较,验证网络中存在拓扑断裂或不合理连接,为后续稳定性计算中约束的准确性提供支持。
拓扑分析结果显示(表2),节点度、边密度、局部聚类系数等关键指标定量表征了不同节点的连接特征和网络结构。其中,节点7(节点度6,聚类系数0.55,路径长度4)呈现高连通性和高聚类性,表明为多个结构面密集相交的区域,对应需要重点关注的潜在关键区块;节点8(节点度1,聚类系数0.1,标记为孤立)则代表网络中稀疏连通的边或孤立的结构面对整体稳定性影响相对有限。大部分节点(如1、3、5、7)被标记为"相交",节点度高(3~6)、聚类系数高(0.35~0.55),证实了实际岩体中结构面相交形成连续网络的主要特征;而少数"孤立"节点(如4、8)的存在,反映了局部裂缝的相对独立性。整体数据分布表明,构建的三维网络具有良好的连通性和结构层次性,能够合理反映岩体内部结构面的空间相交关系,为后续稳定性分析提供可靠的拓扑约束基础。
对计算的块体安全系数进行验证。统计所有块体的最小、最大和平均安全系数,并将其空间位置进行映射,以确定低安全系数区域的集中程度。分析网络中相连块体间安全系数的差异,考察局部异常和边缘块体的稳定性变化。通过可视化映射和分布统计,生成安全系数的空间分布图以及块体体积与安全系数的关系图。
结果表明,复合滑动和崩塌的安全系数普遍较低,而拉张破坏的安全系数相对较高(均值约1.45),反映了不同破坏模式间的稳定性差异。随着块体体积从10 m3增大至1 000 m3,安全系数从约1.3降低至约0.6,表明大体积块体更易失稳(图6)。这与工程实际中岩体结构面网络内大规模块体因受多组结构面切割导致稳定性降低的规律相吻合。
为进一步关联验证结构面识别、块体识别与稳定性计算结果,将每个潜在不稳定块体与其构成结构面进行匹配,核查块体的滑动方向、边界面位置与结构面空间分布的一致性,标记由识别误差引起的稳定性偏差,并统计分析一致性比率。该评价方法定量确定了结构面识别与块体稳定性计算之间的空间和力学耦合程度。所检验的大部分块体(如块体1、3、5、8、9)具有高度一致性:结构面匹配率超过0.9,边界定位误差小于0.25 m,安全系数差异≤0.06,滑动方向与计算稳定性等级完全一致。块体4、7、10表现出显著差异,其中块体4最差,匹配率降至0.79,边界定位误差达0.46 m,安全系数差异达0.18,且滑动方向未能确定(表3)。这些异常块体表明,在复杂工程地质条件下,边界定位的准确性显著影响滑动方向的计算。这些代表性块体既说明了本文方法的整体可靠性,也展示了其在极端情况下的改进潜力。
以本研究采集的实际岩质边坡为例,应用文中方法进行结构面智能识别、三维网络构建与稳定性分析,共识别出287个结构面单元,构建1427条交切边的三维网络拓扑,从中提取68个潜在失稳块体(安全系数为0.51~1.98)。其中,节点度≥5的核心连通区域共7处,对应工程中关键控制结构面组合,需优先锚固;FS<1.0的块体12个,集中于坡脚及左侧凹腔,对应高风险塌滑区,建议设置被动防护网。
将上述识别结果导入三维可视化平台,对结构面边界、交切关系及连通网络进行几何重建,采用不同颜色或透明度区分各结构面单元,并叠加潜在不稳定块体(图7)。通过将几何参数、拓扑关系及安全系数映射至空间坐标,采用体素化方法构建离散结构,并对潜在滑动方向进行矢量标注。引入光照模型与剖切技术,完整呈现块体的潜在滑动面与关键结构面。安全系数等值面分布图显示,左下角区域(FS=0.51)为高风险区,右上角区域(FS=1.98)为稳定区。破坏机制定量分析表明,平面滑动(32%)和楔形滑动(22%)占比最高,证实岩体失稳主要受结构面空间组合控制。该实例验证了文中方法在实际工程中能够有效揭示岩体失稳风险的空间分布规律和潜在破坏机制,为边坡工程风险评估与支护设计提供数据支撑。
(1)文中提出了一套基于无人机倾斜摄影测量与深度学习的岩体结构面三维网络智能构建与稳定性分析框架,实现了从数据采集、结构面识别、三维网络建模到块体稳定性评估的完整技术流程。
(2)采用公开数据集进行验证,该方法对结构面识别的准确率达94.2%、召回率92.5%、F1分数93.3%,各类误差均控制在20%以内,满足文中设定的精度要求,整体性能显著优于传统聚类方法,与人工解释水平接近。
(3)块体稳定性分析表明,安全系数随块体体积增大而降低(从10 m3时的约1.3降至1000 m3时的约0.6),平面滑动(32%)和楔形滑动(22%)为主要破坏模式,与工程实际规律一致。
(4)结构面识别精度受数据质量、岩体复杂程度及训练样本规模影响,在极端复杂地形和局部遮挡区域识别精度有所下降;安全系数计算的准确性依赖于输入力学参数的可靠性。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2026008
  • 接收时间:2026-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-27
  • 修回日期:2026-05-11
  • 录用日期:2026-05-16
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    1辽阳职业技术学院,辽宁 辽阳 111000
    2中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
    3浙江理工大学科技与艺术学院,信息与控制学院,浙江 绍兴 312300

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张莹莹(1988–),女,博士,副教授,主要从事机电一体化系统与技术研究。E–mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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