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Peru is extremely rich in copper resources, with both its reserves and production ranking second globally. It is one of the world’s most significant regions for copper exploration and development and serves as a major source of copper imports for China. The porphyry copper deposits are the dominant deposit type in Peru and the primary target of exploration and development activities. Peru has discovered 12 large copper mines, and its copper reserves and resource increments are among the highest in the world. Copper exploration and development in Peru are predominantly led by European, American, and local Peruvian mining companies. Peru's copper production has steadily increased, and its production costs are globally competitive. China is the largest importer of Peruvian copper, with Chinese companies actively participating in the exploration and development of peru’s copper resources. This paper systematically sorts out the copper resource endowment, exploration and development status, and potential in Peru. It also analyzes the opportunities and risks associated with copper-related cooperation. There are significant risks and challenges, such as strikes and community issues, that are commonly encountered in the process of copper investment cooperation in Peru especially for Chinese companies. This paper concludes by offering policy and strategic recommendations for Chinese companies seeking to participate in copper resource exploration and development activities in Peru.

, authors=Xiufa CHEN1, 2, Xuezhou HE1, 2, Chao ZHANG1, 2, Zhenfang ZHANG1, 2, Xifeng CHEN1, 2, Yulong LI1, 2, Lirong HAO1, 2, authorsList=Xiufa CHEN, Xuezhou HE, Chao ZHANG, Zhenfang ZHANG, Xifeng CHEN, Yulong LI, Lirong HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086184841237424, articleId=1307086180659516315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=秘鲁铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发格局与展望, columnId=1307086089244668506, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=境外地质矿产调查研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

秘鲁铜矿资源极其丰富,其储量和产量均居世界第二位,是全球最重要的铜矿勘查开发地区之一,也是中国铜矿进口的重要来源国。斑岩型铜矿是秘鲁最重要的铜矿床类型,也是勘查开发的重点。21世纪以来,秘鲁共勘查发现12个大型铜矿,铜储量和资源量增量位居世界前列;秘鲁铜矿勘查开发主要由欧美和秘鲁本土矿业公司主导,近年来秘鲁铜矿产量稳步提升,生产成本在全球具有较强竞争力,中国是秘鲁铜矿最重要的出口国,中国企业也积极参与秘鲁铜矿勘查开发。笔者在系统梳理秘鲁铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发形势和资源潜力的基础上,对铜矿资源合作的机遇和风险进行了分析,并结合秘鲁铜矿投资合作过程中普遍面临的风险和挑战,提出了中资企业在该国开展铜矿资源勘查开发合作的建议。

, authors=陈秀法1, 2, 何学洲1, 2, 张潮1, 2, 张振芳1, 2, 陈喜峰1, 2, 李玉龙1, 2, 郝丽荣1, 2, authorsList=陈秀法, 何学洲, 张潮, 张振芳, 陈喜峰, 李玉龙, 郝丽荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

陈秀法(1976−),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事境外地质矿床相关研究。E−mail:

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China Mining Magazine, 2023, 32(6): 2−9., articleTitle=Analysis of supply and demand status and trend of copper resources in China under development background of new energy industry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086196635619350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=5, pageStart=138, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=矿产保护与利用, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张生辉, 王振涛, 李永胜, 等. 中国关键矿产清单、应用与全球格局[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2022, 42(5): 138−168., articleTitle=中国关键矿产清单、应用与全球格局, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086196723699735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=5, pageStart=138, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Shenghui, WANG Zhentao, LI Yongsheng, et al. List, application and global pattern of critical minerals of China[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2022, 42(5): 138−168., articleTitle=List, application and global pattern of critical minerals of China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086196790808600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Portergeo. 2024. World ore deposit databse[EB/OL]. 2024. https://portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn1271., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086196987940889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1982, volume=77, issue=null, pageStart=482, pageEnd=487, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Economic Geology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schwartz M O. The porphyry copper deposit at La Granja, Peru[J]. Economic Geology, 1982, 77: 482−487., articleTitle=The porphyry copper deposit at La Granja, Peru, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086197055049754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=S&P Global Market Intelligence. Metals & mining properties [EB/OL]. S&P Global Market Intelligence, 2024. https://www.capitaliq.Spglobal.cn., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086197122158619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=UN Comtrade. Trade statistics[DB/OL]. UN Comtrade, 2024. https://comtrade.un.org/data., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086197185073180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Bureau of Metal Statistics. World Metal Statistics Yearbook 2022[M]. World Bureau of Metal Statistics, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086197277347869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Bureau of Metal Statistics. World Metal Statistics Yearbook 2023[M]. World Bureau of Metal Statistics, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307086197436731422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Mining Congresses. World Mining Data 2025[M]. World Mining Congresses, 2025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307086185071924145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086185080312754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, companyId=1307086185071924145, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086185088701363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, companyId=1307086185071924145, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国地质调查局发展研究中心,北京 100037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307086185243890612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086185252279221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, companyId=1307086185243890612, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2China-Arabs Countries Geosciences Cooperation Reseach Center, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307086185260667830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, companyId=1307086185243890612, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国地质调查局中国—阿拉伯国家地学合作研究中心,北京 100037)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307086189232673771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of copper deposits in Peru, figureFileSmall=vaSgjNShwgB7emoa/8yj6A==, figureFileBig=bBu4CxLWEnRMyaz4M+jzQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086189291394028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图1, caption=秘鲁铜矿分布图, figureFileSmall=vaSgjNShwgB7emoa/8yj6A==, figureFileBig=bBu4CxLWEnRMyaz4M+jzQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086189471749102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Geological section profile of Cuajone copper deposit, figureFileSmall=DTTmMVkXie4ZySfWdLIGcg==, figureFileBig=2LZtdYpUkCKwoM/bG0QRnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086189538857967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图2, caption=夸霍内铜矿地质剖面图(据冶金工业部技术情报研究所,1980修改), figureFileSmall=DTTmMVkXie4ZySfWdLIGcg==, figureFileBig=2LZtdYpUkCKwoM/bG0QRnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086189618549744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Geological map of La Granja copper deposit, figureFileSmall=PISnm6Q/iaR87H6OOslseg==, figureFileBig=0tkLxsFQBto6TfC0Upj82g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086189681464305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图3, caption=La Granja铜矿矿区地质图(据Schwartz,1982), figureFileSmall=PISnm6Q/iaR87H6OOslseg==, figureFileBig=0tkLxsFQBto6TfC0Upj82g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086189761156082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Geological map of Las Bambas copper deposit, figureFileSmall=i+BzS6pZX9NwCOt1clueKQ==, figureFileBig=Tu2TCVjHNUhBzZ2fOa5naw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191371768819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图4, caption=拉斯邦巴斯区域地质图(据Portergeo, 2024 ), figureFileSmall=i+BzS6pZX9NwCOt1clueKQ==, figureFileBig=Tu2TCVjHNUhBzZ2fOa5naw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191434683380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Copper exploration and development budget of Peru from 2015 to 2024, figureFileSmall=tlhVCbJUOMu2Day2JmJKRA==, figureFileBig=YKAXp6bqWq8zz5O7eCquvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191514375157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2015~2024年秘鲁铜矿勘查投资

