Article(id=1307086464571957637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025144, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761494400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-27, revisedDate=1765209600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-09, acceptedDate=1765296000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-10, onlineDate=1789563297646, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563297646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563297646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563297646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=46, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086464764895622, articleId=1307086464571957637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Deformation and Structural Evolution Mechanism of Artificial Structured Loess under Wet-Dry Cycles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The seasonal rainfall leads to a frequent wet-dry cycle environment across the China Loess Plateau. This environment often aggravates foundation settlement and collapsible deformation in loess subgrades. This study investigates the coupling mechanism of microstructural damage and macro-deformation evolution under wet-dry cycles. The findings provide a theoretical basis for engineering disaster prevention in loess regions. Artificially structured loess with controllable composition and uniform structure was prepared to simulate natural loess. This experimental approach facilitated the systematic study of the effects of wet-dry cycles (0~9 cycles) on loess. Macro-mechanical behaviors were tested using confined compression and single-line collapsibility methods. Microstructural characteristics were analyzed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle analysis, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The test results indicate that wet-dry cycling causes irreversible damage to the loess microstructure. Macroscopically, compressive deformation shows a significant positive correlation with the number of cycles. Conversely, the collapsibility coefficient follows a non-monotonic evolutionary pattern, first increasing and then decreasing. The structural parameters exhibit a non-linear decay characterized by an "initial sharp drop followed by stabilization". The first three cycles constitute the primary structural damage phase; the decay rate slows down significantly during cycles 5 to 9, reaching only about one-quarter of the initial rate. Microscopically, the dissolution and loss of cementing agents cause the soil structure to evolve. The support system transforms from a "strong cementation-large aggregate" structure to a "weak cementation-loose particle" contact system. This loss of cementing agents and the resulting microstructural rearrangement are the essential causes of macroscopic mechanical degradation. In the initial cycles, structural disintegration driven by cementation failure dominates. This significantly enhances collapsibility sensitivity. In later cycles, pore compaction and structural reorganization increase the soil's resistance to further deformation. Therefore, engineering practices must prioritize waterproofing during the early exposure period of the foundation to prevent sudden settlements caused by accumulated structural damage.

, authors=Yao ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chuhong ZHOU1, Zufeng LI3, 4, Xinyu FAN3, Peixi GUO1, authorsList=Yao ZHANG, Chuhong ZHOU, Zufeng LI, Xinyu FAN, Peixi GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086470016164263, articleId=1307086464571957637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=干湿循环作用下人工结构性黄土的变形与结构演变机理研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对中国黄土地区因季节性降雨导致的干湿循环环境,以及由此引发的黄土地基沉降问题,探究干湿循环作用下黄土微观结构损伤与宏观变形演化机理,为黄土地区工程防灾提供理论依据。采用组分可控、结构均一的人工制备结构性黄土模拟天然黄土,通过侧限压缩试验、单线法湿陷试验等宏观力学测试手段,结合扫描电镜(SEM)、颗粒分析及X射线衍射(XRD)等细微观分析方法,系统研究了干湿循环次数(0~9次)对黄土压缩变形、湿陷系数及微观结构特征的影响。试验结果表明:干湿循环对黄土微观结构造成了不可逆损伤。在宏观层面,压缩变形随循环次数增加呈显著正相关;而湿陷系数随循环次数呈现“先增大后减小”的非单调演化规律。结构性参数表现出“初期骤降、后期趋稳”的非线性衰减特征,前3次循环为结构损伤的主要发生期,后5~9次循环的衰减速率显著放缓,仅为初期速率的1/4左右。在微观层面,胶结物质溶解流失导致土体微观结构由“强胶结–大团粒”支撑体系逐渐向“弱胶结–散体单粒”接触体系演变。干湿循环诱导的胶结物质流失与微观结构重排是导致黄土宏观力学性能衰退的本质原因。在循环初期,胶结破坏导致的结构崩解占主导地位;在循环后期,随着孔隙压密和结构重组,抵抗变形的能力有所提升。鉴于此,工程实践中应高度重视地基暴露初期的防水保护,以防范结构损伤累积引发的突发性沉降。

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张耀(1983−),男,正高级工程师,从事特殊土力学与地基处理研究。E−mail:

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Exploring the mechanical behavior and microstructure of compacted loess subjected to dry-wet cycles and chemical contamination[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2024, 16(9): 3673−3695., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086526307918369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nie Y, Ni W, Wang H, et al. The influence of dry-wet cycles on loess erodibility and microscopic interpretation based on SEM and NMR[J]. Catena, 2025, 262: 109633., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086526710571554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun Y, Liu E L, Wu J D, et al. Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model for Artificially Structured Soils under Undrained Conditions[J]. Mathematics, 2024, 12(14): 2226−2226., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086527062893091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie X, Qi S W, Zhao F S, et al. Creep behavior and the microstructural evolution of loess-like soil from Xi'an area, China[J]. Engineering Geology, 2018, 236: 43−59., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086527146779172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu J H, Su Z Y, Zhang H Y. Soil-water characteristic curves and hydraulic conductivity of Gaomiaozi bentonite pellet-contained materials[J]. 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articleId=1307086464571957637, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土样的粒径分布, figureFileSmall=9a5IIV2intupiVbiIzCaYw==, figureFileBig=zQ6Y/k41mbAjFQDyievpNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086486373949917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship between δs and P of natural loess and artificial structural loess, figureFileSmall=Xzgm+CKieBt7Ms7xWYKWQg==, figureFileBig=AIsKT7T4YpX0B9lqkgamOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086486860489182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=CN, label=图2, caption=天然黄土与人工结构黄土的湿陷系数δs与竖向压力P间的关系, figureFileSmall=Xzgm+CKieBt7Ms7xWYKWQg==, figureFileBig=AIsKT7T4YpX0B9lqkgamOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086487636435423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Appearance of (a) natural loess and (b) artificial structural loess, figureFileSmall=5aMnlf1wMqT7E/ePjhuTzQ==, figureFileBig=zJIddc0o2w7gFn6cTSRphg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086488122974688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=CN, label=图3, caption=天然黄土(a)与人工结构性黄土(b)外观图, figureFileSmall=5aMnlf1wMqT7E/ePjhuTzQ==, figureFileBig=zJIddc0o2w7gFn6cTSRphg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086489767141857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Compression curves of the soil samples, figureFileSmall=iPiEaaBjxtqCwDquOFAlow==, figureFileBig=18fTzZpyJw0x3KhkaURLyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086490572448226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土样的压缩曲线

