Article(id=1307087535268713164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762272000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-05, revisedDate=1767110400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-31, acceptedDate=1767196800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-01, onlineDate=1789563552920, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563552920, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563552920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563552920, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307087507837964779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563546379, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616219263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308434005709554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307087507837964779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=42, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087535419708109, articleId=1307087535268713164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Genesis and Coloration Mechanism of the Amazonite from the Southern Margin of Central Asian Orogenic Belt, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) represents one of the world’s most important provinces of amazonite-bearing granites and associated rare-metal deposits. However, the genesis and coloration mechanism of amazonite remain insufficiently constrained, which limits a deeper understanding of the petrogenesis of amazonite granites and the related rare-metal mineralization (e.g., Rb and Cs). In this study, amazonite samples were collected from five representative amazonite granite–type rare-metal deposits along the southern CAOB, namely Zhangbaoshan, Jiangjunshan, Yilanlik, Guobaoshan, and Shihuiyao. Detailed mineralogical and spectroscopic investigations were conducted, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, together with major- and trace-element analyses by LA-ICP-MS.The results show that the mineralogical and spectral characteristics of amazonite are overall consistent with those of microcline, indicating that the primary crystal structure remains relatively stable. UV-Vis spectra generally display absorption peaks at 248 nm and 382 nm and a broad absorption band between 620 and 740 nm, suggesting that color-center absorption is closely associated with the blue green hue. Trace-element data reveal systematic enrichment of Rb, Cs, and Pb in amazonite. Integrating these observations, we propose that the blue–green coloration of amazonite is unlikely to be controlled by a single element; instead, it is more plausibly related to the coupled enrichment of Rb and Pb via isomorphous substitution for K in the feldspar lattice. Substitution of Rb+ for K+ induces subtle lattice adjustments, whereas substitution of Pb2+ for K+, owing to charge imbalance, more readily generates localized defects that facilitate the formation of color centers, ultimately producing the characteristic blue green coloration. This interpretation is further supported by the UV-Vis responses linked to color-center absorption. Based on comparisons with previous studies, amazonite in the southern CAOB is inferred to have formed predominantly during the late stage of highly fractionated granitic magmatism, closely associated with the enrichment of rare metals (Rb\Cs) and the role of volatiles (e.g., F). Amazonite is therefore suggested to be a useful indicator mineral for Rb-related rare-metal mineralization in granitic systems.

, authors=Zhixin CHEN1, Ruxiong LEI1, 2, *, Shibao WU1, Guoqing TANG1, Hongdian YUAN1, Zhenhua WANG1, Changzhi WU1, 3, authorsList=Zhixin CHEN, Ruxiong LEI, Shibao WU, Guoqing TANG, Hongdian YUAN, Zhenhua WANG, Changzhi WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruxiong LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087539848893164, articleId=1307087535268713164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=中亚造山带南缘天河石的成因与致色机理研究, columnId=1307087508710380014, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中亚造山带南缘是全球天河石花岗岩的重要分布区,发育大量的天河石花岗岩及相关的稀有金属矿床。然而,目前对于天河石的成因及致色机理还缺乏研究,制约了对天河石花岗岩成因和相关稀有金属成矿作用(如:Rb、Cs等)的深入认识。笔者选取中亚造山带南缘5个典型的天河石花岗岩型稀有金属矿床(张宝山、将军山、依兰里克、国宝山和石灰窑),对其中的天河石样品开展了详细的矿物学、X射线衍射分析、拉曼光谱、紫外–可见光谱以及矿物主量和微量元素分析。研究发现,天河石矿物学与光谱学特征整体与微斜长石一致,表明天河石主体晶体结构保持相对稳定;紫外–可见光谱普遍表现为248 nm、382 nm吸收峰及620~740 nm宽吸收带,指示色心吸收与其蓝绿色调密切相关。微量元素结果显示,天河石中Rb、Cs、Pb等元素总体富集。经过综合分析,笔者提出天河石的蓝绿色调并非由单一元素导致,而更可能与Rb与Pb的协同富集有关,主要与Pb、Rb等元素通过类质同象替代其晶格中的K离子有关,Rb+类质同象替代K+对晶格产生微调,Pb2+替代K+因电荷差异更易引发局部缺陷形成色心,最终导致天河石呈现蓝绿色;紫外-可见光谱亦显示与色心吸收相关的特征响应。结合前人研究,本研究认为天河石主要形成于花岗质岩浆高度分异演化的晚期阶段,其形成与Rb、Cs等稀有金属的富集和挥发分(如:F)作用密切相关。天河石可以作为花岗岩体系Rb等稀有金属矿化的重要指示矿物之一。

, authors=陈治炘1, 雷如雄1, 2, *, 吴世保1, 唐国卿1, 袁宏典1, 王振华1, 吴昌志1, 3, authorsList=陈治炘, 雷如雄, 吴世保, 唐国卿, 袁宏典, 王振华, 吴昌志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=雷如雄, authorNote=

陈治炘(2000−),女,硕士,矿物学专业。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
雷如雄(1987−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5yuc7NDUyX/SQ7nG+c1KAg==, magXml=50eGyrKdtGarsNN1cPet2Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cGyxxLtPrMi6VXGM1QrfsA==, pdfFileSize=4572048, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2AGFgSgnwqScNvgM/z0fbw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WoFDZ+ch3pyY5hfTf+wk2Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307087540352209655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=czxing0222@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307087540423512825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, authorId=1307087540352209655, language=EN, stringName=Zhixin CHEN, firstName=Zhixin, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307087540507398906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, authorId=1307087540352209655, language=CN, stringName=陈治炘, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054, bio={"content":"

陈治炘(2000−),女,硕士,矿物学专业。E−mail:

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Ore Geology Reviews, 2023, 156: 105393., articleTitle=Cassiterite geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology of the Shihuiyao Rb–(Nb–Ta–Be–Sn) deposit, Northeast China: Implication for ore-forming processes and mineral exploration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087557951509395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=63, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Petrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Gu X, Rusk B, et al. In Situ Trace Elements in Quartz and K-Feldspar from Felsic Igneous Rocks: A Titanium-in-K-Feldspar Geothermometer for Natural Magmatic Systems[J]. Journal of Petrology, 2022, 63(11): 1−17., articleTitle=In Situ Trace Elements in Quartz and K-Feldspar from Felsic Igneous Rocks: A Titanium-in-K-Feldspar Geothermometer for Natural Magmatic Systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087558006035348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=682720, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=Frontiers in Earth Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhi J, Lei R, Chen B, et al. Zircon Genesis and Geochronology for the Zhangbaoshan Super-Large Rubidium Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Implication to Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution and Mineralization Processes[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2021, 9: 682720., articleTitle=Zircon Genesis and Geochronology for the Zhangbaoshan Super-Large Rubidium Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Implication to Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution and Mineralization Processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087558085727125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=90, issue=6, pageStart=2275, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Z, Che H, Ma X, et al. Magmatic Evolution and Mineralization Process of the Super-Large Shihuiyao Rb-Nb-Ta Deposit, Southern Great Xing’an Range, China.[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2016, 90(6): 2275., articleTitle=Magmatic Evolution and Mineralization Process of the Super-Large Shihuiyao Rb-Nb-Ta Deposit, Southern Great Xing’an Range, China., refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307087540075385581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087540087968494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, companyId=1307087540075385581, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307087540096357103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, 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caption=张宝山Rb矿地质简图(据Wang et al., 2024修改), figureFileSmall=VdMyDuodTxLB543vEIgBJg==, figureFileBig=TXVDwoC3yQseS4SIitg0Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547151176491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Simplified geological map of the Guobaoshan Rb deposit and (b) ore-body zoning map of the Guobaoshan Rb deposit, figureFileSmall=N2rMmlynI7KkmmL1yzmFFw==, figureFileBig=7zW+x/3d7erheostTsPccw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547222479660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图3, caption=国宝山Rb矿地质简图(a)和国宝山Rb矿矿体分带图(b)(据吴昌志等, 2021修改), figureFileSmall=N2rMmlynI7KkmmL1yzmFFw==, figureFileBig=7zW+x/3d7erheostTsPccw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547289588525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Simplified geological map of the Jiangjunshan (Fangzheng) Rb deposit, figureFileSmall=6mVj1aCynxWw3OSHMurnSA==, figureFileBig=i/w+KumJ+wqadVqz51jh6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547386057518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图4, caption=将军山(方正)Rb矿地质简图(据Bai et al., 2023修改), figureFileSmall=6mVj1aCynxWw3OSHMurnSA==, figureFileBig=i/w+KumJ+wqadVqz51jh6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547448972079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Simplified geological map of the Shihuiyao Rb deposit, figureFileSmall=5zLM5bw7n0vNhoFpVGUkDQ==, figureFileBig=Ucj6kcU12Cydzs0T5pbEag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547516080944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图5, caption=石灰窑Rb矿地质简图(据吴昌志等, 2021修改), 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figureFileSmall=8xeDgCY2YFLbc6FRi5e2MQ==, figureFileBig=DZnnl+o+00pRex/Ph4tgpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087547776127796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图7, caption=天河石手标本和显微图片

a. 天河石手标本图;b. 国宝山天河石镜下图;c. 张宝山天河石镜下图;d. 依兰里克天河石镜下图;e. 将军山天河石矿物图;f. 石灰窑天河石矿物图;Amz. 天河石;Qz. 石英;Ab. 钠长石

