Article(id=1307088287059959920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769356800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-26, revisedDate=1773504000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-15, acceptedDate=1773763200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineDate=1789563732160, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563732160, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563732160, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563732160, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=279, endPage=295, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307088287244509297, articleId=1307088287059959920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Mineralization Processes in the Giant Gaijike Fluorite Deposit, Altyn Tagh, NW China: Evidence from Fluorite Trace-element Chemistry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fluorite is an indispensable raw material in strategic emerging industries such as new energy and new materials. In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in fluorite exploration in the Altyn Tagh orogenic belt, with the discovery of world-class deposits such as Kaerqiaer, Piyazidaban, and Gajike. However, the nature of the ore-forming fluids and the genetic types of these deposits remain unclear. This study focuses on the Gajike fluorite deposit in the central and southern parts of the Altyn Tagh, conducting detailed geochemical research on trace elements in fluorite from different stages based on thorough geological characterization. The results indicate that fluorite from all stages is enriched in light rare earth elements, with rare earth element patterns showing a "right-leaning" type, and mineralization occurring during early hydrothermal activity. The Tb/La-Tb/Ca diagram suggests that fluorite is of hydrothermal origin, with hydrothermal fluids undergoing water-rock reaction with the surrounding rocks. The La/Ho-Y/Ho diagram reveals strong fractionation of Y and Ho, indicating that the fluorite exhibits homologous multi-stage characteristics, where early fluorite breccia underwent recrystallization while middle-stage fluorite cement precipitated during fluid migration. The δCe-δEu diagram shows strong negative Eu anomalies and positive Ce anomalies in fluorite, reflecting a medium-low temperature reduction environment with low oxygen fugacity and water-rock reaction effects. The high F content in the rock mass and the Ca-rich strata suggest that the F in fluorite originates from K-feldspar granite, while Ca comes from metamorphic strata and marble. Comprehensive analysis concludes that the Gajike fluorite deposit formed in a medium-low temperature reduction environment, and its genetic type is classified as a medium-low temperature hydrothermal deposit.

, authors=Jianjun FENG1, Xiaohua DENG1, 2, *, Aibai ABULIMITI3, Yuedong LI4, Fuquan WU5, Yiping WU6, Xu ZHOU1, Xiheng HE1, Jingguo DU1, Changzhi WU1, authorsList=Jianjun FENG, Xiaohua DENG, Aibai ABULIMITI, Yuedong LI, Fuquan WU, Yiping WU, Xu ZHOU, Xiheng HE, Jingguo DU, Changzhi WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaohua DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307088291589808264, articleId=1307088287059959920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=阿尔金盖吉克萤石矿床成矿过程:来自萤石微量元素地球化学的证据, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

萤石是新能源、新材料等新兴产业中不可或缺的原材料。近年来,阿尔金造山带萤石勘查取得重大突破,相继发现了卡尔恰尔、皮亚孜达坂、盖吉克等世界级矿床。然而,这些矿床的成矿流体性质和成因类型仍不明确。笔者以阿尔金阿中地块中南部的盖吉克萤石矿床为研究对象,在详细查明地质特征基础上,开展了不同阶段萤石的微量元素地球化学研究。结果表明,不同阶段的萤石均富集轻稀土元素,稀土配分曲线呈“右倾型”,矿化发生在早阶段热液活动中。Tb/La-Tb/Ca关系图指示萤石为热液成因,热液流体与围岩发生了水岩反应。La/Ho-Y/Ho关系图显示,Y、Ho强烈分馏,萤石具同源多阶段特征,早阶段萤石角砾经历重结晶过程,而中阶段萤石胶结物在流体迁移过程中沉淀。δCe-δEu关系图显示,萤石具有强烈的Eu负异常和Ce正异常,反映成矿流体处于中低温还原环境,氧逸度较低,受到水岩反应作用影响。岩体中F含量较高,地层富含Ca元素,推测萤石中的F来自正长花岗岩,Ca来自变质地层和大理岩。研究认为,盖吉克萤石矿床形成于中低温还原环境,矿床成因类型为与碱性侵入岩相关的中低温热液矿床。

, authors=冯建军1, 邓小华1, 2, *, 阿卜力米提·艾白3, 李月栋4, 吴福泉5, 吴益平6, 周旭1, 何西恒1, 杜静国1, 吴昌志1, authorsList=冯建军, 邓小华, 阿卜力米提·艾白, 李月栋, 吴福泉, 吴益平, 周旭, 何西恒, 杜静国, 吴昌志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓小华, authorNote=

冯建军(2001−),男,硕士研究生,矿床学专业。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邓小华(1984−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究及相关教学。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=TFnREbH6k668DxntaSj6Vg==, magXml=VqawmWNhCOeacnRhWaibfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9875nmjy7ocxF/At+jiXGw==, pdfFileSize=12547481, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eK4JcPZald8BJsMbJBwO4g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6aI/ZO5U1/2fY0thlii0kg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307088294248997020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307088287059959920, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2023127042@chd.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307088294525821086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307088287059959920, authorId=1307088294248997020, language=EN, stringName=Jianjun FENG, firstName=Jianjun, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Earth Sciences and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307088294592929951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307088287059959920, authorId=1307088294248997020, language=CN, stringName=冯建军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054, bio={"content":"

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a. 萤石−方解石矿脉沿正长花岗岩岩体与黑云斜长片麻岩地层的断层裂隙充填;b、c. 萤石−方解石矿脉沿“X”型共轭节理充填,与黑云斜长片麻岩、正长花岗岩关系密切;d. 萤石−方解石矿脉中含大量萤石−方解石角砾,与黑云斜长片麻岩、正长花岗岩关系密切;e. 萤石−方解石矿脉沿正长花岗岩裂隙充填;f. 条带状萤石−方解石矿脉;g、h. 角砾状萤石、方解石矿石;i. 条带状萤石−方解石矿脉,受到应力作用;Fl. 萤石;Cal. 方解石

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a. 萤石角砾(Fl-Ⅰa)被方解石角砾(Cal-Ⅰ)包裹;b. 细晶萤石、方解石胶结物颗粒(Fl-Ⅱ、Cal-Ⅱ)沿萤石、方解石角砾间空隙充填;c~e. 细晶萤石、方解石胶结物颗粒(Fl-Ⅱ、Cal-Ⅱ)微观照片,可见共生矿物石英、黑云母、钾长石、磷灰石;f. 晚阶段碳酸盐脉(Cal-Ⅲ)穿切萤石角砾(Fl-Ⅰ);Ap. 磷灰石;Bt. 黑云母;Cal. 方解石;Fl. 萤石;Kfs. 钾长石;Q. 石英

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标准数据引自Sun et al.(1989)