a. 结构性黄土;b. 重塑黄土

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a. 结构性黄土;b. 重塑黄土

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a. 3次干湿循环压缩前;b. 3次干湿循环压缩后;c. 3次干湿循环湿陷后;d. 5次干湿循环压缩前;e. 5次干湿循环压缩后;f. 5次干湿循环湿陷后

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a. 0次循环后;b. 3次循环后;c. 9次循环后

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a. 0次循环后100 kPa下;b. 3次循环后100 kPa下;c. 9次循环后100 kPa下;d. 0次循环后400 kPa下;e. 3次循环后400 kPa下;f. 9次循环后400 kPa下

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a. 0次循环后100kPa下湿陷后;b. 3次循环后100kPa下湿陷后;c. 9次循环后100kPa下湿陷后;d. 0次循环后400kPa下湿陷后;e. 3次循环后400kPa下湿陷后;f. 9次循环后400kPa下湿陷后

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a. 0次干湿循环下的粒径级配曲线;b. 3次干湿循环下的粒径级配曲线;c. 9次干湿循环下的粒径级配曲线;d. 0次干湿循环下的区间分布曲线;e. 3次干湿循环下的区间分布曲线;f. 9次干湿循环下的区间分布曲线

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a. 干湿循环;b. 干湿循环后压力作用;c. 干湿循环后浸水

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Basic physical properties of soil samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理性质值矿物组成(%)值
土粒比重Gs2.70SiO2 42.40
天然干密度
ρd (g/cm3)
1.26K[AlSi3O8] 2.20
天然含水率
w (%)
22.80Na[AlSi3O8] 20.50
天然密度
ρ (g/cm3)
1.54CaCO39.80
塑限wp (%)17.50A0-1X2-3Y5[Z8O22]
(OH,F,O)2
1.50
液限wL (%)28.02TCCM 23.50
天然孔隙比e01.14
), ArticleFig(id=1307086509077717496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土样的基本物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理性质值矿物组成(%)值
土粒比重Gs2.70SiO2 42.40
天然干密度
ρd (g/cm3)
1.26K[AlSi3O8] 2.20
天然含水率
w (%)
22.80Na[AlSi3O8] 20.50
天然密度
ρ (g/cm3)
1.54CaCO39.80
塑限wp (%)17.50A0-1X2-3Y5[Z8O22]
(OH,F,O)2
1.50
液限wL (%)28.02TCCM 23.50
天然孔隙比e01.14
), ArticleFig(id=1307086509534896633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086464571957637, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical indicators of natural loess and artificially structured loess

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性质A-1A-2A-3A-4长安区C-1C-2
干密度ρd(g/cm3)1.321.281.271.301.261.26~1.661.27~1.60
土粒比重Gs2.702.712.692.702.702.712.71
孔隙比e1.041.111.131.081.140.64~1.160.69~1.14
液限wL(%)28.3028.8028.3028.1028.0227.00~30.1027.20~29.50
塑限wp(%)17.1016.7016.9017.0017.5016.40~17.7016.30~17.30
塑性指数Ip11.2012.1011.4011.1010.5210.60~12.4010.60~12.00
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天然黄土与人工重塑黄土的物理指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性质A-1A-2A-3A-4长安区C-1C-2
干密度ρd(g/cm3)1.321.281.271.301.261.26~1.661.27~1.60
土粒比重Gs2.702.712.692.702.702.712.71
孔隙比e1.041.111.131.081.140.64~1.160.69~1.14
液限wL(%)28.3028.8028.3028.1028.0227.00~30.1027.20~29.50
塑限wp(%)17.1016.7016.9017.0017.5016.40~17.7016.30~17.30
塑性指数Ip11.2012.1011.4011.1010.5210.60~12.4010.60~12.00
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干湿循环作用下人工结构性黄土的变形与结构演变机理研究
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张耀 1, 2, 3 , 周楚鸿 1 , 李祖峰 3, 4 , 范新宇 3 , 郭培玺 1
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 46-58
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 46 -58
干湿循环作用下人工结构性黄土的变形与结构演变机理研究
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张耀1, 2, 3 , 周楚鸿1, 李祖峰3, 4, 范新宇3, 郭培玺1
作者信息
  • 1西京学院土木工程学院,陕西省混凝土结构安全与耐久性重点实验室,陕西 西安 710123
  • 2长江科学研究院,水利部岩土力学与工程重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430010
  • 3中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710065
  • 4西安理工大学水利水电学院,陕西 西安 710048
作者简介:

