Article(id=1307086338403099397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769616000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-29, revisedDate=1773676800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-17, acceptedDate=1773763200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineDate=1789563267565, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563267565, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563267565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563267565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086088166732376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563207904, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616196824, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308339885531646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086088166732376, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=98, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086340009517830, articleId=1307086338403099397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Construction and Application of the "Concept-Function" Dual-Axis Ontology in the Knowledge Graph of Mineral Deposits, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the advancement of large language models and knowledge graph technologies, the construction of geoscience knowledge systems based on semantic modeling and logical reasoning has gradually become an important technical approach for intelligent mineral exploration. To address the long-standing issue of single-level ontological semantics in geoscience knowledge representation, this paper proposes a dual-axis ontology design centered on the "concept axis-function axis." This design integrates key geological elements such as stratigraphy, lithology, structure, and magmatic rocks, combined with exploration indicators including ore-bearing lithology, ore-controlling structures, and geochemistry, to construct a concept-function dual-axis ontology structure. Leveraging large language models, entity recognition and relation extraction from geological texts are achieved, and the Neo4j platform is utilized for graph-structured storage and reasoning applications of mineral deposit knowledge. Taking the Qukulekedong Gold-Antimony Ore Concentration Area as a case study, the dual-axis ontology is embedded into prompt engineering to enable knowledge extraction in the study area using large language models. Through semantic association and structural analysis of the knowledge graph, logical reasoning