Article(id=1307086318417244611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=1763308800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-17, acceptedDate=1763568000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineDate=1789563262800, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563262800, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563262800, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563262800, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086318568239556, articleId=1307086318417244611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Physical–Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution Mechanisms of Typical Loess in the Yan’an Area, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the mechanical and seepage properties of typical Yan'an loess at different burial depths and its microstructural evolution patterns, this study systematically investigates four in situ loess layers (L1–L4) from a representative profile in Fuxian County, Yan'an. The objective is to clarify the synergistic mechanism of “structural densification–strength enhancement–permeability reduction,” providing scientific basis for regional loess stratum stability assessment and impermeability reinforcement design. Systematic investigations were conducted on the four loess layers using direct shear tests, permeability tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Pore parameters were quantitatively extracted using Avizo software. Data coupling analysis was performed via Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results indicate: ① Shear strength exhibits a layered pattern with burial depth, showing significantly increased cohesion and a slight decrease in internal friction angle. ② The permeability coefficient decreases significantly with depth, exhibiting a “permeable upper layer, dense lower layer” characteristic, plummeting from 17.79×10−5 cm/s in Layer L1 to 7.55×10−5 cm/s in Layer L4. ③ At the microstructural level, particle contact patterns change from point contact and weak cementation in shallow layers to surface contact and strong cementation in deeper layers. Pores evolved from large pores (>35 μm) to medium-small pores (<30 μm), with shapes tending toward roundness. The orientation shifted from vertical dominance to uniform distribution. ④ Pearson analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between dry density and cohesion, while showing significant negative correlations with total pore area and permeability coefficient. PCA analysis reveals PC1 (contribution rate 70.8%) as the primary factor governing “structural densification-strength enhancement,” clearly distinguishing sample distributions between L1 (loose, high permeability) and L4 (dense, low permeability) layers. Conclusions indicate that the evolution of physical and mechanical properties in Yan'an loess is jointly governed by compaction and microstructural remodeling. With increasing burial depth, loess undergoes a “compaction-remodeling-densification” process: particles become more tightly packed, contact modes shift to surface contact, and large pores are compressed and destroyed, replaced by medium and small pores. Macro-scale manifestations include increased cohesion and significantly reduced permeability. Dry density, cohesion, and pore characteristics collectively govern the overall evolutionary trend of loess from loose and highly permeable to dense and low-permeability.