张耀(1983−),男,正高级工程师,从事特殊土力学与地基处理研究。E−mail:

Deformation and Structural Evolution Mechanism of Artificial Structured Loess under Wet-Dry Cycles
Yao ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Chuhong ZHOU1, Zufeng LI3, 4, Xinyu FAN3, Peixi GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, School of Civil Engineering, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering, Ministry of Water Resources, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
  • 3Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
  • 4School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025144
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针对中国黄土地区因季节性降雨导致的干湿循环环境,以及由此引发的黄土地基沉降问题,探究干湿循环作用下黄土微观结构损伤与宏观变形演化机理,为黄土地区工程防灾提供理论依据。采用组分可控、结构均一的人工制备结构性黄土模拟天然黄土,通过侧限压缩试验、单线法湿陷试验等宏观力学测试手段,结合扫描电镜(SEM)、颗粒分析及X射线衍射(XRD)等细微观分析方法,系统研究了干湿循环次数(0~9次)对黄土压缩变形、湿陷系数及微观结构特征的影响。试验结果表明:干湿循环对黄土微观结构造成了不可逆损伤。在宏观层面,压缩变形随循环次数增加呈显著正相关;而湿陷系数随循环次数呈现“先增大后减小”的非单调演化规律。结构性参数表现出“初期骤降、后期趋稳”的非线性衰减特征,前3次循环为结构损伤的主要发生期,后5~9次循环的衰减速率显著放缓,仅为初期速率的1/4左右。在微观层面,胶结物质溶解流失导致土体微观结构由“强胶结–大团粒”支撑体系逐渐向“弱胶结–散体单粒”接触体系演变。干湿循环诱导的胶结物质流失与微观结构重排是导致黄土宏观力学性能衰退的本质原因。在循环初期,胶结破坏导致的结构崩解占主导地位;在循环后期,随着孔隙压密和结构重组,抵抗变形的能力有所提升。鉴于此,工程实践中应高度重视地基暴露初期的防水保护,以防范结构损伤累积引发的突发性沉降。

干湿循环  /  压缩变形  /  湿陷变形  /  结构性  /  胶结强度

The seasonal rainfall leads to a frequent wet-dry cycle environment across the China Loess Plateau. This environment often aggravates foundation settlement and collapsible deformation in loess subgrades. This study investigates the coupling mechanism of microstructural damage and macro-deformation evolution under wet-dry cycles. The findings provide a theoretical basis for engineering disaster prevention in loess regions. Artificially structured loess with controllable composition and uniform structure was prepared to simulate natural loess. This experimental approach facilitated the systematic study of the effects of wet-dry cycles (0~9 cycles) on loess. Macro-mechanical behaviors were tested using confined compression and single-line collapsibility methods. Microstructural characteristics were analyzed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle analysis, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The test results indicate that wet-dry cycling causes irreversible damage to the loess microstructure. Macroscopically, compressive deformation shows a significant positive correlation with the number of cycles. Conversely, the collapsibility coefficient follows a non-monotonic evolutionary pattern, first increasing and then decreasing. The structural parameters exhibit a non-linear decay characterized by an "initial sharp drop followed by stabilization". The first three cycles constitute the primary structural damage phase; the decay rate slows down significantly during cycles 5 to 9, reaching only about one-quarter of the initial rate. Microscopically, the dissolution and loss of cementing agents cause the soil structure to evolve. The support system transforms from a "strong cementation-large aggregate" structure to a "weak cementation-loose particle" contact system. This loss of cementing agents and the resulting microstructural rearrangement are the essential causes of macroscopic mechanical degradation. In the initial cycles, structural disintegration driven by cementation failure dominates. This significantly enhances collapsibility sensitivity. In later cycles, pore compaction and structural reorganization increase the soil's resistance to further deformation. Therefore, engineering practices must prioritize waterproofing during the early exposure period of the foundation to prevent sudden settlements caused by accumulated structural damage.

