Article(id=1307086729257702137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025156, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764000000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-25, revisedDate=1767456000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-04, acceptedDate=1768233600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineDate=1789563360752, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563360752, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563360752, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563360752, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047751552885541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554067743, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616259011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086729668743930, articleId=1307086729257702137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the Northern Margin of the West Tianshan, Xinjiang, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The northern margin of the West Tianshan in Xinjiang is well endowed with epithermal gold deposits. These deposits are primarily hosted in the continental volcanic rocks of the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous Dahalajunshan Formation and are concentrated in the Tulasu and Yelimodun volcanic fault-depression basins and the Wusunshan area. Based on a systematic review of the geological and geochemical characteristics of typical gold deposits such as Axi, Jingxi-Yermand, and Tawuerbieke in the region, this paper analyzes the relationship between gold mineralization and regional tectonic-magmatic evolution, and discusses the post-mineralization modification and preservation processes as well as their implications for mineral exploration. The epithermal gold deposits in the northern margin of the West Tianshan include various types such as low-sulfidation, high-sulfidation, and porphyry-epithermal transitional types, which exhibit significant differences in ore body occurrence, ore texture, mineral assemblages, and alteration characteristics. The ore-forming materials are mainly derived from the host volcanic-subvolcanic rocks, and the ore-forming fluids consist primarily of magmatic hydrothermal fluids (high-sulfidation type), meteoric water (low-sulfidation type), or a mixture of these two fluids (porphyry-epithermal transitional type). Gold precipitation mechanisms include fluid boiling, water-rock interaction, and fluid mixing. The mineralization age is mainly concentrated in the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, formed in a back-arc extensional environment during the peak subduction of the North Tianshan and South Tianshan oceans. After their formation, the deposits underwent a complex modification and preservation history. The epithermal gold deposits in the Tulasu and Yelimodun basins have been preserved due to relatively weak erosion, and their deep sections hold potential for the discovery of porphyry-skarn-type Cu-Au polymetallic deposits. In contrast, the peripheral areas of the basins have experienced higher degrees of erosion, leading to the destruction of most epithermal deposits, but the prospects for porphyry- and skarn-type deposits remain favorable.

, authors=Xuexiang GU1, 2, Yiwei PENG3, Yongmei ZHANG1, 2, Zhonglin XIANG4, Xinli WANG5, Yingshuai ZHANG3, Huadong MA1, Bingyu ZHU1, Shuyi DONG3, Wei WANG1, Xiaofei DU1, authorsList=Xuexiang GU, Yiwei PENG, Yongmei ZHANG, Zhonglin XIANG, Xinli WANG, Yingshuai ZHANG, Huadong MA, Bingyu ZHU, Shuyi DONG, Wei WANG, Xiaofei DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086736811643669, articleId=1307086729257702137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金成矿作用, columnId=1307047752601461543, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新疆西天山北缘是浅成低温热液金矿床的重要产区,矿床主要赋存于晚泥盆世—早石炭世大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩中,集中分布于吐拉苏、也里莫顿火山断陷盆地及乌孙山地区。笔者在系统梳理区内阿希、京希–伊尔曼得、塔吾尔别克等典型金矿床地质与地球化学特征基础上,分析了金成矿作用与区域构造–岩浆演化的关系,探讨了成矿后的变化与保存过程及其对找矿勘查的启示。西天山北缘的浅成低温热液金矿床包括低硫型、高硫型及斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型等多种类型。这些矿床在矿体产状、矿石组构、矿物组合及蚀变特征上具有明显差异。矿床的成矿物质主要来自赋矿的火山–次火山岩,成矿流体主要为岩浆热液(高硫型)、大气降水(低硫型)或二者的混合流体(斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型),金沉淀机制包括流体沸腾、水–岩反应及流体混合等。成矿时代主要集中于晚泥盆世—早石炭世,形成于北天山洋与南天山洋俯冲高峰期的弧后伸展环境。矿床形成后经历了复杂的变化保存历史,吐拉苏、也里莫顿盆地内的浅成低温热液金矿床因剥蚀较弱而得以保存,其深部具有寻找斑岩–矽卡岩型Cu-Au多金属矿床的潜力;而盆地周缘因剥蚀程度较高,浅成低温热液型矿床多已遭剥蚀破坏,但斑岩–矽卡岩型矿床的找矿前景依然良好。

, authors=顾雪祥1, 2, 彭义伟3, 章永梅1, 2, 向中林4, 王新利5, 张英帅3, 马华东1, 朱炳玉1, 董树义3, 王威1, 杜晓飞1, authorsList=顾雪祥, 彭义伟, 章永梅, 向中林, 王新利, 张英帅, 马华东, 朱炳玉, 董树义, 王威, 杜晓飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

顾雪祥(1963−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学和地球化学研究。E−mail:

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①.北天山断裂;②.北那拉提断裂;③.南那拉提断裂;典型矿床:1.京希–伊尔曼得;2.阿希;3.塔吾尔别克;4.加曼特;5.小于赞;6.库茹尔;7.博故图;8.塔北;9.可克萨拉;10.莱历斯高尔;11.哈勒尕提;12.肯登高尔;13.七兴;14.东图津;15.阔库确科;16.赛博–喇嘛苏;17.达巴特;18.科克赛;19.阿尔恰勒

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a. 石英脉型矿石,烟灰色石英中发育细粒浸染状黄铁矿;b. 角砾状矿石; c. 皮壳状矿石;d. 硫化物集合体边缘的自然金,单偏光;e. 由乳白色胶状石英、烟灰色含载金硫化物的细粒他形石英及透明粗粒自形石英微条带组成的皮壳状结构,单偏光; f. 由胶状石英组成的格子状构造,单偏光; g. 角砾状矿石; h. 多孔状石英; i. 石英中发育的自形粒状黄铁矿; j. 石英–硫化物细脉穿切浸染状黄铁矿化安山岩;k. 浸染状黄铁矿,单偏光;l. 共生的斑铜矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿,单偏光; a~f. 阿希金矿床;g~i. 京希–伊尔曼得金矿床;j~l. 塔吾尔别克金矿床;Qz. 石英;Dol. 白云石;Ccp. 黄铜矿;Bn. 斑铜矿;Td. 黝铜矿;Py. 黄铁矿;Apy. 毒砂;Mar. 白铁矿; Au. 自然金

