Article(id=1307086600895226845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756051200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-25, revisedDate=1761494400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-27, acceptedDate=1761580800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-28, onlineDate=1789563330147, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563330147, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563330147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563330147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=107, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086602132546526, articleId=1307086600895226845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Erosion Wear Resistance of Loess Slope Surfaces Solidified by Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the erosion resistance of loess slopes, urease-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) technology was introduced to strengthen the loess slope in this study. Through permeability, disintegration, slope model erosion, and microscopic tests, the water stability and erosion resistance of EICP-treated loess under different treatment conditions were systematically studied, and its treatment mechanism was discussed. The results indicate that the permeability and anti-disintegration characteristics of loess can be significantly improved after two rounds of EICP treatment when the soybean urease concentration is 80 g/L, the cementation solution concentration is 1.0 mol/L, and the mixture ratio is 1∶1. Under simulated extreme rainfall conditions, no splash erosion pits or gullies developed on the solidified slope. The runoff rate remained stable, sediment concentration in the runoff was negligible, and the water content of the slope increased significantly less than that of an unsolidified slope. Additionally, the difference in elevation between the two types of slopes after erosion follows the normal distribution approximately. Microscopic analysis shows that the cementation solution concentration dominates the effect of EICP treatment by regulating the size and spatial continuity of calcium carbonate crystals. This technology forms a dense three-dimensional network structure within the loess, which effectively divides the pore structure of soils. Therefore, EICP technology has good engineering application potential in improving the impermeability and erosion resistance of loess slopes.

, authors=Jian XU1, 2, Liangkun DING1, Zhizhong WANG1, 3, Yuan CHANG4, authorsList=Jian XU, Liangkun DING, Zhizhong WANG, Yuan CHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086607392202755, articleId=1307086600895226845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀固化黄土坡面抗冲蚀性能试验研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升黄土坡面的抗冲蚀性,本研究采用脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀 (EICP) 技术对黄土坡面进行固化处理。通过渗透试验、崩解试验、边坡模型冲蚀试验及微观试验,系统研究了不同固化条件下EICP固化黄土的水稳性及抗冲蚀性能,并探讨了其固化机制。结果表明:当大豆脲酶浓度为80 g/L、胶结液浓度为1.0 mol/L、酶胶比为1∶1时,经EICP技术固化2轮,黄土的渗透特性和抗崩解特性均能得到显著改善。在模拟极端降雨冲蚀条件下,固化坡面未出现溅蚀坑和沟壑发育现象,产流速率趋于稳定,径流泥沙含量接近为零,且坡体含水率增幅明显低于未固化坡面。此外,冲蚀后两类坡面间的高程差近似服从正态分布。微观分析表明,胶结液浓度是通过调控碳酸钙晶体尺寸与空间连续性来主导EICP固化效果,该技术在黄土内部形成致密三维网状结构,有效分割了土壤的孔隙结构。因此,EICP技术在改善黄土边坡的抗渗性与抗冲蚀性方面具有良好的工程应用潜力。

, authors=许健1, 2, 丁亮坤1, 王志忠1, 3, 常园4, authorsList=许健, 丁亮坤, 王志忠, 常园, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E−mail:

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许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E−mail:

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a. 大豆脲酶浓度;b. 胶结液浓度;c. 酶胶比;d. 固化轮次

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a. 未固化坡面;b. 固化坡面;c. 固化坡面与未固化坡面的高程差分布直方图

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a. 浓度为0.5 mol/L;b. 浓度为0.75 mol/L;c. 浓度为1.0 mol/L;d. 浓度为1.25 mol/L;e. 浓度为1.25 mol/L

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Basic physical indexes of loess

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土粒比重
Gs
天然密度
ρ (g/cm3)
最大干密度
ρdmax (g/cm3)
孔隙比
e
液限
wL (%)
塑限
wP (%)
塑性指数
Ip
自然含水率
w (%)
最优含水率
wop (%)
饱和度
Sr (%)
2.711.601.710.9235.219.016.211.9117.935
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黄土基本物理指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土粒比重
Gs
天然密度
ρ (g/cm3)
最大干密度
ρdmax (g/cm3)
孔隙比
e
液限
wL (%)
塑限
wP (%)
塑性指数
Ip
自然含水率
w (%)
最优含水率
wop (%)
饱和度
Sr (%)
2.711.601.710.9235.219.016.211.9117.935
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EICP treatment conditions of cutter ring sample

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大豆脲酶浓度(g/L)胶结液浓度(mol/L)酶胶比固化轮次
20、40、60、80、100、1201.01∶13
800.5、0.75、1.0、1.25、1.51∶13
801.01∶2、3∶4、1∶1、5∶4、3∶23
801.01∶10、1、2、3、4、5
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环刀试样EICP处理工况