wet-dry cycles  /  compressive deformation  /  collapsible deformation  /  structural characteristics  /  cementation strength
张耀, 周楚鸿, 李祖峰, 范新宇, 郭培玺. 干湿循环作用下人工结构性黄土的变形与结构演变机理研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 46 -58 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025144
Yao ZHANG, Chuhong ZHOU, Zufeng LI, Xinyu FAN, Peixi GUO. Deformation and Structural Evolution Mechanism of Artificial Structured Loess under Wet-Dry Cycles[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 46 -58 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025144
黄土是一种典型的第四纪风成沉积物(康佐等, 2025),在世界范围内有着广泛的分布,约占陆地面积的9.3%。黄土独特的形成过程使得其呈现欠固结、疏松多孔、高水敏性等特点( Liu et al., 2022;刘叶等, 2024)。在经历干湿循环后,黄土的结构性更易出现转变,结构易损性增加,强度显著衰减,变形大幅增长,从而更易引发地基沉降、山体滑坡等各种地质灾害(胡江洋等, 2023)。由此可见,研究干湿循环对黄土变形和结构性的影响具有十分重要的现实意义。
已有一些学者开展了干湿循环作用下的结构性黄土力学性质与结构演变特征的研究。早期研究侧重于宏观变形的试验发现。万勇等(2015)试验发现,经过3次循环后,压实黏土土样出现了不可恢复的体积收缩变形。赵俊刚(2017)研究发现,压实黄土的干密度随着干湿循环次数的增加而降低,孔隙比则上升,这表明其内部结构已经发生了变化。近年来,研究更加聚焦于劣化规律的定量化。有学者发现干湿循环对黄土的抗剪强度参数(粘聚力和内摩擦角)的劣化并非线性,而是呈现先快速衰减后趋于稳定的阶段性特征,且这种劣化效应在低围压下更为显著(Feng et al., 2025)。近期的研究利用扫描电镜(SEM)、CT断层扫描、核磁共振(NMR)和分形几何等手段,深入揭示了干湿循环作用下黄土微观结构的演变细节。研究表明,水分的反复迁移导致颗粒间的胶结物(如碳酸盐)溶解、再沉淀和重结晶,这一过程伴随着孔隙结构的破坏和重新排列(Nie et al., 2024)。尤其是在浸水阶段,结构性的黄土内部大孔隙被压缩、小孔隙形成,表现为结构趋于密实化。定量分析进一步发现,孔隙比和孔隙分布均匀性是影响宏观变形响应的关键微观参数(Nie et al., 2025)。以上研究表明,在干湿循环作用下,黄土的内部结构发生了变化,其力学性质发生了不可逆的劣化影响。
土的结构性是土体特性的最根本的内部因素(谢定义等, 1999)。在岩土工程领域,结构性是指土体颗粒的空间排列方式、颗粒间的联结(如胶结、吸力、水化作用等)以及土体宏观孔隙分布特征等因素共同决定的、抵抗外部荷载或变形的内在能力。这种结构性是黄土“欠固结”和“高水敏性”等特殊力学行为的根源。对于结构性的定量化研究,是岩土工程学科面临的重要课题(沈珠江, 1998)。本研究将采用固结试验中引入的结构性参数(即综合结构势)对黄土的结构损伤进行量化表征。该参数通过对比天然土(或人工结构土)与重塑土的力学差异来定义,能够综合反映土体胶结强度和颗粒排列形式对结构稳定的贡献,为本研究定量分析干湿循环对黄土结构劣化的影响提供了可靠的指标。
在以往对土结构性的研究中,常常采集现场的原状土作为研究对象并进行试验。原状土采集过程中,结构很可能会受到采样扰动的影响而遭到破坏。此外,原状土中可能存在如虫洞、植物根茎等,也会影响土体结构的均匀性。在此背景下,学者们对制备人工土壤的可行性和有效性进行了探索。研究表明人工结构性土具有性状稳定,便于采集,结构较原状土更均匀,更适用于土结构性的研究。Sun et al. (2024)通过向粉质黏土中添加高岭土、水泥和高度纯化的盐颗粒来模拟结构性土,以研究其在不排水条件下的力学特性和本构模型。李宏儒等(2023)通过向原状土中加入不同添加剂(水泥,石灰和路液)以及冰粒来模拟大孔隙的结构性土,研究其在不同添加剂下的力学特性差异。
作为一种欠压实、大孔隙和高水敏性等结构性土,干湿循环后,压力与浸水更易使其发生体变,显著增加了黄土地区的工程病害风险。但是,目前尚缺乏黄土在干湿循环作用下变形的结构性定量参数及其细微观演变机理的研究(王丽琴等, 2017; 邵帅等, 2021)。现有研究多侧重于天然黄土,而针对人工结构性黄土在干湿循环下的力学响应和结构量化分析则相对有限。
本研究通过向晒干、碾碎、过筛的重塑黄土中添加水泥(控制颗粒间的胶结强度)、食盐(控制土样的孔隙比)和冰粒(形成黄土大孔隙外观)来模拟与西安周边地区抽黄渠黄土物理力学性质相近的人工结构性黄土,通过开展干湿循环试验、侧限压缩试验、湿陷试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、颗粒分析和X射线衍射(XRD)分析达到以下目标。①确定与抽黄渠黄土物理力学性质相近的结构性黄土最优配合比;②分析干湿循环作用对黄土压缩变形与湿陷变形的影响变化;③结合综合结构势的定义,用定量化的方式分析干湿循环作用下黄土的结构变化;④探究干湿循环或者压力浸水作用下土样的细观结构变化机理。