, authors=Yong ZHANG1, Wanli XIE2, 3, *, Chengliang JI1, Xuanyu GAO2, 3, Kangze YUAN2, 3, Renjie LI1, Zhiyi WU2, 3, Pengxin QU2, 3, Chenfei QU2, 3, Fazhi ZHANG1, authorsList=Yong ZHANG, Wanli XIE, Chengliang JI, Xuanyu GAO, Kangze YUAN, Renjie LI, Zhiyi WU, Pengxin QU, Chenfei QU, Fazhi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wanli XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086322791903722, articleId=1307086318417244611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=延安地区典型黄土的物理力学特性及微观结构演化机制, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示延安典型黄土在不同埋深条件下的力学与渗流特性及其微观结构演化规律,本研究以延安富县典型剖面4层原状黄土(L1~L4 )为对象,旨在系统阐明其“结构致密化−强度增强−渗透性衰减”的协同机制,为区域黄土地层稳定性评价与防渗加固设计提供科学依据。采用直剪试验、渗透试验和扫描电镜分析等手段,对4层黄土样品进行了系统研究,并结合 Avizo 软件定量提取孔隙参数;采用 Pearson 相关分析和主成分分析(PCA)进行数据耦合分析。结果表明:①抗剪强度随埋深呈分层特征,粘聚力显著升高,内摩擦角略有减小;②渗透系数随深度增加显著降低,呈“上部通透、下部致密”特征,由 L1 层的 17.79×10−5 cm/s 剧降至 L4 层的 7.55×10−5 cm/s;③微观结构上,颗粒接触形式由浅层的点接触、弱胶结向深层的面接触、强胶结转变,孔隙由大孔(>35 μm)向中小孔(<30 μm)演化,形态趋于圆整,排列方向由垂向优势转为均匀分布;④Pearson 分析表明干密度与粘聚力呈显著正相关,而与总孔隙面积、渗透系数呈显著负相关;PCA 分析揭示 PC1(贡献率 70.8%)为“结构致密化−强度增强”主控因子,清晰区分了 L1(疏松、高渗)与 L4(致密、低渗)的样品分布。研究认为,延安黄土的物理力学特性演化受压实作用与微结构重构的共同控制,随埋深增加,黄土经历“压实−重构−致密化”过程,颗粒趋于紧密、接触方式转为面接触、大孔隙被压缩破坏转为中小孔隙,宏观上表现为粘聚力升高、渗透性显著降低。干密度、粘聚力与孔隙特征共同主导了黄土由松散、高渗向致密、低渗的整体演化趋势。

, authors=张勇1, 谢婉丽2, 3, *, 纪成亮1, 高炫宇2, 3, 苑康泽2, 3, 李仁杰1, 吴至怡2, 3, 屈鹏鑫2, 3, 曲晨飞2, 3, 张法智1, authorsList=张勇, 谢婉丽, 纪成亮, 高炫宇, 苑康泽, 李仁杰, 吴至怡, 屈鹏鑫, 曲晨飞, 张法智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢婉丽, authorNote=

张勇(1987−),男,高级工程师,主要从事岩土力学及岩土工程勘察相关研究。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
谢婉丽(1974−),女,教授,从事黄土地质灾害防控、地质环境修复技术研发。E−mail: 。
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a. L1层黄土样品;b. L2层黄土样品;c. L3层黄土样品;d. L4层黄土样品

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Stratigraphic division and lithological description

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地质年代及成因地层编号岩性描述层厚(m)
Q3eol①黄土(L1)褐黄色,可塑,以粉质黏土为主,
大孔隙及虫孔发育,土质疏松
6.50~10.40
Q2eol②黄土(L2)灰黄色,稍湿,以粉质黏土为主,大孔隙、虫孔较发育,
土质疏松,较上部土层稍密实
3.70~8.20
③黄土(L3)灰黄色,稍湿,以粉质黏土为主,
大孔隙、虫孔较少,土质较均匀
0.60~5.80
④黄土(L4)灰黄色,稍湿~很湿,以粉质黏土为主,
含少量钙质结核和白色菌丝状钙质粉沫
1.40~5.75
), ArticleFig(id=1307086333403492947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086318417244611, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地层划分及岩性描述

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地质年代及成因地层编号岩性描述层厚(m)
Q3eol①黄土(L1)褐黄色,可塑,以粉质黏土为主,
大孔隙及虫孔发育,土质疏松
6.50~10.40
Q2eol②黄土(L2)灰黄色,稍湿,以粉质黏土为主,大孔隙、虫孔较发育,
土质疏松,较上部土层稍密实
3.70~8.20
③黄土(L3)灰黄色,稍湿,以粉质黏土为主,
大孔隙、虫孔较少,土质较均匀
0.60~5.80
④黄土(L4)灰黄色,稍湿~很湿,以粉质黏土为主,
含少量钙质结核和白色菌丝状钙质粉沫
1.40~5.75
), ArticleFig(id=1307086333512544852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086318417244611, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic physical indicators of non-stratigraphic soil samples

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取样深
度(m)
地层干密度ρd
(g·cm−3)
含水率
ω(%)
孔隙率
(n)
Sr饱和
度(%)
5.00L11.3724.780.4971.09
15.00L21.3817.310.4956.04
20.00L31.3919.750.4854.32
25.00L41.4920.920.4569.55
), ArticleFig(id=1307086333617402453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086318417244611, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同地层土样基本物理指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样深
度(m)
地层干密度ρd
(g·cm−3)
含水率
ω(%)
孔隙率
(n)
Sr饱和
度(%)
5.00L11.3724.780.4971.09
15.00L21.3817.310.4956.04
20.00L31.3919.750.4854.32
25.00L41.4920.920.4569.55
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延安地区典型黄土的物理力学特性及微观结构演化机制
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张勇 1 , 谢婉丽 2, 3, * , 纪成亮 1 , 高炫宇 2, 3 , 苑康泽 2, 3 , 李仁杰 1 , 吴至怡 2, 3 , 屈鹏鑫 2, 3 , 曲晨飞 2, 3 , 张法智 1
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 20-31
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 20 -31
延安地区典型黄土的物理力学特性及微观结构演化机制
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张勇1 , 谢婉丽2, 3, * , 纪成亮1, 高炫宇2, 3, 苑康泽2, 3, 李仁杰1, 吴至怡2, 3, 屈鹏鑫2, 3, 曲晨飞2, 3, 张法智1
作者信息
  • 1山东电力工程咨询院有限公司勘测事业部,山东 济南 250013
  • 2西北大学地质学系,大陆动力学国家重点实验室, 陕西西安 710069
  • 3西安市黄土动力灾害防控与地质环境修复重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
通讯作者:
谢婉丽(1974−),女,教授,从事黄土地质灾害防控、地质环境修复技术研发。E−mail: 。
作者简介:

张勇(1987−),男,高级工程师,主要从事岩土力学及岩土工程勘察相关研究。E−mail:

Physical–Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution Mechanisms of Typical Loess in the Yan’an Area