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大豆脲酶浓度(g/L)胶结液浓度(mol/L)酶胶比固化轮次
20、40、60、80、100、1201.01∶13
800.5、0.75、1.0、1.25、1.51∶13
801.01∶2、3∶4、1∶1、5∶4、3∶23
801.01∶10、1、2、3、4、5
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酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀固化黄土坡面抗冲蚀性能试验研究
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许健 1, 2 , 丁亮坤 1 , 王志忠 1, 3 , 常园 4
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 107-118
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酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀固化黄土坡面抗冲蚀性能试验研究
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[Author(id=1307086608830849041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086600895226845, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xujian@xauat.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086608923123732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086600895226845, authorId=1307086608830849041, language=EN, stringName=Jian XU, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Civil Engineering, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi′an 710055, Shaanxi, China
2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, Xi′an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi′an 710055, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086609002815509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086600895226845, authorId=1307086608830849041, language=CN, stringName=许健, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
2西安建筑科技大学,陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055, bio={"content":"

许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E−mail:

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许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E−mail:

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许健1, 2 , 丁亮坤1, 王志忠1, 3, 常园4
作者信息
  • 1西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2西安建筑科技大学,陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3内蒙古太平矿业有限公司,内蒙古 巴彦淖尔 015301
  • 4西安市科学技术馆,陕西 西安 710002
作者简介:

许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E−mail:

Experimental Study on Erosion Wear Resistance of Loess Slope Surfaces Solidified by Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation
Jian XU1, 2 , Liangkun DING1, Zhizhong WANG1, 3, Yuan CHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi′an 710055, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, Xi′an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi′an 710055, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Inner Mongolia Taiping Mining Industry Co., Ltd. Bayan Nur 015301, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 4Xi'an Science and Technology Museum, Xi' an 710002, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025132
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为提升黄土坡面的抗冲蚀性,本研究采用脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀 (EICP) 技术对黄土坡面进行固化处理。通过渗透试验、崩解试验、边坡模型冲蚀试验及微观试验,系统研究了不同固化条件下EICP固化黄土的水稳性及抗冲蚀性能,并探讨了其固化机制。结果表明:当大豆脲酶浓度为80 g/L、胶结液浓度为1.0 mol/L、酶胶比为1∶1时,经EICP技术固化2轮,黄土的渗透特性和抗崩解特性均能得到显著改善。在模拟极端降雨冲蚀条件下,固化坡面未出现溅蚀坑和沟壑发育现象,产流速率趋于稳定,径流泥沙含量接近为零,且坡体含水率增幅明显低于未固化坡面。此外,冲蚀后两类坡面间的高程差近似服从正态分布。微观分析表明,胶结液浓度是通过调控碳酸钙晶体尺寸与空间连续性来主导EICP固化效果,该技术在黄土内部形成致密三维网状结构,有效分割了土壤的孔隙结构。因此,EICP技术在改善黄土边坡的抗渗性与抗冲蚀性方面具有良好的工程应用潜力。

EICP  /  黄土边坡  /  渗透系数  /  崩解特性  /  抗冲蚀性能

To enhance the erosion resistance of loess slopes, urease-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) technology was introduced to strengthen the loess slope in this study. Through permeability, disintegration, slope model erosion, and microscopic tests, the water stability and erosion resistance of EICP-treated loess under different treatment conditions were systematically studied, and its treatment mechanism was discussed. The results indicate that the permeability and anti-disintegration characteristics of loess can be significantly improved after two rounds of EICP treatment when the soybean urease concentration is 80 g/L, the cementation solution concentration is 1.0 mol/L, and the mixture ratio is 1∶1. Under simulated extreme rainfall conditions, no splash erosion pits or gullies developed on the solidified slope. The runoff rate remained stable, sediment concentration in the runoff was negligible, and the water content of the slope increased significantly less than that of an unsolidified slope. Additionally, the difference in elevation between the two types of slopes after erosion follows the normal distribution approximately. Microscopic analysis shows that the cementation solution concentration dominates the effect of EICP treatment by regulating the size and spatial continuity of calcium carbonate crystals. This technology forms a dense three-dimensional network structure within the loess, which effectively divides the pore structure of soils. Therefore, EICP technology has good engineering application potential in improving the impermeability and erosion resistance of loess slopes.