and pattern induction for exploration models are conducted. The results indicate that the dual-axis ontology model, by collaboratively representing geoscience entities through the dual semantic dimensions of the concept axis and function axis, demonstrates significant advantages in semantic retrieval, relationship organization, and knowledge reasoning. This model overcomes the limitations of traditional geological knowledge, which primarily relies on static attribute descriptions, and expands from structural representation to functional semantics. It provides a solid theoretical foundation and methodological support for constructing geoscience knowledge systems with intelligent representation and logical reasoning capabilities.

, authors=Bo ZHANG1, Zhonglin XIANG1, *, He ZHENG1, Lukuo WANG1, Xuexiang GU2, Yongmei ZHANG2, authorsList=Bo ZHANG, Zhonglin XIANG, He ZHENG, Lukuo WANG, Xuexiang GU, Yongmei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhonglin XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086345554387757, articleId=1307086338403099397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=矿床知识图谱中“概念–功能”双轴本体的构建及应用, columnId=1307086183687811481, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着大语言模型与知识图谱技术的发展,基于语义建模与逻辑推理的地学知识体系构建逐渐成为实现智能化找矿的重要技术途径。针对地学知识表达中长期存在的本体语义层次单一问题,笔者提出构建以“概念轴–功能轴”为核心的双轴本体设计思想,以地层、岩性、构造及岩浆岩等关键地质要素为基础,结合赋矿岩性、控矿构造、地球化学等勘查指标,构建概念–功能双轴本体结构;结合大语言模型实现地质文本中的实体识别与关系抽取,并依托 Neo4j 平台实现矿床知识的图结构化存储与推理应用。研究以屈库勒克东金锑矿集区为实例,将双轴本体嵌入提示词工程,基于大语言模型实现了研究区的知识抽取,并通过知识图谱的语义关联与结构分析,开展找矿模型的逻辑推理与规律归纳。结果表明,双轴本体模型通过概念轴与功能轴的双重语义维度对地学实体进行协同刻画,在语义检索、关系组织及知识推理等方面展现出显著优势。该模型突破了传统地质知识以静态属性描述为主的局限,实现了从结构性表征向功能性语义的拓展,为构建具备智能表达与逻辑推理能力的地学知识体系提供了坚实的理论基础与支撑。

, authors=张博1, 向中林1, *, 郑贺1, 王路阔1, 顾雪祥2, 章永梅2, authorsList=张博, 向中林, 郑贺, 王路阔, 顾雪祥, 章永梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=向中林, authorNote=

张博(2000−),男,硕士研究生,矿产信息普查与信息技术。E−mail:

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向中林(1976−),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能找矿预测研究与教学。E−mail:
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ACM Computing Surveys, 2023, 56(4): 1−62., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307086561565233926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086561577816839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, companyId=1307086561565233926, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086561590399752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, companyId=1307086561565233926, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307086561657508617, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086571266659136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Statistics