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Trace element composition table of fluorite in different stages of the Gaijike fluorite deposit (10−6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同成矿阶段的萤石Fl-Ⅰa (N=10)Fl-Ⅰb (N=20)Fl-Ⅱ (N=25)
Li0.21~0.66 (均值为0.36)0.00~0.20 (均值为0.07)0.05~162 (均值为13.6)
Be0.00~0.30 (均值为0.19)0.00~0.29 (均值为0.09)0.17~3.65 (均值为1.00)
B0.27~1.02 (均值为0.50)0.06~6.31 (均值为0.52)0.09~3.94 (均值为0.49)
K3.03~167 (均值为28.5)0.83~99.1 (均值为7.12)0.47~56887 (均值为2461)
Sc0.02~0.04 (均值为0.03)0.00~0.15 (均值为0.06)0.11~2.92 (均值为0.93)
Ti0.21~10.8 (均值为2.31)0.02~0.68 (均值为0.24)0.16~455 (均值为26.6)
V0.01~0.31 (均值为0.14)0.01~0.10 (均值为0.05)0.19~36.8 (均值为3.84)
Cr0.37~4.26 (均值为1.23)0.33~2.00 (均值为0.89)0.53~11.6 (均值为2.24)
Mn1.34~64.0 (均值为12.0)0.10~27.5 (均值为3.36)0.46~2146 (均值为1072)
Fe170~323 (均值为238)150~202 (均值为168)221~11603 (均值为2154)
Co0.03~0.15 (均值为0.07)0.10~0.45 (均值为0.16)0.09~1.50 (均值为0.25)
Ni0.02~1.18 (均值为0.44)0.06~0.76 (均值为0.32)0.16~5.41 (均值为0.88)
Cu0.04~1.07 (均值为0.25)0.00~0.07 (均值为0.03)0.12~997 (均值为40.1)
Zn0.03~0.36 (均值为0.22)0.00~0.52 (均值为0.25)0.38~58.2 (均值为5.59)
Ga0.17~0.38 (均值为0.24)0.10~0.50 (均值为0.26)0.24~11.3 (均值为2.07)
Ge0.36~2.37 (均值为0.83)0.02~1.80 (均值为0.45)0.21~3.17 (均值为1.39)
As0.08~1.95 (均值为0.79)0.27~3.95 (均值为1.77)1.70~2.51 (均值为2.06)
Se0.00~2.82 (均值为1.07)0.21~3.19 (均值为1.14)0.11~1.54 (均值为0.97)
Rb0.07~1.03 (均值为0.32)0.01~5.69 (均值为0.52)0.00~822 (均值为37.6)
Sr85.4~262 (均值为210)48.3~323 (均值为230)58.6~407 (均值为132)
Y12.5~19.8 (均值为16.0)9.49~21.8 (均值为14.4)17.1~36.2 (均值为25.8)
Zr0.02~4.73 (均值为0.76)0.00~0.09 (均值为0.01)0.00~58.0 (均值为3.34)
Mo0.00~0.21 (均值为0.03)0.00~0.10 (均值为0.04)0.00~0.18 (均值为0.04)
Sb0.06~0.81 (均值为0.44)0.10~0.66 (均值为0.32)0.01~0.43 (均值为0.16)
Cs0.11~2.05 (均值为0.59)0.00~3.50 (均值为0.53)0.00~19.82 (均值为1.36)
Ba0.28~9.79 (均值为1.57)0.00~0.23 (均值为0.06)0.20~940 (均值为70.6)
La1.11~1.94 (均值为1.49)0.23~2.37 (均值为1.06)0.88~18.5 (均值为7.33)
Ce3.17~5.49 (均值为4.41)1.29~6.75 (均值为3.51)1.99~49.6 (均值为20.0)
Pr0.55~0.90 (均值为0.71)0.27~0.99 (均值为0.60)0.40~6.72 (均值为2.81)
Nd4.19~5.87 (均值为 4.61)2.21~6.72 (均值为4.37)3.96~37.3 (均值为16.8)
Sm1.11~1.70 (均值为1.37)0.77~1.85 (均值为1.24)1.68~9.14 (均值为4.51)
Eu0.12~0.27 (均值为0.19)0.10~0.29 (均值为0.18)0.23~1.30 (均值为0.64)
Gd0.99~2.06 (均值为1.51)0.67~2.61 (均值为1.55)2.08~23.0 (均值为5.73)
Tb0.13~0.21 (均值为0.17)0.07~0.29 (均值为0.14)0.27~0.97 (均值为0.46)
Dy0.92~2.00 (均值为1.48)0.71~2.15 (均值为1.20)2.12~8.60 (均值为3.89)
Ho0.14~0.28 (均值为0.20)0.11~0.34 (均值为0.18)0.29~1.12 (均值为0.54)
Er0.51~1.04 (均值为0.77)0.32~0.99 (均值为0.55)0.84~3.54 (均值为1.66)
Tm0.04~0.09 (均值为 0.07)0.04~0.12 (均值为0.07)0.10~0.49 (均值为0.21)
Yb0.38~0.74 (均值为0.53)0.24~0.85 (均值为0.48)0.54~4.58 (均值为1.97)
Lu0.05~0.10 (均值为0.06)0.03~0.10 (均值为0.05)0.04~0.51 (均值为0.21)
Ta0.00~0.00 (均值为0.00)0.00~0.02 (均值为0.00)0.00~0.45 (均值为0.03)
W0.10~0.58 (均值为0.34)0.00~0.56 (均值为0.24)0.04~1.38 (均值为0.21)
Pb0.20~8.57 (均值为1.64)0.01~0.18 (均值为0.06)0.33~41998 (均值为1688)
Bi0.00~2.39 (均值为0.53)0.00~0.51 (均值为0.06)0.00~1014 (均值为42.4)
Th0.02~0.10 (均值为0.05)0.00~0.80 (均值为0.19)0.31~22.8 (均值为3.09)
U0.50~1.39 (均值为0.94)0.09~0.51 (均值为0.27)0.09~21.0 (均值为1.99)
ΣREE14.8~20.2 (均值为17.6)7.71~26.4 (均值为15.2)17.7~138 (均值为66.8)
LREE11.1~15.1 (均值为12.8)5.00~19.0 (均值为11.0)9.31~121 (均值为52.1)
HREE3.20~6.12 (均值为4.80)2.60~7.45 (均值为4.23)6.39~30.9 (均值为14.7)
LREE/HREE1.81~3.62 (均值为2.73)1.51~3.62 (均值为2.55)1.11~6.78 (均值为3.41)
(La/Yb)N1.12~2.81 (均值为2.07)0.54~2.98 (均值为1.60)0.78~5.43 (均值为2.44)
La/Ho5.19~9.75 (均值为7.48)1.73~8.26 (均值为5.61)2.52~27.3 (均值为12.5)
Y/Ho61.3~98.6 (均值为80.1)64.7~103 (均值为79.9)25.3~99.2 (均值为52.7)
δEu0.25~0.51 (均值为0.41)0.22~0.60 (均值为0.39)0.13~0.51 (均值为0.41)
δCe0.97~1.14 (均值为1.05)0.86~1.18 (均值为1.04)0.82~1.15 (均值为1.05)
Y/Y*1.82~2.60 (均值为2.19)1.82~2.71 (均值为 2.32)0.73~2.69 (均值为1.47)
), ArticleFig(id=1307088303078007021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307088287059959920, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