EICP  /  loess slope  /  permeability coefficient  /  disintegration characteristic  /  erosion wear resistance
许健, 丁亮坤, 王志忠, 常园. 酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀固化黄土坡面抗冲蚀性能试验研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 107 -118 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025132
Jian XU, Liangkun DING, Zhizhong WANG, Yuan CHANG. Experimental Study on Erosion Wear Resistance of Loess Slope Surfaces Solidified by Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 107 -118 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025132
黄土高原以其沟壑纵横、地形破碎、生态环境脆弱、气候条件特殊著称,其黄土体具有大孔隙、高水敏性、力学性质差等特点 (谢定义,2001;张天宇等,2025),在降雨作用下极易引起雨水入渗,导致内部可溶盐溶解、土体骨架结构及胶结体系破坏,导致黄土在结构上处于亚稳定状态 (周小松等,2022;曲晨飞等,2025)。持续性水土流失不仅会引发边坡肥力衰减、土层厚度分异,更直接威胁区域安全,诱发滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害 (张瑞杰等,2024;胡祥祥等,2025;王新刚等,2025)。目前,传统的黄土边坡抗侵蚀治理方法主要包括物理加固法、化学加固法和生物加固法 (Ao et al., 2016;Normaniza et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2024),这些方法均面临着严峻挑战。物理加固法虽在短期内能够维持边坡稳定,但普遍存在施工成本高、应用场景受限、生态兼容性差等瓶颈;化学加固则易对土体、地下水及周边环境造成污染 (DeJong et al., 2010);生物加固法虽然生态友好,但其固化土壤的时效性和在极端条件下的有效性仍需提升。因此,研发科学、绿色的防治技术以控制水土流失具有重大意义。
大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术 (Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation, 简称EICP) (Hamdan et al., 2016) 作为一种新兴的绿色土体改良手段展现出了巨大潜力。EICP利用植物提取的脲酶催化尿素水解,诱导生成碳酸钙沉淀填充土壤孔隙、胶结土颗粒,从而显著改善土体的力学特性和水文特性 (赖汉江等,2021)。相对于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀 (MICP) 技术具有价格低廉、不易堵塞、施工周期短等优势。其材料体系已趋于成熟:植物脲酶提取来源较多,在土豆 (褚文杰等,2023)、西瓜籽 (Javadi et al., 2018)、黄豆 (张强等,2024)等均可提取出植物脲酶,其中黄豆中的脲酶含量较高,且廉价易获得 (何稼等,2025);钙源的选取也十分广泛,常用钙源有氯化钙、醋酸钙和硝酸钙等,其中氯化钙已被证实可提高方解石结晶度及产出率 (Achal et al., 2014)。处理方式直接影响砂土中碳酸钙沉积物的分布规律,常见拌合、注浆和渗流等 (Alwalan et al., 2023)多种方式,其中拌合和注浆虽然比较常用,但易导致碳酸钙分布不均、材料浪费、扰动原状土体和施工难度大等问题,限制了其工程适用性。相比之下,渗流法作为一种潜在的非扰动或低扰动技术,其在实际工程中的应用效果与适用性仍需深入探索。