of three centrality indicators in the knowledge graph, figureFileSmall=DoJISj/6xkuVo00FDGrUjw==, figureFileBig=TwEM1NwNg5PnRrHxUMBokA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086571535094593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, language=CN, label=图8, caption=知识图谱中3种中心性指标统计, figureFileSmall=DoJISj/6xkuVo00FDGrUjw==, figureFileBig=TwEM1NwNg5PnRrHxUMBokA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086571627369282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The construction logic of the dual-axis ontology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度概念轴功能轴
核心问题“是什么”“如何/作用”
表达对象地质实体、属性、
分类层次
成矿过程、控矿机制、
找矿逻辑
功能特征静态结构化、
知识组织
动态逻辑化、知识推理
), ArticleFig(id=1307086571707061059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

双轴本体的构建逻辑

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度概念轴功能轴
核心问题“是什么”“如何/作用”
表达对象地质实体、属性、
分类层次
成矿过程、控矿机制、
找矿逻辑
功能特征静态结构化、
知识组织
动态逻辑化、知识推理
), ArticleFig(id=1307086572042605380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Object relationship types

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对象关系类型关系描述关系实例
功能关系描述节点之间的作用、影响、因果和控制关系,
体现地质过程的动力学机制
控制、影响、发育、产于、形成、
变质为、引起、改造为等
属性关系描述节点的特征、性质、分类和组成关系,
建立实体与属性值的连接
包含、包括、属于、含有、
为、是、具有、主要为等
空间关系描述节点在空间中的位置、距离、方向和拓扑关系位于、产于、距离、整合接触、
出露、交汇、穿插、相邻等
时间关系描述节点之间在时间维度上的先后顺序、
持续性和同时性关系
早于、晚于、形成于、侵入于、
同生成矿、后生成矿等
), ArticleFig(id=1307086572105519941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086338403099397, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

对象关系类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象关系类型关系描述关系实例
功能关系描述节点之间的作用、影响、因果和控制关系,
体现地质过程的动力学机制
控制、影响、发育、产于、形成、
变质为、引起、改造为等
属性关系描述节点的特征、性质、分类和组成关系,
建立实体与属性值的连接
包含、包括、属于、含有、
为、是、具有、主要为等
空间关系描述节点在空间中的位置、距离、方向和拓扑关系位于、产于、距离、整合接触、
出露、交汇、穿插、相邻等
时间关系描述节点之间在时间维度上的先后顺序、
持续性和同时性关系
早于、晚于、形成于、侵入于、
同生成矿、后生成矿等
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矿床知识图谱中“概念–功能”双轴本体的构建及应用
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张博 1 , 向中林 1, * , 郑贺 1 , 王路阔 1 , 顾雪祥 2 , 章永梅 2
西北地质 | 人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026,59(4): 98-108
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西北地质 |人工智能在地质学领域的应用研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 98 -108
矿床知识图谱中“概念–功能”双轴本体的构建及应用
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张博1 , 向中林1, * , 郑贺1, 王路阔1, 顾雪祥2, 章永梅2
作者信息