盖吉克萤石矿床不同阶段萤石的微量元素组成表(10−6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同成矿阶段的萤石Fl-Ⅰa (N=10)Fl-Ⅰb (N=20)Fl-Ⅱ (N=25)
Li0.21~0.66 (均值为0.36)0.00~0.20 (均值为0.07)0.05~162 (均值为13.6)
Be0.00~0.30 (均值为0.19)0.00~0.29 (均值为0.09)0.17~3.65 (均值为1.00)
B0.27~1.02 (均值为0.50)0.06~6.31 (均值为0.52)0.09~3.94 (均值为0.49)
K3.03~167 (均值为28.5)0.83~99.1 (均值为7.12)0.47~56887 (均值为2461)
Sc0.02~0.04 (均值为0.03)0.00~0.15 (均值为0.06)0.11~2.92 (均值为0.93)
Ti0.21~10.8 (均值为2.31)0.02~0.68 (均值为0.24)0.16~455 (均值为26.6)
V0.01~0.31 (均值为0.14)0.01~0.10 (均值为0.05)0.19~36.8 (均值为3.84)
Cr0.37~4.26 (均值为1.23)0.33~2.00 (均值为0.89)0.53~11.6 (均值为2.24)
Mn1.34~64.0 (均值为12.0)0.10~27.5 (均值为3.36)0.46~2146 (均值为1072)
Fe170~323 (均值为238)150~202 (均值为168)221~11603 (均值为2154)
Co0.03~0.15 (均值为0.07)0.10~0.45 (均值为0.16)0.09~1.50 (均值为0.25)
Ni0.02~1.18 (均值为0.44)0.06~0.76 (均值为0.32)0.16~5.41 (均值为0.88)
Cu0.04~1.07 (均值为0.25)0.00~0.07 (均值为0.03)0.12~997 (均值为40.1)
Zn0.03~0.36 (均值为0.22)0.00~0.52 (均值为0.25)0.38~58.2 (均值为5.59)
Ga0.17~0.38 (均值为0.24)0.10~0.50 (均值为0.26)0.24~11.3 (均值为2.07)
Ge0.36~2.37 (均值为0.83)0.02~1.80 (均值为0.45)0.21~3.17 (均值为1.39)
As0.08~1.95 (均值为0.79)0.27~3.95 (均值为1.77)1.70~2.51 (均值为2.06)
Se0.00~2.82 (均值为1.07)0.21~3.19 (均值为1.14)0.11~1.54 (均值为0.97)
Rb0.07~1.03 (均值为0.32)0.01~5.69 (均值为0.52)0.00~822 (均值为37.6)
Sr85.4~262 (均值为210)48.3~323 (均值为230)58.6~407 (均值为132)
Y12.5~19.8 (均值为16.0)9.49~21.8 (均值为14.4)17.1~36.2 (均值为25.8)
Zr0.02~4.73 (均值为0.76)0.00~0.09 (均值为0.01)0.00~58.0 (均值为3.34)
Mo0.00~0.21 (均值为0.03)0.00~0.10 (均值为0.04)0.00~0.18 (均值为0.04)
Sb0.06~0.81 (均值为0.44)0.10~0.66 (均值为0.32)0.01~0.43 (均值为0.16)
Cs0.11~2.05 (均值为0.59)0.00~3.50 (均值为0.53)0.00~19.82 (均值为1.36)
Ba0.28~9.79 (均值为1.57)0.00~0.23 (均值为0.06)0.20~940 (均值为70.6)
La1.11~1.94 (均值为1.49)0.23~2.37 (均值为1.06)0.88~18.5 (均值为7.33)
Ce3.17~5.49 (均值为4.41)1.29~6.75 (均值为3.51)1.99~49.6 (均值为20.0)
Pr0.55~0.90 (均值为0.71)0.27~0.99 (均值为0.60)0.40~6.72 (均值为2.81)
Nd4.19~5.87 (均值为 4.61)2.21~6.72 (均值为4.37)3.96~37.3 (均值为16.8)
Sm1.11~1.70 (均值为1.37)0.77~1.85 (均值为1.24)1.68~9.14 (均值为4.51)
Eu0.12~0.27 (均值为0.19)0.10~0.29 (均值为0.18)0.23~1.30 (均值为0.64)
Gd0.99~2.06 (均值为1.51)0.67~2.61 (均值为1.55)2.08~23.0 (均值为5.73)
Tb0.13~0.21 (均值为0.17)0.07~0.29 (均值为0.14)0.27~0.97 (均值为0.46)
Dy0.92~2.00 (均值为1.48)0.71~2.15 (均值为1.20)2.12~8.60 (均值为3.89)
Ho0.14~0.28 (均值为0.20)0.11~0.34 (均值为0.18)0.29~1.12 (均值为0.54)
Er0.51~1.04 (均值为0.77)0.32~0.99 (均值为0.55)0.84~3.54 (均值为1.66)
Tm0.04~0.09 (均值为 0.07)0.04~0.12 (均值为0.07)0.10~0.49 (均值为0.21)
Yb0.38~0.74 (均值为0.53)0.24~0.85 (均值为0.48)0.54~4.58 (均值为1.97)
Lu0.05~0.10 (均值为0.06)0.03~0.10 (均值为0.05)0.04~0.51 (均值为0.21)
Ta0.00~0.00 (均值为0.00)0.00~0.02 (均值为0.00)0.00~0.45 (均值为0.03)
W0.10~0.58 (均值为0.34)0.00~0.56 (均值为0.24)0.04~1.38 (均值为0.21)
Pb0.20~8.57 (均值为1.64)0.01~0.18 (均值为0.06)0.33~41998 (均值为1688)
Bi0.00~2.39 (均值为0.53)0.00~0.51 (均值为0.06)0.00~1014 (均值为42.4)
Th0.02~0.10 (均值为0.05)0.00~0.80 (均值为0.19)0.31~22.8 (均值为3.09)
U0.50~1.39 (均值为0.94)0.09~0.51 (均值为0.27)0.09~21.0 (均值为1.99)
ΣREE14.8~20.2 (均值为17.6)7.71~26.4 (均值为15.2)17.7~138 (均值为66.8)
LREE11.1~15.1 (均值为12.8)5.00~19.0 (均值为11.0)9.31~121 (均值为52.1)
HREE3.20~6.12 (均值为4.80)2.60~7.45 (均值为4.23)6.39~30.9 (均值为14.7)
LREE/HREE1.81~3.62 (均值为2.73)1.51~3.62 (均值为2.55)1.11~6.78 (均值为3.41)
(La/Yb)N1.12~2.81 (均值为2.07)0.54~2.98 (均值为1.60)0.78~5.43 (均值为2.44)
La/Ho5.19~9.75 (均值为7.48)1.73~8.26 (均值为5.61)2.52~27.3 (均值为12.5)
Y/Ho61.3~98.6 (均值为80.1)64.7~103 (均值为79.9)25.3~99.2 (均值为52.7)
δEu0.25~0.51 (均值为0.41)0.22~0.60 (均值为0.39)0.13~0.51 (均值为0.41)
δCe0.97~1.14 (均值为1.05)0.86~1.18 (均值为1.04)0.82~1.15 (均值为1.05)
Y/Y*1.82~2.60 (均值为2.19)1.82~2.71 (均值为 2.32)0.73~2.69 (均值为1.47)
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阿尔金盖吉克萤石矿床成矿过程:来自萤石微量元素地球化学的证据
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冯建军 1 , 邓小华 1, 2, * , 阿卜力米提·艾白 3 , 李月栋 4 , 吴福泉 5 , 吴益平 6 , 周旭 1 , 何西恒 1 , 杜静国 1 , 吴昌志 1
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(3): 279-295
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (3) : 279 -295
阿尔金盖吉克萤石矿床成矿过程:来自萤石微量元素地球化学的证据
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冯建军1 , 邓小华1, 2, * , 阿卜力米提·艾白3, 李月栋4, 吴福泉5, 吴益平6, 周旭1, 何西恒1, 杜静国1, 吴昌志1
作者信息
  • 1长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2新疆维吾尔自治区地质研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 3中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆矿产资源研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 4新疆维吾尔自治区自然资源厅地质成果中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
  • 5新疆维吾尔自治区地质局区域地质调查中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 6浙江省第十一地质大队,浙江 温州 325006
通讯作者:
邓小华(1984−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究及相关教学。E−mail:。
作者简介:

冯建军(2001−),男,硕士研究生,矿床学专业。E−mail:

Mineralization Processes in the Giant Gaijike Fluorite Deposit, Altyn Tagh, NW China: Evidence from Fluorite Trace-element Chemistry
Jianjun FENG1 , Xiaohua DENG1, 2, * , Aibai ABULIMITI3, Yuedong LI4, Fuquan WU5, Yiping WU6, Xu ZHOU1, Xiheng HE1, Jingguo DU1, Changzhi WU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Earth Sciences and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Geology, Urumqi, 830000, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 4Geological Achievements Center of Xinjiang, Department of Natural Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China
  • 5Center of Regional Geological Survey, Geological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
  • 6The llth Geological Team of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325006, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025178
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萤石是新能源、新材料等新兴产业中不可或缺的原材料。近年来,阿尔金造山带萤石勘查取得重大突破,相继发现了卡尔恰尔、皮亚孜达坂、盖吉克等世界级矿床。然而,这些矿床的成矿流体性质和成因类型仍不明确。笔者以阿尔金阿中地块中南部的盖吉克萤石矿床为研究对象,在详细查明地质特征基础上,开展了不同阶段萤石的微量元素地球化学研究。结果表明,不同阶段的萤石均富集轻稀土元素,稀土配分曲线呈“右倾型”,矿化发生在早阶段热液活动中。Tb/La-Tb/Ca关系图指示萤石为热液成因,热液流体与围岩发生了水岩反应。La/Ho-Y/Ho关系图显示,Y、Ho强烈分馏,萤石具同源多阶段特征,早阶段萤石角砾经历重结晶过程,而中阶段萤石胶结物在流体迁移过程中沉淀。δCe-δEu关系图显示,萤石具有强烈的Eu负异常和Ce正异常,反映成矿流体处于中低温还原环境,氧逸度较低,受到水岩反应作用影响。岩体中F含量较高,地层富含Ca元素,推测萤石中的F来自正长花岗岩,Ca来自变质地层和大理岩。研究认为,盖吉克萤石矿床形成于中低温还原环境,矿床成因类型为与碱性侵入岩相关的中低温热液矿床。

盖吉克  /  萤石矿床  /  微量元素  /  阿尔金造山带

Fluorite is an indispensable raw material in strategic emerging industries such as new energy and new materials. In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in fluorite exploration in the Altyn Tagh orogenic belt, with the discovery of world-class deposits such as Kaerqiaer, Piyazidaban, and Gajike. However, the nature of the ore-forming fluids and the genetic types of these deposits remain unclear. This study focuses on the Gajike fluorite deposit in the central and southern parts of the Altyn Tagh, conducting detailed geochemical research on trace elements in fluorite from different stages based on thorough geological characterization. The results indicate that fluorite from all stages is enriched in light rare earth elements, with rare earth element patterns showing a "right-leaning" type, and mineralization occurring during early hydrothermal activity. The Tb/La-Tb/Ca diagram suggests that fluorite is of hydrothermal origin, with hydrothermal fluids undergoing water-rock reaction with the surrounding rocks. The La/Ho-Y/Ho diagram reveals strong fractionation of Y and Ho, indicating that the fluorite exhibits homologous multi-stage characteristics, where early fluorite breccia underwent recrystallization while middle-stage fluorite cement precipitated during fluid migration. The δCe-δEu diagram shows strong negative Eu anomalies and positive Ce anomalies in fluorite, reflecting a medium-low temperature reduction environment with low oxygen fugacity and water-rock reaction effects. The high F content in the rock mass and the Ca-rich strata suggest that the F in fluorite originates from K-feldspar granite, while Ca comes from metamorphic strata and marble. Comprehensive analysis concludes that the Gajike fluorite deposit formed in a medium-low temperature reduction environment, and its genetic type is classified as a medium-low temperature hydrothermal deposit.