近年来,EICP技术在黄土边坡防护领域的应用研究逐渐广泛,其研究主要聚焦于土体力学性能提升。研究表明,经EICP改良的土体性能显著改善,其抗剪强度、内聚力和内摩擦角均得到显著提升 (Chen et al.,2023)。李明东等(2024)总结EICP改良土体的研究进展时指出,改良后土体的无侧限抗压强度最高可达3 MPa。王晓强等(2022)发现充足的尿素、氯化钙溶液是影响黄土固化效果的关键因素,随着尿素浓度的增加,固化黄土的抗剪强度逐渐提高;EICP技术在水文特性与抗侵蚀性能方面同样具有显著效果。采用EICP技术固化黄土边坡可有效提升砂土的抗崩解性能,且碳酸钙含量越高,试样的抗崩解性能越好(Xu et al.,2023)。在水流冲刷作用下,EICP固化黄土边坡的稳定性和抗侵蚀性亦得到显著提升(Shen et al.,2023)。方昌航等(2019)通过室内试验验证了EICP技术对砂质边坡具有良好的防护作用,其抗冲刷性能随着碳酸钙含量的增多而逐渐增强。王知乐等(2024)揭示了EICP通过增强土体颗粒间的联结力并削弱坡面侵蚀力,从而提高排土场边坡的抗侵蚀性。其核心固化机制在于,碳酸钙晶体包裹并胶结细粒土促使其聚合为大直径的团聚体(田威等,2024),减小了土体的孔隙率、孔隙面积,从而显著增强了土体的动态力学性能和水稳特性(石磊等,2024)。
综上所述,现有研究成果对EICP改良土体的力学性能、水文特性及固化机制均进行了较为系统的研究。然而,针对极端降雨条件下黄土的水稳性能和抗冲蚀性能则相对较少,且现有研究成果大多基于室内土工试验,缺乏模型试验层面的定量研究。基于此,本研究旨在系统探讨影响EICP固化黄土渗透特性和水稳特性的关键因素;进而,结合坡面防护的实际需求,开展边坡模型冲蚀试验,定量评估EICP固化黄土边坡的抗冲蚀性能;同时,结合微观试验深入解析EICP的固化机制,为EICP在黄土坡面防护工程中的应用提供理论依据。
试验用土取自陕西省西安市某建筑基坑内的晚更新世黄土 (Q3),取土深度为距地表2~3米。依据《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123—2019) 测量黄土的基本物理指标 (表1)。采用2 mm筛与Mastersizer2000激光粒度分布仪对沙漠沙粒径进行分析,获取颗粒级配曲线(图1)。参照《采用美国农业部 (USDA) 指南》分析颗粒粒度分布范围:砂土 (0.05~2 mm) 为8.12%,粉砂 (0.002~0.05 mm) 为81.19%,粘土 (< 0.002 mm) 为10.69%,且不均匀性Cu系数为11.11,曲率系数Cc为1.39,表明该黄土属于级配良好的粉质黄土。
(1)大豆脲酶的制备:将市售黄豆烘干、粉碎并过50目筛,准确称取定量豆粉与去离子水配制成悬浮液;该悬浮液先经高速搅拌30 s,再转入磁力搅拌器持续搅拌30 min,随后置于4 ℃冰箱中静置浸提24 h;浸提后,将溶液移入50 mL离心管,置于离心机中以8000 rpm/min转速离心10 min;离心后试管明显分层,收集上层澄清液,利用纱布过滤以去除脂蛋白絮凝物,最后将大豆脲酶粗提液置于棕色试剂瓶中。
根据Whiffin(2004)提出的电导率方法进行脲酶活性测定,即1 mS/(cm·min) 的电导率变化对应11.11 mmol/(L min) 的尿素水解量,再乘以稀释倍数,则可得到脲酶每min水解尿素的量(mmol/min)及脲酶活性变化规律(图2)。脲酶活性计算公式如公式(1)所示。
$ U = \frac{{\Delta E}}{T} \times 11.11 \times {\text{n}} $
式中:U为脲酶活性 (U, 1 U=1 mmol urea hydrolyzed/min);∆E为溶液电导率变化值 (mS/cm);T为间隔时间 (min);n为脲酶溶液稀释倍数。
(2)胶结液:由等摩尔浓度的尿素与氯化钙以1∶1比例混合在去离子水中制成,其中氯化钙溶液为矿化过程提供钙源。将配制的胶结液移至棕色试剂瓶中保存,为防止尿素挥发采用低温储存,并在 1 h 内使用完毕。
基于中不同试验工况(表2),开展渗透试验、崩解试验、边坡模型冲蚀试验和微观试验(图3)。
基于原状土的测量结果,取适量风干黄土,按目标含水率12%进行闷料,并静置24 h使其水分均匀分布;称取黄土188 g装入Φ61.8 mm×H40 mm环刀中,利用压力机械进行压实,并将试样表面进行整平处理。根据相关文献调研结果 (Almajed et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2024),设定胶结液浓度与酶胶比等关键因素的取值范围 (表2),然后根据该工况对试样顶部交替喷洒相应的大豆脲酶溶液及胶结液,并覆膜转入30 ℃恒温箱中养护24 h,即完成单轮循环的处理。