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钾长石数据来自Moore et al.(2008)、Xu et al.(2017)、陈羽馨等(2025)、张承杰等(2025);天河石数据按矿床分组显示(每个矿床包含2块样品),各矿床组的分析点数 n 见表1表头

, figureFileSmall=0WqycC3YSjFA3oKTXZXxUg==, figureFileBig=epGt8UWMLprMmyWpxVcRFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548019397431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Box-and-whisker plots showing variations in trace-element concentrations and ratios for amazonite and K-feldspar, figureFileSmall=1xpeFXQx8Ewem8pI+Yqd2Q==, figureFileBig=v3VW+vngo0jFA+EfUO1WRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548090700600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图9, caption=天河石及钾长石微量元素含量及比值变化箱线图

钾长石数据来自Xu et al.(2017)、Zhang et al.(2022)、陈羽馨等( 2025); 天河石数据按矿床分组显示(每个矿床包含2块样品),各矿床组的分析点数 n 见表1表头

, figureFileSmall=1xpeFXQx8Ewem8pI+Yqd2Q==, figureFileBig=v3VW+vngo0jFA+EfUO1WRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548157809465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=XRD patterns of amazonite, figureFileSmall=Yjps07hyevQvubuiie4c9Q==, figureFileBig=S5aLr02AZb8a3gCKuR7SLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548229112634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图10, caption=天河石XRD衍射图谱

各谱线沿强度方向平移以便对比;下方为标准卡片:微斜长石(PDF#76-1293)与钠长石(PDF#10-0393);GBS.国宝山;ZBS.张宝山;SHY.石灰窑;FZ.将军山(方正);YL.依兰里克

, figureFileSmall=Yjps07hyevQvubuiie4c9Q==, figureFileBig=S5aLr02AZb8a3gCKuR7SLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548300415803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Raman spectra of amazonite and microcline, figureFileSmall=xCvz4Xix1UjkbuD4hFAfuw==, figureFileBig=XRvnDlrLrZGG3m6k8YvQdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548371718972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图11, caption=天河石与微斜长石拉曼光谱图

GBS. 国宝山;ZBS. 张宝山;SHY. 石灰窑;FZ. 将军山(方正);YL. 依兰里克;各谱线沿强度方向平移以便对比;微斜长石光谱数据来自RRUFF database,Microcline

, figureFileSmall=xCvz4Xix1UjkbuD4hFAfuw==, figureFileBig=XRvnDlrLrZGG3m6k8YvQdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548438827837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=UV-Vis absorption spectra of amazonite, figureFileSmall=Qz41YAH5mSG6PwZADadjrw==, figureFileBig=hQwmDEAinj8Nl/79N7o7iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548522713918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图12, caption=天河石紫外–可见吸收光谱图

GBS. 国宝山;ZBS. 张宝山;SHY. 石灰窑;FZ. 将军山(方正);YL. 依兰里克

, figureFileSmall=Qz41YAH5mSG6PwZADadjrw==, figureFileBig=hQwmDEAinj8Nl/79N7o7iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548598211391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Variations in Rb + Pb concentrations for amazonite and K-feldspar, figureFileSmall=52kopGvSlFl8c8Z/91uEZA==, figureFileBig=AMy9doFXoI+3GnSL2e//dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548665320256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=图13, caption=天河石与钾长石Rb+Pb含量变化图

钾长石数据来自Xu et al.(2017)、Zhang et al.(2022)、陈羽馨等(2025); 天河石数据按矿床分组(每矿床2块样品),各组分析点数 n 见表1表头

, figureFileSmall=52kopGvSlFl8c8Z/91uEZA==, figureFileBig=AMy9doFXoI+3GnSL2e//dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087548740817729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Element content of amazonite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国宝山石灰窑将军山依兰里克张宝山钾长石
平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围
(n=19)(n=7)(n=13)(n=13)(n=13)(文献汇编)
Na2O0.4180.272~0.7940.5250.322~0.8220.6210.219~1.000.4280.291~0.5310.4440.250~1.332.331.18~5.03
MgOBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.010BdlBdlBdlBdl0.0130~0.160
Al2O318.516.5~20.318.217.1~19.119.017.2~21.118.512.7~20.618.916.4~20.519.017.7~20.7
SiO263.561.7~67.064.1762.1~66.763.361.3~65.664.161.1~69.563.662.0~66.864.462.4~66.6
P2O50.019Bdl~0.1010.023Bdl~0.0520.057Bdl~0.2030.040Bdl~0.2430.043Bdl~0.296−−
K2O17.015.5~18.916.114.3~18.916.514.8~18.816.114.9~17.416.514.3~17.713.19.22~16.5
CaO0.029Bdl~0.2030.022Bdl~0.080.131Bdl~1.180.111Bdl~0.9420.121Bdl~1.530.1660~1.35
TiO2BdlBdlBdlBdl0.015Bdl~0.179BdlBdlBdlBdl~0.0190.0080~0.010
MnOBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl0.0020~0.020
FeOBdlBdlBdlBdl0.098Bdl~1.110.035Bdl~0.2130.029Bdl~0.2090.1060.040~0.510
Or96.392.9~97.495.191.6~97.094.090.2~98.295.692.1~97.495.581.2~97.880.553.7~98.1
Ab3.612.66~7.104.7912.92~8.035.391.78~9.373.862.63~4.643.902.18~11.518.81.81~44.6
An0.138Bdl ~0.9700.113Bdl~0.400.601Bdl~5.360.544Bdl~4.620.577Bdl~7.290.720~6.57
Li0.950Bdl~5.212.84Bdl~10.48.47Bdl~36.449.827.0~86.54.80Bdl~39.42.850.080~14.2
Be6.531.77~10.25.35Bdl~7.3810.51.24~38.04.12Bdl~8.226.13Bdl~16.80.9790.022~11.3
B9.54Bdl~24.318.611.2~36.119.7Bdl~10536.5Bdl~60.616.0Bdl~46.3−−
Sc2.100.127~3.643.652.76~5.6610.2Bdl~80.14.48Bdl~17.54.130.514~13.8−−
VBdlBdl~0.428BdlBdl~0.182.41Bdl~25.90.320Bdl~1.770.128Bdl~0.8270.2830~8.60
Cr2.23Bdl~10.12.30Bdl~9.3030.9Bdl~3107.37Bdl~25.3210Bdl~1.55 ×10319.20~563
CoBdlBdl~0.489BdlBdl~0.1300.149Bdl~0.7620.490Bdl~5.350.573Bdl~5.050.2520~1.33
Ni2.32Bdl~18.41.03Bdl~3.233.16Bdl~28.55.15Bdl~35.08.57Bdl~57.23.940~32.8
Cu1.27Bdl~7.201.04Bdl~2.868.60Bdl~59.31.36Bdl~7.855.31Bdl~48.81.750~8.12
Zn2.50Bdl~14.10.421Bdl~2.4110.9Bdl~48.25.39Bdl~34.46.03Bdl~26.95.320~47.0
Ga44.939.3~54.966.152.6~76.331.610.1~46.938.313.9~52.736.415.8~45.916.88.67~42.3
Rb4.72 ×1034.14×103 ~5.34×1038.19 ×1036.01 ×103 ~ 1.04 ×1042.06 ×1031.49 ×103 ~ 2.64 ×1034.73 ×1032.03 ×103~ 8.39 ×1033.24 ×1032.85 ×103 ~
4.75 ×103
403154×103~
1.08×103
Sr4.260.178~16.20.4270.196~0.85022.5Bdl~61.311.50.676~20.50.414Bdl~2.2542415.5×103~
1.88×103
YBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.1060.150Bdl~0.5910.173Bdl~2.01BdlBdl~0.5220.2320.006~7.62
Zr3.10Bdl~58.4BdlBdl~0.124BdlBdl~0.4440.153Bdl~1.310.142Bdl~1.150.5520.010~1.61
NbBdlBdl~0.100BdlBdl~0.2470.665Bdl~7.57BdlBdl~0.149BdlBdl~0.427−−
MoBdlBdl~0.3280.126Bdl~0.5637.56Bdl~92.5BdlBdl~0.5900.358Bdl~2.971.050.009~12.9
Sn2.15Bdl~5.5910.33.08~21.54.58Bdl~23.41.86Bdl~10.24.26Bdl~24.3−−
Cs10947.3~33213678.4~25012066.9~2111.42 ×103316×103 ~2.91 ×10311049.7~2143.270.400~10.3
Ba57.231.9~1012.74Bdl~7.4088.244.5~14272.63.49~1552.49Bdl~10.12.83×10338.0×104~
1.64×104
La0.103Bdl~0.254BdlBdl~0.1670.135Bdl~0.6080.472Bdl~1.430.724Bdl~1.331.070.093~13.7
Ce0.120Bdl~0.2770.191Bdl~0.3600.133Bdl~0.506BdlBdl~0.1930.702Bdl~1.601.710.200~5.23
PrBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.380.0880~2.95
Nd0.147Bdl~0.778BdlBdl~0.1010.298Bdl~1.860.151Bdl~0.4720.175Bdl~1.050.8320~36.8
Sm0.119Bdl~0.781BdlBdl~0.1925.85Bdl~74.00.191Bdl~1.130.380Bdl~2.330.1060~2.16
EuBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.3450.172Bdl~1.03BdlBdl~0.1020.5870.050~3.05
Gd0.138Bdl~0.461BdlBdl~0.1343.31Bdl~36.50.650Bdl~4.310.914Bdl~5.230.0700~1.85
TbBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.25BdlBdlBdlBdl0.0110~0.261
DyBdlBdl~0.257BdlBdl~0.2010.351Bdl~1.76BdlBdl~0.3420.404Bdl~3.110.0660~1.64
HoBdlBdlBdlBdl0.233Bdl~2.54BdlBdl~0.482BdlBdl~0.3830.0130~0.264
ErBdlBdl~0.109BdlBdl0.266Bdl~2.49BdlBdl~0.210BdlBdl~0.4730.0390~0.684
TmBdlbdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.199BdlBdl~0.100BdlBdl~0.2140.0080~0.264
YbBdlBdl~0.313BdlBdl~0.2751.21Bdl~14.40.478Bdl~2.850.677Bdl~6.800.0410~0.437
LuBdlbdlBdlBdl0.197Bdl~2.35BdlBdl~0.160BdlBdl~0.3700.0100.001~0.080
HfBdlBdl~0.3550.141Bdl~0.5360.496Bdl~2.83BdlBdl~0.7120.642Bdl~7.55−−
TaBdlBdl~0.138BdlBdl~0.333BdlBdl~0.301BdlBdl~0.900BdlBdl~0.365−−
WBdlBdl~0.2350.173Bdl~0.4610.356Bdl~1.83BdlBdl~0.1950.139Bdl~0.500−−
Pb209103~33413679.4~23926310.4~40321139.0~34925422.9~69967.98.05~327
), ArticleFig(id=1307087548845675330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