Gaijike  /  fluorite deposit  /  trace-element chemistry  /  Altyn Tagh
冯建军, 邓小华, 阿卜力米提·艾白, 李月栋, 吴福泉, 吴益平, 周旭, 何西恒, 杜静国, 吴昌志. 阿尔金盖吉克萤石矿床成矿过程:来自萤石微量元素地球化学的证据. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 279 -295 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025178
Jianjun FENG, Xiaohua DENG, Aibai ABULIMITI, Yuedong LI, Fuquan WU, Yiping WU, Xu ZHOU, Xiheng HE, Jingguo DU, Changzhi WU. Mineralization Processes in the Giant Gaijike Fluorite Deposit, Altyn Tagh, NW China: Evidence from Fluorite Trace-element Chemistry[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 279 -295 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025178
萤石(CaF2)作为制造高端含氟材料的主要来源之一,是不可再生的非金属矿产资源,在新能源、新材料、新医药、新一代信息技术和航天航空等新兴产业领域具有重要地位(陈军元等,2021;王春连等,2022)。中国萤石矿床分布广泛,大中型萤石矿床集中于东部沿海、华中、内蒙古中东部地区(邹灏等,2012,2016;叶锡芳,2014;王吉平等,2014,2015)。萤石矿床通常赋存于花岗岩、正长岩、碳酸岩等岩浆岩和一些火山岩内(Han et al., 2020)。Hayes et al.(2017)将热液萤石矿床划分为碳酸岩相关型、碱性侵入岩相关型、碱性火山岩相关型、密西西比河谷型、高分异花岗岩相关型、亚碱性火山岩相关型、凝灰质沉积物型7类。这些萤石矿床形成于与热卤水有关的浅成中–低温热液系统到中–高温岩浆热液系统等一系列环境中(Palmer et al., 1996;Lenoir et al., 2024)。
近年来,新疆若羌县阿尔金地区萤石找矿取得重大突破,已发现卡尔恰尔、盖吉克、皮亚孜达坂、亚干布阳等多处大型萤石矿床(吴益平等,2021)。前人对区内卡尔恰尔、库木塔什、小白河沟等萤石矿床进行了年代学、稀土元素地球化学、流体包裹体和Sr-Nd同位素等研究(吴益平等,2021,2022;高永宝等,2023;赵辛敏等,2023)。盖吉克萤石矿床已达到超大型规模(李月栋等,2026),是研究阿尔金造山带巨型萤石矿化系统中流体演化和矿化过程的重要对象。该矿床受区域性大断裂控制,萤石–方解石矿脉与区内变质地层、花岗岩关系密切,但矿床成因类型、成矿机制及萤石矿化过程中成矿流体的演化研究仍缺乏明确约束。
热液流体的微量和稀土元素地球化学特征主要受流体–岩石相互作用和流体运移过程中的物化条件控制,是研究成矿作用过程中物理化学条件变化、成矿流体演化和运移、流体的水岩反应等成矿作用和过程的一种有效方法(Bau et al., 1992;曹俊臣,1995;Schwinn et al., 2005;Pei et al., 2022;Zou et al., 2022;马少兵等,2024)。实验岩石学研究表明,萤石不仅能强烈富集稀土元素,而且可以继承热液流体的稀土元素配分模式(Schönenberger et al., 2008;Sánchez et al., 2010)。此外,阴极发光技术(CL)可以区分出手标本和镜下无法观察到的更为细致的世代关系;原位微区分析测试技术(LA-ICP-MS)经过飞速发展(Zou et al., 2021),现已实现对萤石单个生长带的精确成分分析。该方法能够捕捉流体随时间的演化特征,可直接解析不同热液阶段的稀土元素变化特征,从而为成矿过程研究提供重要依据(Chen et al., 2026)。因此,笔者在对盖吉克地区的萤石进行了详细的阶段划分基础上,研究了不同阶段萤石的微量元素变化特征,探讨了萤石成矿过程中的物理化学条件变化、成矿流体的演化以及萤石矿床的成因和成矿机制。
阿尔金造山带位于青藏高原北缘,地处柴达木地块与塔里木地块接合部位(图1a)。阿尔金造山带具有复杂的构造演化历史,包括新元古代的伸展和碰撞事件,早古生代大洋板块俯冲和大陆碰撞(Dong et al., 2021),以及中生代到新生代的断裂作用(Yin et al., 2002),期间该区域经历了多期的岩浆活动和复杂的成矿作用(刘铸等,2020;Gao et al., 2021)。由北向南将阿尔金造山带划分为阿北地块、阿中地块和阿南地块3个构造单元(图1b;刘良等,1999)。阿北地块和阿中地块以红柳沟–拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带作为界限,而阿南地块包含了南阿尔金高压–超高压变质岩带和阿帕–茫崖蛇绿混杂岩带(图1b;康磊等,2016)。
萤石矿化主要出现在阿中地块中南部(图1b),区内出露地层由老到新为:新太古—古元古界阿尔金岩群、中元古界蓟县系塔昔达坂群、新元古界青白口系索尔库里群、奥陶纪高压–超高压变质杂岩及新生界。阿尔金岩群为一套稳定陆缘浅海盆地碎屑岩–碳酸盐岩沉积建造,岩性主要以灰色斜长角闪片岩、黑云斜长片岩、深灰色黑云斜长片麻岩、灰色二云斜长片麻岩、灰绿色斜长变粒岩、灰白色大理岩为主;塔昔达坂群是阔什断裂以北的一套碎屑岩和碳酸盐建造,由木孜萨依组和金雁山组组成(赵辛敏等,2023)。木孜萨依组为斜长片岩–石英片岩建造和绿帘阳起片岩–绿帘片岩建造,金雁山组主要以灰白色大理岩、浅灰色条带状大理岩、灰色石英大理岩为主。索尔库里群是一套稳定大陆边缘滨浅海相碎屑岩–碳酸盐岩–火山岩建造,形成于浅海–潮坪环境(朱小辉等,2025),反映盆地由拉张到汇聚的构造背景。
区内侵入岩具多期次、多类型的特点,主要由新太古代—古元古代变质侵入岩、古元古代超基性变质侵入岩、古生代基性–中酸性侵入岩等构成(图1b)。其中,早古生代侵入岩分布最为广泛,岩性以碱长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主,形成于同碰撞构造背景,或者对应造山后的伸展初始时期(Wang et al., 2014)。区内脉岩广泛发育,主要有辉长岩脉、正长花岗岩脉、二长花岗岩脉等。其中,正长花岗岩脉主要分布于NEE向卡尔恰尔–阔什大断裂以南及NE向盖吉勒断裂两侧,南北跨度较大,与萤石矿的形成密切相关(图1b)。
区域构造活动频繁,经历了太古宙—早古生代古陆核形成、中元古代古陆核边缘增生、新元古代—早古生代超大陆形成及陆壳裂解、古生代洋陆转化和中新生代走滑作用等多期构造运动,构造形迹十分复杂。区域性大断裂由北向南有卡尔恰尔–阔什断裂、盖吉勒断裂、约马克其–库兰勒格断裂和阿尔金南缘断裂(图1b)。盖吉勒断裂呈NE向,为一南倾的逆断层,延伸40 km以上,与皮亚孜达坂、盖吉克、亚干布阳等萤石矿床的形成关系密切,为其提供了导矿容矿空间。