渗透系数是表征水流通过土体难易程度的关键参数,可反映经EICP处理后土体固化层的透水性能。将EICP处理的环刀试样置于真空饱和装置中,使其由非饱和状态转为饱和状态,随后采用TST-55型渗透仪进行变水头渗透试验。
崩解试验常用于测定土壤抗崩解性能,以评估土体的水稳特性或边坡稳定性。试验采用自制的崩解试验装置。在烧杯中注水至距离烧杯顶部边缘10 cm处,以保证水能完全浸没试样。将承载土样的铁丝网悬挂在静水天平底部,铁丝网上的孔隙可以保证崩解后的土样能顺利流下。 将养护完成的试样放置在铁丝网上,并及时记录静水天平的示数变化。
试验模型尺寸根据野外调查的黄土边坡确定,原型边坡几何特征为坡长20~30 m。由于室内场地限制,将试验几何相似比设定为原型:模型=15∶1,即Cl=15。在相似条件中,几何尺寸相似应满足长度、面积相似。根据相似原理确定物理模型的相似尺寸,然后制作模型箱。模型箱采用15 mm厚的透明亚克力板制成,箱体内部尺寸为1500 mm×500 mm×400 mm。边坡模型尺寸设为1500 mm×500 mm×300 mm,箱体底部设置30 mm高亚克力阻滑槛,有效提供抗滑约束,防止模型在重力作用下沿板面滑移。本试验依据黄土高原地区的边坡工程特性,参考《公路路基施工技术规范》(JTG/T 3610—2019),设置边坡模型坡比为1∶1.5、干密度为1.4 g/cm3、含水率为18%。鉴于水稳定性试验及经济因素,模型试验工况为:酶胶比为1∶1,大豆脲酶浓度为80 g/L,胶结液浓度为1.0 mol/L,反应液喷洒量为5 L/m2,固化次数为0、2次,养护时间为7天。人工模拟降雨系统由供水系统、流量控制器、降雨箱、计时装置以及承重钢架构成。其核心降雨模块采用3000枚内径9 mm的不锈钢针头按15 mm的间距进行布设,该设计可以充分保障降雨的空间均匀性和较高的雨滴通量密度,且雨滴较为接近实际雨滴形状和大小。1951~2023年黄土地区极端降水均呈现东南高、西北低的空间分布格局,多年平均极端降水量介于58.4~269.9 mm (赵文婷,2025)。参考前人坡面冲蚀试验方案 (Rahma et al., 2025),其常用降雨强度范围为60~180 mm/h。为验证极端降雨工况下EICP的固化效果,并考虑黄土高原东南部 (如西安地区) 属于降水相对较高的区域,因此设定180 mm/h作为模拟极端降雨试验的降雨强度阈值。鉴于本研究聚焦短历时强降雨对坡面的冲蚀作用,降雨时长取15 min。降雨过程中流量和降雨强度换算公式如公式(2)所示 (王宝仲等,2022)。
$ q = Q \times 60 \div 0.75 $
式中:q为降雨强度,单位为mm/h;Q为流量,单位为L/min。
(1)产流速率及径流泥沙含量测定。模型试验箱底部设置集水槽,并于集水槽末端放置雨水收集盆。自降雨开始起,每隔30s有序更换雨水收集盆,更换后及时测定雨水收集盆内水–土混合物总体积V和总质量M;将收集的水–土混合物静置24 h,待泥沙充分沉淀,过滤下层沉积的泥沙;将泥沙烘干至恒重m2。单位产流速率vc (L·m−2·min−1) 和径流泥沙含量P的计算如公式(3)和公式(4)所示。
$ {v_c} = V/{A \times t} $
$ P = \frac{m}{M} $
式中:V为单次收集的水–土混合物总体积,单位为L;A为降雨模型箱的面积,单位为m2;t为单次收集雨水所用时间,单位为min;m烘干后的泥沙质量,单位为g;M为水–土混合物总质量,单位为g。
(2)抗渗性检测。将含水率传感器布置在距离坡面下10 cm处,沿坡面方向的布置位置分别为坡底、坡中和坡顶,通过不同位置处含水率的变化可以更好的探究雨水渗入规律。
(3)表面冲蚀形态观测。利用3D扫描仪对降雨后的坡面形态进行扫描,并导出高程点云图。利用MATLAB处理软件对点云图进行计算并生成高程变化云图。
X射线衍射试验选择不同固化轮次 (酶胶比为1∶1、大豆脲酶浓度为80 g/L、胶结液浓度为1.0 mol/L) 处理后的试样表层;将取得的表层土样烘干、研磨粉碎、过筛,然后置于X射线衍射仪中进行扫描分析。扫描电镜试验选择不同胶结液浓度 (酶胶比1∶1、大豆脲酶浓度为80 g/L、固化两次) 处理后的试样表层;将取得的表层土样制备成厚度为5 mm的平整试样,经烘干、喷金后置于扫描电子显微镜下进行观察。