天河石元素含量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国宝山石灰窑将军山依兰里克张宝山钾长石
平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围平均值范围
(n=19)(n=7)(n=13)(n=13)(n=13)(文献汇编)
Na2O0.4180.272~0.7940.5250.322~0.8220.6210.219~1.000.4280.291~0.5310.4440.250~1.332.331.18~5.03
MgOBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.010BdlBdlBdlBdl0.0130~0.160
Al2O318.516.5~20.318.217.1~19.119.017.2~21.118.512.7~20.618.916.4~20.519.017.7~20.7
SiO263.561.7~67.064.1762.1~66.763.361.3~65.664.161.1~69.563.662.0~66.864.462.4~66.6
P2O50.019Bdl~0.1010.023Bdl~0.0520.057Bdl~0.2030.040Bdl~0.2430.043Bdl~0.296−−
K2O17.015.5~18.916.114.3~18.916.514.8~18.816.114.9~17.416.514.3~17.713.19.22~16.5
CaO0.029Bdl~0.2030.022Bdl~0.080.131Bdl~1.180.111Bdl~0.9420.121Bdl~1.530.1660~1.35
TiO2BdlBdlBdlBdl0.015Bdl~0.179BdlBdlBdlBdl~0.0190.0080~0.010
MnOBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl0.0020~0.020
FeOBdlBdlBdlBdl0.098Bdl~1.110.035Bdl~0.2130.029Bdl~0.2090.1060.040~0.510
Or96.392.9~97.495.191.6~97.094.090.2~98.295.692.1~97.495.581.2~97.880.553.7~98.1
Ab3.612.66~7.104.7912.92~8.035.391.78~9.373.862.63~4.643.902.18~11.518.81.81~44.6
An0.138Bdl ~0.9700.113Bdl~0.400.601Bdl~5.360.544Bdl~4.620.577Bdl~7.290.720~6.57
Li0.950Bdl~5.212.84Bdl~10.48.47Bdl~36.449.827.0~86.54.80Bdl~39.42.850.080~14.2
Be6.531.77~10.25.35Bdl~7.3810.51.24~38.04.12Bdl~8.226.13Bdl~16.80.9790.022~11.3
B9.54Bdl~24.318.611.2~36.119.7Bdl~10536.5Bdl~60.616.0Bdl~46.3−−
Sc2.100.127~3.643.652.76~5.6610.2Bdl~80.14.48Bdl~17.54.130.514~13.8−−
VBdlBdl~0.428BdlBdl~0.182.41Bdl~25.90.320Bdl~1.770.128Bdl~0.8270.2830~8.60
Cr2.23Bdl~10.12.30Bdl~9.3030.9Bdl~3107.37Bdl~25.3210Bdl~1.55 ×10319.20~563
CoBdlBdl~0.489BdlBdl~0.1300.149Bdl~0.7620.490Bdl~5.350.573Bdl~5.050.2520~1.33
Ni2.32Bdl~18.41.03Bdl~3.233.16Bdl~28.55.15Bdl~35.08.57Bdl~57.23.940~32.8
Cu1.27Bdl~7.201.04Bdl~2.868.60Bdl~59.31.36Bdl~7.855.31Bdl~48.81.750~8.12
Zn2.50Bdl~14.10.421Bdl~2.4110.9Bdl~48.25.39Bdl~34.46.03Bdl~26.95.320~47.0
Ga44.939.3~54.966.152.6~76.331.610.1~46.938.313.9~52.736.415.8~45.916.88.67~42.3
Rb4.72 ×1034.14×103 ~5.34×1038.19 ×1036.01 ×103 ~ 1.04 ×1042.06 ×1031.49 ×103 ~ 2.64 ×1034.73 ×1032.03 ×103~ 8.39 ×1033.24 ×1032.85 ×103 ~
4.75 ×103
403154×103~
1.08×103
Sr4.260.178~16.20.4270.196~0.85022.5Bdl~61.311.50.676~20.50.414Bdl~2.2542415.5×103~
1.88×103
YBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.1060.150Bdl~0.5910.173Bdl~2.01BdlBdl~0.5220.2320.006~7.62
Zr3.10Bdl~58.4BdlBdl~0.124BdlBdl~0.4440.153Bdl~1.310.142Bdl~1.150.5520.010~1.61
NbBdlBdl~0.100BdlBdl~0.2470.665Bdl~7.57BdlBdl~0.149BdlBdl~0.427−−
MoBdlBdl~0.3280.126Bdl~0.5637.56Bdl~92.5BdlBdl~0.5900.358Bdl~2.971.050.009~12.9
Sn2.15Bdl~5.5910.33.08~21.54.58Bdl~23.41.86Bdl~10.24.26Bdl~24.3−−
Cs10947.3~33213678.4~25012066.9~2111.42 ×103316×103 ~2.91 ×10311049.7~2143.270.400~10.3
Ba57.231.9~1012.74Bdl~7.4088.244.5~14272.63.49~1552.49Bdl~10.12.83×10338.0×104~
1.64×104
La0.103Bdl~0.254BdlBdl~0.1670.135Bdl~0.6080.472Bdl~1.430.724Bdl~1.331.070.093~13.7
Ce0.120Bdl~0.2770.191Bdl~0.3600.133Bdl~0.506BdlBdl~0.1930.702Bdl~1.601.710.200~5.23
PrBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.380.0880~2.95
Nd0.147Bdl~0.778BdlBdl~0.1010.298Bdl~1.860.151Bdl~0.4720.175Bdl~1.050.8320~36.8
Sm0.119Bdl~0.781BdlBdl~0.1925.85Bdl~74.00.191Bdl~1.130.380Bdl~2.330.1060~2.16
EuBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.3450.172Bdl~1.03BdlBdl~0.1020.5870.050~3.05
Gd0.138Bdl~0.461BdlBdl~0.1343.31Bdl~36.50.650Bdl~4.310.914Bdl~5.230.0700~1.85
TbBdlBdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.25BdlBdlBdlBdl0.0110~0.261
DyBdlBdl~0.257BdlBdl~0.2010.351Bdl~1.76BdlBdl~0.3420.404Bdl~3.110.0660~1.64
HoBdlBdlBdlBdl0.233Bdl~2.54BdlBdl~0.482BdlBdl~0.3830.0130~0.264
ErBdlBdl~0.109BdlBdl0.266Bdl~2.49BdlBdl~0.210BdlBdl~0.4730.0390~0.684
TmBdlbdlBdlBdlBdlBdl~0.199BdlBdl~0.100BdlBdl~0.2140.0080~0.264
YbBdlBdl~0.313BdlBdl~0.2751.21Bdl~14.40.478Bdl~2.850.677Bdl~6.800.0410~0.437
LuBdlbdlBdlBdl0.197Bdl~2.35BdlBdl~0.160BdlBdl~0.3700.0100.001~0.080
HfBdlBdl~0.3550.141Bdl~0.5360.496Bdl~2.83BdlBdl~0.7120.642Bdl~7.55−−
TaBdlBdl~0.138BdlBdl~0.333BdlBdl~0.301BdlBdl~0.900BdlBdl~0.365−−
WBdlBdl~0.2350.173Bdl~0.4610.356Bdl~1.83BdlBdl~0.1950.139Bdl~0.500−−
Pb209103~33413679.4~23926310.4~40321139.0~34925422.9~69967.98.05~327
), ArticleFig(id=1307087548929561411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Unit cell parameters of amazonite (with microcline reference)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶胞参数
样品
a (Å)b (Å)c (Å)α (°)β (°)γ (°)V (ų)
微斜长石8.57312.9837.22090.65115.8387.70722.70
GBS-18.60512.9797.23090.59115.9487.77725.50
GBS-28.61512.9147.24390.46116.1387.64722.72
SHY-18.59212.9647.22190.68115.9287.75722.91
SHY-28.59312.9617.21590.65115.9487.63721.97
ZBS-18.58712.9607.22290.65115.9587.66722.07
ZBS-28.58312.9627.21990.63115.9487.69721.56
FZ-18.60312.9727.23690.76116.0187.60725.02
FZ-28.59012.9667.22890.63116.0487.66722.66
YL-18.58812.9667.22490.63115.9687.67722.66
YL-28.58412.9417.21790.59115.9687.76720.25
), ArticleFig(id=1307087549000864580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087535268713164, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