盖吉克矿区出露地层主要为古元古界阿尔金岩群,主要分布在NE向盖吉勒断裂以南,北部以残留体形式发育,整体为一套低−高角闪岩相变质岩,属变粒岩−片麻岩夹碳酸盐岩建造,岩性以深灰色黑云斜长片麻岩为主,并可见灰白色大理岩透镜体(图2a)。萤石矿化主要赋存于黑云斜长片麻岩中,矿脉延伸方向与岩层走向基本一致(图2a)。盖吉勒断裂长6300 m以上,呈NE向展布,对萤石矿产分布有明显的控制作用(图2a),沿断层两侧构造裂隙充填有连续分布的萤石–方解石脉,构成区内重要的赋矿构造。矿区侵入岩主要为青白口纪花岗闪长岩,以及中奥陶世正长花岗岩。萤石矿脉大多数分布于中奥陶世正长花岗岩体及内外接触带(图2a)。
盖吉克萤石矿床达到超大型规模,平均品位为26.12%(李月栋等,2026),矿区包含2个矿化带。其中,Ⅰ号萤石矿化带位于盖吉勒断裂北侧,近EW向带状产出,Ⅱ号萤石矿化带位于盖吉勒断裂南侧(图2)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ矿化带矿体平面总体形态呈大致平行、规模不等的长脉状、脉状产出,延伸较稳定连续,NE−NEE向展布,走向约为58°。Ⅰ号矿化带矿体为北倾,倾角较陡,一般为59°~73°,Ⅱ号带矿体倾向以南为主,倾角较陡,一般为72°~84°。
盖吉克萤石矿床Ⅰ-Ⅱ号矿化带共圈定萤石矿体42条,其中隐伏矿体27条(李月栋等,2026)。主矿体分别为Ⅰ-2、Ⅰ-3、Ⅰ-4、Ⅰ-5、Ⅱ-1和Ⅱ-2号矿体。其中,Ⅱ-1号矿体CaF2平均品位为26.73%,单矿体资源量达到大型规模,为矿区规模最大矿体,长为1479 m,厚度为0.68~18.14 m,平均厚度为4.06 m。矿体沿盖吉勒断裂南侧的次级构造裂隙充填,主体受阿尔金岩群变质岩与中奥陶世正长花岗岩接触带控制,在剖面上呈“板状”分布,倾向南,倾角为68°~85°,矿脉在平面上总体近EW、NE向展布,呈“长脉状”产出,西部略微膨大,向东收窄变薄至尖灭,倾向为120°~175°(图2)。Ⅱ-2号矿体CaF2平均品位为28.12%,长度为1411 m,厚度为0.56~28.35 m,平均厚度为3.85 m。矿体沿盖吉勒断裂南侧发育的次级构造裂隙充填,穿插于阿尔金岩群变质岩,局部穿插于中奥陶世正长花岗岩中,在剖面上呈“板状”分布,倾向南,倾角为41°~84°,矿脉在平面上总体近EW、NE向展布,呈“长脉状”产出,西部略微膨大,向东收窄变薄至尖灭,倾向为127°~175°(图2)。Ⅰ-3号矿体CaF2平均品位为25.64%,长度为1674 m,厚度为0.56~18.52 m,平均厚度为2.98 m。矿体主要穿插于中奥陶世正长花岗岩中,在剖面上呈“板状”分布,倾向北,倾角为60°~80°,矿脉在平面上总体近EW、NE向展布,呈“长脉状”产出,具有“膨大缩小”变化现象,倾向为313°~351°(图2)。
矿石类型单一,主要为萤石–方解石型,矿物成分主要是萤石、方解石,含少量钾长石、石英、黑云母等,副矿物有重晶石、磷灰石、独居石、磁铁矿、赤铁矿。萤石主要呈紫黑色、紫色、浅紫色,方解石主要呈浅肉红色、白色(图3d~图3i)。萤石、方解石、钾长石、石英具他形粒状结构、自形−半自形粒状结构、填隙结构,部分钾长石、萤石晶粒粒径粗大,具伟晶结构,部分萤石、方解石、石英具包含结构、碎裂结构(图3e~图3i)。矿石构造主要为角砾状构造(图3g、图3h)、条带状构造(图3f、图3i)。围岩蚀变主要为钾化、碳酸盐化、绿帘石化、硅化、黄铁矿化。
通过详细的野外和镜下观察,根据穿插关系和矿物组合可以将盖吉克萤石矿床的萤石成矿划分为3个阶段(图4)。①早阶段:是主成矿阶段,主要由紫黑色角砾状萤石Fl-Ⅰa(被浅肉红色方解石角砾Cal-Ⅰ包裹)、紫黑色−紫色角砾状萤石Fl-Ⅰb、浅肉红色角砾状方解石以及少量石英组成(图5a、图5b)。②中阶段:主要由紫黑色−紫色细粒萤石胶结物Fl-Ⅱ、白色细粒方解石胶结物Cal-Ⅱ组成,含少量钾长石、石英、黑云母,可见重晶石、磷灰石、独居石、磁铁矿、赤铁矿(图5c~图5e)。③晚阶段:由白色方解石脉Cal-Ⅲ组成,含少量石英、钾长石、黑云母(图5f)。
本研究采集的样品包含盖吉克萤石矿床野外露头和钻孔岩心(GZK03)。利用阴极发光(CL)对不同阶段萤石进行了观察,并结合手标本和镜下特征划分了萤石世代,并使用LA-ICP-MS对不同阶段的萤石进行微量元素分析。
在长安大学西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部实验室TIMA实验室拍摄了不同阶段萤石的阴极发光(CL)图像,以进一步区分它们的世代,使用仪器为TIMA GMS系统相连的交叉插入式阴极发光(CL)探测器,加速电压为25 kV,束流为~8 nA。
在中国地质大学(北京)矿物激光微区分析实验室利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)测定了盖吉克不同阶段萤石的微量元素,使用仪器为Agilent 7900 Q-ICP-MS仪器(Agilent Technologies, USA)与193 nm ArF准分子激光系统(RESOlution S155 LR, ASI, USA)。分析遵循Zhang et al. (2019)的方法,使用37 μm的激光束斑、8 Hz的脉冲频率和3 J/cm2的能量密度在峰值跳跃模式下测试样品。氦气用作剥蚀载气,使用NIST SRM 610玻璃标准物质(Jochum et al., 2011)进行校准,分析美国地质调查局参考材料BCR-2G(Jochum et al., 2005)以监测数据质量。钙(43Ca)用作内标,使用lolite软件(版本4.0)进行数据处理。对于浓度超过0.10 ug/g的大多数微量元素,准确度优于±10%,分析精度(1 RSD)为±10%。
CL图像显示,Fl-Ⅰa、Fl-Ⅰb和Fl-Ⅱ萤石都是均质的,未见明暗变化与环带特征(图6),表明不同阶段成矿流体为单期流体。
盖吉克萤石矿床不同阶段萤石样品的微量元素蛛网图(图7)显示,萤石整体相对富集高场强元素U和大离子亲石元素K、Sr及Y,亏损高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th和大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Cs、Pb,其余微量元素含量普遍较低(表1)。此外,Fl-Ⅰa萤石轻微富集Li、Ba,Fl-Ⅱ萤石轻微富集Th、Mn、Pb(图7a、图7b)。Fl-Ⅰa、Fl-Ⅰb、Fl-Ⅱ萤石的K含量逐渐增加,Sr含量先增加后减少,而Y含量呈整体上升趋势(图8g~图8i)。
不同矿化阶段的萤石颗粒显示出不同的稀土元素地球化学特征(表1,图8)。Fl-Ⅰa萤石的∑REE含量为14.8×10−6~20.2×10−6(均值为17.6×10−6),∑LREE含量为11.1×10−6~15.1×10−6(均值为12.8×10−6),∑HREE含量为3.20×10−6~6.12×10−6(均值为4.80×10−6),LREE/HREE值为1.81~3.62(均值为2.73),(La/Yb)N值为1.12~2.81(均值为2.07),δEu值为0.25~0.51(均值为0.41),δCe值为0.97~1.14(均值为1.05)。