各因素对EICP固化黄土渗透系数 (k) 的影响曲线显示,渗透系数随着大豆脲酶浓度的升高呈单调下降趋势,且降幅逐渐减缓(图4a)。这是因为当大豆脲酶浓度过低时,大量胶结液发生渗流损失,导致碳酸钙产量不足,进而造成土体孔隙填充不充分;随着大豆脲酶浓度的增加,在表层生成的碳酸钙晶体逐渐增多,降低了黄土孔隙的连通性;此外,高浓度大豆脲酶溶液析出的豆粉颗粒亦会堵塞黄土孔隙结构。当胶结液浓度从0.50 mol/L增加至1.25 mol/L时,渗透系数持续降低且降幅趋于平缓(图4b)。这是由于胶结液浓度的提高显著促进了碳酸钙晶体的产率,从而有效地堵塞了土体孔隙。然而,当胶结液浓度升至1.5 mol/L时,渗透系数增加了16.8%,这源于高浓度氯离子抑制了脲酶活性。当酶胶比由1∶2增至1∶1时,渗透系数持续降低,并在酶胶比1∶1时达到最小值 (8.173×10−6 cm/s)(图4c),这表明酶胶比1∶1是EICP固化黄土的最优配比。当酶胶比增至5∶4、3∶2时,k值较最优配比分别提升了3.52%和12.24%。此现象表明碳酸钙对孔隙的堵塞作用显著高于豆粉颗粒的封堵效应,进而证明了豆粉颗粒对渗透系数的影响可忽略不计。经过1或2轮次固化后,渗透系数较未固化黄土显著降低了34.69%、79.71%(图4d)。自第3轮起固化效率急剧衰减,3~5轮相较于第2轮累计降幅仅为3.86%、6.46%和8.4%。此现象归因于前两轮次形成碳酸钙致密层阻滞了溶液入渗,使得后续处理对深层土体改良有限。
黄土的崩解作用力主要包括颗粒间静电斥力、膨胀斥力、孔隙气压和机械作用等 (Große et al., 2015; Hu et al., 2018),当崩解作用力克服了土颗粒间的胶结作用时,便会发生崩解破坏。而EICP固化过程通过增强颗粒间的胶结力,以及引入无机盐离子增强电子间吸引力等方式(Sun et al., 2022),显著抑制了黄土的崩解行为 (图5)。
黄土崩解过程呈现3个阶段 (图6)。①在排气吸水期,黄土处于非饱和状态。在毛细作用和水压力差的共同驱动下,水分快速入渗土体;孔隙中的气体被排出,聚集在试样表面。此外,土样表面出现裂隙,并逐渐延伸、扩展,最终形成贯通的裂隙网络。②在迅速崩解期,长期浸润使黄土中可溶性盐溶解 (Zeng et al., 2021),导致土体迅速崩解,崩解模式呈现“由边及心”的渐进式剥蚀。③在崩解残余期,土样已彻底崩解,水体形成悬浊液。EICP 固化处理显著改变了黄土的崩解行为。①在排气吸水期,试样表层形成的固化层降低了土体的吸水能力,从而延长了排气吸水期的持续时间。碳酸钙的胶结作用使得黄土在长时间浸泡下仍能保持完整形态。②在迅速崩解期,破坏主要集中于未固化区域,表现为土体由下向上依次脱落的现象,此过程中试样四周及上表面的固化层清晰可辨。③在崩解残余期,表层固化层稳定滞留于水中。综合分析表明,EICP能有效延缓黄土的崩解进程。
试样质量的变化规律均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,且固化黄土崩解持续时间显著长于未固化黄土(图7)。试验结果显示,崩解持续时间随着大豆脲酶浓度的增加而显著延长(图7a)。当大豆脲酶浓度为80 g/L时,崩解持续时间相较于素黄土延长200 s;当浓度增至120 g/L时崩解时间仅延长了250 s。此外,崩解曲线峰值及崩解残余质量均随着大豆脲酶浓度的增加而同步提升。综合考虑成本与固化效益,80 g/L可被确定为最优大豆脲酶浓度。随着胶结液浓度的增加,崩解持续时间呈现出先降低后增加的变化趋势:当胶结液浓度由0.5 mol/L增至1.0 mol/L时崩解持续时间由400 s增至500 s,平均崩解速率降低了10.91%;当胶结液浓度增至1.25 mol/L以上时,黄土的抗崩解性略有下降(图7b),其主要是由于高浓度氯离子抑制了脲酶活性,土颗粒间的胶结作用减弱。随着酶胶比的增加,黄土试样的崩解持续时间呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势:低酶胶比 (1∶3、3∶2) 反应体系中脲酶含量限制了碳酸钙的产量,土体的抗崩解性能较弱;当酶胶比为1∶1时脲酶和胶结液的比例相对均衡,试样的抗崩解性最高;酶胶比继续增加则会因氯化钙与尿素不足导致碳酸钙产量下降,抗崩解性能降低(图7c)。综上所述,酶胶比为1∶1时固化效果最优。固化轮次的增加可显著延长崩解持续时间,经EICP固化两轮的试样与素黄土相比其崩解持续时间增加了200 s,平均崩解速率减小至1/2。由固化两轮以上的数据可知,继续增加固化轮次崩解持续时间的变化速率均有所下降(图7d)。