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a. 赋矿火山岩中的石英–硫化物脉,硫化物主要为黄铜矿;b. 角砾岩型矿石,硫化物多沿角砾边缘分布;c. 石英–硫化物脉,硫化物主要为方铅矿;d. 黄铁矿与黄铜矿颗粒之间共生的自然金、辉铋矿和硫铋铜矿,单偏光;e. 辉铋矿中发育自然铋,单偏光;f. 黄铜矿中他形粒状自然金与辉铋矿、硫铋铜矿共生,单偏光; g. 石英–硫化物脉穿切早期石英–黄铁矿脉,并被后期石英–碳酸盐脉穿切;h. 石英脉中的自形粒状黄铁矿,单偏光; i. 黄铁矿与方铅矿及闪锌矿(含黄铜矿固溶体)共生,单偏光; j. 石英–硫化物–方解石脉穿切石英–硫化物脉;k. 黄铁矿和黄铜矿被自然铋交代,单偏光;l. 自然金和自然铋沿黄铁矿裂隙生长,单偏光;a~f. 加曼特金矿床;g~i. 小于赞金矿床;j~l. 库茹尔铜金矿床;Qz. 石英;Ccp. 黄铜矿;Bmt. 辉铋矿;Wtc. 硫铋铜矿; Cv. 蓝铜矿;Bi. 自然铋;Py. 黄铁矿;Gn. 方铅矿;Au. 自然金

, figureFileSmall=0OGWj5J7XzJ0tvRAZZLS2Q==, figureFileBig=WysvF7cGzdLubU9P4v+MfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086749964981111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sketch geological map of the Kuruer Cu-Au deposit, figureFileSmall=os+22ciMngPoygZm1QxpkA==, figureFileBig=nXiVaVxKCqkqWQDi8aloeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750220833656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=CN, label=图8, caption=库茹尔铜金矿床地质略图(据Peng et al., 2021b修改), figureFileSmall=os+22ciMngPoygZm1QxpkA==, figureFileBig=nXiVaVxKCqkqWQDi8aloeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750329885561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Sulfur isotopic composition of sulfides from the epithermal gold deposits in the northern margin of West Tianshan, Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=THsODo+WHbHOgzZKT1zXeQ==, figureFileBig=OkFjZ77TYn8b0S0/yRe5Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750401188730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=CN, label=图9, caption=新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金矿床硫化物硫同位素组成

金矿床硫同位数据引自冯娟萍(2005)、Zhai et al. (2009)、赵晓波等(2014)、孙升升等(2016)、Peng et al. (2017,2021a,2021b)、Yu et al. (2018b)、彭义伟等(2020)、Zheng et al. (2020,2021)、Zhang et al. (2024);不同地质储库的硫同位素数据引自Hoefs (2009)

, figureFileSmall=THsODo+WHbHOgzZKT1zXeQ==, figureFileBig=OkFjZ77TYn8b0S0/yRe5Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750476686203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Lead isotopic composition of sulfides from the epithermal gold deposits in the northern margin of West Tianshan, Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=Zmwzj3rMGi4cZH3+9S0vWg==, figureFileBig=eyQC6XUoYJcehyHRU3CuBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750623486844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=CN, label=图10, caption=新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金矿床硫化物铅同位素组成

金矿床硫化物Pb同位素数据引自冯娟萍(2005)、Zhao et al. (2014)、孙升升等(2016)、Peng et al. (2017,2018,2021a,2021b);大哈拉军山组火山岩Pb同位素数据引自沙德铭(2005)、董连慧等(2005)、Tang et al. (2013);新疆西天山北缘侵入岩数据引自Tang et al. (2013)

, figureFileSmall=Zmwzj3rMGi4cZH3+9S0vWg==, figureFileBig=eyQC6XUoYJcehyHRU3CuBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750690595709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of Au-bearing quartz from the epithermal gold deposits in the West Tianshan, Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=iXFiTDsT0zGQbf4aUheM1Q==, figureFileBig=NdSaUu6dKC2uRSKwQ+pZ8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750774481790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=CN, label=图11, caption=新疆西天山浅成低温热液金矿床含金石英H-O同位素组成(底图据Simmons et al., 2005)

数据引自Xiao et al. (2005)、Zhai et al. (2009)、孙升升等(2016)、An et al. (2018)、Yu et al. (2018b)、Peng et al. (2018, 2021a, 2021b)

, figureFileSmall=iXFiTDsT0zGQbf4aUheM1Q==, figureFileBig=NdSaUu6dKC2uRSKwQ+pZ8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086750849979263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Metallogenic chronological framework of epithermal-porphyry-skarn deposits in the northern margin of West Tianshan, Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=CNineig443gdP5Csw4C8Uw==, figureFileBig=TyrYtlRIP+xo10gFxW93LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086751051305856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086729257702137, language=CN, label=图12, caption=新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液–斑岩–矽卡岩型矿床成矿时代谱系图

定年数据来源:[1]. Li et al. (2023);[2]. Liu et al. (2020);[3]. An et al. (2018);[4]. 李华芹等(1998);[5]. Zheng et al. (2020);[6]. Zheng et al. (2014);[7]. 李华芹等(2004);[8]. Yu et al. (2018a);[9]. Yu et al. (2022);[10]. 孙升升等(2016);[11]. Zhu et al. (2012);[12]. 朱明田等(2010);[13]. 张立成等(2013);[14]. 李华芹等(2006);[15]. Zhang et al. (2025b);[16]. 顾雪祥等(2013);[17]. 高景刚等(2014);[18]. 顾雪祥等(2014b);[19]. Zhang et al. (2025a);[20]. 张作衡等(2006);[21]. Liu et al. (2018);[22]. 贾志业等(2011);本文. 作者未发表数据

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新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金成矿作用
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顾雪祥 1, 2 , 彭义伟 3 , 章永梅 1, 2 , 向中林 4 , 王新利 5 , 张英帅 3 , 马华东 1 , 朱炳玉 1 , 董树义 3 , 王威 1 , 杜晓飞 1
西北地质 | 西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026,59(1): 1-22
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西北地质 |西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026 , 59 (1) : 1 -22
新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金成矿作用
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顾雪祥1, 2 , 彭义伟3, 章永梅1, 2, 向中林4, 王新利5, 张英帅3, 马华东1, 朱炳玉1, 董树义3, 王威1, 杜晓飞1
作者信息
  • 1新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府国家三〇五项目办公室/新疆维吾尔自治区自然资源与生态环境研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 2中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
  • 3成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 4河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454003
  • 5中国有色金属实业技术开发有限公司,北京 100038
作者简介:

顾雪祥(1963−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学和地球化学研究。E−mail:

Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the Northern Margin of the West Tianshan, Xinjiang
Xuexiang GU1, 2 , Yiwei PENG3, Yongmei ZHANG1, 2, Zhonglin XIANG4, Xinli WANG5, Yingshuai ZHANG3, Huadong MA1, Bingyu ZHU1, Shuyi DONG3, Wei WANG1, Xiaofei DU1
Affiliations
  • 1National 305 Project Office of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region / Xinjiang Natural Resources and Ecological Environment Research Center, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
  • 2School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
  • 4School of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan, China
  • 5China National Nonferrous Metals Industry Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100038, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025156
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新疆西天山北缘是浅成低温热液金矿床的重要产区,矿床主要赋存于晚泥盆世—早石炭世大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩中,集中分布于吐拉苏、也里莫顿火山断陷盆地及乌孙山地区。笔者在系统梳理区内阿希、京希–伊尔曼得、塔吾尔别克等典型金矿床地质与地球化学特征基础上,分析了金成矿作用与区域构造–岩浆演化的关系,探讨了成矿后的变化与保存过程及其对找矿勘查的启示。西天山北缘的浅成低温热液金矿床包括低硫型、高硫型及斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型等多种类型。这些矿床在矿体产状、矿石组构、矿物组合及蚀变特征上具有明显差异。矿床的成矿物质主要来自赋矿的火山–次火山岩,成矿流体主要为岩浆热液(高硫型)、大气降水(低硫型)或二者的混合流体(斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型),金沉淀机制包括流体沸腾、水–岩反应及流体混合等。成矿时代主要集中于晚泥盆世—早石炭世,形成于北天山洋与南天山洋俯冲高峰期的弧后伸展环境。矿床形成后经历了复杂的变化保存历史,吐拉苏、也里莫顿盆地内的浅成低温热液金矿床因剥蚀较弱而得以保存,其深部具有寻找斑岩–矽卡岩型Cu-Au多金属矿床的潜力;而盆地周缘因剥蚀程度较高,浅成低温热液型矿床多已遭剥蚀破坏,但斑岩–矽卡岩型矿床的找矿前景依然良好。

浅成低温热液金矿床  /  金成矿作用  /  成矿系统  /  变化保存条件  /  西天山北缘

The northern margin of the West Tianshan in Xinjiang is well endowed with epithermal gold deposits. These deposits are primarily hosted in the continental volcanic rocks of the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous Dahalajunshan Formation and are concentrated in the Tulasu and Yelimodun volcanic fault-depression basins and the Wusunshan area. Based on a systematic review of the geological and geochemical characteristics of typical gold deposits such as Axi, Jingxi-Yermand, and Tawuerbieke in the region, this paper analyzes the relationship between gold mineralization and regional tectonic-magmatic evolution, and discusses the post-mineralization modification and preservation processes as well as their implications for mineral exploration. The epithermal gold deposits in the northern margin of the West Tianshan include various types such as low-sulfidation, high-sulfidation, and porphyry-epithermal transitional types, which exhibit significant differences in ore body occurrence, ore texture, mineral assemblages, and alteration characteristics. The ore-forming materials are mainly derived from the host volcanic-subvolcanic rocks, and the ore-forming fluids consist primarily of magmatic hydrothermal fluids (high-sulfidation type), meteoric water (low-sulfidation type), or a mixture of these two fluids (porphyry-epithermal transitional type). Gold precipitation mechanisms include fluid boiling, water-rock interaction, and fluid mixing. The mineralization age is mainly concentrated in the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, formed in a back-arc extensional environment during the peak subduction of the North Tianshan and South Tianshan oceans. After their formation, the deposits underwent a complex modification and preservation history. The epithermal gold deposits in the Tulasu and Yelimodun basins have been preserved due to relatively weak erosion, and their deep sections hold potential for the discovery of porphyry-skarn-type Cu-Au polymetallic deposits. In contrast, the peripheral areas of the basins have experienced higher degrees of erosion, leading to the destruction of most epithermal deposits, but the prospects for porphyry- and skarn-type deposits remain favorable.