天河石晶胞参数表(含微斜长石)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶胞参数
样品
a (Å)b (Å)c (Å)α (°)β (°)γ (°)V (ų)
微斜长石8.57312.9837.22090.65115.8387.70722.70
GBS-18.60512.9797.23090.59115.9487.77725.50
GBS-28.61512.9147.24390.46116.1387.64722.72
SHY-18.59212.9647.22190.68115.9287.75722.91
SHY-28.59312.9617.21590.65115.9487.63721.97
ZBS-18.58712.9607.22290.65115.9587.66722.07
ZBS-28.58312.9627.21990.63115.9487.69721.56
FZ-18.60312.9727.23690.76116.0187.60725.02
FZ-28.59012.9667.22890.63116.0487.66722.66
YL-18.58812.9667.22490.63115.9687.67722.66
YL-28.58412.9417.21790.59115.9687.76720.25
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中亚造山带南缘天河石的成因与致色机理研究
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陈治炘 1 , 雷如雄 1, 2, * , 吴世保 1 , 唐国卿 1 , 袁宏典 1 , 王振华 1 , 吴昌志 1, 3
西北地质 | 中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026,59(3): 42-59
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西北地质 |中亚成矿域关键矿产研究进展 2026 , 59 (3) : 42 -59
中亚造山带南缘天河石的成因与致色机理研究
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陈治炘1 , 雷如雄1, 2, * , 吴世保1, 唐国卿1, 袁宏典1, 王振华1, 吴昌志1, 3
作者信息
  • 1西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2新疆维吾尔自治区地质研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 3新疆自然资源与生态环境研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
通讯作者:
雷如雄(1987−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究。E−mail:。
作者简介:

陈治炘(2000−),女,硕士,矿物学专业。E−mail:

Genesis and Coloration Mechanism of the Amazonite from the Southern Margin of Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Zhixin CHEN1 , Ruxiong LEI1, 2, * , Shibao WU1, Guoqing TANG1, Hongdian YUAN1, Zhenhua WANG1, Changzhi WU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Geology Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
  • 3Xinjiang Research Center for Natural Resources and Ecological Environment, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025152
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中亚造山带南缘是全球天河石花岗岩的重要分布区,发育大量的天河石花岗岩及相关的稀有金属矿床。然而,目前对于天河石的成因及致色机理还缺乏研究,制约了对天河石花岗岩成因和相关稀有金属成矿作用(如:Rb、Cs等)的深入认识。笔者选取中亚造山带南缘5个典型的天河石花岗岩型稀有金属矿床(张宝山、将军山、依兰里克、国宝山和石灰窑),对其中的天河石样品开展了详细的矿物学、X射线衍射分析、拉曼光谱、紫外–可见光谱以及矿物主量和微量元素分析。研究发现,天河石矿物学与光谱学特征整体与微斜长石一致,表明天河石主体晶体结构保持相对稳定;紫外–可见光谱普遍表现为248 nm、382 nm吸收峰及620~740 nm宽吸收带,指示色心吸收与其蓝绿色调密切相关。微量元素结果显示,天河石中Rb、Cs、Pb等元素总体富集。经过综合分析,笔者提出天河石的蓝绿色调并非由单一元素导致,而更可能与Rb与Pb的协同富集有关,主要与Pb、Rb等元素通过类质同象替代其晶格中的K离子有关,Rb+类质同象替代K+对晶格产生微调,Pb2+替代K+因电荷差异更易引发局部缺陷形成色心,最终导致天河石呈现蓝绿色;紫外-可见光谱亦显示与色心吸收相关的特征响应。结合前人研究,本研究认为天河石主要形成于花岗质岩浆高度分异演化的晚期阶段,其形成与Rb、Cs等稀有金属的富集和挥发分(如:F)作用密切相关。天河石可以作为花岗岩体系Rb等稀有金属矿化的重要指示矿物之一。

矿物学  /  天河石  /  致色机理  /  稀有金属矿化  /  中亚造山带

The southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) represents one of the world’s most important provinces of amazonite-bearing granites and associated rare-metal deposits. However, the genesis and coloration mechanism of amazonite remain insufficiently constrained, which limits a deeper understanding of the petrogenesis of amazonite granites and the related rare-metal mineralization (e.g., Rb and Cs). In this study, amazonite samples were collected from five representative amazonite granite–type rare-metal deposits along the southern CAOB, namely Zhangbaoshan, Jiangjunshan, Yilanlik, Guobaoshan, and Shihuiyao. Detailed mineralogical and spectroscopic investigations were conducted, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, together with major- and trace-element analyses by LA-ICP-MS.The results show that the mineralogical and spectral characteristics of amazonite are overall consistent with those of microcline, indicating that the primary crystal structure remains relatively stable. UV-Vis spectra generally display absorption peaks at 248 nm and 382 nm and a broad absorption band between 620 and 740 nm, suggesting that color-center absorption is closely associated with the blue green hue. Trace-element data reveal systematic enrichment of Rb, Cs, and Pb in amazonite. Integrating these observations, we propose that the blue–green coloration of amazonite is unlikely to be controlled by a single element; instead, it is more plausibly related to the coupled enrichment of Rb and Pb via isomorphous substitution for K in the feldspar lattice. Substitution of Rb+ for K+ induces subtle lattice adjustments, whereas substitution of Pb2+ for K+, owing to charge imbalance, more readily generates localized defects that facilitate the formation of color centers, ultimately producing the characteristic blue green coloration. This interpretation is further supported by the UV-Vis responses linked to color-center absorption. Based on comparisons with previous studies, amazonite in the southern CAOB is inferred to have formed predominantly during the late stage of highly fractionated granitic magmatism, closely associated with the enrichment of rare metals (Rb\Cs) and the role of volatiles (e.g., F). Amazonite is therefore suggested to be a useful indicator mineral for Rb-related rare-metal mineralization in granitic systems.