  • 1河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000
  • 2中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
向中林(1976−),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能找矿预测研究与教学。E−mail:
作者简介:

张博(2000−),男,硕士研究生,矿产信息普查与信息技术。E−mail:

Construction and Application of the "Concept-Function" Dual-Axis Ontology in the Knowledge Graph of Mineral Deposits
Bo ZHANG1 , Zhonglin XIANG1, * , He ZHENG1, Lukuo WANG1, Xuexiang GU2, Yongmei ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China
  • 2School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025179
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随着大语言模型与知识图谱技术的发展,基于语义建模与逻辑推理的地学知识体系构建逐渐成为实现智能化找矿的重要技术途径。针对地学知识表达中长期存在的本体语义层次单一问题,笔者提出构建以“概念轴–功能轴”为核心的双轴本体设计思想,以地层、岩性、构造及岩浆岩等关键地质要素为基础,结合赋矿岩性、控矿构造、地球化学等勘查指标,构建概念–功能双轴本体结构;结合大语言模型实现地质文本中的实体识别与关系抽取,并依托 Neo4j 平台实现矿床知识的图结构化存储与推理应用。研究以屈库勒克东金锑矿集区为实例,将双轴本体嵌入提示词工程,基于大语言模型实现了研究区的知识抽取,并通过知识图谱的语义关联与结构分析,开展找矿模型的逻辑推理与规律归纳。结果表明,双轴本体模型通过概念轴与功能轴的双重语义维度对地学实体进行协同刻画,在语义检索、关系组织及知识推理等方面展现出显著优势。该模型突破了传统地质知识以静态属性描述为主的局限,实现了从结构性表征向功能性语义的拓展,为构建具备智能表达与逻辑推理能力的地学知识体系提供了坚实的理论基础与支撑。

知识图谱  /  双轴本体  /  本体构建  /  知识推理

With the advancement of large language models and knowledge graph technologies, the construction of geoscience knowledge systems based on semantic modeling and logical reasoning has gradually become an important technical approach for intelligent mineral exploration. To address the long-standing issue of single-level ontological semantics in geoscience knowledge representation, this paper proposes a dual-axis ontology design centered on the "concept axis-function axis." This design integrates key geological elements such as stratigraphy, lithology, structure, and magmatic rocks, combined with exploration indicators including ore-bearing lithology, ore-controlling structures, and geochemistry, to construct a concept-function dual-axis ontology structure. Leveraging large language models, entity recognition and relation extraction from geological texts are achieved, and the Neo4j platform is utilized for graph-structured storage and reasoning applications of mineral deposit knowledge. Taking the Qukulekedong Gold-Antimony Ore Concentration Area as a case study, the dual-axis ontology is embedded into prompt engineering to enable knowledge extraction in the study area using large language models. Through semantic association and structural analysis of the knowledge graph, logical reasoning and pattern induction for exploration models are conducted. The results indicate that the dual-axis