epithermal gold deposits  /  gold mineralization  /  ore-forming system  /  modification and preservation conditions  /  northern margin of the West Tianshan
顾雪祥, 彭义伟, 章永梅, 向中林, 王新利, 张英帅, 马华东, 朱炳玉, 董树义, 王威, 杜晓飞. 新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金成矿作用. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (1) : 1 -22 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025156
Xuexiang GU, Yiwei PENG, Yongmei ZHANG, Zhonglin XIANG, Xinli WANG, Yingshuai ZHANG, Huadong MA, Bingyu ZHU, Shuyi DONG, Wei WANG, Xiaofei DU. Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the Northern Margin of the West Tianshan, Xinjiang[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (1) : 1 -22 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025156
中亚造山带是全球显生宙大陆地壳增生最显著的地区,也是全球三大成矿域之一,发育大量晚古生代斑岩–矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-Au 矿床,以及浅成低温热液型和造山型Au矿床(图1a;Yakubchuk, 2004; Seltmann et al., 2005)。晚古生代,伴随北天山洋和南天山洋的俯冲增生和碰撞造山过程,在新疆西天山北缘发生了大规模的钙碱性中酸性岩浆侵入和火山喷发活动(图1b;An et al., 2013;Tang et al., 2013;Zhao et al., 2014;Peng et al., 2017),形成了大量与中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩–矽卡岩–热液脉型Fe-Cu-Mo多金属矿床,以及与火山–次火山岩有关的浅成低温热液金矿床(顾雪祥等,2014a,2016)。其中,浅成低温热液金矿床均赋存于晚泥盆世—早石炭世大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩中,集中分布于伊犁地块的吐拉苏火山断陷盆地(阿希、京希–伊尔曼得和塔吾尔别克)、也里莫顿火山断陷盆地(加曼特和小于赞),以及乌孙山地区(库茹尔和博故图)。这些金矿床在矿体产出特征、矿石物质组成及组构、围岩蚀变等方面存在明显差异,表现出不同的硫化状态和矿化类型,包括低硫型、高硫型、中硫型和斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型(彭义伟等,2015,2016,2020;顾雪祥等,2016;Peng et al., 2017, 2018, 2021a, 2021b, 2023)。笔者在系统梳理和对比分析西天山北缘不同类型浅成低温热液金矿床地质与地球化学特征基础上,重点探讨成矿物质与成矿流体来源、矿质沉淀机制、成岩成矿时代及成矿后的变化保存历史,以期为区域成矿预测和找矿勘查部署提供理论依据。
新疆西天山被北天山断裂、北那拉提断裂和南那拉提断裂划分为4个构造单元,由北至南分别为北天山增生带、伊犁地块、中天山地块及南天山增生带(图1b;Gao et al., 1998; Qian et al., 2009; An et al., 2018)。新疆西天山经历多期地质构造事件,包括古生代俯冲与碰撞、中生代剥蚀与热沉降,以及新生代印度–欧亚大陆碰撞导致的逆冲推覆与隆升(Gao et al., 1998; Gao et al., 2009; Han et al., 2010; Xiao et al., 2015)。
北天山增生带是古生代北天山洋南向俯冲于伊犁地块之下形成的,主要由一系列早泥盆世至晚二叠世的沉积序列和中酸性火山岩组成,中生代碎屑岩不整合覆盖其上。中天山地块由前寒武纪变质基底和古生代火山–沉积岩盖层组成。南天山增生带主体由高压–超高压变质岩、蛇绿混杂岩以及志留纪至石炭纪火山–沉积序列组成,是古生代南天山洋北向俯冲增生、随后中天山地块与塔里木克拉通碰撞的产物。
伊犁地块由前寒武变质基底和上覆古生代盖层组成。基底岩系主要出露于伊犁地块南北缘,岩性以中元古代—新元古代角闪岩相变沉积岩、变火成岩及大理岩为主,包括温泉群、哈尔达坂群、库松木切克群、开尔塔斯群和凯拉克提群。上覆地层包括寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩及少量火山岩,以及志留系复理石、火山岩及火山–沉积岩系。晚古生界分布广泛,包括泥盆系—石炭系火山–沉积岩及二叠系双峰式火山岩和磨拉石建造(He et al., 2018)。
伊犁地块的岩浆活动主要有3期:第一期集中于中—晚奥陶世,主要分布在伊犁地块北缘,是伊犁地块形成前古洋盆俯冲消减和南北微陆块碰撞的产物(Wang et al., 2012);第二期集中于中晚泥盆世—早石炭世,形成于北天山洋和南天山洋俯冲消减的高峰期(Tang et al., 2013; Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021),该期岩浆活动形成了大量与中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩–矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Mo多金属矿床以及赋存于火山岩中的浅成低温热液型Au矿床(顾雪祥等,2014a,2014b,2016);第三期为晚石炭世—中二叠世,形成于碰撞造山和碰撞后陆内伸展环境,发育与之有关的斑岩型–矽卡岩型Cu-Mo多金属矿床(Li et al., 2015; Windley et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2021, 2022)。
西天山北缘的浅成低温热液金矿床主要赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩中,集中分布在伊犁地块北缘的吐拉苏、也里莫顿火山断陷盆地及南缘的乌孙山地区(图1b)。这些矿床在矿床规模、矿体产状、矿石品位、物质组成与结构构造、围岩蚀变及成矿物理化学条件等方面均存在显著差异。
吐拉苏盆地是新疆西天山著名的浅成低温热液金矿集区,产有阿希(>65 t)、京希–伊尔曼得(>50 t)和塔吾尔别克(>20 t)3个大型金矿床,以及宽沟、恰布坎卓他等小型金矿床(点)和塔北、吐拉苏等中小型铅锌矿床(图1~图3)。