数据源自S&P Global Market Intelligence(2024)

, figureFileSmall=tlhVCbJUOMu2Day2JmJKRA==, figureFileBig=YKAXp6bqWq8zz5O7eCquvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191585678326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Copper exploration and development budget in all phases of Peru, figureFileSmall=wFktlH8VIFttMisesXUcnQ==, figureFileBig=dOGORKx/eMrWbYpwRQyrag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191656981495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图6, caption=秘鲁铜矿勘查开发各阶段投资

数据源自S&P Global Market Intelligence(2024)

, figureFileSmall=wFktlH8VIFttMisesXUcnQ==, figureFileBig=dOGORKx/eMrWbYpwRQyrag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191732478968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Proportion of copper projects owned by major countries in Peru, figureFileSmall=vMlSSZvPNS9Tk5Jetz+vIw==, figureFileBig=88qctZ0xOgsOTFnH4IIjMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191828947961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图7, caption=主要国家在秘鲁拥有的铜矿项目比例

数据源自S&P Global Market Intelligence(2024)

, figureFileSmall=vMlSSZvPNS9Tk5Jetz+vIw==, figureFileBig=88qctZ0xOgsOTFnH4IIjMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086191954777082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Production and cost comparison of the world’s major copper producers in 2023, figureFileSmall=DBkypOp/NRK/DgQRbwLMoQ==, figureFileBig=Dk6MwwypDT4mpErcCgyUPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086192051246075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2023年全球10大铜生产国产量及成本对比

数据来源自S&P Global Market Intelligence(2024)

, figureFileSmall=DBkypOp/NRK/DgQRbwLMoQ==, figureFileBig=Dk6MwwypDT4mpErcCgyUPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086192122549244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Peru’s share and ranking in China’s copper ore and concentrate imports, figureFileSmall=XlT+miWLm/Lj8gmZpyFf4A==, figureFileBig=+9jNCEHV2ybwniJ16GLEzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086192206435325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=图9, caption=秘鲁在中国铜矿砂和精矿进口中的占比和排名

数据源自UN Comtrade(2024)

, figureFileSmall=XlT+miWLm/Lj8gmZpyFf4A==, figureFileBig=+9jNCEHV2ybwniJ16GLEzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086192365818878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Degree of exploration & development of copper mine in Peru

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
勘查开发阶段草根勘查勘查预可研可研矿山建设生产闭坑
铜矿项目数439037121211
铜矿项目数占比(%)20.9843.9018.055.850.4910.240.49
), ArticleFig(id=1307086192453899263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2024年秘鲁铜矿勘查开发阶段统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
勘查开发阶段草根勘查勘查预可研可研矿山建设生产闭坑
铜矿项目数439037121211
铜矿项目数占比(%)20.9843.9018.055.850.4910.240.49
), ArticleFig(id=1307086192537785344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Copper production in Peru from 2014 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿 种单 位2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年
铜104 t137.8170.1235.4244.6243.7245.5215.4229.9243.9275.5*
在美洲占比%13.5815.9620.9322.2421.7321.6119.5420.5722.2024.49*
在全球占比%7.428.7611.5312.1311.9611.8810.4910.8011.2712.27*
), ArticleFig(id=1307086192659419136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2014~2023年秘鲁铜矿产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿 种单 位2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年
铜104 t137.8170.1235.4244.6243.7245.5215.4229.9243.9275.5*
在美洲占比%13.5815.9620.9322.2421.7321.6119.5420.5722.2024.49*
在全球占比%7.428.7611.5312.1311.9611.8810.4910.8011.2712.27*
), ArticleFig(id=1307086192751693825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Major copper mine in Peru