(1)试验材料:试验黄土取自陕西省西安市长安区某施工基坑中,深度为2.0 ~3.0 m,呈黄褐色,质地均匀。按照《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T50123-2019)标准进行基本物理指标试验,并采用JSM-5600LV型扫描电子显微镜进行物质组分分析(表1,图1)。根据统一土壤分类系统(USCS),取样的天然黄土被归类为低塑性粉土(ML)。
在人工结构性黄土的制备过程中,使用P O 52.5普通硅酸盐水泥以控制颗粒间的胶结强度。通过添加氯化钠(NaCl)实现对结构性土样孔隙比的精准调控。通过制冰机制备蒸馏水冰粒,经机械粉碎后过2 mm筛,按干土质量的3.17%(相当于4 g冰粒)掺入土样中,以模拟天然黄土中大孔隙的形态特征。冰粒在养护过程中融化形成孔隙水,其水量计入土样总含水率中,以确保目标含水率(12%)的实现及各组分配比的严格可控。
(2)配比制备:为制备出与抽黄渠黄土物理力学性质相近的土样,采用4种人工结构性黄土配比(A-1至A-4):A-1(4%NaCl+1% P O 52.5)、A-2(6%NaCl +1% PO52.5)、A-3(8%NaCl +1% P O 52.5)、A-4(8%NaCl+4% P O 52.5)。抽黄渠1号和2号取样点数据分别记为C-1、C-2。对比试验:A-2(6% NaCl+1% P O 52.5)与抽黄渠黄土物理力学性质相近,确定为最优配比(表2,图2)。天然黄土与人工结构性黄土的针孔状外观(图3)。
将原状土风干、研磨并过1 mm筛,确保颗粒均匀。按照最优配合比,加入水泥、食盐和冰粒,均匀拌合,确保材料分布均匀。采用静压法成型,直径为79.8 mm、高度为20 mm,确保土样密实度一致。另外分别制备重塑土和饱和土的环刀试件。最后,密封养护28d,温度控制在20±2 ℃,湿度>90%,并确保土样均匀性。
(1)干湿循环试验:对按最优配比制备的人工结构性黄土及重塑土(对照样)进行干湿循环试验(饱和试样不参与循环):首先,将初始含水率为12%的试样在40°C的烘箱中烘干至恒重(连续两次称重差值小于0.1%),使其含水率降至约7%,;随后,采用喷雾增湿法,将试样含水率缓慢增至25%;最后,再次烘干至初始含水率(12%)。循环次数分别设置为0、1、3、5、7和9次。每次循环结束后,试样立即用保鲜膜密封,置于恒温(20±2°C)环境中保存。
(2)固结压缩试验和湿陷试验:固结压缩与湿陷试验遵循《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T50123-2019),采用中国南京土壤仪器厂有限公司生产的WG型单杠杆式固结仪进行。按12.5、25、50、100、200、400 kPa的序列逐级施加垂直压力。每级压力持荷24 h,或直至变形稳定(稳定标准为每小时变形量小于0.01 mm)。
湿陷试验采用单线法。待固结变形稳定后,在恒定压力下用蒸馏水淹没试样。浸水后,立即开始按标准间隔记录垂直变形,直至变形再次达到稳定标准。试样的湿陷系数(δs)根据《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》(GB 50025-2018)中规定的公式(1)进行计算:
$ {\delta }_{s}=\frac{{h}_{p}-{{{h}^{\prime}}}_{p}}{{h}_{0}} $
式中:hp为浸水前在压力p作用下变形稳定后的试样高度(mm);h'p为浸水饱和后在压力p作用下变形稳定后的试样高度(mm);h0 为试样的初始高度(mm)。根据《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》(GB 50025-2018)标准,湿陷性等级按200 kPa压力下的湿陷系数δs (200 kPa) 进行判定:当δs ≥ 0.015时为轻微湿陷性,当0.015 < δs ≤ 0.030时为中等湿陷性,当δs > 0.030时为强烈湿陷性。
(3)细微观结构和物质组成分析试验:微观形貌观察参照《扫描电子显微镜分析方法通则》(JY/T 0584-2020)进行。采用日本电子株式会社生产的JSM-5600LV型扫描电子显微镜进行分析。从经历0、3、9次干湿循环的试样中,小心切取尺寸约为1 cm × 1 cm × 2 cm的块状样品。为最大限度地保持其原始微观结构,所有样品均经真空冷冻干燥机于−50°C下冷冻干燥48 h。干燥后的样品使用日本电子株式会社生产的JFC-1600型自动溅射仪在20 mA电流下喷镀金膜60s。SEM观测时,加速电压设置为15 kV,工作距离约为10 mm。
颗粒分析参照《激光衍射法颗粒粒度分析》(ISO 13320:2020)的原则进行。采用中国丹东百特仪器有限公司生产的Bettersize2000型激光粒度分析仪测定土样的颗粒级配。取少量(约0.5 g)经冷冻干燥的土样,轻轻碾散后过0.075 mm筛。测试前,将约0.1 g的样品分散于50 mL的蒸馏水中,并加入少量六偏磷酸钠作为分散剂,然后置于超声波清洗器中振荡分散2 min。每个样品重复测量3次,结果取平均值。