阿希金矿床属低硫型浅成低温热液矿床,矿体以含金石英脉形式赋存于大哈拉军山组第五岩性段中酸性火山岩中,受破火山口环状断裂控制,产状陡立,倾角一般为60°~80°。近矿围岩蚀变以硅化和黄铁矿化为主,向外逐渐过渡为绢云母化(伊利石化)、绿泥石化及碳酸盐化。矿石类型主要包括石英脉型、蚀变岩型和角砾岩型3类,Au品位多为3~8 g/t。矿石中石英常发育典型的马赛克/羽毛状/胶状/皮壳状结构,以及叶片状、格子状、鸡冠状和复杂角砾状等构造(图4a~图4c)。金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、白铁矿、毒砂、自然金和银金矿,非金属矿物包括石英、玉髓、绢云母(伊利石)、碳酸盐及少量冰长石(图4a~图4f)。含矿石英中同时发育富液相和富气相的气液水两相包裹体,均一温度主要为120~240 °C,盐度为0.2~6.3 wt% NaCleqv(Zhai et al., 2009)。
京希–伊尔曼得金矿床位于阿希金矿北西约12 km处(图1b、图3a),其成矿特征有别于阿希,属高硫型浅成低温热液金矿床。金矿体主要呈似层状或透镜状蚀变交代体形式产于孔隙度高、渗透率大的大哈拉军山组火山碎屑岩和砂砾岩中,多受层位和层内构造破碎带控制,产状较为平缓,倾角一般为20°~30°(图3b、图3c)。围岩蚀变十分发育且分带较为明显,由矿体中心向外依次为硅化(隐晶质石英和多孔状石英)–黄铁矿化带、高级泥化(高岭石+地开石+硬水铝石)带、泥化(高岭石+伊利石+蒙脱石)带和绿泥石–碳酸盐化(青磐岩化)带。矿石以蚀变岩型和蚀变角砾岩型为主(图4g、图4h),很少见石英–硫化物脉或网脉状矿石,常见强酸性溶液淋滤蚀变形成的多孔状石英(图4h)。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿,常呈细粒浸染状分布(图4i),Au平均品位约为1.1 g/t,最高达46.8 g/t(顾雪祥等,2016)。含矿石英中气液水两相包裹体的均一温度主要为200~275 °C(平均为240 °C),盐度为0.7~5.0 wt% NaCleqv(Xiao et al., 2005)。
塔吾尔别克金矿床位于阿希金矿以南约2 km处(图2),矿化赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组第五岩性段火山岩及与其同时同源的花岗斑岩中,受NW、NNW及近SN向断裂及其配套的裂隙构造控制。矿体多呈脉状或透镜体状,产状较陡,倾角多数为50°~85°。近矿围岩蚀变以硅化、黄铁矿化和绢云母化为主,向外则过渡为绿泥石化和碳酸盐化,局部见高岭石化。矿化以交代蚀变岩型为主,石英、硫化物、碳酸盐等热液矿物主要呈浸染状、细脉浸染状或细脉状产出(图4j),很少或几乎不见宽大的石英–硫化物脉。矿石中金属矿物除黄铁矿外(图4k),还常见有黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿等含铜硫化物(图4l)及少量闪锌矿,在安山岩中偶见自然铜。含金石英中气液水两相包裹体均一温度和盐度分别约为130~200 °C和0.2~7.3 wt% NaCleqv(彭义伟等,2020)。上述特征表明,塔吾尔别克金矿床很可能属介于斑岩与浅成低温热液之间的过渡型矿床(彭义伟等,2016,2020;Peng et al., 2017),或者是在斑岩型矿化的同时或稍晚又叠加了浅成低温热液型矿化(顾雪祥等,2016)。
也里莫顿盆地的地质背景及成矿条件与吐拉苏盆地十分相似,但迄今仅发现若干小型金矿床(点),以加曼特和小于赞金矿床为代表(图1b、图5、图6)。
加曼特矿区的金矿体主要呈脉状或透镜状产于大哈拉军山组晶屑岩屑凝灰岩和石英钠长斑岩中,受NNW向断裂控制,产状较为陡立,倾角为60°~85°(图5)。矿体两侧发育硅化和黄铁绢英岩化,向外过渡为青磐岩化和绿泥石化。矿化主要包括石英脉型、蚀变岩型和火山角砾岩型3类(图7a~图7c),Au品位多为1~11 g/t。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿,常见少量辉铋矿、自然铋、硫铋铜矿、自然金等(图7d~图7f);非金属矿物主要有石英、方解石、绢云母等。含矿石英中主要发育富液相的气液水两相包裹体,均一温度和盐度分别约为176~250 °C和2.1~7.4 wt% NaCleqv(Zheng et al., 2021)。基于上述特征,该矿床可能属斑岩与浅成低温热液矿床之间的过渡类型。
小于赞金矿床位于也里莫顿盆地东段,矿体呈脉状和透镜状产于大哈拉军山组中酸性火山碎屑岩中,受NW和NWW向断裂控制,倾角多为50°~75°。矿体与蚀变带呈渐变过渡关系,按照1.0 g/t边界品位共圈出4个矿体群(图6)。矿化多呈细脉状、细脉浸染状或浸染状产出(图7g),粗大的石英–硫化物脉基本未见;Au品位变化较大,多为1~7 g/t(平均为3 g/t),局部可高达33~79 g/t。由矿体向两侧,围岩蚀变大致呈现出硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、青磐岩化的分带现象。矿石中金属矿物含量较高(10%~20%),主要为黄铁矿,其次为方铅矿、贫铁闪锌矿、黄铜矿以及少量黝铜矿和砷黝铜矿(图7h、图7i);非金属矿物主要有石英、方解石、白云石、绢云母等。主成矿阶段石英中,气液水两相包裹体的均一温度主要为160~280 °C,盐度为3.2~9.1 wt% NaCleqv。矿石中硫化物含量较高,出现以黄铁矿–低铁闪锌矿–方铅矿–黄铜矿±砷黝铜矿为特征的中硫化态矿物组合,指示小于赞矿床可能属于中硫型浅成低温热液Au矿床(Peng et al., 2021a)。
库茹尔铜金矿床位于乌孙山东段,矿体主要以石英–硫化物脉形式赋存于大哈拉军山组凝灰岩和安山岩中(图1b、图8),受NW和NE向断裂控制,倾角为40°~60°。矿区内I号矿体规模最大,长约为1 km,宽为5~20 m,Cu和Au品位分别为0.13%~0.23%和0.23~18.71 g/t。近矿围岩蚀变以硅化和绢云母化为主,向外过渡为青磐岩化或绿泥石化。矿石多具脉状、网脉状、角砾状和浸染状构造(图7j);金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和黄铜矿,次为自然铋、方铅矿和自然金(图7k、图7l);非金属矿物主要为石英、绢云母、绿泥石和方解石。热液成矿过程可划分为石英–硫化物–自然金阶段(I)、石英–黄铜矿阶段(II)和方解石–绿泥石–黄铜矿阶段(III)。I阶段含矿石英中除发育富液相和富气相的气液水包裹体外,还见有少量CO2-H2O包裹体和含石盐子晶的三相水包裹体,均一温度和盐度分别为185~360 °C和1.0~34.0 wt% NaCleqv;阶段II和III中主要发育富液相的气液水包裹体,均一温度分别为114~212 °C和114~163 °C,盐度分别为0.2~6.7 wt% NaCleqv和0.1~3.1 wt% NaCleqv(Peng et al., 2021b)。基于上述特征,库茹尔铜金矿床可能属斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型矿床(Yu et al., 2018a;Peng et al., 2021b)。
博故图是乌孙山东段的一个大型金矿床(~30 t),总体表现出低硫型矿化特征(孙升升等,2016)。金矿体呈脉状或透镜状赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山碎屑岩和石英钠长斑岩中,受NW向断层破碎带控制,倾角为50°~75°。由金矿体到向外,常依次出现硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、青磐岩化的蚀变分带。矿化多呈细脉状、网脉状或浸染状产出,偶见叶片状石英,Au品位主要为1.2~3.5 g/t,最高可达40.0 g/t。矿石中金属矿物以黄铁矿和毒砂为主,含少量方铅矿、黄铜矿和银金矿;非金属矿物主要有石英、玉髓、方解石、绢云母等。主成矿阶段石英中发育富液相的气液水两相包裹体,均一温度和盐度分别为130~260 °C(平均约为165 °C)和0~8.4 wt% NaCleqv(平均为3.9 wt% NaCleqv)(孙升升等,2016)。