Yong ZHANG1 , Wanli XIE2, 3, * , Chengliang JI1, Xuanyu GAO2, 3, Kangze YUAN2, 3, Renjie LI1, Zhiyi WU2, 3, Pengxin QU2, 3, Chenfei QU2, 3, Fazhi ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute Limited Survey Division, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Xi'an Key Lab of Prevention of Loess Dynamic Disaster and Restoration of Environment, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025138
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为揭示延安典型黄土在不同埋深条件下的力学与渗流特性及其微观结构演化规律,本研究以延安富县典型剖面4层原状黄土(L1~L4 )为对象,旨在系统阐明其“结构致密化−强度增强−渗透性衰减”的协同机制,为区域黄土地层稳定性评价与防渗加固设计提供科学依据。采用直剪试验、渗透试验和扫描电镜分析等手段,对4层黄土样品进行了系统研究,并结合 Avizo 软件定量提取孔隙参数;采用 Pearson 相关分析和主成分分析(PCA)进行数据耦合分析。结果表明:①抗剪强度随埋深呈分层特征,粘聚力显著升高,内摩擦角略有减小;②渗透系数随深度增加显著降低,呈“上部通透、下部致密”特征,由 L1 层的 17.79×10−5 cm/s 剧降至 L4 层的 7.55×10−5 cm/s;③微观结构上,颗粒接触形式由浅层的点接触、弱胶结向深层的面接触、强胶结转变,孔隙由大孔(>35 μm)向中小孔(<30 μm)演化,形态趋于圆整,排列方向由垂向优势转为均匀分布;④Pearson 分析表明干密度与粘聚力呈显著正相关,而与总孔隙面积、渗透系数呈显著负相关;PCA 分析揭示 PC1(贡献率 70.8%)为“结构致密化−强度增强”主控因子,清晰区分了 L1(疏松、高渗)与 L4(致密、低渗)的样品分布。研究认为,延安黄土的物理力学特性演化受压实作用与微结构重构的共同控制,随埋深增加,黄土经历“压实−重构−致密化”过程,颗粒趋于紧密、接触方式转为面接触、大孔隙被压缩破坏转为中小孔隙,宏观上表现为粘聚力升高、渗透性显著降低。干密度、粘聚力与孔隙特征共同主导了黄土由松散、高渗向致密、低渗的整体演化趋势。

延安黄土  /  抗剪强度  /  渗透特性  /  微观结构  /  数据分析

To elucidate the mechanical and seepage properties of typical Yan'an loess at different burial depths and its microstructural evolution patterns, this study systematically investigates four in situ loess layers (L1–L4) from a representative profile in Fuxian County, Yan'an. The objective is to clarify the synergistic mechanism of “structural densification–strength enhancement–permeability reduction,” providing scientific basis for regional loess stratum stability assessment and impermeability reinforcement design. Systematic investigations were conducted on the four loess layers using direct shear tests, permeability tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Pore parameters were quantitatively extracted using Avizo software. Data coupling analysis was performed via Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results indicate: ① Shear strength exhibits a layered pattern with burial depth, showing significantly increased cohesion and a slight decrease in internal friction angle. ② The permeability coefficient decreases significantly with depth, exhibiting a “permeable upper layer, dense lower layer” characteristic, plummeting from 17.79×10−5 cm/s in Layer L1 to 7.55×10−5 cm/s in Layer L4. ③ At the microstructural level, particle contact patterns change from point contact and weak cementation in shallow layers to surface contact and strong cementation in deeper layers. Pores evolved from large pores (>35 μm) to medium-small pores (<30 μm), with shapes tending toward roundness. The orientation shifted from vertical dominance to uniform distribution. ④ Pearson analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between dry density and cohesion, while showing significant negative correlations with total pore area and permeability coefficient. PCA analysis reveals PC1 (contribution rate 70.8%) as the primary factor governing “structural densification-strength enhancement,” clearly distinguishing sample distributions between L1 (loose, high permeability) and L4 (dense, low permeability) layers. Conclusions indicate that the evolution of physical and mechanical properties in Yan'an loess is jointly governed by compaction and microstructural remodeling. With increasing burial depth, loess undergoes a “compaction-remodeling-densification” process: particles become more tightly packed, contact modes shift to surface contact, and large pores are compressed and destroyed, replaced by medium and small pores. Macro-scale manifestations include increased cohesion and significantly reduced permeability. Dry density, cohesion, and pore characteristics collectively govern the overall evolutionary trend of loess from loose and highly permeable to dense and low-permeability.