物相分析参照《X 射线衍射物相定性分析方法》(GB/T 30903-2014)进行。采用日本理学株式会社生产的D/MAX2500型X射线衍射仪进行矿物鉴定。将不同循环次数后的冻干土样研磨成均匀粉末并过0.075 mm筛。X射线源为Cu靶Kα射线(λ = 1.5406 Å),管电压为40 kV,管电流为100 mA。扫描范围(2θ)为5°至75°,扫描速度为2°/min,步长为0.02°。利用Jade 6.0软件将获得的衍射图谱与国际衍射数据中心(ICDD)的PDF卡片库进行比对,以鉴定矿物组成。
结构性土和重塑土不同干湿循环次数下孔隙比e随竖向压力lgP变化的曲线图(图4a、图4b)显示,在lgP作用下e呈现出初期下降速率较缓(12.5~100 kPa时),随后(当lgP > 100 kPa时)下降速率显著增大的非线性特征。其中,0次循环后,结构性黄土(图4a)因胶结作用具有较大抗压效果,100 kPa压缩后,e仍维持在较高水平(e≈1.07)。颗粒间的架空孔隙较大,表明土体骨架仍具有较高的稳定性。3次循环后,由于水分渗透导致胶结物溶解与流失,团聚体分解为小颗粒,并填充到孔隙中,导致e显著下降,e降幅达0.05,此阶段结构损伤主要源于胶结强度弱化(赵俊刚, 2017)。5~9次循环后的土样,e降幅减小,大致为前3次循环的1/3。此时胶结物已大量流失,孔隙被挤密,结构变化趋于稳定,也说明其土样的剩余孔隙可压缩空间已经很小(Zhu et al., 2022)。对于重塑黄土(图4b),因人工制备过程导致其失去天然结构性,在同样干湿循环和压力作用下,土样e相对于结构性土较低。
结构性土和重塑土在不同循环次数下压缩系数和压缩模量的变化规律(图5a、图5b)显示,在压缩试验中,压缩系数a反映了土体在不同竖向压力P下的压缩性,而压缩模量Es则反映了土体在不同P下的刚度。二者之间的关系可以通过压缩曲线来表示,通常呈负相关的关系。此处仅以100至200 kPa竖向压力区间下的压缩系数为例,可以发现,无论是结构性土还是重塑土,压缩系数a呈现非线性增长趋势:前3次循环急剧攀升,而5~9次循环阶段增长速率显著放缓。其中,结构性黄土(图5a)的压缩系数a在经历前3次循环后,从0.28 MPa−1增至0.44 MPa−1,主要因干湿循环溶解胶结物,颗粒间连接破坏,孔隙比增加。5~9次循环时,a增幅较前3次循环时减小,表明因颗粒重排形成新骨架,抗变形能力部分恢复,变形量减小,结构趋于稳定(Zhu et al., 2022)。重塑黄土的压缩系数a整体上从0.14 MPa−1增为0.52 MPa−1(图5b)。对比发现(图5a、图5b),结构性土的压缩系数整体大于重塑土的压缩系数,主要因结构性黄土具有天然结构性(如颗粒间胶结物、架空孔隙),初始状态下结构松散(孔隙比大),胶结强度低。当施加P时,架空孔隙易坍塌,e随P增加迅速衰减,表现为高压缩性及低抗压刚度。而重塑黄土的天然结构被完全破坏,颗粒重新排列为密实、均匀的构型,颗粒间以摩擦力为主(无胶结)。初始状态下,土体需承受更大P才会发生显著变形,故压缩性低,抵抗压缩能力强。
在研究土体结构性定量表征方法时,笔者引入结构性参数(即综合结构势)作为核心评价指标。在施加P的过程中,初始阶段的结构性参数(较小的P)主要反映颗粒胶结强度。结构性参数越大,表明颗粒间胶结强度越高。但在后期高P条件下,颗粒胶结强度部分丧失,颗粒排列效应逐渐占据主导地位,因此,结构参数表征了胶结作用和空间排列两种机制的耦合效应。根据谢定义等(1999)建立的土体结构性理论,综合结构势定义为原状土与重塑土在相同荷载作用下应变响应的比值,其表达式如公式(2)所示。
$ {m}_{p}=\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}=\frac{{S}_{\text{s}}/{S}_{\text{o}}}{{S}_{\text{o}}/{S}_{\text{r}}}=\frac{{S}_{\text{r}}\ast {S}_{\text{s}}}{S_{\text{o}}^{2}} $
式中:mp,黄土的应变结构性参数;So、Ss和Sr分别为原状样或干湿循环样原状样、饱和样和重塑样或干湿循环重塑样在某一P下的变形量(或应变量)。
在不同条件下黄土的应变结构性参数mp的变化图(图6)显示,0次循环阶段,当P< 200 kPa时,mp值较高(P=12.5 kPa时≈56)(图6a)。此时反映了颗粒胶结连接的完整,结构势能主要由颗粒间胶结强度主导。随着P的增加(12.5→100 kPa),mp发生陡降(衰减幅度达88%)。这主要由于P破坏部分胶结键,颗粒滑移释放了结构势能(郝延周等, 2021)。前3次循环后,当P=50 kPa时,mp从19降至5(降幅74%)(图6b)。这是由于水分溶解胶结物,导致次生孔隙发育并削弱颗粒连接(Liu et al., 2015), 在P> 200 kPa阶段,因高P破坏了部分胶结结构,部分结构势能释放,使得初始mp显著降低(P=400 kPa时≈5)。5~9次循环后,mp趋近于2,表明随着胶结物大部分流失,变形主要由颗粒的摩擦和密实排列方式来控制,此时结构重新趋于稳定。
黄土土样在经历0~9次干湿循环作用后,其δs和P的关系曲线图(图7)显示,0次循环后的土样,δs不大(P=100 kPa,δs≈0.027),反映了天然胶结结构抗浸水变形的能力。3次循环后的土样,水分渗入使得胶结物溶解,颗粒间连接弱化,结构被破坏(袁志辉等, 2021)。干燥时,土体收缩产生的拉应力导致