ontology model, by collaboratively representing geoscience entities through the dual semantic dimensions of the concept axis and function axis, demonstrates significant advantages in semantic retrieval, relationship organization, and knowledge reasoning. This model overcomes the limitations of traditional geological knowledge, which primarily relies on static attribute descriptions, and expands from structural representation to functional semantics. It provides a solid theoretical foundation and methodological support for constructing geoscience knowledge systems with intelligent representation and logical reasoning capabilities.

knowledge graph  /  dual-axis ontology  /  ontology construction  /  knowledge reasoning
张博, 向中林, 郑贺, 王路阔, 顾雪祥, 章永梅. 矿床知识图谱中“概念–功能”双轴本体的构建及应用. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 98 -108 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025179
Bo ZHANG, Zhonglin XIANG, He ZHENG, Lukuo WANG, Xuexiang GU, Yongmei ZHANG. Construction and Application of the "Concept-Function" Dual-Axis Ontology in the Knowledge Graph of Mineral Deposits[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 98 -108 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025179
在大数据与人工智能技术快速发展的背景下,地球科学研究正由传统经验驱动逐步向数据驱动与知识驱动范式转变。地学研究过程中积累了海量多源异构数据,包括遥感影像、地质调查成果、地球化学与地球物理观测数据以及勘探工程信息等,这些数据蕴含着丰富的地学知识与潜在规律,但其结构复杂、语义异构显著、关联关系隐性化,难以通过传统数据处理方法实现深度整合与有效利用。知识图谱作为一种融合语义建模、知识组织与智能推理的新型知识表达框架,为地学数据的结构化表达、语义关联挖掘与知识推理提供了重要技术路径,被认为是推动地球科学迈向智能化与可解释化的重要基础(周成虎等,2021;周永章等,2021a,2021b)。
在相关技术探索与实践中,不同研究聚焦不同应用场景与技术重点,形成了多维度的研究成果。针对地质信息检索、跨源整合及数据组织需求,学者们通过定义核心概念层级、细化数据关联规则、构建可视化系统等方式开展研究,有效提升了地学信息的结构化表达能力(Ma et al.,2012;吴永亮等,2018;Mantovani et al.,2020;丁华等,2025)。在地学文本信息抽取与知识获取方面,研究逐渐引入自然语言处理与深度学习技术,从地质报告与文献中自动识别实体关系并构建结构化知识,为知识图谱构建提供数据基础(Wang et al.,2018; Qiu et al.,2023;曹昌杰等,2025;Yang et al.,2025)。在特定矿产领域本体构建方面,研究进一步向精准化、场景化推进,通过构建专题领域本体、定义地质要素及其语义关系,为知识图谱和推理提供基础语义框架(燕群,2022;冯秋睿等,2024;张前龙等,2024;Qu et al.,2024;龚成杰等,2025)。在矿产知识图谱构建与表达研究方面,利用本体或知识工程方法构建矿产领域知识图谱,实现地质知识的结构化表达与关联分析(周永章等,2021a,2021b;Pei et al.,2022; Tian et al.,2025)。在知识图谱驱动的矿产预测研究方面,利用本体与知识图谱表达成矿规律,实现找矿预测与潜力区评价(叶育鑫等,2024;王成彬等,2024;周仲礼等,2025)。尽管相关研究已取得阶段性成效,但现有地学本体构建仍存在亟待解决的问题,通过对比 GeoSciML、SWEET 等国际主流地学知识图谱,明确指出当前本体普遍存在时空语义缺失、模式层异构等突出问题,为后续技术优化提供了明确方向(诸云强等,2023a,2023b)。
针对上述问题,本研究提出了一种“概念轴–功能轴”双轴本体模型,用于矿床知识的语义建模与知识推理,解决模式层异构的问题。概念轴用于刻画地质实体的本体属性与层次归属,如岩性、地层、构造、矿石类型等;功能轴则用于描述实体在成矿作用过程中的角色或者示矿功能,如赋矿地层、控矿构造、矿物组合、综合异常等。通过双轴交织的结构,地质实体可在多语义空间中实现身份共存与语义互联,从而构建出既具结构层次又具功能表达的知识体系。该方法在语义层面实现了从静态分类到动态认知的转变,为复杂成矿系统的智能分析提供了新型语义框架。