mineralogy  /  Amazonite  /  coloration mechanism  /  rare metal mineralization  /  Central Asian Orogenic Belt
陈治炘, 雷如雄, 吴世保, 唐国卿, 袁宏典, 王振华, 吴昌志. 中亚造山带南缘天河石的成因与致色机理研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (3) : 42 -59 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025152
Zhixin CHEN, Ruxiong LEI, Shibao WU, Guoqing TANG, Hongdian YUAN, Zhenhua WANG, Changzhi WU. Genesis and Coloration Mechanism of the Amazonite from the Southern Margin of Central Asian Orogenic Belt[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (3) : 42 -59 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025152
天河石是微斜长石的蓝绿色变种,常产于高分异花岗岩及相关伟晶岩体系。由于其独特的颜色、成分与结构特征,以及与Rb、Cs等稀有金属富集/成矿的密切关系。近年来,对天河石及含天河石花岗岩的关注日益增加( Ostrooumovm, 2005;顾连兴等, 2007;吴昌志等, 2021;佘贵民等, 2024)。天河石特殊的标型(如颜色、成分和结构等)使其成为花岗岩成因研究和稀有金属矿床找矿勘查的重要指示矿物(顾连兴等, 2007)。然而,目前对于天河石的成因还缺乏系统深入的研究,对于其致色机理还存在诸多争议( Hofmeister et al., 1985;Julg, 1998;孟国强等, 2016;余红军等, 2018;陈祉卫等, 2024 )。早期观点认为天河石致色原因与孔雀石相类似,Cu元素是天河石致色主要原因(崔云昊, 1985)。但后续化学成分分析发现天河石Cu含量普遍较低,且其白色与蓝绿色部分Cu含量相近,从而否定了Cu致色的观点(孟国强等, 2016)。也有学者提出天河石中Rb、Pb、Cs等元素更为富集,推测这些元素会对天河石颜色产生一定影响(Correcher et al., 2011; 孟国强等, 2016; 余红军等, 2018)。还有观点认为,天河石是由于Pb离子形成电子–空穴色心或与结构水共同作用,导致天河石产生蓝绿色(Hofmeister et al., 1985; Julg, 1998; Ostrooumovm, 2005)。
中亚造山带是全球最典型的增生型造山带之一,其长期复杂的构造–岩浆(流体)活动为天河石花岗岩(伟晶岩)和相关Rb等稀有金属矿床的形成提供了独特的地质条件,中亚造山带南缘发育有全球近一半的天河石花岗岩(Ostrooumovm, 2005),其中典型的天河石花岗岩相关Rb等稀有金属矿床有东天山张宝山超大型Rb矿床、国宝山超大型Rb矿床、阿勒泰将军山(方正)大型Rb矿床以及南天山依兰里克Rb-Nb-Zr及宝玉石矿床、内蒙古石灰窑超大型Rb矿床等(吴昌志等, 2021)。笔者以中亚造山带南缘5个典型矿床天河石为研究对象,综合开展X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、紫外–可见光谱、矿物自动分析及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱分析等测试,探讨微量元素赋存与晶体结构变化对天河石颜色的影响,进而揭示天河石的致色机理及其成因机制。
中亚造山带(CAOB)位于东欧克拉通、西伯利亚克拉通、塔里木克拉通和华北克拉通之间(图1),是全球显生宙以来大陆增生最为显著的地区,记录了古亚洲洋长期俯冲–增生–碰撞的复杂演化历史(Şengör et al., 1993;Xiao et al., 2003, 2010, 2015; 李锦轶等, 2009; 黄河等, 2024; 吴妍蓉等, 2024)。该造山带是由多个前寒武纪微陆块(如中天山、伊犁、准噶尔等)及其间的增生楔和缝合带经过古生代至中生代早期的多期次拼贴作用而形成的(Windley et al., 2007;Xiao et al., 2010)。中亚造山带南缘构造活动尤为强烈,深大断裂带为花岗质岩浆上涌与侵位提供了通道(董泽义, 2015;Wang et al., 2017),并广泛发育与高分异花岗质岩浆作用相关的稀有金属矿化岩体与矿床,如张宝山超大型Rb矿床、国宝山超大型Rb矿床、将军山(方正)大型Rb矿床以及依兰里克Rb-Nb-Zr及宝玉石矿床、石灰窑超大型Rb矿床等(Xiao et al., 2015;吴昌志等, 2021;杨富全等, 2025 )。
张宝山Rb矿床是典型的花岗岩型Rb矿床,该矿床位于中亚造山带南缘中天山前寒武纪构造带东北缘,距甘肃与新疆交界处的星星峡镇NE方向约30 km,露头面积约7 km2(顾连兴等, 2007)。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其形成时代为早—中三叠世(250~240 Ma)(顾连兴等, 2007; Zhi et al., 2021)。岩体具明显垂直分带,自上而下可分为淡色花岗岩带(a带),含天河石花岗岩带(b带),天河石花岗岩带(c带)、含黄玉天河石花岗岩带(d带)和黄玉钠长石花岗岩带(e带)(图2)。矿化主要发育在岩体中上部的天河石花岗岩带(c带)和含黄玉天河石花岗岩带(d带)(图2)。主要矿石矿物为天河石和铁锂云母;脉石矿物包括石英、钠长石、黄玉等。c带岩石呈蓝绿色,具似斑状结构,天河石含量占钾长石一半以上,局部见天河石伟晶岩脉。d带矿物组成与c带相似,但出现黄玉作为特征副矿物(Hu et al., 2024; Jin et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024)。
国宝山Rb矿床位于中亚造山带南缘中天山东段,地处哈密星星峡镇西南约5 km处(图3a)。国宝山花岗岩体呈NE向展布,出露面积约13 km2(周会武等, 2015),形成时代为早—中三叠世(240~249 Ma)(贺昕宇, 2019; Chen et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2024)。矿体主要赋存于呈NE向展布的天河石花岗岩中,具有明显的分带特征, 天河石集中出现在岩体东段天河石花岗岩带及含天河石花岗岩带(图3b)。主要矿石矿物为天河石和铁锂云母,其中约71%的铷资源赋存于天河石中,脉石矿物有钠长石、石英等(周会武等, 2015)。矿石类型主要包括天河石花岗岩型和伟晶岩型,矿石普遍具中细粒花岗结构、伟晶结构及块状构造(Chen et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2024)。
将军山(方正) Rb矿床地处中亚造山带南缘阿尔泰造山带中部,距离新疆阿勒泰市SE方向约4 km,出露面积为6 km2,矿体主要由天河石花岗岩组成(新疆地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队, 2015)。将军山(方正)Rb矿的成岩成矿时代主要集中在晚二叠世—中三叠世(270 Ma)(Bai et al., 2023)。岩体主要由二云母碱长花岗岩、天河石花岗岩和天河石伟晶岩组成,主体为二云母碱长花岗岩(图4;任刚, 2018; 佘贵民等, 2024)。矿床的矿化类型以花岗岩型为主,有部分伟晶岩型矿化。主要矿石矿物为天河石和铁锂云母,脉石矿物有石英、钠长石等。矿石构造以块状构造为主,结构主要为粒状结构(Bai et al., 2023;佘贵民等, 2024)。
石灰窑Rb-Nb-Ta矿床中亚造山带南缘地处兴蒙造山带南段(Zhou et al., 2016)。含矿岩体主要为燕山期(约145 Ma)侵入的含天河石花岗岩,主要赋存于受NE向断裂控制的6个(Ⅰ-Ⅵ)花岗岩体中,其中Ⅱ号和Ⅵ号岩体为核心,岩性以云英岩化钠长花岗岩和天河石钠长花岗岩为主 (图5;段先哲等, 2016; Duan et al., 2021)。矿床矿化类型为同生浸染型,发育强烈的钠长石化和云英岩化蚀变,主要富Rb矿石矿物为天河石和云母族矿物(铁锂云母等)(Zhang et al., 2023; 段振鹏, 2024; Duan et al., 2024; Bai et al., 2025)。