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿山名称主要矿业公司
(持股比例)
状态储量(104 t)资源量(104 t)2023年产量(t)
绿山(Cerro Verde)自由港麦克莫兰公司
(Freeport-McMoRan Inc.,53.56%)
生产1666.041043.26447034
安塔米纳(Antamina)嘉能可(Glencore plc,33.75%)
必和必拓(BHP,33.75%)
生产2161754423500
科亚维克(Quellaveco)英美资源集团(Anglo American plc,60%)生产821.3763.2319000
拉斯邦巴斯(Las Bambas)五矿资源(62.50%)生产491271.13302033
托克帕拉(Toquepala)南方铜业(Southern Copper Corp.,100%)生产1378.921732.78225000
特罗莫克(Toromocho)中国铝业(100%)生产—1200200317
), ArticleFig(id=1307086192835579906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

秘鲁主要铜矿山

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿山名称主要矿业公司
(持股比例)
状态储量(104 t)资源量(104 t)2023年产量(t)
绿山(Cerro Verde)自由港麦克莫兰公司
(Freeport-McMoRan Inc.,53.56%)
生产1666.041043.26447034
安塔米纳(Antamina)嘉能可(Glencore plc,33.75%)
必和必拓(BHP,33.75%)
生产2161754423500
科亚维克(Quellaveco)英美资源集团(Anglo American plc,60%)生产821.3763.2319000
拉斯邦巴斯(Las Bambas)五矿资源(62.50%)生产491271.13302033
托克帕拉(Toquepala)南方铜业(Southern Copper Corp.,100%)生产1378.921732.78225000
特罗莫克(Toromocho)中国铝业(100%)生产—1200200317
), ArticleFig(id=1307086192932048899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Net increment of copper reserves and resources of major countries in global from 2014 to 2023 (104 t)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家(地区)截至2023年末铜总量
(储量+资源量)
截至2014年末铜总量
(储量+资源量)
2014~2023年
铜净增量
美国30523.6922721.807801.89
秘鲁26879.4521922.844956.61
墨西哥11055.267574.963480.31
厄瓜多尔5339.282299.153040.13
印度尼西亚9142.996284.262858.74
), ArticleFig(id=1307086193028517892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2014~2023年全球主要国家铜净增量(104 t)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家(地区)截至2023年末铜总量
(储量+资源量)
截至2014年末铜总量
(储量+资源量)
2014~2023年
铜净增量
美国30523.6922721.807801.89
秘鲁26879.4521922.844956.61
墨西哥11055.267574.963480.31
厄瓜多尔5339.282299.153040.13
印度尼西亚9142.996284.262858.74
), ArticleFig(id=1307086193108209669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The main importer-countries of copper ore and concentrates from Peru from 2014 to 2023 (104 t)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年
中国202.55261.16441.06492.42538.12593.37481.31549.62626.49724.83
日本53.3356.3076.3483.4680.4280.7474.5660.9264.2775.67
德国21.4528.0323.7631.0233.9629.8933.1225.2116.5018.76
西班牙24.7030.1531.8243.5431.1216.6010.4715.2312.0829.54
韩国17.3514.1416.9130.5827.1427.8546.7945.1923.710.00
其他59.8458.6196.0392.9958.4557.8270.1656.7743.6258.43
), ArticleFig(id=1307086193238233094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086180659516315, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2014~2023年秘鲁铜矿砂和铜精矿主要出口国统计表(104 t)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年
中国202.55261.16441.06492.42538.12593.37481.31549.62626.49724.83
日本53.3356.3076.3483.4680.4280.7474.5660.9264.2775.67
德国21.4528.0323.7631.0233.9629.8933.1225.2116.5018.76
西班牙24.7030.1531.8243.5431.1216.6010.4715.2312.0829.54
韩国17.3514.1416.9130.5827.1427.8546.7945.1923.710.00
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秘鲁铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发格局与展望
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陈秀法 1, 2 , 何学洲 1, 2 , 张潮 1, 2 , 张振芳 1, 2 , 陈喜峰 1, 2 , 李玉龙 1, 2 , 郝丽荣 1, 2
西北地质 | 境外地质矿产调查研究 2026,59(4): 243-253
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西北地质 |境外地质矿产调查研究 2026 , 59 (4) : 243 -253
秘鲁铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发格局与展望
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陈秀法1, 2 , 何学洲1, 2, 张潮1, 2, 张振芳1, 2, 陈喜峰1, 2, 李玉龙1, 2, 郝丽荣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局发展研究中心,北京 100037
  • 2中国地质调查局中国—阿拉伯国家地学合作研究中心,北京 100037
作者简介:

陈秀法(1976−),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事境外地质矿床相关研究。E−mail:

Copper Resources endowment, Exploration & Development Situation in Peru and Its Prospect
Xiufa CHEN1, 2 , Xuezhou HE1, 2, Chao ZHANG1, 2, Zhenfang ZHANG1, 2, Xifeng CHEN1, 2, Yulong LI1, 2, Lirong HAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China
  • 2China-Arabs Countries Geosciences Cooperation Reseach Center, Beijing 100037, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025130
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秘鲁铜矿资源极其丰富,其储量和产量均居世界第二位,是全球最重要的铜矿勘查开发地区之一,也是中国铜矿进口的重要来源国。斑岩型铜矿是秘鲁最重要的铜矿床类型,也是勘查开发的重点。21世纪以来,秘鲁共勘查发现12个大型铜矿,铜储量和资源量增量位居世界前列;秘鲁铜矿勘查开发主要由欧美和秘鲁本土矿业公司主导,近年来秘鲁铜矿产量稳步提升,生产成本在全球具有较强竞争力,中国是秘鲁铜矿最重要的出口国,中国企业也积极参与秘鲁铜矿勘查开发。笔者在系统梳理秘鲁铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发形势和资源潜力的基础上,对铜矿资源合作的机遇和风险进行了分析,并结合秘鲁铜矿投资合作过程中普遍面临的风险和挑战,提出了中资企业在该国开展铜矿资源勘查开发合作的建议。

铜矿资源  /  勘查开发格局  /  投资潜力  /  秘鲁

Peru is extremely rich in copper resources, with both its reserves and production ranking second globally. It is one of the world’s most significant regions for copper exploration and development and serves as a major source of copper imports for China. The porphyry copper deposits are the dominant deposit type in Peru and the primary target of exploration and development activities. Peru has discovered 12 large copper mines, and its copper reserves and resource increments are among the highest in the world. Copper exploration and development in Peru are predominantly led by European, American, and local Peruvian mining companies. Peru's copper production has steadily increased, and its production costs are globally competitive. China is the largest importer of Peruvian copper, with Chinese companies actively participating in the exploration and development of peru’s copper resources. This paper systematically sorts out the copper resource endowment, exploration and development status, and potential in Peru. It also analyzes the opportunities and risks associated with copper-related cooperation. There are significant risks and challenges, such as strikes and community issues, that are commonly encountered in the process of copper investment cooperation in Peru especially for Chinese companies. This paper concludes by offering policy and strategic recommendations for Chinese companies seeking to participate in copper resource exploration and development activities in Peru.