Fl-Ⅰb萤石的∑REE含量为7.71×10−6~26.4×10−6(均值为15.2×10−6),∑LREE含量为5.00×10−6~19.0×10−6(均值为11.0×10−6),∑HREE含量为2.60×10−6~7.45×10−6(均值为4.23×10−6),LREE/HREE值为1.51~3.62(均值为2.55),(La/Yb)N值为0.54~2.98(均值为1.60),δEu值为0.22~0.60(均值为0.39),δCe值为0.86~1.18(均值为1.04)。
Fl-Ⅱ萤石的∑REE含量为17.7×10−6~138×10−6(均值为66.8×10−6),∑LREE含量为9.31×10−6~121×10−6(均值为52.1×10−6),∑HREE含量为6.39×10−6~30.9×10−6(均值为14.7×10−6),LREE/HREE值为1.11~6.78(均值为3.41),(La/Yb)N值为0.78~5.43(均值为2.44),δEu值为0.13~0.51(均值为0.41),δCe值为0.82~1.15(均值为1.05)。
以上数据表明,Fl-Ⅰa到Fl-Ⅰb,再到Fl-Ⅱ萤石的∑REE、∑LREE、∑HREE都具有先轻微降低而后显著增加的趋势,显示相似的变化特征;Fl-Ⅰa与Fl-Ⅰb具有相似的稀土元素含量。LREE/HREE值和(La/Yb)N值指示所有萤石样品均相对富集轻稀土元素(图8d),稀土配分曲线呈“右倾型”(图7c、图7d),Fl-Ⅰa到Fl-Ⅰb的LREE/HREE值和(La/Yb)N值轻微降低(图8d)。萤石δEu值远大于1,表明萤石具有显著的负Eu异常,而δCe值大多略大于1,表明萤石具有轻微的正Ce异常或Ce异常不明显(图7c、图7d、图8e、图8f)。
萤石矿成矿流体中的稀土元素离子REE3+的半径与Ca2+相近而易发生类质同象置换,导致萤石中稀土元素含量一般较高且受控于热液流体中的REE浓度(Graf, 1977;Möller et al., 1983;Bau et al., 1992)。Michard(1989),流体中的REE浓度随着pH的降低而增加。热液流体中的REE分馏取决于REE在矿物表面的优先吸附和REE与不同配体的优先络合(Bau et al., 1995;Chen et al., 1997;Schönenberger et al., 2008)。稀土元素在流体体系中易与OH−、F−、CO32−、SO42−、HPO42−、HCO32−等形成络合物,络合物的稳定性从La→Lu逐渐增加,显示了重稀土元素与轻稀土元素的差异(Möller et al., 1976,1983;王中刚等,1989;赵振华等,2010)。在成矿的早阶段,元素的迁移主要由吸附–解附作用主导。La3+离子半径(0.103 nm)最接近Ca2+离子半径(0.1 nm),稀土元素在流体中的分配系数随原子序数的增加而减小(Wood, 1990;Bau et al., 1992),且轻稀土元素与阴离子形成的络合物不稳定。因此,轻稀土元素会优先进入萤石沉淀,导致形成的萤石中相对富集LREE;在成矿的晚阶段,元素的迁移由络合作用主导,(HREE)F2+络合物的稳定性更高且LREE在早阶段大量消耗,使得流体中相对富集HREE(Bau et al., 1992;许东青等,2009;曹华文等,2014)。
盖吉克矿床Fl-Ⅰa到Fl-Ⅰb到Fl-Ⅱ萤石稀土元素配分曲线均呈“右倾型”,与阿尔金萤石成矿带内卡尔恰尔、库木塔什、小白河沟等萤石矿床的特征一致(图7c、图7d)。LREE/HREE平均值分别为2.73、2.55、3.41,(La/Yb)N值分别为2.07、1.60、2.44,萤石明显富集轻稀土元素,说明此时络合作用效应较弱,成矿流体中的REE主要以吸附形式存在,萤石矿化发生在早阶段热液和成矿活动中(许东青,2009),成矿流体的pH值较低(Ehya, 2012),Fl-Ⅰa到Fl-Ⅰb萤石LREE/HREE和(La/Yb)N值的降低也表明流体中的轻稀土元素不断消耗。Fl-Ⅰ到Fl-Ⅱ萤石稀土元素含量的增加表明成矿流体的pH值逐渐升高;随着萤石的∑REE增大,LREE/HREE、(La/Yb)N值亦增大,也说明萤石的轻重稀土元素分异程度变化较大,暗示在水岩反应过程中,流体性质变化较大(金松等,2022)。此外,Fl-Ⅱ萤石胶结物的Tb/La值相对较低,轻稀土元素和部分重稀土元素显著增加,可能是由于后期流体交代早阶段形成的角砾状萤石、方解石会使稀土元素浸出再沉淀(Zeng et al., 2016)。
Tb/La-Tb/Ca图解已经广泛应用于判断萤石矿床的成因类型,并且区分萤石形成的物理化学条件和环境(Möller et al., 1976)。根据不同的形成条件,将萤石成因区分为伟晶岩型、热液型和沉积型(Möller et al., 1983)。Tb/Ca值的变化反映了成矿流体对围岩Ca的同化混染作用和稀土元素在流体中的吸附作用,Tb/La值的变化则反映了稀土元素的分馏作用。盖吉克萤石矿床萤石样品的数据投点落于热液成因区并与阿尔金萤石成矿带内卡尔恰尔、库木塔什、小白河沟萤石矿床数据相近,指示盖吉克萤石矿同为热液成因类型(图9);Tb/Ca值变化接近100倍且部分投点进入沉积成因区(图9),可能指示了在成矿过程中,成矿热液与赋矿围岩发生了物质的带入与带出,热液从围岩中萃取了成矿物质,稀土元素在流体中主要以吸附形式存在和迁移。此外,萤石中K含量较高可能也指示了流体与岩体的反应。结合盖吉克矿区地质特征,认为盖吉克萤石矿床为热液充填型矿床。
Veksler et al.(2005)提出Y、Ho具有相似的原子半径和电子价位,地球化学性质相似,Y/Ho值可作为示踪流体过程的重要参数(Jiang et al., 2006;Deng et al., 2014)。Möller(1998)将Y的显著富集与氟络合剂的存在联系起来;Bau et al.(1996)提出Y-F络合物比Ho-F络合物更稳定。因此,在富氟体系中Y元素含量较Ho元素相对富集,一般Y/Ho值大于28。一般火成岩、沉积岩中Y/Ho值变化较小(20~40),热液萤石的Y/Ho值变化较大(30~200)。盖吉克萤石矿床萤石的Y含量平均值分别为16.0、14.4、25.8,显示递增趋势(图8i)。Y/Ho值为25.3~103,均大于28(除一个稍低的数据点)且与热液成因比值变化范围重合(图10a),与区内卡尔恰尔超大型萤石矿床萤石Y/Ho值(68~105)相似(赵辛敏等,2023)。Y/Y*平均值分别为2.19、2.32、1.47,明显的正Y异常表明盖吉克萤石矿床热液系统中存在强烈的Y-Ho分馏作用。
Bau et al.(1992,1995)在研究了英国和德国数个矿床中萤石Y元素与其他REE的关系后,总结出了La/Ho-Y/Ho关系图解以判断成矿流体的同源性,并指出Y、Ho的分馏现象并不取决于流体来源,而是取决于流体的组成及其物理化学性质。同源同期形成的萤石具有相同的Y/Ho值,La/Ho与Y/Ho之间的比值趋近于一条直线,大体呈水平分布;同源非同期形成的萤石La/Ho与Y/Ho呈负相关;而重结晶的萤石中Y/Ho变化较小,La/Ho变化范围较宽。盖吉克萤石矿床中萤石角砾与萤石胶结物在图解中具有明显分区(图10a)。Fl-Ⅰa与Fl-Ⅰb萤石Y/Ho值相近,趋于水平直线分布,与区内卡尔恰尔、库木塔什、小白河沟萤石矿床显示出良好的一致性,表明二者成矿流体为同源同期流体且经历了重结晶过程,具有相近的稀土元素含量,Fl-Ⅰa萤石因形成于成矿早阶段而被其之后形成的方解石包裹;Fl-Ⅱ萤石La/Ho与Y/Ho值与Fl-Ⅰ相近并趋于负相关关系,表明成矿流体与早阶段流体同源并经历了迁移,同时存在较低的Y/Ho值和较高的La/Ho值,可能是热液流体中Y的消耗与后期流体交代而更富集轻稀土元素导致。