依兰里克Rb-Nb-Zr及宝玉石矿床位于塔里木北缘–南天山结合构造带(谢明材等, 2020)。该区域以晚石炭世—早二叠世(300~270 Ma)的碱性岩浆活动为特征,依兰里克矿床主要赋存于含矿稀有金属伟晶岩内,类型包括花岗岩型与碱性岩型两种,零散分布在背斜翼部到核部的区域内。矿区内花岗伟晶岩规模最大,主要为黑云母天河石花岗伟晶岩和黑云母花岗伟晶岩,主要矿物包括钾长石、石英、钠长石等(邹天人等, 2002; Yuan et al., 2024)。部分伟晶岩具有明显的成分分带,天河石主要存在于花岗伟晶岩的天河石伟晶岩带,厚度可达上百米(图6)。花岗伟晶岩和碱性伟晶岩发育显著的Rb、Nb和Zr矿化(Yuan et al., 2024)。
本次研究选取上述5个典型矿床的10块代表性天河石样品,其中2块来自国宝山Rb矿(GBS-1,GBS-2),2块来自将军山(方正)Rb矿(FZ-1,FZ-2),2块来自石灰窑Rb矿(SHY-1,SHY-2),2块来自依兰里克Rb-Nb-Zr矿(YL-1,YL-2),2块来自张宝山Rb矿(ZBS-1,ZBS-2)。天河石样品呈块状或短柱状,自形到半自形,颜色表现为蓝色、绿色及蓝绿色,整体呈蓝白或绿白相间的条带状或网格状构造,在花岗岩中的粒径达0.2~0.5 mm,在伟晶岩中可达20~50 mm(图7a)。
天河石样品的激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)分析在长安大学西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室完成,采用193 nm激光剥蚀系统与 Agilent 7700X ICP-MS 联用,He(99.999%,0.8 L/min)为载气。束斑 35 μm、5 Hz、5.9 J/cm2;数据用 ICPMSDataCal 10.9 处理,NIST SRM 610 校正漂移,Si 为内标,外标法定量微量元素,RSD 与标准物质误差控制。
矿物自动分析在长安大学西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室完成,采用解离分析与点阵扫描模式同步获取 BSE 与 EDS 数据。高真空条件下:25 kV、7.3 nA、工作距离 15 mm;像素间距3μm,用软件TESCAN离线识别矿物相并统计含量与共生关系。
X射线衍射分析在长安大学西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室完成。高纯度样品低温球磨制粉(≤30 ℃,320木)干燥,采用岛津XRD-6100(Cu-Kα)粉末衍射仪获取衍射数据(范围2θ=5°~80°。经Jade9物相检索与全谱精修获得晶胞参数等结构信息,用于讨论微量元素进入晶格后的结构特征。
拉曼光谱分析在长安大学西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室完成。仪器为HORIBA LabRAMHR 800, 532 nm 激发,光斑约5 μm,测试范围100-2000 cm-1;积分2 s、累计2次。用于物相确认及长石结构特征对比,为致色机理分析提供支撑。
紫外–可见光谱分析在长安大学珠宝实验室完成。仪器为标旗(GEM-3000)紫外–可见分光光谱仪,测试范围220~850 nm,分辨率0.2 nm,200 nm/min;50 μm光斑采用积分球方式获取吸收谱。用于识别与颜色相关的吸收带特征,约束天河石致色机制。
来自不同矿床的天河石样品均呈现不同的蓝色、绿色及蓝绿色(图7a)。国宝山矿床中的天河石呈蓝绿-绿色,颜色分布不均,细粒(0.2~0.8 mm),与钠长石、石英和云母等矿物共生(图7b)。张宝山矿床中的天河石呈蓝绿色,粒径约为0.2~0.5 mm,中间夹有较大的石英颗粒以及钠长石条带(图7c)。依兰里克矿床中的天河石呈灰白–浅蓝–蓝色,粒度较细(0.1~0.2 mm),颜色内部较为均匀,表明可见解理面闪光,钠长石呈条带状分布其间(图7d)。将军山矿床的天河石颜色分布不均,呈现浅蓝绿色–蓝绿色,粒度为0.5~5 mm,与钠长石、石英等矿物伴生(图7e)。石灰窑矿床的天河石呈浅蓝绿色,粒度较大(1~5 mm),局部可见伟晶结构,中间可见白色钠长石斑块(图7f)。偏光显微镜显示,所有天河石均发育两组解理,发育典型的格子双晶。天河石成分较为纯净,大部分为微斜长石,小部分钠长石呈条带状分布在天河石中,天河石常与石英等矿物紧密共生。
本次研究对选取的天河石进行了LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析,除去异常数据点,有效测试点共计70个(表1)。另将其与前人所做的钾长石数据进行对比分析,结果表明天河石的主要化学成分为SiO2(61.1%~69.5%,平均为63.7%),Al2O3(12.7%~21.1%,平均为18.6%)以及K2O(14.3%~18.9%,平均为16.5%),以及少量的Na2O(0.220%~1.33%,平均为0.480%),其他成分质量分数较低。钾长石的主要化学成分为SiO2(62.4%~66.6%,平均为64.4%),Al2O3(17.7%~20.7%,平均为19.0%),K2O(9.22%~16.5%,平均为13.4%)以及少量的Na2O(0.200%~5.03%,平均为2.05%)。长石Or-Ab-An三角图解分析表明,天河石Or端元组分含量为81.2~98.2,平均值为95.4;Ab端元组分含量为1.78~11.5,平均值为4.20;An端元组分含量为0~7.29,平均值为0.39,属于碱性长石系列。钾长石Or端元组分含量为53.7~98.1,平均值为80.5;Ab端元组分含量为1.8~44.6,平均值为18.8;An端元组分含量为0~6.57,平均值为0.72。与钾长石相比,天河石具有明显较高的Or端元组分和较低的Ab端元组分含量(图8)。
微量元素方面,天河石中Rb、Cs、Pb、Ga的含量普遍较高,且在不同矿床中的变化范围较大(图9)。具体而言,Rb的最高含量出现在石灰窑矿床中的天河石中,达10409×10−6,最低出现在将军山矿床,为1492×10−6,平均含量为4265×10−6; 而钾长石中Rb的平均含量为403×10−6,变化范围为154×10−6~1081×10−6(图9a)。Pb的含量在张宝山矿床中最高(699×10−6),将军山最低(10.4×10−6),平均为221×10−6;钾长石中Pb的平均含量为67.9×10−6,介于8.05×10−6~327×10−6(图9b)。Cs在依兰里克矿床中含量最高(2909×10−6),在国宝山矿床中最低(47.3×10−6),平均为377×10−6;钾长石中Cs的平均含量仅为3.27×10−6,变化范围介于0.400×10−6~10.3×10−6(图9c)。Ga的最高含量出现在石灰窑矿床(76.3×10−6),最低在将军山(10.1×10−6),平均为41.5×10−6;钾长石中Ga的平均含量为16.8×10−6,变化范围为8.67×10−6~42.3×10−6(图9d)。所有天河石的K/Rb值均较低(12.2~82.1),反映其结晶自高度演化分异的花岗岩浆;而钾长石的K/Rb值较高且变化范围较大(135~947),则反映了其可以形成于岩浆演化较低的阶段(图9e)。此外,天河石的K2O/Na2O值介于10.8~84.1,普遍高于钾长石(1.83~13.2)(图9f)。
天河石样品X射线衍射图谱(图10)显示,所有样品的衍射峰在峰形、位置和强度方面基本相同,表明其矿物组成和含量较为接近。将天河石的衍射峰与微斜长石的标准卡片(标准卡片号:76-1239)进行对比后发现,天河石的主要衍射峰与微斜长石吻合。此外,少数测点可对应至钠长石标准卡片(标准卡片号:10-0393),指示其应为天河石中的钠长石条带。
天河石的XRD衍射峰具有较窄的半高宽和尖锐的峰形(图10),反映出矿物结晶度较高的特点。物相分析表明,研究样品主要由微斜长石和钠长石组成,未检出其他矿物相。主要矿物为微斜长石,主要衍射峰有2θ=13.641°(020)、24.041°($\bar 201$)、27.427°(040)、41.744°(060)、50.534($\bar 204 $),在这些衍射峰中,以2θ=27.427°的(040)的衍射峰最高,是天河石的特征峰,其余衍射峰强度相对较弱;钠长石为次要矿物,含量较少,其对应的衍射峰数量也较为有限。