随着降雨历时延长,固化坡面径流泥沙含量显著低于未固化坡面(图8)。未固化坡面的径流泥沙含量在降雨前期呈稳定上升趋势,而中后期则转为波动变化。在降雨前90 s内,雨水主要入渗坡体内部,地表径流冲刷作用较弱,仅导致坡面少量颗粒流失。在90~360 s的降雨时段内,随着坡面含水量逐渐增加,坡体水土流失稳步增加。此阶段坡体逐渐趋于饱和,地表汇流增强,水流冲刷力增大;雨水的入渗溶解了土体中可溶性盐,导致土体结构劣化,进一步加剧了水土流失。在降雨冲刷的后期,受沟壑侵蚀的影响,沟壑持续加深拓宽,其边缘土体间歇性发生塌陷崩解,致使泥沙含量呈现非规律性波动。EICP固化坡面在整个降雨过程中,径流泥沙含量始终维持在极低水平。这主要归因于碳酸钙固化层具有优异的稳定性和抗崩解性,即使在极端强降雨冲刷下,其表面结构完整性仍然能够维持,有效阻滞了内部土颗粒的迁移。
在降雨过程中固化坡面与未固化坡面径流产流速率存在显著差异(图9)。在降雨初期,未固化坡面土体含水率较低,雨水入渗量较大;雨滴冲击形成的坡面微起伏阻碍了径流的形成,导致初期产流速率较低。随着降雨的持续,坡面土体逐渐趋于饱和状态,径流产流速率逐渐增加,降雨至540 s时产流速率接近于降雨强度。在此过程中,水流的动力学作用导致土体结构逐渐劣化崩解。在径流冲刷下,地表汇流路径逐渐发育 (沟壑开始形成),并开始携带大量泥沙。在降雨后期,径流主要集中于发育成熟的沟壑中,沟道内水流流速加剧。相比之下,坡面固化层具有较强的抗冲蚀性能,能够有效抵抗降雨的机械冲击力;在整个降雨过程中,仅发生坡面径流,且坡面产流速率稳定保持在2.28 L/(m2·min),与降雨强度基本一致。
在降雨初期,坡面结构完整且渗透系数较低,含水率基本稳定;降雨至7 min后,由于雨水均在坡底汇聚,其表面率先形成破坏,从而导致雨水快速入渗,含水率急剧升高;坡中含水率在第16 min开始上升,但速率低于坡底且时间滞后(图10)。其原因是水力侵蚀导致破坏区向坡中扩展,但该区域坡面破坏程度相对较轻,限制了入渗速率。坡顶含水率直至第36 min才呈现缓慢、小幅上升。这是由于坡顶冲刷作用最弱,表面侵蚀轻微且结构保持相对完好。相比之下,在整个降雨过程中,固化坡面各部位含水率呈现微弱变化。降雨停止后,随着雨水向坡体内部扩散,坡体各部位含水率虽有小幅上升,但上升速率极为缓慢。这是由于碳酸钙晶体有效填充了土壤孔隙,降低了孔隙的连通性。以坡底为例,即使到第38 min,含水率增幅也仅为0.05%,充分体现了EICP固化层优异的抗渗能力。
在降雨过程中,雨滴在坡面形成了大小不一的溅蚀坑,这些坑通过减缓坡面径流流速,促进了雨水的入渗(图11a)。随着降雨历时的延长,坡面土体逐渐饱和,进而促进更多贱蚀坑的形成。在坡面径流和雨滴的高速冲刷下,相邻贱蚀坑逐渐贯通,形成细沟侵蚀。这些细沟限制了雨水的流动方向,导致大量径流汇集于沟道内流动。沟内水流持续冲刷沟缘和沟底,加速了细沟的下切和侧蚀,使其逐渐发育为浅沟。此外,沟缘在水力侵蚀和重力的共同作用下,还会发生间歇性崩塌。固化坡面侵蚀响应与未固化坡面截然不同(图11b):在持续15 min的降雨过程中,坡面形貌未发生明显变化。这是由于EICP固化层具有良好的抗渗性和抗崩解性能,有效抵抗了雨水的冲蚀,同时阻碍了雨水入渗。未固化坡面与固化坡面的高程差近似服从正态分布,高程差多集中在−200~0 mm(图11c)。经计算两者之间的侵蚀体积差为77.04 cm3,进一步说明了EICP固化的黄土坡面具有优异的抗冲蚀性能。
XRD试验结果(图12)显示,素黄土的主要成分是石英、方解石和钠长石,其中石英含量相对较高。经EICP固化处理后,方解石波峰的数量和强度都有所增加,而石英的波峰强度随着固化轮次的增加逐渐降低。上述变化表明土壤中生成了大量碳酸钙晶体,其包裹在石英表面使得石英的衍射峰降低,从而印证了黄土水稳定性能的提升主要来源于碳酸钙的孔隙填充效应与胶结作用。此外,XRD衍射图谱显示EICP固化前后土体中无有害矿物生成,证明了该固化技术具有环境友好的特点,属于绿色施工技术。