copper resources  /  exploration and development status  /  investment potential  /  Peru
陈秀法, 何学洲, 张潮, 张振芳, 陈喜峰, 李玉龙, 郝丽荣. 秘鲁铜矿资源禀赋、勘查开发格局与展望. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (4) : 243 -253 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025130
Xiufa CHEN, Xuezhou HE, Chao ZHANG, Zhenfang ZHANG, Xifeng CHEN, Yulong LI, Lirong HAO. Copper Resources endowment, Exploration & Development Situation in Peru and Its Prospect[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (4) : 243 -253 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025130
铜一直是现代工业中不可或缺的重要基础金属,在全球经济发展中扮演着至关重要的角色,近年来更是由于其在新能源、新材料等众多战略性新兴产业领域的广泛应用而备受世界各国关注(张生辉等,2022),全球铜矿需求整体持续增长,各国对铜矿资源的争夺进一步加剧。中国作为全球最大的铜消费国,国内的铜矿生产远不能满足铜矿需求(张楠,2023)。秘鲁是中国最重要的铜矿进口来源国之一,2023年秘鲁出口到中国的铜矿砂和精矿占到中国总进口量的26.33%(UN Comtrade,2024),仅次于智利,在中国的铜矿资源供应中占有重要的地位。2000年以来,秘鲁铜矿勘查开发取得重大进展,先后探获12个大型铜矿(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024),近10年来铜矿新增储量和资源量位列全球第二位,其铜矿产量主要由大型铜矿业公司掌控,铜矿出口贸易量也逐年增加。鉴于秘鲁在全球铜矿资源和对中国铜矿资源安全保障中的重要地位,迫切需要开展集秘鲁铜矿资源分布特点、勘查开发现状和资源潜力等为一体的研究,以科学研判其铜矿资源勘查开发和资源潜力状况,分析秘鲁与中国的铜矿贸易关系,了解中资企业在秘鲁铜矿勘查开发中的地位和作用,分析秘鲁铜矿投资合作中存在的机遇和风险,针对性的提出合作建议,以服务于中资矿业企业在秘鲁的铜矿投资合作。
秘鲁铜储量为9178×104 t,占世界储量的25.90%,仅次于智利,居世界第2位;资源量为13097×104 t,排名世界第4位(江思宏等,2024)。铜矿类型主要有斑岩型、矽卡岩型等,其中斑岩型铜矿储量占秘鲁铜储量的85%,是目前勘查和开发的重点。据统计,秘鲁现有以铜为主矿种的铜矿床208处(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024;何学洲等,2025),其中以阿雷基帕大区最多,为33个,其次为库斯科大区,为24个,阿普里马克、安卡什和利马大区分别以19个、18个和17个位列第3~5位。秘鲁铜矿形成主要与中生代到新生代太平洋板块向南美板块持续俯冲而引起的构造岩浆事件所控制(陈玉明等,2015,2018;卢民杰等,2018;张潮等,2017),从西部沿海直到东部次安第斯带的大部分成矿带均有铜矿产出,以中新世斑岩型铜矿带,始新世—渐新世斑岩型铜矿带和古新世斑岩型铜矿带最为重要(图1)。这3个成矿带的铜矿储量和资源量占秘鲁全国的88%。
(1)中新世斑岩型铜矿带:位于秘鲁西科迪勒拉中北部,主体处于S 5°~12°,铜矿形成受到NW–SE走向构造控制,矿化与22~5 Ma期间的3次岩浆事件所形成的钙碱性闪长岩和花岗闪长岩的侵入体密切有关,主要铜矿类型为斑岩型。在南部地区的岩浆与白垩系灰岩接触带形成部分矽卡岩型铜矿,产出白河(Rio blanco)、拉格兰贾(La granja)、伊尔加莱诺(El Galeno)、特罗莫克(Toromocho)等大型铜矿床。
(2)始新世—渐新世斑岩型铜矿带:主体位于S 13°~16°的西科迪勒拉和高原区。铜矿带受区域的断裂系统控制,矿化与闪长岩、辉长岩、花岗闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩组成的区域钙碱性安达华伊拉斯–亚里(Andahuaylas-Yauri)岩基关系密切,主要成矿时代为42~30 Ma。铜矿类型主体为斑岩型,产有拉斯邦巴斯(Las Bambas)、克丘亚(Quechua)、廷塔亚(Tintaya)等大型铜矿床。
(3)古新世斑岩型铜矿带:主体位于S 15°~18°的西科迪勒拉西侧,矿床展布受NW–SE向的构造控制,铜矿化与区域的多期次闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、花岗岩、石英二长岩和英安岩组成的杂岩体侵位密切相关,成矿时代以古新世(62~55 Ma)最为重要。矿床类型以斑岩型为主体,在斑岩成矿系统的远端有矽卡岩型铜矿出现,产有绿山(Cerro Verde)、夸霍内(Cuajone)、克拉维科(Quellaveco)、托克帕拉(Toquepala)、蒂亚–玛丽亚(Tia Maria)等大型铜矿床。
秘鲁的铜矿类型以斑岩型最为重要,矿床形成与新生代的构造岩浆活动密切相关,普遍受到以NW–SE向为主的断裂构造控制,矿体与中酸性岩体的侵入关系密切。