研究表明,吐拉苏、也里莫顿和乌孙山地区浅成低温热液金矿床中的成矿物质主要来源于赋矿的火山–次火山岩。矿床中热液硫化物的S同位素组成相似(图9),δ34S值为−10.2‰~+6.5‰,集中分布于−2‰~+6%,总体显示出岩浆硫的特点。热液方解石的δ13C值和δ18O值分别为−2.9‰~+6.3‰和+6.2‰~+20.4‰,反映成矿流体中的CO2由岩浆及海相碳酸盐岩溶解作用提供,或主要来自与碳酸盐岩发生过氧同位素交换后的岩浆热液(顾雪祥等,2016)。矿床中硫化物的Pb同位素组成总体位于上地壳Pb与地幔Pb之间的造山带演化曲线附近(图10),并与赋矿的大哈拉军山组火山岩及同时代中酸性侵入岩的Pb同位素组成基本一致,指示矿石铅主要来自赋矿的火山岩–次火山岩。
Li et al. (2024, 2025b)通过对阿希金矿区高镁安山岩中斑晶(斜长石、辉石和石英)以及载金黄铁矿的结构、成分和年代学研究,认为高镁安山岩是由深部注入的富S和富Au的基性岩浆与酸性岩浆混合而形成的,此过程可能有利于Au在火山–次火山岩中富集与成矿(Keith et al., 2018; Martin et al., 2020),这也为吐拉苏地区大哈拉军山组火山岩中较高的Au含量所印证(Au含量平均高达110×10–9)(范新丽等,2002)。加曼特和库茹尔矿床中普遍发育与自然金共/伴生的自然铋、辉铋矿、硫铋铜矿等含铋矿物(图7d~图7f、图7k、图7l),载金黄铁矿中Bi含量也明显高于其他金矿床(作者未发表数据),暗示这两个矿床中可能有更多深部岩浆物质的贡献。
含矿石英中流体包裹体的H-O同位素组成以及围岩蚀变和矿物组合等特征表明,西天山北缘浅成低温热液金矿床的成矿流体可来自岩浆所分泌的火山–次火山热液、下渗循环的大气降水或二者的混合热液。
高硫型京希–伊尔曼得矿床含金石英中流体包裹体的δDH2O(−68‰~93‰)和δ18OH2O(4.1‰~5.8‰)值明显高于低硫型矿床,更靠近正常岩浆水区域(图11),与秘鲁Summitville和智利El Indio等高硫型矿床的H-O同位素组成(Shanks, 2014)相似。结合矿化的形貌特征和广泛发育的高级泥化蚀变,反映成矿流体主要来自中高温、酸性、氧化的岩浆热液,并有一定程度的大气降水混合。
低硫型矿床(阿希和博故图)中含金石英的流体包裹体H-O同位素组成位于大气降水线右侧,远离岩浆水区域,与美国Creede和秘鲁Finlandia等低硫型矿床的H-O同位素组成(Shanks, 2014)相似,结合蚀变与矿化特征,反映成矿流体主要为与赋矿火山岩发生了显著氧同位素交换的循环大气降水(图11)。此类矿床成矿流体的O同位素组成范围很宽(−5.6‰~4.8‰),主要取决于赋矿岩石的δ18O值以及水–岩反应的比值和温度。
中硫型(小于赞)以及斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型(塔吾尔别克、加曼特和库茹尔)矿床中,含金石英的流体包裹体H-O同位素组成总体与低硫型矿床难以区别,反映成矿流体也主要来自大气降水。但考虑到这些矿床中的金矿化在空间上常与花岗斑岩、钠长斑岩和霏细斑岩等浅成侵入岩密切相伴(图5、图6、图8),同时矿石中黄铜矿、班铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿/砷黝铜矿等贱金属硫化物较为发育,在加曼特和库茹尔矿床中还见有自然铋和辉铋矿等含铋矿物,暗示成矿流体中可能有更多岩浆热液的贡献。
西天山不同类型浅成低温热液金矿床在成矿特征方面的差异,暗示其矿质沉淀机制不尽相同,可能的机制主要包括:流体沸腾作用、水–岩反应或硫化作用及岩浆热液与大气降水的混合作用。
以阿希为代表的低硫型矿床的含金石英脉中,常见富液相和富气相的气液水两相包裹体共存,它们在升温过程中分别均一至液相和气相,但均一温度相近,暗示成矿过程中发生了流体沸腾。沸腾使热液体系快速冷却以及pH值和氧逸度升高,导致流体中SiO2溶解度迅速降低和金络合物的分解沉淀。该矿床中普遍发育的胶状、皮壳状、鸡冠状、叶片状、格子状和角砾状等组构,是流体沸腾的有力证据(图4a~图4c、图4e~图4f;Hedenquist et al., 1989;Simmons et al., 1994, 2000;Shimizu, 2014)。最近,Li et al. (2025a)对不同阶段、不同结晶程度石英的组构学和微区成分研究表明,高品位皮壳状石英的微条带具有最高的As和Sb以及韵律性变化的Al含量,是早阶段流体振荡性剧烈沸腾形成的;而低品位烟灰色玉髓状石英具有较低的Al及较高的As和Sb含量,可能形成于晚阶段轻微沸腾时期。
除阿希以外的其他金矿床中,含金石英以富液相的气液水包裹体为主,未见沸腾包裹体组合,表明沸腾并不是金沉淀的主要机制。矿化主要以交代蚀变岩形式产出,含金石英及硫化物多呈弥散状或浸染状产于硅化、黄铁绢英岩化蚀变岩中,很少或几乎不见宽大的石英-硫化物脉,暗示水–岩反应和/或围岩硫化作用可能在金沉淀过程中起主导作用(彭义伟等,2016;Peng et al., 2021a, 2021b)。在水–岩反应过程中,赋矿火山岩中的活性铁(Fe2+)与成矿流体中的HS–或S2–结合形成黄铁矿,导致Au(HS)2–等络合物分解沉淀出自然金。同时,黄铁绢英岩化消耗了溶液中的H+,导致热液的pH值上升,也会使金络合物失稳沉淀(Williams-Jones et al., 2009)。此外,京希–伊尔曼得、塔吾尔别克、小于赞、加曼特等矿床的成矿流体中均有不同程度岩浆热液的贡献,暗示流体混合作用可能也促进了金的沉淀。
作为新疆西天山北缘浅成低温热液金矿床的主要赋矿围岩,大哈拉军山组火山岩分布广泛,并在不同地区显示出穿时性特征。大量年代学数据表明,大哈拉军山组火山岩的喷发时代在吐拉苏盆地介于417~335 Ma(主要集中在380~350 Ma)(An et al., 2013;彭义伟,2015;顾雪祥等,2016;Yu et al., 2016;Zhao et al., 2021),在也里莫顿盆地介于357~354 Ma(白建科等,2011;于杰等,2018;Peng et al., 2021a),在乌孙山地区为356~333 Ma(茹艳娇等,2012;Yu et al., 2018a;Su et al., 2018;Su et al., 2022)。尽管如此,不同地区的大哈拉军山组火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,总体表现为钙碱性–高钾钙碱性、富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素以及Eu负异常等特点,显示出明显的弧火山岩亲缘性,形成于中晚泥盆世—早石炭世北天山洋和南天山洋向伊犁–中天山地块俯冲消减的高峰期(彭义伟,2015;顾雪祥等,2016;Peng et al., 2017;郑少华,2017;Yu et al., 2018a)。
由于缺乏适于放射性同位素定年的热液矿物,西天山北缘浅成低温热液金矿床的成矿时代一直存在较大争议。目前,已发表的相关年代学数据主要集中在晚泥盆世—早石炭世(图12)。