随着胶结液浓度增大,试样中晶体的连续性呈现先增强后减弱的变化趋势(图13)。当胶结液浓度为0.5 mol/L时,试样中可见大量连通孔隙,表明固化层结构疏松,土颗粒之间的胶结作用较弱。另外,碳酸钙晶体分布稀疏,主要以零散的“串珠状”及少量堆积体形式存在,未能形成有效的胶结骨架。在局部放大图中清晰显示了土颗粒间存在碳酸钙晶体形成的“搭桥”联结现象,这是在低浓度胶结液条件下产生微弱胶结作用的关键机制,但晶体尺寸多为小颗粒,仅有极少的大尺寸颗粒。当胶结液浓度为0.75 mol/L时,固化层的微观形貌显著改善。碳酸钙晶体数量显著增多,并相互连接,交织成三维网状结构,有效胶结土颗粒并将连通孔隙分割为孤立小孔。从局部放大图中可发现碳酸钙晶体紧密填充在土颗粒之间,显著增大了颗粒间的接触面积,从而提供了较强的胶结力。此时,晶体尺寸仍以细小颗粒为主,有利于在土颗粒之间形成致密的固化层。至胶结液浓度为1 mol/L时,碳酸钙晶体分布更加均匀,几乎完全包裹黄土颗粒。晶体之间互相粘连,形成了较大的团聚体,进一步堵塞了孔隙,使得固化层结构最为致密。此外,碳酸钙晶体的尺寸相比前两个浓度明显增大。这种均匀且充分的沉淀是EICP固化层宏观渗透性最低、抗崩解性能最高的微观体现。当胶结液浓度为1.25 mol/L和1.5 mol/L时,高浓度胶结液抑制了脲酶活性,导致碳酸钙晶体的连续性减弱,从而使得固化层中重新出现较多的孤立小孔。碳酸钙晶体多呈现孤立单颗粒、小颗粒或半球形,对孔隙的填充和堵塞作用减弱。碳酸钙晶体尺寸大小不一,这可能是因为高浓度CaCl2抑制了脲酶活性,导致晶体成核和生长过程失衡。
碳酸钙晶体平均尺寸随胶结液浓度的升高而增大,但在浓度为1.25 mol/L时出现异常值 (尺寸偏离增长趋势)(图14)。此外,碳酸钙晶体数量则随胶结液浓度增加呈现先增后降的趋势。上述结果说明,胶结液浓度对碳酸钙沉淀的抑制作用具体体现在对其晶体尺寸和数量的调控上。结合SEM图像发现,晶体尺寸过小或过大,均会对最终的胶结效果产生不利影响,揭示了一个最优的胶结液浓度区间 (约0.75~1.0 mol/L)。在此区间内,碳酸钙能形成较好的三维网状结构,达到最优的胶结和封堵效果。浓度过低则沉淀不足,结构松散;浓度过高则会抑制酶活性,导致晶体形貌劣化、胶结连续性下降,从而削弱固化效果。该现象进一步解释了EICP固化黄土的渗透性、抗崩解性和抗冲刷性等宏观性能的变化规律。
(1) EICP固化黄土的渗透系数随大豆脲酶浓度和固化轮次的增加单调递减并趋于稳定,随胶结液浓度和酶胶比的增加呈现先减后增的变化规律;EICP技术可显著延长黄土的崩解持续时间,并在大豆脲酶80 g/L、胶结液浓度1.0 mol/L、酶胶比1∶1的条件下固化两轮即可实现优异的固化效益。
(2) 在极端降雨冲蚀后,未固化与固化坡面的高程差近似服从正态分布,其多集中在–200~0 mm。未固化坡面沟壑显著发育,产流速率由低值逐步增至降雨强度,泥沙含量呈现前期递增、后期波动变化的特征,其坡底含水率率先急剧上升,坡顶则响应滞后;而EICP固化坡面无溅蚀坑和沟壑形成,产流速率稳定且与降雨强度一致,径流泥沙含量趋于零,坡面全域含水率升幅较低。
(3) 胶结液浓度通过调控碳酸钙晶体尺寸与空间连续性来主导EICP技术的固化效果:0.75~1.0 mol/L为最优胶结液浓度区间,此时晶体形成致密三维网状结构,使土颗粒被充分包裹、孔隙被有效分割;浓度为0.5 mol/L时晶体仅能起到微弱“搭桥”联结作用,固化层结构疏松多孔;浓度≥1.25 mol/L时晶体尺寸连续性降低,多呈现孤立单颗粒结构。

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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025132
  • 接收时间:2025-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25
  • 修回日期:2025-10-27
  • 录用日期:2025-10-28
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作者信息
    1西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2西安建筑科技大学,陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3内蒙古太平矿业有限公司,内蒙古 巴彦淖尔 015301
    4西安市科学技术馆,陕西 西安 710002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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