本体最早源于哲学领域,用于描述“存在的本质与分类”,在地学领域的主要目标为概念的形式化、规范化描述(诸云强等,2023a,2023b),其核心组成包括类(领域实体的抽象描述)、实例(具体对象)、属性(实体特征描述)、关系(连接实体的语义链)及公理与规则(推理逻辑与约束条件),形式化实现通常基于RDF和OWL,可 通 过 Pellet、HermiT等 逻 辑 推 理 机 完 成 一致 性 验证与关系推导,在地质学领域,本体不仅用于术语标准化,更是地质知识图谱的语义核心,为地质信息系统、地学大数据管理与智能找矿提供统一语义支撑。
从本体的层次划分来看,依据语义抽象程度可分为上层本体(如SUMO、BFO,定义时间、空间等通用概念)、领域本体(描述地质、医学等特定学科的核心概念与关系)及应用本体(面向找矿预测系统等特定任务),其中地质矿床本体属于典型的领域本体,需同时体现地质科学概念体系与成矿机制、控矿规律的语义表达需求。
目前,知识图谱的本体构建方法根据构建过程的起始抽象层次和自动化程度,主要可划分为自顶向下、自底向上以及结合两者优势的混合方法3种基本路径,并在具体实践中衍生出多种方法论。自顶向下方法通常优先定义顶层的核心概念、分类体系及其关系(模式层),再逐步细化并填充具体实体,这种方法特别适用于概念层次分明、对知识准确性要求高的领域,如军事领域,常依赖于领域专家采用人工构建方式,经典的方法论包括骨架法、TOVE法、IDEF5法、Methontology法和七步法等。与之相对,自底向上方法则先从实体数据出发,通过知识抽取技术获取实体、关系与属性,再从中归纳、抽象出本体模型,这种方法更适用于开放域或数据驱动的情景,其自动化程度较高,常采用关联规则挖掘或命名实体识别与关系抽取等技术。结合两者优势的混合方法是在构建好顶层本体框架后,再利用自底向上的技术从多源数据中增量式地抽取和扩充实例与关系,从而在保证结构性的同时提升本体的扩展性和构建效率。从构建主体的自动化程度来看,可分为人工构建、半自动构建(复用已有本体)以及自动构建(任飞亮等,2019;Zhong et al.,2023)。
当前,矿床学领域的本体构建实践,大多遵循两条相对独立的路径:①构建领域本体,旨在确立一套关于矿床类型、地质实体、成矿作用等核心概念及其分类关系的通用、共识性概念体系,其核心价值在于知识的系统化与标准化,但常因过于抽象而与具体的、数据驱动的勘探应用场景脱节;②开发应用本体,通常为支撑特定的数据分析任务(如矿产预测、地质解释)而设计,虽具实用性,但其概念模型往往深度耦合于特定任务,缺乏领域普适性,导致知识模型难以复用和扩展。 鉴于此,本研究旨在突破领域本体与应用本体二元分离的传统范式,解决模式层异构的问题,尝试构建一个“领域知识内核”与“应用赋能接口”相融合的混合式本体。
为系统表达区域矿床的地质特征及成矿功能,并支持矿床信息查询、可视化和基于知识图谱的推理分析,笔者构建了一个以双轴顶层类为核心的矿床本体。本体构建遵循自上而下、专家驱动和规范化的原则,主要包括确定本体的领域与范畴、列举有关重要术语、定义类及其中的层级、定义类的关系和属性、存储本体等5个关键步骤(图1)。
(1)确定本体的领域与范畴。在矿床知识的语境下,本体构建的研究对象为矿床尺度的地质实体及其成矿功能,通过从概念轴和功能轴两个维度确定领域和范围,不仅能够覆盖矿床的静态地质实体信息,还能够表达其成矿功能及控矿条件,实现对研究区矿床知识的完整表征。设计目标既包括矿床信息的查询、可视化及知识图谱构建,又包括矿床知识的系统化表示和推理分析。
(2)列出有关重要术语。为了确保本体构建的科学性和规范性,本研究系统收集了《地学大辞典》《地质学汉语叙词表》《固体矿产地质勘查规范》《勘查区找矿预测理论与方法(总论)》《勘查区找矿预测理论与方法(各论)》,用于获取标准化地质名词、矿床类型及控矿要素术语(高鑫等,2023)。
(3)定义类及其中的层级。顶层类作为整个矿床本体的语义框架基础,其设计直接决定了知识体系的逻辑严谨性、扩展性和实用性。它们并非对具体地质实体的简单罗列,而是通过对地质找矿认知范式的抽象与升华,构建起覆盖勘查实践全流程的核心概念域。在此体系中顶层类采用双轴设计(概念轴+功能轴)。概念轴作为知识体系的客观基础,定义了不受成因解释或找矿观点影响的地质事实,包括区域大地构造、地层、岩性、地质构造、岩浆岩、地质年代等基础地质概念(表1)。这一层次确保了知识的客观性和可验证性,为推理提供了可靠的事实基础。功能轴则在此基础上,专门承载与成矿作用和找矿勘查直接相关的专业知识,包括蚀变、矿物组合、矿体、矿石、流体包裹体等成矿标志,以及地球物理、地球化学、遥感等勘查响应特征(表1)。这一层次体现了地质实体在成矿系统中的功能角色,支持找矿知识的表达与推理。
双轴本体的语义建模基于概念轴–功能轴二元结构而构建,对于每一个地质实体 $ {G}_{i} $,其完整语义表示为公式(1)。
$ G_i=\left\{C_i, F_i\right\} $
式中:$ {C}_{i} $:表示概念轴,定义“它是什么”(如断裂、褶皱、地层、岩性);$ {F}_{i} $:表示功能轴,定义“它起什么作用”(如控矿构造、赋矿地层、导矿构造)。
若实体 $ {G}_{i} $仅存在概念轴或者功能轴中的一类,则 $ {F}_{i}=\mathrm{\varnothing 或}{C}_{i}=\mathrm{\varnothing } $,而具备双轴身份的实体可在图数据库中被建模为公式(2)。
$ \text { Node }\left(G_i\right): \text { label }=\left\{C_i, F_i\right\} $