阿希金矿床的成矿年代学数据最为丰富。李华芹等(1998,2004)报道石英脉中流体包裹体的Rb-Sr等时线年龄介于340~301 Ma。Liu et al. (2020)对浸染状矿石和石英脉中黄铁矿的Re-Os同位素定年,分别获得(353±6)Ma和(332±8)Ma的等时线年龄,认为阿希矿床经历了两期金矿化的叠加作用。An et al. (2018)测得载金黄铁矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(299±35)Ma。Zheng et al. (2020)报道与黄铁矿共生的金红石SIMS U-Pb年龄为306~304 Ma,据此认为阿希金矿床形成于碰撞造山后环境。然而,从矿化与其他地质体的关系来看,阿希金矿体及其赋矿的大哈拉军山组火山岩(~363 Ma)均被含早石炭世维宪期(347~331 Ma)化石的下石炭统阿恰勒河组角度不整合覆盖,且在阿恰勒河组底部见有含金石英脉和矿化安山岩的底砾岩,因此金矿化应发生在约363 Ma之后、维宪期之前(翟伟等,2006;彭义伟,2015)。Shi et al. (2025)根据阿恰勒河组底部碎屑岩中最年轻的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄(344.0±3.4 Ma),推测阿希金矿化时间不晚于344 Ma。最近,笔者对阿希矿床中皮壳状矿石中心的白云石及石英–硫化物–碳酸盐脉中的白云石开展了原位U-Pb定年,分别获得(362±13)Ma和(360.2±4.5)Ma的年龄(图12)。综合上述资料,笔者认为阿希金矿床最可能的成矿时代为363~360 Ma(晚泥盆世末)。
区内其他金矿床的成矿年代学数据也有陆续报道。在塔吾尔别克金矿床,赵晓波等(2014)报道了花岗斑岩矿石中载金黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为(323±11)Ma。Peng et al. (2017)测得赋矿安山岩和切割矿体的花岗细晶岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(367.1±3.2)Ma和(315.2±3.5)Ma,从而将金矿化时代限定在367~315 Ma之间。笔者对加曼特矿床中载金黄铁矿和黄铜矿开展了Rb-Sr同位素定年,获得等时线年龄为(323.8±1.7)Ma(图12)。孙升升等(2016)测得博故图矿床中载金黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为(356.1±9.3)Ma。在库茹尔铜金矿床,Yu et al. (2018a, 2022)测得蚀变矿化钠长斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和矿石中黄铜矿的Re-Os等时线年龄分别为271~264 Ma和(256±12)Ma,明显晚于赋矿的大哈拉军山组火山岩的喷发时代及西天山同类型金矿床的成矿时代。
西天山地区晚古生代岩浆活动主要有中晚泥盆世—早石炭世、晚石炭世和早中二叠世3期,其形成与古亚洲洋两大分支洋盆(北侧的北天山洋和南侧的南天山洋)的演化密切相关(顾雪祥等,2013,2014a, 2014b,2016;Huang et al., 2020;Zhao et al., 2024; 黄河等,2024)。北天山洋和南天山洋在中晚泥盆世—早石炭世(380~320 Ma)进入俯冲消减的高峰期,引发了大规模中酸性岩浆侵入和火山喷发。该时期,在伊犁地块北缘的博罗科努岩浆弧形成了大量与中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩型Cu-Mo(莱历斯高尔、克峡希)、矽卡岩型Fe-Cu(可克萨拉、哈勒尕提–木祖克、赛博–喇嘛苏、阔库确科等)和热液脉型Pb-Zn-Ag(七兴)矿床(图12;顾雪祥等,2014a)。与此同时,在弧后伸展背景下的吐拉苏、也里莫顿和乌孙山等地区,大规模火山喷发形成了广泛分布的大哈拉军山组火山岩及赋存于其中的浅成低温热液金矿床,包括京希–伊尔曼得(高硫型)、阿希(低硫型)、小于赞(中硫型)及塔吾尔别克和加曼特(斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型)等(图13)。
晚石炭世(约320~300 Ma),随着北天山洋与南天山洋的闭合消亡,西天山地区进入碰撞造山阶段,在伊犁板块北缘形成了一系列斑岩–矽卡岩型Cu-Mo(达巴特、科克赛、肯登高尔等)及热液脉型W(喀腊萨依)矿床(王冠南等,2017;Wang et al., 2018a; Yuan et al., 2022; Zheng et al., 2022)。早中二叠世(约300~260 Ma),西天山地区主体处于碰撞后的陆内伸展环境(Huang et al., 2020;Zhao et al., 2024;张英帅,2025)。该时期,在乌孙山东段的库茹尔矿区形成了与中二叠世钠长斑岩(271~264 Ma)有关的斑岩–浅成低温热液Cu-Au矿化,在乌孙山西段的阿尔恰勒地区形成了中二叠世侵入岩远端的矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu矿床(268~264 Ma;作者未发表数据);而在伊犁地块北缘可克萨拉早期矽卡岩型Fe-Cu矿化(~368 Ma)的基础上,叠加了一期约295 Ma的Mo矿化(顾雪祥等,2013;Zhang et al., 2025b)。
鉴于浅成低温热液Au-Ag矿床通常形成深度较浅,极易遭受侵蚀破坏,因而大多仅保存在年轻的地质体中(Simmons et al., 2005)。例如,西太平洋地区最重要的浅成低温热液金矿床主要形成于中新世晚期、上新世至第四纪(Cooke et al., 2000;Kerrich et al., 2000; Müller et al., 2002)。然而,在西天山、塔斯曼和乌拉尔等造山带中,仍存在少量前中生代的浅成低温热液型矿床,这主要得益于成矿后有厚层沉积物的覆盖保护(Corbett et al., 1998;Lehmann et al. 1999;Downes, 2007;Seltmann et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2021)。磷灰石裂变径迹及低温年代学等研究表明,新疆西天山北缘晚古生代浅成低温热液金矿床能够保存至今,正是由于成矿后经历了快速沉降与厚层沉积物覆盖,并在随后保持了相对缓慢的剥蚀速率(Wang et al., 2018b;Zhao et al., 2021)。
西天山北缘的浅成低温热液金矿床主要形成于晚泥盆世—早石炭世,形成后普遍经历了一次短暂的抬升与剥蚀过程。以阿希金矿区为例,在其北东侧可见下石炭统阿恰勒河组角度不整合覆盖于大哈拉军山组火山岩及金矿体之上,阿恰勒河组底部砾岩中见有含金石英及矿化安山岩的砾石,表明成矿后遭受了一定程度的抬升剥蚀(顾雪祥等,2016)。Shi et al. (2025)根据阿恰勒河组底部矿化安山岩砾石中的岩浆锆石和碎屑岩中碎屑锆石的U-Pb定年,将大哈拉军山组火山岩之上的角度不整合面形成时间限定在348~344 Ma之间。结合流体包裹体研究资料(Zhai et al., 2009),推测阿希金矿体形成后在约4 Ma时间内遭受了~360 m厚的短暂和轻微剥蚀。
在早石炭世北天山洋与南天山洋的后撤式俯冲背景下(Huang et al., 2020;Xing et al., 2021;Zhao et al., 2024),吐拉苏、也里莫顿及乌孙山地区处于弧后拉张环境并发生快速沉降,接受厚层的下石炭统阿恰勒河组和上石炭统陆相–浅海相沉积,将火山断陷盆地内的金矿体保护起来,免遭进一步的风化剥蚀(Peng et al., 2018;彭义伟等,2020;Wang et al., 2021;Zhao et al., 2021;Shi et al., 2025)。自早二叠世起,科古琴山、乌孙山、那拉提山等山脉开始抬升剥蚀(Wang et al., 2018b,2021)。与此同时,厚度达~4 km的早二叠世沉积物覆盖于早先形成的矿床之上,从而提供了进一步的保护(Zhai et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2018b, 2021)。