δEu值和δCe值是用来获得成矿流体物理化学特征的指标,包括温度、酸碱度和氧逸度(Constantopoulos, 1988;Bau et al., 1992)。在还原环境下,Eu3+被热还原为Eu2+(Schwinn et al., 2005),Eu2+的离子半径大于Ca2+,不易置换萤石中的Ca2+,导致所形成萤石具Eu负异常;而在氧化环境下,Eu以Eu3+形式存在,更容易置换萤石晶格中的Ca2+,形成Eu正异常。Eu正异常指示成矿流体在萤石结晶沉淀之前经历过高温状态(>250 ℃),Eu负异常指示其低温(200~250 ℃)过程(Bau et al., 1992)。盖吉克萤石矿床Fl-Ⅰa、Fl-Ⅰb、Fl-Ⅱ萤石的δEu值分别为0.25~0.51(均值为0.41)、0.22~0.60(均值为0.39)、0.13~0.51(均值为0.41),均远<1,具有强烈的Eu负异常,与区内他处萤石矿床特征相似(图10b),指示成矿流体处于中低温还原环境,热液的氧逸度较低,萤石从温度降低或氧逸度升高的流体中析出。
Ce与Eu的地球化学行为呈现反向特征,在高氧逸度条件下,Ce3+易被氧化为溶解度较低的Ce4+,而Ce4+易与流体中的氢氧化物结合并脱离溶液体系,导致流体析出的萤石具Ce负异常(王中刚等,1989;Bau et al., 1992)。盖吉克矿床Fl-Ⅰa、Fl-Ⅰb、Fl-Ⅱ萤石的δCe值分别为0.97~1.14(均值为1.05)、0.86~1.18(均值为1.04)、0.82~1.15(均值为1.05),显示弱Ce正异常或Ce异常不明显,与区内其他萤石矿床特征相似(图10b),但卡尔恰尔、库木塔什萤石矿床成矿流体氧逸度较高而具负Ce异常。盖吉克矿床中正Ce异常指示成矿流体处于低氧逸度条件,与Eu异常反映特征一致;而Fl-Ⅰb、Fl-Ⅱ萤石中较弱的Ce负异常表明pH和氧逸度有所升高,可能指示成矿流体在迁移过程中与围岩发生了水–岩反应,导致Ce的丢失或部分继承了围岩的Ce负异常(刘道荣,2026)。
综合矿床地质特征、成矿阶段特征和地球化学特征,并结合区内卡尔恰尔、库木塔什、小白河沟萤石矿床的相关研究成果(吴益平等,2022;赵辛敏等,2023;张毅等,2024;Chen et al., 2025),笔者认为盖吉克萤石矿床的成矿机制可能为富F流体与赋矿围岩的水–岩反应(图11)。成矿流体与围岩的反应导致流体pH值发生变化,特别是当成矿流体由酸性变为中等酸性时,萤石逐渐沉淀(Richardson et al., 1979a,1979b;Constantopoulos, 1988)。当pH<4时,CaF2的溶解度随pH的降低而增加,通过水岩反应,流体中的H+不断消耗,pH升高,CaF+络合物中的F-被OH-取代,CaF2的溶解度降低;当pH=4~7时,CaF2的溶解度保持稳定且很低,导致萤石的大量沉淀。一般研究认为萤石矿床中成矿需要的F主要来自深部(地幔或基底地层),Ca来自于蚀变围岩(刘天航等,2024;漆双林等,2025)。区域发育的与萤石成矿密切相关的古生代花岗岩岩体具有较高的F含量(赵辛敏等,2023),可能是萤石成矿F的主要物质来源,而区内广泛分布的变质地层和大理岩透镜体富含Ca元素,可以为萤石成矿提供Ca。
区域构造演化特征显示,阿尔金地区在早古生代早期超大陆形成之后,板内构造开始发育,早寒武世中晚期—早奥陶世陆块伸展变形活动频繁,洋壳逐渐形成(连政,2024)。在晚寒武世—中奥陶世(约510~461 Ma),阿尔金中南部构造演化处于洋壳俯冲及陆壳深俯冲阶段(俯冲碰撞阶段),高温高压环境导致成矿元素在地壳和地幔中的扩散和重新分配;晚奥陶世—中泥盆世(约460~385 Ma),阿尔金中南部构造演化处于碰撞后伸展拉张阶段,发生地壳减薄和软流圈上涌,在区域上形成了广泛发育的A型富钾花岗岩(Wu et al., 2006;马拓等,2019)。热液流体沿断层裂隙上涌停滞与围岩发生反应,从变质地层和大理岩中获得Ca并伴随降温、减压、pH值升高和REE分馏而沉淀大量萤石。形成的矿体受盖吉勒区域性大断裂及次级断裂控制,以脉状形式填充,多阶段流体活动叠加成矿最终形成超大型矿床(图11)。
(1)阿尔金盖吉克萤石矿床主要赋存于正长花岗岩与围岩接触带内,矿体明显受NE向断裂控制,矿石类型主要为角砾状、条带状矿石,矿物组成主要是萤石、方解石。萤石成矿可划分为粗晶萤石–方解石角砾阶段、细晶萤石–方解石胶结物阶段和碳酸盐细脉阶段3个成矿阶段。
(2)盖吉克矿床萤石富集轻稀土元素,主要由流体中元素的吸附作用导致,Tb/La-Tb/Ca图解、La/Ho-Y/Ho图解以及δCe-δEu图解表明萤石为热液成因,具有同源多阶段成矿和强烈的Eu负异常、Ce正异常特征,指示成矿流体处于中低温酸性还原环境,矿床类型为与碱性侵入岩相关的中低温热液充填型萤石矿床。
(3)结合前人对区内萤石矿床研究,推测盖吉克萤石矿床萤石中的F主要来源于正长花岗岩,Ca主要来源于变质地层和大理岩透镜体,通过水岩反应,伴随降温、减压、pH值升高、氧逸度升高过程,萤石沉淀并沿断裂裂隙充填。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025178
  • 接收时间:2026-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-26
  • 修回日期:2026-03-15
  • 录用日期:2026-03-18
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    1长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
    2新疆维吾尔自治区地质研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    3中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆矿产资源研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    4新疆维吾尔自治区自然资源厅地质成果中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
    5新疆维吾尔自治区地质局区域地质调查中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    6浙江省第十一地质大队,浙江 温州 325006

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邓小华(1984−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究及相关教学。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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