夸霍内(Cuajone)铜钼矿床是一个世界级的斑岩型铜矿床,位于莫克瓜区奥古省,距离西部的伊洛港约90 km,矿区海拔为3400~3800 m。矿床勘探开发历史悠久, 1976年正式投产,已有近50年的生产历史。截止到2023年底,保有铜储量为634×104 t,资源量为389×104 t,矿床目前由南方铜业公司所有。托克帕拉世火山岩是矿床底板,古近纪和新近纪渐新世的闪长岩、花岗闪长岩及石英二长斑岩、石英粗安斑岩、安山岩等侵入到底板岩石,产生强烈的围岩蚀变和矿化作用。矿床形成与构造和岩浆活动密切相关,其控矿构造主要为NW和NE向的多组断裂构造,矿化和蚀变主要集中在构造活动强烈的网脉状破碎带中(图2)。含矿岩体为一套以闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、石英二长岩、石英粗安斑岩等为主的中酸性岩体,其由中生代末期到新生代早期发生的强烈的岩浆活动而形成。矿床成矿时代约为50 Ma。矿体平面上整体呈现椭圆形,走向NW,长轴长约为1200 m,宽约1000 m;矿体剖面上为向西倾斜、深部尖灭的倒立圆锥体形状。矿石包括氧化矿石和原生矿,其中以原生矿为主,超过400 m深;氧化矿石主要位于上部,厚度不大。矿石矿物主要包括黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉钼矿、硫砷铜矿、孔雀石、兰铜矿等。矿床的铜矿品位为0.497%,钼矿品位为0.018%,黄铜矿与黄铁矿之比为1∶2~1∶1。矿石呈现明显的垂直分带特点,总体分为淋滤带、氧化矿石带和次生富集带。矿化蚀变发育,主要包括石英绢云母蚀变、黑云母蚀变、青磐岩化蚀变和硅化蚀变四种类型。其中,石英绢云母蚀变主要发生在含矿斑岩体中部,黑云母蚀变主要出现在夸霍内玄武岩内,青磐岩化蚀变发生在含矿杂岩体的边缘及安山岩和玄武岩地区,硅化蚀变主要发生在石英斑岩中(冶金工业部技术情报研究所,1980;陈玉明等,2018;卢民杰等,2018)。
拉格兰贾(La granja)斑岩型铜矿位于秘鲁北部卡哈马卡大区,处于西科迪勒拉地区,海拔为2000~2500 m。矿床具有较长的勘探历史,最早可追溯到1970~1971年,Seltrust公司就确定了该区域存在铜矿异常,目前铜矿由第一量子公司(55%)和力拓集团所(45%)共同拥有。截至2023年底,矿床的铜资源量为2206×104 t,平均品位为0.51%。拉格兰贾矿区出露的最老地层为下三叠统,其上包括侏罗纪安山凝灰岩、晚白垩世石英岩、早白垩世阿尔必阶灰岩和粉砂岩、新近纪Calipuy组安山岩和斑状流纹岩(图3;陈玉明等,2018;卢民杰等,2018)。该铜矿床主体位于斑岩体内,边部伴有矿化角砾岩和矽卡岩,其形成与上侵的石英长石斑岩岩株关系最为密切,岩株主要由两个形成于10~14 Ma的相邻侵入岩群组成,出露面积为2 km×2.5 km,蚀变强烈,几乎全岩矿化。成矿时代为渐新世、新近纪(23~5 Ma)。矿石矿物包括黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿等,主要以浸染状产出,裂隙填充物和细脉较少。伴生黄铁矿含量为1%~12%,其与铜矿物含量成反比。局部地区,存在块状硫砷铜矿和硫酸铁铜矿脉。金红石是一种常见的矿物,磁铁矿以浸染状和脉状的形式主要出现在矿床的外围(Schwartz,1982)。蚀变类型多样,主要包括高级粘土蚀变、青磐岩化等。高级粘土蚀变主要局限于长石石英斑岩,对应矿床的中心部位;青磐岩化在安山岩、花岗闪长岩和闪长岩围岩中最为发育。
拉斯邦巴斯(Las Bambas)斑岩–矽卡岩型铜矿田:位于秘鲁南部阿雷基帕大区,平均海拔约为4000 m。矿田处于安达华伊拉斯–亚里成矿带(Andahuaylas-Yauri),由铁山矿(Ferrobamba)、铜山矿(Chalcobamba)和硫山矿(Sulfobamba)所组成,EW向长达15 km(彭光雄,2016)。矿田自1966年就开始了勘探工作,先后由多个矿业公司所有,目前由中国五矿联合体拥有,以铜为主,共伴生钼、金和银。作为典型的斑岩型铜矿,矿床受始新世—更新世NW–SE走向的钙碱性安达华伊拉斯–亚里岩基(300 km×60 km)控制,花岗闪长岩和二长岩等为主的中酸性岩体侵入到包括白垩系费罗班巴组(Ferrobamba Formation)在内的中生代沉积岩中,岩基与费罗班巴组石灰岩接触带经过变质蚀变形成了包含铜钼金矿化的矽卡岩体(图4)。矿化和蚀变主要围绕石英二长岩而呈带状分布,斑岩侵入体呈直径小于50 m的狭小岩管(narrow pipes),垂向深度超过900 m,与斑岩岩管相关的矿化在围岩中也有发现。矿化类型包括斑岩型和矽卡岩型矿化,铜矿化以黄铜矿、辉铜矿和靛铜矿等铜硫化物的形式存在,与石英网状脉密切相关,金矿化则主要以溶解状态存在于辉铜矿硫化物晶体中。矿床具有典型的矿化分区特征,品位最高的部位出现在斑岩体中心网状脉分布最密集的地区,硫化物呈现明显的带状分布特点,石英二长岩斑岩体中心对应矿化核心区,其以辉铜矿为主,向外为黄铜矿为主的区域,远端为黄铁矿为主的矿化区域。随着铜品位的增高(>1.2%),与辉铜矿相关的铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿和黄铜矿含量也在增加。矿床具有钾化、绢云母–粘土–绿泥石化、青磐岩化等斑岩铜矿的蚀变特征。矿石矿物有黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、辉钼矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿等(Portergeo, 2024)。矿床成矿时代为42~36 Ma。
据不完全统计,秘鲁勘查开发状态清晰的铜矿项目共有205处(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024),总体勘查开发程度低。其中,处于草根勘查、勘查、预可行性研究、可行性研究、矿山建设、生产和闭坑等阶段的项目占比分别为20.98%、43.90%、18.05%、5.85%、0.49%、10.24%和0.49%(表1);处于草根勘查和勘查等前期阶段的项目占比高达64.88%。
矿业是秘鲁国民经济的重要支柱产业,其优越的成矿条件和资源潜力吸引了大量的国际矿业公司前来参与矿产勘查与开发。2015~2024年秘鲁固体矿产资源勘查投资小幅波动,整体较为平稳(图5)。近十年来,秘鲁铜矿年度勘查投资在1.29~2.33亿美元之间波动,在全球铜矿勘查投资中的占比为6.72%~10.10%,位列全球第2~5位;在秘鲁固体矿产资源勘查投资中的占比为29.85%~48.60%,高居各矿种之首,铜矿勘查投资自2020~2024年的5年内持续增长,并于2024年达到近10年勘查投资的最高峰(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024)。