式中,$ Node\left({G}_{i}\right) $表示地质实体$ {G}_{i} $被建模为一个节点;$ label $是图数据库里的标签,用来分类、标识、语义化这个节点;$ \left\{{C}_{i},{F}_{i}\right\} $被表示为概念、功能轴的标签集合。例如,F2断裂被表示为Node(F2 断裂):label={断裂,控矿构造}, “断裂”属于概念轴,明确其地质身份,表明该实体在地质对象层级中隶属于构造类要素;“控矿构造”则属于功能轴,强调其在成矿系统中的控制作用,即对矿体空间展布、矿化富集或流体运移具有约束或引导功能。通过采用这种双重身份的实体节点不仅保留了客观地质属性,还嵌入了成矿语义信息(图2)。
(4)定义类的关系和属性。在本体构建过程中,类的关系和属性用于描述实体之间的语义联系及其特征,实现上层类的共性特征向下传递,同时支持下层类或实例的功能表达,具体包括3类内容。①继承关系:用于建立类层级结构,使下级类继承上级类的共性特征和基本属性。例如,地层,群、组、段构成岩性地层类的概念轴层级,构造、断裂、断层、走滑断层构成地质构造层级;②对象属性:用于表达类或实例之间的功能性或逻辑联系,对象关系在本研究中进一步划分为功能关系、属性关系、时间关系、空间关系4类(表2)。功能关系用于描述实体在成矿体系中的作用或角色,如赋矿地层、控矿构造等功能角色。属性关系用于描述实体间的性质或组成关系,如岩性与地层、蚀变带与矿床之间的属性依附关系。时间关系用于描述实体或过程的地质时代或演化顺序。例如,沉积地层与矿化事件的时间关联。空间关系用于表达实体的空间位置、包含或邻接关系,如矿床实例位于特定地层或构造单元内。对象关系实现概念轴与功能轴的映射,为知识图谱推理提供语义基础;③数据属性:用于记录实体的量化或描述性特征,如地层厚度、品位、走向、倾角及岩性类型等。对象属性为每个实例提供完整的特征描述,支持矿床信息查询、分析和可视化。通过继承关系、对象关系和对象属性的综合定义,本体体现类层级与共性特征,反映实体间的功能、时间及空间联系和具体特征,为矿床知识图谱构建、查询和推理提供了完整的语义支持。
(5)存储本体。在完成顶层类设计、类层级构建及关系和属性定义后,将利用Protégé构建的OWL本体文件导入图数据库 Neo4j,并将其作为约束条件和重要提示词,应用于基于大语言模型的知识图谱自动构建过程中,支持矿床信息的查询、推理与可视化分析。基于Protégé构建的矿床“双轴本体”可视化结果,展示了矿床领域中地质概念本体和功能本体的关系总结(图3)。
在完成双轴本体建模的基础上,将该本体作为上层语义框架嵌入 Neo4j 图数据库,构建面向矿床研究与找矿预测的语义化知识图谱。研究所采用的数据主要来源于东昆仑西段屈库勒克东金锑矿床的区域地质调查报告、矿产勘查报告以及相关学术文献资料(胡云绪等;2010;李猛等,2020;张向飞等,2023),旨在系统补充和完善区域地质背景信息,这些文本中包含大量关于成矿地质条件、控矿因素及矿化特征的功能性描述。为保证知识抽取结果在语义层面与矿床领域认知的一致性,笔者将双轴本体作为显式语义约束嵌入大语言模型的提示词中,引导模型在既定概念体系下开展实体与关系识别(图4)。通过这种实例层信息向本体层语义的对齐与约束映射,最终构建形成屈库勒克东矿集区的语义化知识图谱(图5),共计构建了5099个节点,并建立24810条关系。为后续基于图结构的知识推理与矿床类型判别提供了规范化、可计算的知识基础。
为识别研究区内多矿床之间的控矿一致性与成因共性,笔者以屈库勒克东金锑矿床及其周边 5 个金矿床(点)构建的知识图谱为研究对象,以“双轴驱动”矿床本体为核心开展共现信息挖掘。概念轴用于统一不同矿床在地质背景与环境要素上的语义表达,确保各矿床之间具备可比性,而功能轴则使得子图挖掘能够聚焦于真正体现成矿过程的特征,对实体间关系进行功能化约束,使子图挖掘能够聚焦于真正反映成矿作用本质的关键特征,从而有效揭示区域尺度上矿化信息的共现模式及成矿要素之间的耦合关系。在具体分析中,选取赋矿地层、赋矿岩性、断裂、岩浆岩、矿化蚀变类型及断裂影响域等多维控矿要素作为分析核心,基于 Neo4j 图数据库提取多个矿床对应的局部子图,并借助APOC与GDS 扩展工具对其结构模式进行分割与分类。得益于双轴结构,概念轴保证了跨矿床的可比性,功能轴则确保子图分析聚焦于控矿作用本质,使频繁子图挖掘能够提取出真正具有地质成因意义的要素组合。在此基础上,综合开展子图模式的节点共现分析、频繁子图挖掘与中心性分析;节点共现分析用于识别矿床间具有一致性的共性控矿因素,频繁子图挖掘用于揭示稳定出现的控矿要素组合特征,中心性分析用于判定区域尺度上具有关键作用的核心节点。通过上述多维度图分析方法,识别屈库勒克东矿集区潜在的有利赋矿地层、岩性类型及构造部位,从而为区域尺度找矿模式的构建与应用提供更加直观、规范且具可操作性的知识表达形式,充分体现了双轴模型在可比性、功能聚焦与成矿规律表达方面的优势。
(1)节点共现度分析。研究区矿床排名较高相关实体的节点共现度清晰地展示了各地质要素在多个矿床中的重复出现频次(图6),其中褐铁矿化、砂岩、次级断裂以及灰岩、粉砂岩、黄铁矿化、硅化等节点的共现度显著高于其他节点,高共现度表明这些节点在成矿过程中具有稳定的控制或指示作用。例如,褐铁矿化与黄铁矿化作为典型的金属硫化物蚀变组合,指示了成矿流体中的金属富集过程;砂岩、灰岩和粉砂岩构成主要赋矿岩性,提供有效的容矿空间。次级断裂发挥控矿构造功能,而硅化则作为热液活动的蚀变标志,共同制约矿体的空间分布。
(2)频繁子图挖掘。为进一步识别控制矿床形成的关键地质因素组合,对矿床知识图谱进行了频繁子图挖掘(Ramraj et al.,2015)。频繁子图挖掘能够从复杂的节点与关系网络中自动识别在多个矿床中重复出现的子结构模式,从而揭示成矿要素的协同作用关系。文中采用 gSpan 算法对多矿床知识图谱子图进行频繁子图挖掘,为增强结果的结构表达能力与可解释性,挖掘得到的频繁子图结构被重新映射为图模式实体,并导入 Neo4j 图数据库进行可视化。可视化结果显示(图7),褐铁矿化–砂岩–次级断裂、灰岩–粉砂岩–硅化以及黄铁矿化–次级断裂等子图在多个矿床中频繁出现,说明这些组合在区域成矿过程中具有高度稳定性和代表性。以“褐铁矿化–砂岩–次级断裂”为例,该子图反映了构造活动提供流体通道(次级断裂)、矿体主要赋存岩性(砂岩)以及矿化蚀变特征(褐铁矿化)之间的协同控制作用,是研究区典型的成矿模式。与单节点共现分析相比,频繁子图挖掘更关注地质要素之间的结构化关系,能够揭示多要素协同下的成矿规律。