Yan’an loess  /  shear strength  /  permeability  /  microstructure  /  data analysis
张勇, 谢婉丽, 纪成亮, 高炫宇, 苑康泽, 李仁杰, 吴至怡, 屈鹏鑫, 曲晨飞, 张法智. 延安地区典型黄土的物理力学特性及微观结构演化机制. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 20 -31 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025138
Yong ZHANG, Wanli XIE, Chengliang JI, Xuanyu GAO, Kangze YUAN, Renjie LI, Zhiyi WU, Pengxin QU, Chenfei QU, Fazhi ZHANG. Physical–Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution Mechanisms of Typical Loess in the Yan’an Area[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 20 -31 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025138
黄土作为一种典型的第四纪风成沉积物,广泛分布于全球中纬度的干旱与半干旱地区(Zárate, 2003; Haase et al., 2007; Li et al., 2020)。在中国,黄土覆盖面积超过6.4×105 km2,主要集中于西北地区的黄土高原,是全球黄土沉积最完整、分布最广、厚度最大的一片区域(Liu et al., 1985; Li et al., 2019)。受成壤作用和气候波动的长期影响,黄土形成了独特的多层结构特征和显著的垂向差异性。尤其在陕西北部延安地区,地层连续、沉积厚度大、结构松散,是典型的黄土工程地质单(Li et al., 2013)。由于黄土天然结构脆弱、孔隙发育、胶结不均,极易在外界扰动或含水状态变化下发生强烈的变形与破坏,引发湿陷、滑坡和地面沉降等灾害(孙萍萍等,2022; 王绅皓等,2023)。这些问题在区域城市化与基础设施快速发展的背景下愈加突出,严重制约着工程安全与资源利用的可持续性。
由于成壤过程及埋藏深度差异,不同层位黄土在密实度、胶结特征与孔隙结构上存在显著差异,从而导致其强度与渗透性能表现出复杂的垂向变化规律(李保生等,1993)。近年来,延安市基础设施建设加速推进,大量高层建筑与深基坑工程使深层黄土成为主要承载地层,其稳定性问题日益凸显(包洪平等,2020)。在强降雨与地下水波动条件下,黄土层的渗透性变化往往引发结构破坏与强度衰减,导致湿陷、滑移及地面沉降等灾害(施闯等,2022)。然而,现有研究多集中于浅层黄土的力学行为与湿陷机理,对深层原状黄土的结构–性能协同演化规律关注不足。因此,针对延安典型剖面开展多深度原状黄土的物理力学与微观结构对比研究,对于揭示其变形破坏机制及优化区域工程设计具有重要意义。早期研究主要聚焦于黄土的湿陷性与强度退化机理,揭示了含水率、干密度及结构性对黄土工程性质的显著影响(方祥位等,2013;张玉等, 2018; 郭倩怡等, 2021)。随后,研究者逐渐认识到黄土的结构特征在控制其宏观力学行为中的关键作用,提出了“结构性主导”与“微结构控制”观点(Jiang et al., 2014; Nan et al., 2021)。在此基础上,扫描电镜(SEM)、汞压入法(MIP)、X射线CT及核磁共振(NMR)等多种手段被广泛应用于黄土孔隙结构表征,为定量揭示黄土的微观形貌与力学响应关系提供了基础(胡再强等, 2000; 王慧妮等, 2012; Xiao et al., 2021; Hui et al., 2022)。
尽管现有研究在宏观性能与微观结构特征之间建立了初步联系,但大多集中于单一环境条件或浅层黄土的结构演化规律,缺乏对不同埋深原状黄土的结构–性能耦合机制的系统分析(尹振宇等,2013)。同时,已有工作往往侧重于定性描述(如“致密化”“胶结增强”等宏观现象),而微观参数(孔隙率、圆形度、方向性等)与渗透性、剪切强度等宏观指标之间的定量关联仍不明确(Xu et al., 2021)。此外,国内关于延安地区典型剖面的研究多集中在浅层黄土湿陷性与降雨入渗特征,对深层黄土在原状结构条件下的多尺度演化规律尚缺乏系统性认识。