通过Jade软件对天河石X射线衍射数据进行计算,获取5个矿床天河石的晶胞参数(表2)。5个矿床的天河石样品的晶胞参数与微斜长石标准卡片基本相同,但有一定范围的波动,说明天河石矿物组成的稳定性,晶体结构骨架未发生根本性改变。天河石的晶胞参数中,a轴长度介于8.583~8.615 Å,平均值为8.597Å,相较于微斜长石的8.573Å,略长0.024Å;b轴长度为12.914~12.979Å,平均长度达12.956Å,较微斜长石的12.983Å短0.027Å;c轴长度为7.215~7.243Å,均值为7.228Å,比微斜长石的7.220Å稍长0.008Å。天河石的晶胞体积为720.25~725.50 Å3,平均为722.82 Å3,与微斜长石(722.70 Å3)基本一致,个别样品体积偏大。a轴与c轴的伸长,可能与晶格中K+被更大半径的Rb+和Cs+类质同象替代有关。大离子嵌入会撑开沿a、c轴方向的晶格间隙,导致晶轴增长。b轴的缩短是晶体为维持结构稳定,对其他方向的晶格变化(a、c轴伸长)的适应性调整。通过缩短b轴平衡晶格张力,最终使晶胞体积维持与微斜长石保持较小偏差,保证晶体结构的稳定性。天河石的晶胞角(α角为90.46°~90.76°、β角为115.83°~116.13°、γ角为87.60°~87.77°)均符合三斜晶系“无直角”特征且数值集中,说明无对称性转变、结构完整性良好。
在对天河石样品进行拉曼测试时,由于其属于非均质体并具有各向异性,晶体在不同方向上会对散射光产生不同的偏振效应。因此,即使在同一晶体的不同方向上采集拉曼光谱,各谱峰之间的相对强度可能有所不同,但谱峰的相对位置(即峰位)仍保持一致(徐培苍等, 1996)。
本次研究从每块天河石样品中选取一个颜色较鲜艳的点进行测试,共计10个点,并将其结果与前人所测微斜长石拉曼光谱进行对比。结果表明,天河石的拉曼峰的峰位主要分布于3个区间:<400 cm−1、400 cm−1~800 cm−1、800 cm−1~1200 cm−1,具体谱峰位置包括157 cm−1、285 cm−1、454 cm−1、476 cm−1、513 cm−1、748 cm−1、812 cm−1(图11)。这些特征峰与微斜长石的拉曼峰位置基本一致,说明天河石的核心晶体结构与微斜长石一致,没有发生根本性结构改变,晶体结构主体仍然保持完整稳定。
可见光的波长范围一般被认定为380~780 nm(宇霄等, 2005)。本次研究所测得的所有天河石样品的主要吸收区位于200~380 nm的紫外区和570~780 nm的橙红区(图12),因200~380 nm的紫外区人的肉眼无法识别,所以紫外区对天河石的颜色影响较小;而450~570 nm的蓝绿区吸收较少,故与天河石特有的蓝绿色调一致。
5个矿床中天河石样品的紫外–可见光谱分析表明,所有样品普遍存在248 nm和382 nm两个吸收峰以及620~740 nm一条宽吸收带。此外,部分样品还检测到其他吸收峰:284 nm吸收峰仅出现在石灰窑的样品以及FZ-1和ZBS-1中;318 nm吸收峰则仅见于石灰窑的样品和ZBS-2中,其他样品均未发现这两个吸收峰。248 nm、284 nm与处吸收峰通常与天河石中含有的杂质元素的电子跃迁有关(宇霄等, 2005)。620~740 nm处吸收带是天河石的特征吸收带,通常认为其源于与Pb的相关色心(Hofmeister et al., 1985;Julg, 1998;Ostrooumovm, 2005;Correcher et al., 2011)。
矿物的颜色成因一直是矿物学研究中的热点问题。研究发现,矿物的致色机理与其微量元素的含量及其赋存状态密切相关。对于天河石的致色机理目前仍存在争议,有 “Cu致色”“Rb致色”“Pb致色”以及“Rb、Cs等元素共同致色”等不同观点(崔云昊, 1985; Hofmeister et al., 1985; Julg, 1998; 潘兆橹, 1993; Correcher et al., 2011; Ostrooumovm, 2015; 孟国强 等, 2016; 缪春艳, 2018)。
研究发现,天河石中的微量元素十分丰富,其中, Rb、Cs、Pb、Ga等元素的含量较高,Li、Be、B、Co、Zn、Nb等元素含量较低(表1)。本次研究所测天河石Cu含量普遍较低,许多样品点未检测出Cu,因此不支持Cu是天河石的致色元素。进一步对比天河石与钾长石的关键微量元素含量(图9)。笔者发现,有显著蓝绿色的天河石其Rb(1492×10−6~10409×10−6)、Pb(10.4×10−6~699×10−6)、Cs(47.3×10−6~2908×10−6)、Ga(10.1×10−6~76.3×10−6)含量整体均明显高于钾长石的Rb(154×10−6~1081×10−6)、Pb(8.05×10−6~327×10−6)、Cs(0.400×10−6~10.3×10−6)、Ga(8.67×10−6~42.3×10−6)。结合已有的研究数据可推断,相对于钾长石,天河石具有更高含量的Rb、Pb、Cs及Ga等微量元素,暗示这些元素与天河石的形成及致色存在密切关联(Correcher et al., 2011; 孟国强等, 2016; 余红军等, 2018)。
要明确各元素对天河石颜色形成的具体作用,需结合类质同象替代理论,分析这些离子替代K+的规律及对晶体结构的影响,进而判断各元素在天河石致色过程中的角色。依据类质同象替代理论,在天河石的结晶过程中,半径相近的离子之间容易发生替代。天河石中Rb+、Pb2+、Cs+等离子对K+的替代特征及颜色贡献如下:K+的离子半径为1.51 Å,Rb+的离子半径为1.61 Å,二者半径差异较小,因此Rb+可有效替代 K+,由于Rb+半径略大,替代后会导致晶格产生轻微扩张如a轴略偏长,晶胞体积在整体上偏大。这一特征在XRD晶胞参数数据(表2)中得到体现,总体上,各样品晶胞参数与微斜长石标准值(a=8.573 Å、b=12.983 Å、c=7.220 Å、β=115.83°、V=722.70 Å3)接近,变化幅度较小。因此,天河石的结构总体较为稳定,仅局部存在轻微的参数波动,为讨论Rb、Pb等元素进入晶格后可能引起的晶格调整与缺陷效应提供依据。其中,部分Rb含量较高样品的a轴与晶胞体积呈偏大趋势(如GBS-1:a=8.605 Å、V=725.50 Å3;FZ-1:a=8.603 Å、V=725.02 Å3;SHY-1/SHY-2:a=8.592~8.593 Å、V=721.97~722.91 Å3),说明Rb+进入K位后可能引起轻微的晶格扩张,与其类质同象替代特征相符。
Pb2+的离子半径为1.29 Å,与K+半径接近,同样能有效替代K+(Shannon, 1976)。与Rb+不同的是,Pb2+进入K位后会引入价态差异,更容易造成局部电荷不平衡,从而促使晶体内部形成点缺陷并为色心产生创造条件。将军山矿床天河石Pb含量整体较高,但其对应样品FZ-1与FZ-2的晶胞参数并未出现与Pb富集相对应的系统变化(图9b),仍处于小幅波动范围内(FZ-1:a=8.603 Å,V=725.02 Å3;FZ-2:a=8.590 Å,V=722.66 Å3;表2)。类似地,Pb含量亦较高的张宝山矿床样品ZBS-1与ZBS-2晶胞参数同样变化不大(ZBS-1:a=8.587 Å,V=722.07 Å3;ZBS-2:a=8.583 Å,V=721.56 Å3)。因此,Pb对致色的关键影响更可能体现在“电荷补偿–缺陷色心”过程上。Cs+的离子半径为1.74 Å,比K+大15.2%,虽理论上替代会引发更明显的晶格膨胀,然而天河石Cs含量整体高于钾长石(图9)的同时,依兰里克等Cs偏高的天河石晶胞参数未出现相应的大幅变化,指示Cs进入晶格(K位)的量可能有限,因此难以作为致色的主控因素。尽管天河石中的Ga含量相对钾长石较高,但Ga3+为小半径三价离子,离子半径仅为 0.62 Å,与K+的半径差异达0.89 Å,远超类质同象替代的合理范围,难以以类质同象方式进入K位替代K+。且Ga含量高的天河石样品晶胞参数整体高度稳定(a轴范围8.573~8.615 Å,体积范围 720.25~725.50 Å3),即使是Ga含量最高的石灰窑样品SHY-1(Ga=76.34×10−6)与 Ga含量最低的将军山样品FZ-2(Ga=10.10×10−6),二者晶胞参数也无显著差异(SHY-1:a=8.592 Å、V=722.91 Å3;FZ-2:a=8.590 Å、V=722.66 Å3),这表明 Ga3+未通过晶格替代引发畸变,且Ga含量相对Rb、Pb、Cs更低(图9),故Ga3+难以替代 K+,不是天河石的致色元素。综上所述,Rb+和Pb2+的离子半径与K+的离子半径更为接近,这些元素更容易在天河石中替代K+而聚集,对颜色形成起到关键作用,Cs+可能起到协同因素。