(3)中心性指标统计。在知识图谱中,中心性指标(Centrality Measures) 用于量化节点在网络中的重要性、影响力或枢纽作用(Saxena et.al,2020)。其中,度中心性(Degree Centrality)、PageRank 中心性(PageRank Centrality)和介数中心性(Betweenness Centrality)是3种最常用且互补的指标。Degree主要刻画的是核心概念(如“金矿”“断裂”“热液蚀变”),可用于识别高频共现的地质要素,计算简单,仅反映局部结构,忽略全局网络位置;PageRank能识别语义上更具权威性的实体(如关键控矿因素),比Degree更能反映知识传播中的核心节点,对稀疏连接但处于关键路径上的节点更敏感;Betweenness能识别连接不同知识子域的关键中介实体(如某种蚀变同时关联构造与矿化),在推理路径发现、跨领域知识融合中尤为重要,计算复杂度高,对揭示隐性关联极具价值。为直观呈现核心矿床邻域节点的结构重要性,文中选取3类中心性指标排名前 20 位的节点作为代表性关键实体,并对其指标数值进行归一化处理,以增强不同指标之间的可比性与可视化表达效果。统计结果(图8)表明,大地构造位置(喀拉米兰复合沟弧带)、岩性(灰岩、粉砂岩、砂岩)、蚀变(褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化和硅化等)和地质构造(次级断裂)是该类矿床知识图谱中的关键节点,是筛选出的核心地质要素。
结合以上信息挖掘表明,屈库勒克东金锑矿床的成矿环境与周围金矿化点在赋矿地层、岩性、蚀变及地质构造等方面具有高度一致性。这些关键知识节点在图数据库中以多组稳定的典型共现结构表现出来,屈库勒克东矿集区分布于阿尔金断裂以南“喀拉米兰复合沟弧带”,找矿有利部位主要集中在上石炭系哈拉米兰河群地层中,赋存矿体的岩性以灰岩、砂岩、粉砂岩包含一些石英脉及闪长玢岩脉为主,地层具有成矿专属性;从蚀变标志角度看,系统提取出的关键矿化蚀变包括褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、辉锑矿化及硅化等,这些蚀变组合常见于 100~300 °C 的中低温热液系统;在GIS中矿床(点)叠加已知构造,这些矿床(点)与控矿断裂之间存在显著的空间关系,结合知识图谱分析,特别是在距离次级断裂2 km左右,矿床(点)节点的共现频率较为集中,显示出该构造带是区域内热液活动与金锑矿化的主要聚集区。上述特征与新疆区域地质调查中心内部建立的区域找矿模型(付清波,2018;罗耀鸿,2020)所总结的找矿标志具有较好的一致性与对应关系。该一致性不仅验证了本体驱动的知识图谱推理模型的有效性,也为区域找矿工作提供了具有明确成因指向性与空间约束性的地质证据支撑。
(1)针对传统地质本体主要依赖概念层级组织、难以表达地质要素在成矿系统中的作用关系的问题,提出“概念轴–功能轴”双轴本体建模方法。在保留地学实体概念层级结构的基础上,引入找矿指示性等功能语义,使地质实体能够同时通过概念关系与功能关系进行组织,实现地质要素多角色、多关系的统一表达。该方法在一定程度上增强了找矿知识图谱对控矿因素及其作用关系的语义表达能力,为矿床知识的结构化组织与找矿信息表达提供了新的建模思路。
(2)在双轴本体框架指导下,构建了矿床领域知识图谱,并以屈库勒克东金锑矿集区为例开展共性信息挖掘研究。通过节点关联分析与功能约束下的子图结构提取,识别了与矿化作用密切相关的地质要素组合,较为清晰地刻画了控矿地层、岩性与构造之间的共现关系及其相互制约特征,并支持“岩性–构造–蚀变–矿化”要素链的语义关联分析。研究结果表明,双轴本体驱动的知识图谱能够为矿集区找矿模式总结及找矿靶区优选提供有效的知识支撑。
(3)未来研究将进一步聚焦于地质功能语义的量化建模,探索其与图神经网络及大语言模型的协同融合机制,以提升找矿知识在复杂地质环境中的表达能力与推理能力。在此基础上,构建融合“语义理解–图结构推理–找矿预测”的智能分析框架。此外,可进一步拓展至多源地质数据的融合表达与知识图谱动态更新机制研究,提升找矿知识在区域尺度分析中的应用能力。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025179
  • 接收时间:2026-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-29
  • 修回日期:2026-03-17
  • 录用日期:2026-03-18
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    1河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000
    2中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083

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向中林(1976−),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能找矿预测研究与教学。E−mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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