鉴于上述问题,笔者以陕西延安富县典型剖面为对象,系统开展不同层位原状黄土的渗透、直剪与扫描电镜(SEM)试验,定量揭示深层黄土的力学性能与微观结构演化特征。通过渗透与剪切试验分析不同埋深黄土的渗透性与抗剪强度差异,利用SEM及图像分析技术表征其孔隙形态、接触特征与胶结程度,结合相关分析等方法探讨微观结构参数与宏观力学性能之间的耦合关系。研究旨在阐明延安地区典型黄土的物理力学特性及微观结构演化机制,为区域黄土地层稳定性评估与工程设计提供科学依据。
研究所用土样取自延安市富县寺仙镇(图1),地处富县西南部。该地区靠近黄土高原中心,黄土沉积厚度大,土壤极易受到侵蚀。地形为微倾斜平地,总体西北高东南低,由西北向东南缓倾。取样点土层主要由第四系上更新统风积成因(Q3eol)的马兰黄土和第四系中更新统风积成因(Q2eol)的离石黄土组成,具体按其形成年代、成因类型及工程特性共分为4层,钻孔揭露地层主要划分及特征描述(表1)。
本研究所需的原状黄土均取自该地区的4层代表性黄土(L1、L2、L3、L4),取样工作通过机械洛阳铲方式进行(图2),取样深度5.0至25.0 m。共计取原状土块150块。样品的地层及基本物理性质(表2)显示,随着深度的增大,干密度均增大,表明沉积年代越久,土体越密实。各土样粒径级配分析(图3)显示,各年代黄土层的粒度频率分布曲线形态基本一致,以分布峰度较高的粉粒为主。
抗剪强度是评价黄土稳定性与变形破坏特征的关键指标,其大小主要由粘聚力 (c) 与内摩擦角 (φ) 决定。本研究采用南京土壤仪器厂生产的 ZJ 型应变控制式直剪仪(图4)开展直接剪切试验。试样为原状黄土,切取尺寸为直径 61.8 mm、高度 20 mm 的圆柱体。为模拟实际工程荷载条件,竖向压力分别取 100、200、300 和 400 kPa。剪切速率设定为 0.8 mm/min。试验操作严格遵循《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123—2019)。为保证结果的代表性,所有试样在试验前均保持天然含水状态,并采用分层修整法切取,避免扰动和水分蒸发造成的强度误差。所得数据用于计算各层黄土的粘聚力与内摩擦角,并分析其随埋深变化的规律。
渗透系数 (k) 是表征土体水力传导能力的重要参数,对分析黄土湿陷性、入渗特性及排水稳定性具有关键意义(蒋小虎等,2022)。本研究采用 TST-55 型变水头渗透仪(图5),对不同埋深原状黄土样品开展变水头渗透试验。试样采用环刀制备,直径 61.8 mm、高度 40 mm。为保持黄土原有结构特征,试样在采集后立即密封保存,试验前不扰动修整,仅去除表面浮土。试验前首先进行饱和处理:将环刀样缓慢注水浸泡24 h,以保证孔隙内气体充分排出,达到稳定渗流条件。渗透试验采用恒温条件下的变水头法。测试时,将渗透仪与水头装置连接,排尽空气后开启试验,记录初始水头H1与经过时间t后的终止水头H2。每个样品重复测定 5 次,取平均值作为最终结果。为验证数据可靠性,每一地层样品设置两组平行试验,结果偏差控制在±5% 以内。渗透系数计算公式如下。
$ k=2.3\frac{aL}{At}\mathit{lg}\frac{{H}_{1}}{{H}_{2}} $
式中: k 为渗透系数 (cm/s);a为变水头管截面积(cm2);L为渗径(cm),等于试样高度;A 为试样的横截面积(cm2);t为水头从 H1降至H2 所需的时间(s);H1开始时水头(cm);H2终止时水头(cm)。试验完成后,进行异常值筛查与均值分析,以获取不同层位黄土的平均渗透系数,并分析其随深度的变化规律。
为揭示不同埋深黄土的微观结构差异及其与宏观力学性能的关系,采用 FEI Quanta 400 FEG 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对原状样进行微观观测与定量分析(图6)。取样时采用沿剖面垂直方向取样方式,保持原状黄土的天然结构,从 L1~L4 各层代表性黄土块体中心切取直径约 10 mm、高 20 mm 的圆柱体。为减小不同断面方位导致的微观形貌差异保持黄土原有结构特征,所有扫描样品均统一采用垂直剖面方向作为观察断面,并保持样品切割方向一致。试样经自然风干 72 h 后人工折断以暴露新鲜断面,避免机械切割导致结构扰动。样品经金喷镀处理以增强导电性,并在真空度 10−4 Pa 条件下进行扫描。加速电压设定为 15 kV,在 800×放大倍率下采集显微图像。此外,同一深度位置选取 2~3 个平行断面进行比对,确保所呈现的微观结构形貌具有典型性与代表性。最终图像为多次扫描比对后的代表性结果。为实现微观特征的定量化分析,采用 Avizo软件 对 SEM 图像进行后处理。提取的各项微结构参数随后与宏观试验结果(渗透系数、粘聚力等)进行相关性分析,用于揭示黄土的物理力学性质及和微结构参数之间的规律。