2015~2024年,秘鲁铜矿勘查投资总体呈现绿地项目最多、在产项目和棕地项目旗鼓相当的趋势。2022年之前,绿地项目勘查投资持续居于首位,棕地项目勘查投资整体多于在产项目;2022年及之后,在产项目勘查投资大幅度提升,先后超越棕地项目和绿地项目;2023~2024年连续两年高居勘查投资之首,并于2024年达到近10年的最高值1.18亿美元,首次超越绿地项目和棕地项目勘查投资之和(图6;S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024)。
通过对铜矿项目所属公司(第一所有者)的国别统计发现,目前在秘鲁开展铜矿勘查开发的矿业公司主要来自于加拿大、美国和秘鲁,占据一半以上的铜矿项目;中国、澳大利亚、瑞士、英国、日本等国家矿业公司在秘鲁也占一定比例(图7)。除了35.41%的公司所属国家未知以外,秘鲁本土公司和西方矿业公司所拥有的铜矿项目占比依次为12.44%和47.84%。
加拿大有30家矿业公司在秘鲁开展铜矿勘查开发,拥有26.32%的秘鲁铜矿项目,主要矿业公司包括Hudbay minerals inc公司、Pembrook铜矿公司、秘鲁金属公司、第一量子等公司,铜矿项目涉及从草根勘查到生产的各个阶段,共拥有大型铜矿项目12个,储量加资源量超过500×104 t以上的铜矿项目有3个。第一量子拥有拉格兰贾(La granja)铜矿和Haquira铜矿的储量加资源量分别为2206×104 t和630×104 t,两个项目均处于预可行性研究阶段;Alta铜矿公司的Canariaco铜储量加资源量为643×104 t,项目处于可行性研究阶段(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024)。
美国所属矿业公司主要有3家,拥有12.92%的秘鲁铜矿项目,主要矿业公司为南方铜业公司和自由港-麦克莫兰公司,前者拥有托克帕拉、夸霍内、Michiquillay、Los Chancas和蒂亚–玛丽亚(Tia Maria)等大型铜矿;后者拥有绿山等大型铜矿。南方铜业公司是秘鲁最有影响力的铜矿公司之一。
秘鲁本土铜矿公司数量众多,拥有12.44%的铜矿项目,主要矿业公司为明苏尔公司(Minsur S.A.)、布埃纳文图拉矿业公司(Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A.)和Nexa Resources Perú S.A.A.等,布埃纳文图拉矿业公司拥有特拉皮切(Trapiche)大型铜矿,明苏尔公司(Minsur S.A. )拥有胡斯塔和米娜-玛尔塔(Mina Marta)大型铜矿,秘鲁耐克萨资源公司(Nexa Resources Perú S.A.A. )拥有马格里斯特拉(Magistral)和查皮(Chapi)铜矿。
中资企业积极参与秘鲁铜矿勘查开发合作并取得一定成效,目前拉斯邦巴斯铜矿、特罗莫克铜矿和白河铜矿等由相关企业进行勘查开发。与加拿大、美国和秘鲁等国家相比,在拥有的铜矿项目数量等方面有较大差距。中资企业拥有的铜矿项目数占比,仅为加拿大的近1/6或美国的1/3。
铜矿是秘鲁开发的最重要矿种之一,2014~2023年铜产量由137.8×104 t攀升到2023年的275.5×104 t(表2),其在美洲和全球都占据重要的地位;其铜产量在美洲的占比由2014年的13.58%上升到2022年的24.49%;全球占比也由2014年的7.42%攀升到2023年的12.27%,仅次于智利,居全球第2位。2023年在产的铜矿山有25个,产量超过20×104 t的铜矿山有6座(表3;S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024)。其中,自由港麦克莫兰公司(Freeport-McMoRan Inc.)的绿山(Cerro Verde)铜产量为44.70×104 t,嘉能可公司(Glencore plc)的安塔米纳(Antamina)铜产量为42.35×104 t,英美资源集团(Anglo American plc)的科亚维克(Quellaveco)铜产量为31.90×104 t,五矿资源的拉斯邦巴斯(Las Bambas)铜产量为30.20×104 t。南方铜业(Southern Copper Corp)的托克帕拉(Toquepala)铜产量为22.50×104 t,中国铝业的特罗莫克(Toromocho)铜产量为20.03×104 t(表3)。此外,4座铜矿山的产量介于10×104~20×104 t,其余铜矿山的生产规模较小。
秘鲁一直是全球铜矿勘查开发的热土之一,2014~2023年发现了埃利达(Elida)、拉古恩(Llaguen)等大型铜矿,探明铜净增量(储量+资源量)为4956.61×104 t(表4),是2014年秘鲁铜总量的22.61%,占全球铜净增量(2.63×108 t)的18.85%(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024)。铜净增量仅次于美国而位居全球第2位。嘉能可、必和必拓、英美资源、自由港麦克莫兰、南方铜业、五矿资源、中国铝业、紫金矿业等国际主要的铜矿生产商均在秘鲁开展铜矿勘查开发并拥有重要的铜矿资源。
秘鲁作为全球重要的铜矿生产大国,其在产的铜矿山众多,铜矿生产成本整体不高,2023年秘鲁在产铜矿生产成本为4162美元/t,约为全球铜矿平均生产成本(4601美元/t)的90.20%(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024)。在2023年全球十大铜矿生产国中,其生产成本位于俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、刚果(金)和中国之后(图8),位列第5位,在全球具有很好的竞争力。
秘鲁与中国在铜矿砂和精矿的贸易方面一直关系密切,2014~2023年秘鲁向中国出口的铜矿砂和精矿数量由202.55×104 t增长到724.83×104 t,增长了3.58倍;其在中国进口铜矿砂和精矿中的占比为17.16%~28.41%(图9)。秘鲁常年稳居中国进口铜矿砂和精矿进口国的第2位,在2017年甚至超过智利而位居首位(UN Comtrade,2024)。