笔者对5个矿床天河石的Rb、Pb含量进一步分析发现,尽管天河石的Rb和Pb含量普遍高于钾长石(Rb含量平均403×10−6,Pb含量平均67.9×10−6),但不同矿床的天河石呈现出鲜明的Rb-Pb含量规律(图9):国宝山矿床天河石的Rb、Pb含量均处于中等偏高水平(Rb 4722×10−6、Pb 209×10−6),证明当两种元素均充足时,可稳定触发显色效果,属于“Rb-Pb双高” 均衡富集模式;将军山矿床天河石呈“高Pb低Rb”特征(Pb平均为263×10−6,5个矿床中最高;Rb平均为2057×10−6,5个矿床中最低),石灰窑矿床则相反,呈“高Rb低Pb”特征(Rb平均为8185×10−6,5个矿床中最高;Pb平均为136×10−6,5个矿床中最低),呈现出一定的互补关系;张宝山矿床天河石Rb含量(平均为3235×10−6)相对较低,但Pb含量(平均为254×10−6)仅次于将军山,说明较高Pb可弥补Rb的相对不足;依兰里克矿床天河石Rb含量(4725×10−6)与国宝山相当,Pb含量(211×10−6)处于中等水平,表明较高Rb亦可弥补Pb的不足,这些情况均能稳定形成蓝绿色。综合来看,无论天河石呈现 “高 Pb 低 Rb”“高Rb低Pb”还是“Rb-Pb双高”特征,均具备更高的(Rb+Pb)含量(图13),暗示天河石的蓝绿色并非由单一元素导致,而更可能与Rb与Pb的协同富集有关。
当Pb2+替代K+进入天河石后,由于Pb2+的电荷(+2价)与K+的电荷(+1价)存在显著差异,当Pb2+取代晶格中K+的位置时,会打破局部电荷平衡状态;为缓解这种失衡,晶体内部会自发形成点缺陷,为色心的产生创造了条件,这些点缺陷正是色心的核心构成部分。而Rb+作为与K+离子半径(1.51Å)相近的大离子亲石元素(Rb+半径1.61Å),其类质同象替代虽不直接引发显著的电荷差异(均为+ 1价),但可能会因离子半径的细微差异导致晶格参数(如a轴、V体积)发生微调,这种晶格框架的轻微形变会进一步促进Pb的替代及为电荷失衡提供“结构空间”。色心的本质是离子晶格中能俘获电子或空穴的点缺陷,在光波入射时,电子可通过迁移与该缺陷发生作用,吸收特定波长的光波能量,最终使晶体呈现特定颜色(李胜荣, 2008)。当可见光照射天河石时,由Pb2+替代引发的电子色心中的电子会在缺陷能级间发生跃迁,选择性吸收620~740 nm橙红区的光波,剩余的蓝绿色光反射进入人眼,这与天河石呈现的620~740 nm处的紫外可见吸收特征相一致(Hofmeister et al., 1985; Julg, 1998; Ostrooumovm, 2005;Correcher et al., 2011)。此外,天河石的拉曼光谱分析显示(图11),其拉曼特征峰与微斜长石近乎一致,仅存在因非均质体特性导致的峰强各向异性差异。表明Rb和Pb对K的类质同象替代主要造成晶体局部的晶格缺陷,并未改变微斜长石整体结构,为局部缺陷持续发挥作用提供了基础。
综上所述并结合前人研究成果,笔者认为天河石的蓝绿色调并非由单一元素或简单机制导致,而是以Rb与Pb元素协同作用为核心;Rb+通过类质同象替代K+对晶格产生微调,并为后续过程提供结构条件,Pb2+替代K+时因电荷差异引发局部缺陷并形成色心;色心电子吸收620~740 nm橙红光后,剩余蓝绿光反射形成特征色调。
中亚造山带是全球显生宙新生地壳增生规模最大的多期次增生型造山带之一,新生地壳的持续增生与古老地壳的再造为区内广泛花岗质岩浆作用及其晚期高分异花岗岩—伟晶岩体系提供了重要物质基础(Xiao et al., 2015)。在后期伸展阶段,新生地壳发生低程度部分熔融,不相容元素(如Rb、Cs、Pb等)在残余熔体阶段被富集并进入花岗质熔体,从而为稀有金属富集及富稀有金属矿物的形成创造了条件(Şengör et al., 1993; 吴昌志等, 2021; 杨富全等, 2025)。
中亚造山带中广泛发育的天河石花岗(伟晶岩)岩代表典型的高分异、富F花岗质体系,天河石常与黄玉、钠长石、石英和白云母等矿物共生,指示其形成受花岗质岩浆晚期的高度分异演化控制(吴昌志等, 2021)。这类矿物组合通常产出在岩体顶部或边缘岩相带,以及晚期侵入的小岩株、岩枝或岩脉中,这些部位也是挥发分和稀有金属元素最终富集的关键部位。随着结晶分异推进,残余熔体成分逐渐向富硅、富碱方向演变,在此过程中,残余熔体不断富集挥发分(如F、H2O)及不相容的大离子亲石元素(Rb、Cs、Pb等)(孔会磊等, 2023),并不断向岩体顶部或边缘带等晚阶段部位迁移聚集。在岩浆演化晚期阶段,熔体中的不断富集的挥发分(如F、H2O等),一方面可以提高Rb、Pb、Cs等元素在熔体或流体中的迁移与分异能力,另一方面可改变体系的物理化学条件。以F为例,其能显著降低岩浆体系的固相线温度并延长体系结晶分异时间,从而促进Rb、Pb、Cs等在残余熔体中进一步富集,并有利于天河石等晚期矿物结晶(Villemant et al., 1999; Ballouard et al., 2016)。此时,残余熔体中高度富集的Rb、Pb、Cs等大离子亲石元素,因其离子半径与K+相近,可通过类质同象的形式进入较晚结晶的钾长石晶格体系中,替换部分K+的晶格位置,导致钾长石化学组分发生显著变化(如K占比降低、Rb与Pb含量显著升高),并可能引起晶格参数的轻微调整(如a、c轴略长、b轴略短),最终结晶形成天河石。玉等富F矿物也伴随着天河石而结晶,形成天河石花岗(伟晶岩)岩的特征矿物组合(顾连兴等,2007)。不同矿床天河石的元素组合和含量差异可能指示分异演化程度的不同及晚期流体作用的强弱。
因此,天河石的形成可视为岩浆分异演化进入晚期阶段的重要标志,其出现意味着花岗质岩浆经历了充分的分异演化。同时,天河石作为一种富含Rb、Cs等稀有金属元素的矿物,其分布与含量不仅反映岩浆分异演化程度,还可以指示稀有金属(如 Li、Rb、Cs、Ta、Nb 等)的富集过程,是示踪稀有金属成矿作用的重要指示矿物之一。
(1)笔者认为天河石的致色机理主要是Rb、Pb、Cs元素通过类质同象替代晶格中的K离子,其中Rb和Pb起主要作用,Rb+类质同象替代 K+微调晶格,Pb2+替代K+因电荷差异引发局部缺陷形成色心,最终使天河石呈现蓝绿色。
(2)天河石的形成是花岗质岩浆经历高程度分异演化进入晚期阶段的重要标志,并指示稀有金属元素(如Rb、Cs)的富集,是稀有金属成矿作用的重要指示矿物。

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2026年第59卷第3期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025152
  • 接收时间:2025-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-05
  • 修回日期:2025-12-31
  • 录用日期:2026-01-01
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    1西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室,长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
    2新疆维吾尔自治区地质研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    3新疆自然资源与生态环境研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000

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雷如雄(1987−),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事矿床学研究。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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