为揭示不同埋深黄土的微观结构参数与宏观物理力学性能之间的内在联系,本研究综合采用 Pearson 相关分析(Pearson correlation analysis)和主成分分析 (PCA)进行数据处理与特征识别。其中,Pearson 相关分析用于评价渗透系数、抗剪强度等宏观指标与孔隙面积比、圆形度、方向角等微观参数的线性相关性;PCA 用于提取主要控制因子,识别影响黄土结构与性能演化的关键变量。两种方法相互补充,可多维度揭示黄土在不同埋深下的物理力学性能及微结构演化规律。
各试验参数的设定综合考虑了国家标准、工程应力水平及前期预实验结果。直剪试验竖向压力取 100、200、300、400 kPa,依据黄土自重应力计算(约 80~450 kPa)并参考《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123–2019);剪切速率 0.8 mm/min 为预实验对比中应力–位移曲线稳定且排水充分的速率区间。渗透试验采用变水头法,适用于渗透系数在 10−7~10−3 cm/s 的粉质黏土类黄土,试样尺寸(φ61.8 mm×40 mm)与国家标准一致。饱和时间设定为 24 h,保证孔隙气体排尽、渗流稳定。SEM 扫描倍率统一为 800×,该倍率可清晰分辨 1~20 μm 量级的孔隙结构,并与Xu et al.( 2021)在重塑黄土渗透性研究中的分析方法保持一致,从而确保了数据的可比性与参数提取的准确性。上述参数均经多组预实验验证,结果稳定且重复性良好(误差≤5%),可代表延安典型黄土的实际力学与渗流特征。
不同层位黄土样品的剪切强度及其强度参数(粘聚力c与内摩擦角φ)变化特征(图7)显示,黄土的抗剪强度受多种因素共同影响,包括干密度、孔隙度、含水率及胶结物质分布等。内摩擦角φ为 20°~24°,随深度增加呈轻微下降趋势;粘聚力 c 随深度增加显著升高。浅层 L1黄土的c值较低、φ值较高,说明该层结构疏松、颗粒间以摩擦作用为主,抗剪能力有限。L2 层粘聚力明显提高,反映其结构致密、胶结作用增强。L3层因含水率相对较高,出现粘聚力和内摩擦角的双重下降,说明水分在颗粒间起润滑和隔离作用,削弱了结构咬合与静电吸附。深层 L4受长期自重压实与胶结物累积影响,c 值再次增大,表明黄土骨架重组、胶结增强、强度提升。从结构机理上看,黄土抗剪强度的垂向演化主要由压实作用与微结构重构控制。随埋深增加,孔隙减少、颗粒接触由点接触向面接触转变,胶结类型由弱胶结过渡为强胶结,导致整体抗剪强度增强。浅层黄土中由于虫孔、大孔隙发育,在外荷载作用下容易发生结构破坏和应力集中,表现出较强的非线性变形特征。黄土抗剪强度随深度变化表现为“上弱−中强−局部减弱−深强”的趋势。该结果揭示了地层压实、含水状态与胶结结构的综合控制作用,为评价深层黄土的稳定性及设计工程地基参数提供了重要参考。
渗透性是衡量土体水分迁移能力的重要指标,对分析黄土渗流稳定性具有关键意义。延安市典型黄土剖面不同层位(L1~L4)的渗透系数随埋深增加显著降低(图8),由 L1 层的 17.79×10−5cm/s 下降为 L4 层的 7.55×10−5cm/s,表现出明显的垂向分异特征。这种规律反映出黄土在成壤作用与长期压实过程中的结构重塑效应。浅层 L1 黄土孔隙发育,大孔与虫孔连通性强,水流通道丰富,导致渗透性较高;而中层 L2与L3随着压实度提高,孔隙数量减少、连通性减弱,渗流通道受阻,渗透系数逐渐降低。深层 L4黄土在自重应力与胶结物作用下形成致密结构,孔隙被钙质结核与碳酸盐粉膜部分填充或堵塞,使得渗透能力进一步下降。此外,含水率变化对渗透特征亦具有重要影响。浅层黄土含水率高时,水分可通过连通孔隙形成连续渗流路径;而深层黄土因孔径减小、毛细通道中断,水流迁移受限。由此可见,黄土渗透性随深度递减主要受孔隙连通性、胶结作用与压实效应的共同控制。总体上,黄土层的渗透演化体现出典型的“上部通透、中层减弱、下部致密”特征,这一变化规律在后续微观结构分析中得到进一步印证。
L1~L4 不同深度黄土的典型 SEM 显微结构(图9)显示,黄土骨架颗粒的形态对其机械性能有直接影响。颗粒尖锐边缘之间的孔隙容易被黏土颗粒填充或被碳酸盐膜包裹,使颗粒变圆(Xie et al., 2018)。粘粒和粉砂颗粒聚集在一起,形成大小不等的黏土聚集体、粘粒–粉砂聚集体或絮状物。可以看出,粉砂颗粒和粘粒–粉砂聚集体在黄土的结构中占主导地位(图9)。黏土颗粒也可能随机分布在黏土颗粒的表面或接缝处,起到连接颗粒的作用。粘粒–粉砂聚集体主要由黏土桥和黏土支撑相互连接形成(康佐等,2025)。因此,在黄土结构中,粘粒和粉砂颗粒是作为集合体而不是单独存在的。