从秘鲁铜矿砂和精矿的出口来看,2014~2023年其主要出口国为中国、日本、德国、西班牙和韩国等国家,其中以中国和日本两个国家的进口量最多(表5)。秘鲁出口到中国的铜矿砂和精矿的数量占其出口量的比例也由2014年的53.41%快速提升到2023年的79.89%,10年间增长了26.48%;其出口到日本的铜矿砂和精矿占总出口量的比例约为10%,出口到其他国家的占比较少。
铜矿是秘鲁最为重要的优势矿产之一,在全球铜矿勘查开发中一直占据重要的地位。该国地处南美安第斯成矿带中段,中生代特别是新生代以来,随着纳斯卡板块向南美大陆的持续俯冲造山作用,在整个秘鲁安第斯造山带构造岩浆事件频发,形成了以NW–SE走向为主的多期次广泛分布的中酸性侵入岩带,其中古新世、始新世—渐新世、中新世3个时期的岩浆活动与铜矿形成关系最为密切,产有众多世界级铜矿床。作为全球铜矿勘查开发的热点国家之一,其新世纪以来也先后探获十余个大型铜矿床,显示出巨大铜矿找矿潜力。
秘鲁经济整体稳定,法律法规、制度等相对健全。作为传统的矿业国家,对于外资投资矿业持鲜明的欢迎态度,建立了保护投资商经济稳定性和减少政府参与经济活动的法律框架。该国采用自由浮动汇率机制,货币稳定,对利润汇回、资本国际转移或外币兑换、利息和权利金的汇出没有限制(商务部对外投资和经济合作司,2024)。该国矿业法自1992年发布以来,没有进行大的调整。嘉能可、力拓、必和必拓、自由港–麦克莫兰、纽蒙特矿业、中国五矿、中国铝业、紫金矿业等全球和中国知名的铜矿企业在该国均有处于勘查或开发阶段的铜矿项目,显示出该国在以铜矿为代表的矿业投资方面具有良好的开放度。
中国和秘鲁两国长期起来政治互信、经贸往来密切。自2015年以来,中国一直是秘鲁的第一大贸易伙伴,其中铜是秘鲁向中国出口的主要产品。秘鲁是中国铜矿砂和精矿的第二大进口来源国,2023年中国自秘鲁进口的铜矿砂和精矿价值159.8亿美元(UN Comtrade,2024),占中国从秘鲁所有商品总进口额(255.7亿美元)的62.50%(商务部外贸发展司,2024)。目前,中资企业在秘鲁铜矿勘查开发中也占据一定地位,中国五矿的拉斯邦巴斯和中国铝业的特罗莫克两个在产铜矿山,2023年度铜矿产量分别为30.20×104 t和20.03×104 t,合计占秘鲁年度铜矿产量的18.23%(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024),在秘鲁铜矿开发中占有较为重要的地位。此外,紫金矿业、庄胜矿业等多个中资企业也在秘鲁开展了铜矿合作。
鉴于秘鲁法律对于工人权益的保护非常关注,而且工会组织比较强大,为了争取利益或其他诉求,工会组织经常会组织罢工。全国涉及到矿业开发相关的罢工活动频繁发生(商务部对外投资和经济合作司,2024),中资企业所控股的矿山中几乎每年都会有相应的罢工活动发生,需要中资企业审慎应对。
秘鲁社区组织力量也较为强大,很多矿业开发的相关活动需要得到社区的支持方能开展,目前在勘查开发的矿业活动中,很多都受到社区组织的示威游行、堵路、封门、暴力袭击等非法行动的干扰。如2019年7月,秘鲁蒂亚–玛丽亚(Tia Maria)铜矿的反对者封锁沿海主要高速公路,造成一定程度交通混乱,影响了正常货运车辆通行(商务部对外投资和经济合作司,2024)。2011年颁布的《土著居民优先咨询法》要求,新的矿业项目必须征得本地土著和原住居民的同意方能实施,值得矿业投资者高度关注。
(1)秘鲁铜矿资源非常丰富其分布广泛,铜矿类型以斑岩型为主,已探明储量和资源量主要分布在中新世斑岩型铜矿带、始新世-渐新世斑岩型铜矿带和古新世斑岩型铜矿带。建议充分利用好秘鲁已完成的全国1∶10万和重点区1∶5万地质调查、安第斯成矿带数据资料(包括铜元素在内的地球化学调查、南部重点地区地球物理调查等),聚焦斑岩型铜矿床,深入系统分析秘鲁铜矿成矿地质背景;结合近年来新发现的大型铜矿床,分析主要控矿要素,总结其成矿和找矿模型,进一步聚焦铜矿找矿热点和重点地区,力争取得新的找矿突破。
(2)秘鲁铜矿勘查开发投资近年来快速增长,已经成为该国勘查投资最多的固体矿产。该国的铜矿勘查开发主体由西方和本土矿业公司所主导,众多世界知名的铜矿公司都有参与,中资矿业企业在秘鲁也参与了多个铜矿项目的开发。目前,秘鲁矿业权面积登记较广,截至到2024年12月,秘鲁共有约5.18×104个矿权区,占地面积为19.27×104 km2(S&P Global Market Intelligence,2024),占国土面积的15.05%,这些已登记的矿权很多都未开展深入的工作,在铜矿勘查开发合作中,需要紧密跟踪重点成矿带的铜矿项目勘查进展,特别是大型铜矿周边和外围地区,做好跟踪、分析和研判,抓住合适机会以并购或参股等灵活方式参与铜矿勘查开发,获取优质铜矿资源。
(3)近年来,中国和秘鲁在铜矿勘查开发和贸易合作等方面均取得长足进展,前景广阔。针对合作过程中存在的社区、劳工等问题和挑战。中资企业需要持续高度重视原住民和劳工等相关问题,首先模范遵守当地矿业开发相关的法律法规,承担必要的社会责任;其次要加强宣传,讲好铜矿勘查开发理念和故事,特别是围绕社区的环保和利益等重要关切,构建双多边对话平台和机制,加强与社区和工会组织的沟通交流;再次是针对主要风险和问题,开展分析研判,学习借鉴已有矿业企业解决相关问题的成功方法和模式,构建应急预案,积极稳妥推进中秘铜矿合作取得更好成果和更大进展。

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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025130
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 修回日期:2025-10-20
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    1中国地质调查局发展研究中心,北京 100037
    2中国地质调查局中国—阿拉伯国家地学合作研究中心,北京 100037
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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