微裂纹萌生,裂纹扩展进一步破坏了结构的完整性。此时,“架空孔隙”被压缩,颗粒排列趋于松散,浸水后失去胶结支撑,导致湿陷变形急剧增加,反映了结构损伤对湿陷性的放大效应。具体表现为湿陷系数显著增加(P=100 kPa,δs≈0.049)。而5~9次循环后的土样,相对于0~3次循环后的土样,在同一P下土样的湿陷系数有所降低,主要因为前3次循环已破坏了大部分天然胶结,后续循环中,土体在固结阶段(压缩阶段)因结构强度降低,颗粒得以更充分地重排列(小孔隙合并为大孔隙,颗粒从“架空”变为“接触”),使得浸水后的湿陷阶段无需再进行大量的颗粒调整。此时,结构损伤达到稳定状态,湿陷变形趋于平缓。当P<100 kPa时,δs随P增加呈现显著增长趋势,主要归因于固结压缩阶段土体未能实现充分压密,而水力耦合的作用足够破坏其残余的胶结连接,使其充分压密。当P>100 kPa时,在压缩阶段,已经将其较充分压密,所以在湿陷性阶段,其孔隙压缩变形量减小。
分别为3次循环和5次循环下结构性黄土在压缩和湿陷变形的二相图(图8)显示,此处假定5次和7次干湿循环后,两种土样的孔隙比相同(图8a、图8d)。在压缩阶段,由于3次循环后的胶结物较5次循环后的土样多,抵抗压力变形的能力较好,压缩后土样中剩余的孔隙较大。而由于胶结物损失较多,在同一P条件下,结构强度降低较多,5次循环后的结构性黄土的压缩量大于3次循环结构性黄土的压缩量(图8b、图8e)。反映在压缩试验中,比较前3次循环的压缩曲线和第5次循环的压缩曲线,可以发现,第5次循环时的e降幅明显大于前3次循环阶段的e降幅,0~5次循环的曲线变化(图4a)。随着胶结物大量溶解流失,颗粒排列趋于稳定,孔隙被挤密,变形潜力基本释放,结构趋于稳定(Zhu et al.,2022)。5次循环时,土样中的胶结物被溶解,压缩后土样中剩余的e较小,且随着孔隙被挤密,骨架的稳定性逐渐增强。在同一湿载条件下,5次循环结构性黄土的湿陷变形量小于3次循环结构性黄土的湿陷变形量(图8c、图8f),反映在湿陷试验中,5次循环后的δs曲线随着循环次数增加整体有逐渐降低的趋势(图7)。在5次循环后,δs的峰值点有降低的趋势,主要是由于胶结物大量溶解流失,结构强度降低较多,土样更易在压力作用下发生变形。随着孔隙被挤密,颗粒排列趋于稳定,土体结构抵抗浸水变形的能力再次增强。
比较了不同循环次数下的土样SEM图像(图9)显示,与0次干湿循环下的黄土相比,3~9次循环后的黄土胶结物质已经明显减少(图9a~图9c)。宏观力学表现为,土样在干湿循环前粒间胶结强度较高,粒间结构具有相对较高的抗压性能和结构参数。0~3次循环阶段,当水分渗入黄土时,颗粒间起连接作用的物质被润滑、溶解和软化。一些大的骨料颗粒被分解成许多小的骨料颗粒,在随后的干燥过程中,起到稳定土骨架作用的弯月面水分减少,导致土骨架的稳定性降低(王佳等, 2024),进一步削弱了粒间胶结强度(图9b)。因此,在0~3次循环后,黄土粒间结构抗压性能与结构参数呈现迅速衰减态势。随着循环次数的增加,颗粒间的胶结连接被破坏,团聚体分解为小颗粒,胶结强度逐渐减弱。在3~9次循环后,黄土颗粒以较小的颗粒形态为主,存在较多的集合体间孔隙,粒间结构的抗压性能和结构参数降低到较低水平(图9c)。
笔者对比了100 kPa和400 kPa压力作用下不同循环次数的土样SEM图像(图10)。在干湿循环后,颗粒间的胶结物质被软化、溶解,一些大的骨料颗粒被分解成许多小的骨料颗粒,粒间胶结强度被削弱。100 kPa压力作用阶段(图10a),黄土结构中的次生孔隙开始被挤密,被分解的骨料颗粒逐渐聚集成新的集合,骨架的稳定性逐渐恢复。3次循环时,P作用使得孔隙减少,骨料颗粒聚集逐渐显著,并逐渐聚集形成新的粒间结构,此时颗粒胶结强度由逐步加入的粒间结构作用和胶结物质共同承担(图10b)。当循环至9次时,骨料颗粒聚集进一步紧密,小颗粒在P作用下进一步填密孔隙(图10c)。400 kPa压力作用阶段,小颗粒会逐步填充到孔隙中,原本松散的颗粒会聚集成新集合体(图10d)。3次循环时,P作用使得集合体逐渐紧密,土骨架稳定性逐渐增强(图10e)。9次循环时,聚集的集合体呈堆积状挤密在一起,颗粒胶结强度主要由颗粒内结构排列方式承担,粒间结构的抗压性能和应变结构参数逐渐趋于稳定(图10f)。
笔者对比了100 kPa和400 kPa湿载作用下不同循环次数的土样SEM图像(图11)。其中,100 kPa湿载作用阶段(图11a),水分的增加使得黄土颗粒间的胶结物质发生溶蚀。颗粒间的胶结连接被破坏,部分大团聚体颗粒溶解成小颗粒。同时,P作用使得小颗粒更易聚集起来,孔隙更易填充挤密。3次循环时,循环作用使得胶结物质减少,粒间胶结强度被削弱。在此条件下,湿载作用使得弱化后的颗粒结构更易聚集在一起,形成新的粒间结构,孔隙进一步被挤密(图11b)。9次循环时,在湿载作用下,颗粒更易填密到孔隙中,形成新的粒间结构(图11c)。此时颗粒的胶结强度主要由粒间结构的排列方式承担。当湿载达到400 kPa时,自由水带动小颗粒会逐步填充到孔隙中,表现为疏松的颗粒在高P作用下更易聚集成新集合体(图11d)。3次循环时,湿载作用使得胶结物质溶蚀,周围松散的细小颗粒更易聚集起来形成集合体(图11e)。当循环9次时,聚集的集合体周围孔隙被挤密填充,土骨架稳定性增强,粒间结构的抗压性能和应变结构参数趋于稳定(图11f)。
干湿循环后,不同土样在不同P下粒径的变化并不大(图12a、图12b、图12c)。对比发现(图12d、图12e、图12f),不同循环次数下,随着颗粒间的胶结物的破碎,颗粒更易发生滑移,P的作用使得黄土颗粒间的孔隙被挤密,少量微小颗粒有重新聚集的现象(高英等, 2019),表现为土样中的中粉粒(5~40 μm)含量整体呈现增长的趋势,而粘粒(<5 μm)含量呈减少的趋势。3次循环后的土样(图12e),40 μm以上的中大颗粒随着P的增加又有减少的现象,主要因为P的作用使大颗粒发生了破碎和分解。综上可以推断,P的作用可以使较大的颗粒(>40 μm)发生破碎,同时又使微小的颗粒(<5 μm)在有粘聚物的条件下再次发生聚集,而聚集的区间主要为5~40 μm。