颗粒之间的接触方式直接影响土壤的应力传递和变形模式。从接触面积考虑,黄土颗粒的接触关系主要有点接触和面接触(Xiao et al., 2022)。一般情况下,点接触的颗粒间应力传递不均匀、不稳定,在外力作用下易发生滑动、位移或局部破坏;而面嵌的颗粒一般直接有一层包层,导致土体结构致密,抗剪强度高。根据颗粒形态和接触关系,孔隙可分为3类:间隔孔隙、聚集间孔隙和聚集内孔隙。间隔孔隙的特点是孔隙直径大于周围颗粒的直径,胶结性差,接触关系主要是点接触。聚集间孔隙小于周围颗粒,由颗粒交错排列形成。在粘粒团聚体和粉砂–粘粒团聚体中可观察到团聚体内部孔隙,孔隙较小,形态不规则。根据颗粒的胶结程度,胶结可分为弱胶结、中等胶结、强胶结3种类型。胶结程度反映了土壤中胶结物质在颗粒间的分布和作用,直接影响土壤的力学性质、渗透性和水的运移等重要土壤特性。总的来说,黄土层的结构随着埋藏深度的增加而趋于致密。浅层黄土层的骨架颗粒沉积相对松散,每个颗粒都呈现出相对“干净”的状态,点接触胶结较弱,间隙孔隙明显(图9)。随着深度的增加,骨架颗粒逐渐被黏土团聚体覆盖,轮廓变得越来越模糊(图9)。细颗粒和小尺寸的黏土聚集体随后填充了间隙孔隙,形成粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙。聚集体面对面相连,进一步提高了胶结程度。这种结构演化反映出黄土在长期自重压实与次生胶结作用下的致密化与重构过程。深层黄土结构稳定性高、抗剪强度强,而浅层黄土孔隙发育、连通性高,易发生变形与渗透破坏,这与前述宏观力学和渗流结果一致。
为了描述不同黄土层的孔隙分布特征,使用 Avzio 软件测量孔隙空间并获得孔隙面积分布数据。不同黄土地层的孔隙大小分布图展示了不同直径区间内孔隙面积占总孔隙面积的百分比(图10)。对于所有不同地层的黄土样,孔径在1~20 um 范围内的孔隙数量占总孔隙数量的95%以上,且孔隙数量随孔径的增大急剧减小;当孔径大于25 um时,孔隙数量分布很少且稳定,但在其孔隙面积仍占有一定比例;最大孔径随黄土地层深度的增加而减小(图10)。随着地层深度的不断增加孔径较大的孔隙逐渐消失,峰值也慢慢演变向更小,这也反应出随着埋深度的增加,黄土层内部的孔隙类型和孔隙面积比也发生着演变。在上层黄土中孔径大于35 um的数量虽然也较小但其孔隙面积占比约为10%~25%,但是,随黄土埋深增加孔径大于35 um的孔隙面积减小,中等孔径孔隙逐渐出现,而孔径小于 30 um的孔隙面积逐渐增大,说明上覆压力引起深层黄土中孔径35 um以上的孔隙的变形和破坏,致其被挤压破碎形成较小孔隙。
利用圆形度来量化土样中的孔隙形状分布,孔隙圆形度表示孔隙形状与圆形的接近程度,其计算公式如公式(2)所示。圆形度值从0到1不等,其值越接近1表示孔隙形状越趋近于圆形。
$ Roundness=\frac{4\text{π} {A}_{pore}}{{P}_{pore}^{2}} $
式中:$ {A}_{pore} $代表单个孔隙的面积,$ {P}_{pore} $为单个孔隙的周长。
L1、L2、L3、L4不同深度下黄土层的孔隙圆形度分布图揭示了孔隙形态随深度增加而发生的系统性变化规律(图11)。在L1黄土层,圆形度在0–1范围内呈现出相对均匀的分布,在0.6~0.7之间附近有一个的峰值,圆形和近圆形孔隙所占比例较低,表明微观结构以松散的团聚体间孔隙为主。在L2黄土层处,在0.6~0.7的峰值进一步提高。随着深度的不断增加,在L3、L4处,孔隙圆形度分布进一步向较高值集中,峰值频率出现在圆形度为0.8~0.9。此时,不规则孔隙逐渐减小,表明土样压缩程度较高,引起了较大孔隙的塌陷消失,对应于SEM图像中的团聚体间孔隙明显减少,孔隙空间重新分布使得孔隙形状愈发趋近圆形。这是因为较高的压力值已能够破坏土体结构大部分胶结键和颗粒之间相应的孔隙分布,大孔、中孔逐渐向小孔进行转变,从而形成了各向异性和致密的土体结构。
方向角是表征孔隙定向性的指标,通常以孔隙长轴的方向角表示。玫瑰图是一种高效的统计图表,通过放射状带状区域可视化不同方向的孔隙频率分布。该图能全面展现样品孔隙定向分布特征,并揭示不同深度黄土层的孔隙定向演化规律。马兰黄土的孔隙角度峰值主要为75°~105°,而0°~30°及150°~180°角度的孔隙比例相对较小(图12)。这些孔隙更集中于垂直方向,不利于结构稳定性。但随着埋藏深度的增加,70°~110°孔隙比例显著降低,同时30°~70°及110°~150°两个角度范围的孔隙比例上升。黄土层中孔隙角的峰值分布在70°~110°,但随深度增加该峰值减弱,孔隙角趋于水平。此现象归因于黄土形成初期,颗粒通过自由沉降与接触堆积,形成明显的垂直孔隙结构。随着深度增加,黄土结构发生压实作用,促进水平孔隙的形成,这些结果与 Gao et al.(2025)的研究结论一致。