中生代,西天山经历了缓慢而漫长的剥蚀(速率约 0.0083 mm/yr)(Wang et al., 2018b)。至新生代,尤其是中新世晚期(12~10 Ma)以来,受印度–欧亚板块碰撞远程效应驱动,天山造山带快速抬升,导致大哈拉军山组火山岩之上的盖层风化剥蚀(Abdrakhmatov et al., 1996)。然而,中生代—新生代的剥蚀量尚不足以将覆盖于大哈拉军山组火山岩及金矿体之上的厚层沉积层完全剥蚀殆尽,这使得多数浅成低温热液矿床仍保留至今,部分矿体因出露或埋藏较浅而被发现(顾雪祥等,2016;Wang et al., 2018b;Zhao et al., 2021;Yin et al., 2023;Peng et al., 2023)。
尽管经历了相似的保存变化历史,西天山不同地区的浅成低温热液金矿床在剥蚀程度和保存条件上仍存在明显的差异。区域尺度上,剥蚀程度可以从火山岩保存状况、侵入体出露规模及相关矿化特征等方面来判断。吐拉苏、也里莫顿盆地周缘出露大面积花岗岩类和前寒武纪基底,并发育斑岩–矽卡岩型Cu-Fe-Mo矿化(克峡希、莱历斯高尔、阔库确科、可克萨拉、哈勒尕提等),表明这些区域的剥蚀程度较高,已揭露至成矿系统的较深部位。相反,盆地内部几乎没有深成岩体和前寒武纪基底出露,浅成低温热液矿床因得益于剥蚀程度较低而保存下来。在矿田/矿区尺度,不同矿床的剥蚀程度亦不尽相同。阿希金矿床剥蚀程度最低,指示浅成、低温、开放空间成矿的脉状、梳状、胶状、皮壳状、叶片状等矿石构造保存完好;博故图矿床与之相似,总体剥蚀程度较低。小于赞金矿床剥蚀程度略大,矿化以细脉–浸染状构造为特征,矿石中见有更多的贱金属硫化物。京希–伊尔曼得、塔吾尔别克、加曼特及库茹尔矿床的剥蚀程度较大,矿化常与中浅成侵入岩密切相伴,矿石中见有较多的贱金属硫化物和含铋矿物,指示目前揭露的矿体可能更靠近深部热液系统或岩体中心。
在典型的岩浆弧环境中,浅成低温热液Au-Ag矿床常与斑岩–矽卡岩型Cu-Au矿床构成一个完整的多金属成矿系统,如菲律宾吕宋岛Mankayan矿集区发育的世界级斑岩–高硫–中硫–低硫型浅成低温热液Cu-Au-Ag成矿系统(Garwin et al., 2005;Chang et al., 2011),Baguio地区的斑岩–浅成低温热液–矽卡岩Cu-Au-Zn成矿系统(Cooke et al., 2011),以及乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk矿集区的斑岩–浅成低温热液–矽卡岩Au-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属成矿系统等(薛春纪等,2012)。在西天山北缘的吐拉苏、也里莫顿盆地内及其周缘,同样发育了一套形成于晚泥盆世—早石炭世俯冲背景下的浅成低温热液–斑岩–矽卡岩金多金属成矿系统(顾雪祥等,2014a, 2016)。
在此类成矿系统内,中硫型与高硫型浅成低温热液Au-Ag矿床的深部或附近,往往伴随有斑岩型Cu-Au矿化;若下伏岩体接触带存在碳酸盐岩时,则可能形成矽卡岩型的Cu、Au、Pb、Zn等矿床(Hedenquist et al., 2000;Sillitoe et al., 2003;Chang et al., 2011;Rinne, 2015)。在特定条件下,当成矿流体由深部向浅部运移并连续演化,中硫型与低硫型矿床也可在同一地区共存(Camprubí et al., 2001, 2007)。例如,近年勘查在阿希金矿床深部揭露出具中硫型矿化特征的Pb-Zn矿体,该矿体与浅部低硫型金矿体可能是同一成矿流体在上升过程中,于静岩–静水压力转换界面(沸腾面)之下和之上分别沉淀形成的贱金属与贵金属矿化,共同构成一套低硫–中硫复合型浅成低温热液成矿系列(Peng et al., 2018, 2023)。该系列始于深部沸腾面以下的贱金属矿化带,止于浅部沸腾面以上的贵金属矿化带(André-Mayer et al., 2002; Christie et al., 2007)。
从成矿系统及矿化系列共生组合的角度出发,在已发现某种类型矿床的地区,应特别注意寻找与其同期形成、空间共存或成因关联的其他类型矿床。就新疆西天山北缘而言,在目前以浅成低温热液金矿化为主的吐拉苏、也里莫顿和乌孙山地区,应加强对斑岩型及矽卡岩型Cu-Au多金属矿床的找矿勘查工作。在火山断陷盆地周缘剥蚀程度较高的地区,浅成低温热液型矿床可能难以保存,但斑岩型和矽卡岩型矿床仍具良好找矿潜力。
(1)西天山北缘晚古生代浅成低温热液金矿床发育低硫型、高硫型及斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型等多种类型。矿床主要赋存于晚泥盆世—早石炭世大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩中,集中分布于吐拉苏、也里莫顿火山断陷盆地及乌孙山地区,它们与伊犁地块北缘博罗科努地区的斑岩–矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Mo矿床一起,构成了时空与成因上密切相联的浅成低温热液–斑岩–矽卡岩金多金属成矿系统。
(2)浅成低温热液金矿床的成矿物质主要来自赋矿的火山–次火山岩,成矿流体主要来自岩浆热液(高硫型)、大气降水(低硫型)或二者的混合流体(斑岩–浅成低温热液过渡型),金沉淀机制包括流体沸腾、水–岩反应及流体混合等。成矿时代主要集中于晚泥盆世—早石炭世,形成于北天山洋与南天山洋俯冲高峰期的弧后伸展环境。
(3)矿床形成后经历了短暂剥蚀,随后被快速沉降的厚层沉积物覆盖而得以保存。中生代—新生代以来差异性的抬升剥蚀,塑造了从盆地内部剥蚀弱、浅成低温热液矿床保存完好,到周缘地区剥蚀强、斑岩-矽卡岩矿床出露的分布格局。在盆地内部浅成低温热液金矿区的深部及盆地周缘,应注意寻找斑岩型及矽卡岩型Cu-Au多金属矿床。

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2026年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025156
  • 接收时间:2025-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-25
  • 修回日期:2026-01-04
  • 录用日期:2026-01-13
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    1新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府国家三〇五项目办公室/新疆维吾尔自治区自然资源与生态环境研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    2中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
    3成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院,四川 成都 610059
    4河南理工大学资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454003
    5中国有色金属实业技术开发有限公司,北京 100038
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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