不同循环次数下黄土土样的XRD图谱(图13)显示,在20.82º、26.60°、39.42°、50.10°、59.89°和68.28°处的衍射峰特征与石英(SiO2)的衍射峰特征相似(Liu et al., 2015)。29.42°与22.00°处的衍射峰特征与碳酸钙(CaCO3)与钠长石(Na(AlSi3O8))的衍射峰特征相似( Ma et al., 2017;Xie et al., 2018)。可以看到,不同循环下的衍射谱曲线较为相似,但衍射峰值仍有一些大小差异。其中,经历9次循环后,22.01º(钠长石的主要特征峰)处的衍射强度从290减小为203,26.60°(石英的主要特征峰)处的衍射强度从4053减小为2845,29.42°(碳酸钙的主要特征峰)处的衍射强度从867减小为677。3种物质的衍射峰值有所降低,主要因为干湿循环使得部分石英、碳酸钙,以及钠长石的晶粒尺寸减小,或者发生分解,导致含量减少,结构破坏,从而干扰衍射的路径。这一系列的变化会影响土样的内部结构特性,进而影响其力学性质上的改变。
黄土的细观结构在干湿循环、压力和浸水条件下的演变特征(图14a、图14b、图14c)显示,黄土是一种由粉粒、少量砂粒和黏粒以及胶凝物质联结形成的欠固结结构。土体中的团聚体、胶凝物以及颗粒间的大孔隙是导致其欠固结,形成大孔隙结构的主要原因。随着干湿循环的不断发生,水分的渗透使得土样颗粒间连接的胶结物质溶解和流失,团聚体分解为小颗粒,颗粒排列相对松散,结构强度被削弱。此时,土样中的颗粒更易在外力作用下发生滑移(图14a)。
随着P作用的增加,土体结构发生新变化,P作用导致少量微小颗粒在有胶结物的情况下重新聚集形成新的集合体(图14b)。孔隙周围的颗粒或团粒被挤压滑移至孔隙内,孔隙被填充压密,土样的压缩变形量增加。干湿循环次数越多,土体结构强度减弱越多,同一P作用下的累积变形量显著增加,但固结稳定后土样密实度更高。固结压缩后的土样的密度增大,强度增强,土体结构达到新的平衡(图4a)。
在浸水条件下,土体结构进一步发生变化(图14c),表现为湿载作用使得颗粒间的残余胶结连接进一步被破坏,若固结阶段孔隙空间未被充分填充与压密,会进一步压密,土样的湿陷变形量增加。如果在固结阶段变形量较大,造成剩余的湿陷空间较小,土样的颗粒排列足够紧密。浸水时,土样的孔隙虽会进一步被压密,但湿陷变形量会减少。在湿陷试验中表现为土样的湿陷系数在同一P作用下随着干湿循环次数的增加,呈现先增大后减小的非单调演化规律(图7)。
(1)通过人工配制技术,成功复现了天然黄土的针孔状孔隙特征与力学响应机制。相较于天然土样的各向异性,人工结构性黄土具有组分可控、结构均一的特点,为定量分离湿陷性与结构性演变规律提供了可靠的物理模型,为黄土力学机理的基础研究提供了新的方法论支撑。
(2)干湿循环对黄土结构的损伤具有不可逆性,其核心机制在于胶结物质的溶解流失导致颗粒间联结强度显著弱化。随着循环次数增加,土体微观结构由“强胶结–大团粒”支撑体系逐渐向“弱胶结–散体单粒”接触体系演变,这种微观上的胶结失效是宏观力学性能衰退的本质原因。
(3)黄土的结构性参数随干湿循环呈现“初期骤降、后期趋稳”的非线性衰减特征(前3次循环为主要损伤期)。在宏观变形上,湿陷系数随循环次数呈现“先增大后减小”的非单调演化规律,表明在循环初期,胶结破坏导致的结构崩解占主导,湿陷敏感性增强;而在循环后期,随着孔隙压密和结构重组,土体密度增加,抵抗进一步变形的能力反而有所回升。
(4)研究结果对黄土地区工程建设具有重要的指导意义,鉴于前3次干湿循环对土体结构的破坏最为剧烈,工程实践中应高度重视地基暴露初期的防水保护。由于湿陷敏感性在循环初期呈上升趋势,对于经历过数次季节性降雨的浅层黄土地基,应重新评估其剩余湿陷潜势,避免因结构损伤累积引发的突发性沉降。

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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025144
  • 接收时间:2025-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27
  • 修回日期:2025-12-09
  • 录用日期:2025-12-10
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    1西京学院土木工程学院,陕西省混凝土结构安全与耐久性重点实验室,陕西 西安 710123
    2长江科学研究院,水利部岩土力学与工程重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430010
    3中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710065
    4西安理工大学水利水电学院,陕西 西安 710048
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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