为定量揭示不同层位黄土宏观物理力学特性与微观结构参数之间的关系,采用 Pearson 相关分析(图13)对渗透系数、粘聚力、含水率、干密度及孔隙特征参数进行统计对比。结果表明,渗透系数总孔隙面积呈显著正相关,与干密度呈显著负相关。这说明孔隙面积越大、连通性越强时,水流迁移通道越发达,渗透能力增强;而较高的干密度意味着结构更致密、孔隙封闭性更强,从而导致渗流受阻。粘聚力与含水率、总孔隙面积和孔隙方向角均表现为负相关关系,表明含水率升高会增厚颗粒表面的结合水膜,使颗粒间滑移增加、胶结力下降 (Rosenholm et al., 2008; Grabowski et al., 2011);孔隙越大或方向性越明显,结构完整性越弱,抗剪能力随之降低。相比之下,干密度与粘聚力呈显著正相关,反映压实作用与颗粒嵌合对黄土强度的关键影响。综合来看,Pearson 分析结果验证了宏观力学性能与微观结构演化的一致性:孔隙系统的收缩与取向重组是深层黄土抗剪强度提升、渗透性下降的主要内在机制。这一结果为后续主成分分析与聚类分析提供了参数依据和物理解释支撑。
为综合揭示不同深度黄土结构与性能演化的主控因素,并识别样品间的结构相似性特征,基于7个综合指标(粘聚力、渗透系数、干密度、含水率、总孔隙面积、方向角及圆形度)进行了主成分分析(PCA)(图14)。
PCA 结果显示,前两主成分累计贡献率为 92.7%,其中 PC1 和 PC2 的贡献率分别为 70.8% 和 21.9%,能够较好地代表各样品间的主要差异。在 PCA 双标图中,横轴(PC1)主要由渗透系数、总孔隙面积和含水率向右正向延伸,而干密度和粘聚力向左负向分布,反映出黄土由疏松向致密的结构演化过程。PC1 可视为“结构致密化—强度增强”主控因子:当样品沿 PC1 正方向移动时,表现为高含水率、大孔隙面积和高渗透性;沿负方向移动时,则表现为高干密度、高粘聚力和低渗透性。该趋势表明,随埋深增加,黄土受压实作用影响显著增强,颗粒排列更加紧密,孔隙收缩,强度提升,渗透性显著降低。纵轴(PC2)主要由 方向角和圆度贡献,反映了黄土孔隙形态与结构取向的差异,属于次级影响因子,代表孔隙方向性与各向异性特征。从样品分布来看,L1 样品 位于 PC1 正向区,靠近含水率与渗透系数方向,表明其结构疏松、孔隙发育、渗透性强;L4 样品 位于 PC1 负向区,表现为高密度、高强度、低渗透的致密结构;L2 与 L3 样品 位于两者之间,表征了黄土由疏松向致密的过渡状态。总体上,PCA 结果揭示了黄土随埋深增加的“结构致密化−强度增强−渗透性衰减”演化规律,为理解其宏微观协同机制提供了重要依据。
(1)黄土抗剪强度参数随埋深呈分层变化特征。粘聚力随深度增加而明显升高,内摩擦角略有减小,表明深层黄土在长期应力与胶结作用下结构趋于致密、强度增强。
(2)渗透系数随埋深增加显著降低,由浅层的高渗透性逐渐转变为深层的低渗透性。该特征与孔隙度下降及孔隙连通性减弱密切相关,反映了压实与胶结对渗流特性的协同控制作用。
(3)显微结构分析表明,随深度增加,黄土骨架由点接触向面接触转变,孔隙由大孔向中小孔演化,孔隙形态趋于圆整且排列更为均匀,揭示了“压实−重构−致密化”的微观演变过程。
(4)相关与主成分分析结果表明,干密度与粘聚力呈显著正相关,而与孔隙面积和渗透系数呈负相关。干密度、粘聚力与孔隙特征共同构成主控因子,主导黄土由松散、高渗向致密、低渗的整体演化趋势。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025138
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
  • 修回日期:2025-11-17
  • 录用日期:2025-11-20
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    1山东电力工程咨询院有限公司勘测事业部,山东 济南 250013
    2西北大学地质学系,大陆动力学国家重点实验室, 陕西西安 710069
    3西安市黄土动力灾害防控与地质环境修复重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069

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谢婉丽(1974−),女,教授,从事黄土地质灾害防控、地质环境修复技术研发。E−mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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