Article(id=1307086638962734076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=1749830400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-14, acceptedDate=1752508800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineDate=1789563339224, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563339224, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563339224, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563339224, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047751552885541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554067743, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616259011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086639117923325, articleId=1307086638962734076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Genesis of the Liba Gold Deposit in West Qinling: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Zircon U-Pb Dating in Gold Bearing Quartz Vein, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Liba gold deposit is located 2 km outside the Zhongchuan pluton in the West Qinling Orogen. Based on the latest exploration results of the Liba gold deposit, the geological characteristics are analyzed in detail, and the fluid inclusion and zircon U-Pb dating in the gold bearing quartz vein are studied. The mineralized alteration types of Liba gold deposit are pyritization, sericitization and silicification, which are obviously different with the metamorphic characteristics of the Zhongchuan pluton contact zone. Mineralized alteration, ore body and vein rock are strictly controlled by faults, but the scale and mineralization degree of vein rocks are lower than ore body, indicating that magmatic activity may not provide main fluid and material for metallogenesis. The study of fluid inclusions indicate that the ores were deposited from medium-high temperature (220~360 ℃), low salinity (5% NaCleq~10% NaCleq) NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4) fluids, similar to metamorphic fluid. The zircons in the gold bearing quartz veins are mostly sub rounded, indicating that they may undergone the process of transportation and rounding sedimentation. Zircon U-Pb ages can be divided into four spectral segments: 397~585 Ma, 673~1023 Ma, 1097~1868 Ma, and 1963~2575 Ma, which are very close to the age characteristics of detrital zircons in the host rock Liba Group, indicating that they were captured from the stratum during the activation and migration of ore-forming fluid. The Liba gold deposit can be grouped with other orogenic gold deposits that have similar characteristics, which is formed under the transition tectonic background from collision to extension. During the emplacement of Zhongchuan pluton, faults were developed along its margin, providing favorable spaces for the precipitation of ore-forming fluid and the emplacement of vein rocks. This caused the granitic pluton, vein rocks and gold bodies are together with space and time, but it may not have an inherent genetic relationship.

, authors=Tao YANG1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Laimin ZHU6, Yan HU2, 3, Denghong LONG2, 4, 5, Fei WANG6, Yun XIA4, 5, Weigang LIU4, 5, Hongying JIANG4, 5, Zirui LIU2, authorsList=Tao YANG, Laimin ZHU, Yan HU, Denghong LONG, Fei WANG, Yun XIA, Weigang LIU, Hongying JIANG, Zirui LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086642989264915, articleId=1307086638962734076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=西秦岭李坝金矿床成因探讨:来自含金石英脉流体包裹体及锆石U-Pb年代学的证据, columnId=1307047752601461543, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中川花岗岩体外侧2 km处。笔者在李坝金矿床最新勘探成果基础上,详细分析了矿床地质特征,并对含金石英脉开展了流体包裹体和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。李坝金矿床的矿化蚀变类型主要为黄铁矿化、绢云母化和硅化,与中川岩体接触带的角岩化和斑点化变质作用特征明显不同。矿化蚀变、矿体与矿区脉岩均严格受断裂控制,但脉岩规模及矿化程度均远低于矿体,表明岩浆活动可能未提供主要成矿流体及物质,其与成矿作用可能不具有内在成因联系。流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体为中高温(220~360 ℃)、低盐度(5% NaCleq~10% NaCleq)的NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4)体系,具有变质流体特征。含金石英脉中锆石形态多为次圆状,表明其经历了搬运和磨圆的沉积作用过程。锆石U-Pb年龄可划分为397~585 Ma、673~1023 Ma、1097~1868 Ma、1963~2575 Ma等4个谱段,与赋矿围岩李坝群的碎屑锆石年龄特征极为接近,表明其为成矿流体在活化、迁移过程中从地层中捕获而来。李坝金矿床具有造山型金矿床的地质–地球化学特征,其形成于晚三叠世秦岭造山带由碰撞向伸展转换的构造背景下;中川岩体侵位过程中沿其边缘断裂带发育,为成矿流体沉淀和脉岩侵位提供了有利空间,呈现出大花岗岩体、矿区脉岩与金矿体时空相伴,但又可能不具有内在成因关系的特征。

, authors=杨涛1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 朱赖民6, 胡妍2, 3, 龙登红2, 4, 5, 王飞6, 夏云4, 5, 刘伟刚4, 5, 姜洪颖4, 5, 刘子锐2, authorsList=杨涛, 朱赖民, 胡妍, 龙登红, 王飞, 夏云, 刘伟刚, 姜洪颖, 刘子锐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨涛(1987−),男,正高级工程师,从事地质勘查及矿床学研究工作。E−mail:

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2Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Exploration, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
3Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
4Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Exploration, Utilization and Protection of Mineral Resources, Tianshui 741020, Gansu, China
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3甘肃省地质矿产勘查开发局,甘肃 兰州 730000
4甘肃省矿产资源综合勘查利用与保护工程研究中心,甘肃 天水 741020
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杨涛(1987−),男,正高级工程师,从事地质勘查及矿床学研究工作。E−mail:

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杨涛(1987−),男,正高级工程师,从事地质勘查及矿床学研究工作。E−mail:

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4Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Exploration, Utilization and Protection of Mineral Resources, Tianshui 741020, Gansu, China
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a. 李坝金矿床26号矿体地质图;b. 李坝金矿床6号矿体地质图;c. 李坝金矿床26号矿体103勘查线剖面图;d. 李坝金矿床6号矿体0勘查线剖面图

, figureFileSmall=ua2HkI1kotOxIB4LO90LjA==, figureFileBig=o8eNWK4l/VvSXgCzIwHagw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086652325785718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Geological outcrops, typical ores and ore micro fabric characteristics of the Liba gold deposit, figureFileSmall=DmkC+G2MK0dbiCj1Ym1Pug==, figureFileBig=mwcPkG0WEYu0GO/b08Clpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086652418060407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=图5, caption=李坝金矿床地质露头、典型矿石和矿石显微组构特征

a. 炭窑沟–赵沟矿段26号矿体,花岗斑岩脉与千枚状板岩矿体顺层相伴产出;b、c. 花岗斑岩节理发育,沿节理面贯入石英–硫化物细脉;d. 花岗斑岩脉中的石英、斜长石和钾长石斑晶,黄铁矿呈他形粒状结构,其边缘发育绢云母化(薄片,正交偏光);e、f. 千枚状板岩矿体及矿石,具丝绢光泽;g. 斑点状板岩中细粒褐铁矿聚集形成斑点,千枚状板岩发育鳞片变晶结构,沿S1和S2面理发育贯入的硫化物细脉(薄片,正交偏光);h. 千枚状板岩矿石中发育沿S1和S2面理贯入的黄铁矿细脉及团块状黄铁矿(光片,单偏光);i. 含金石英脉中的浸染状自形–半自形黄铁矿(光片,单偏光);j. 含金石英脉中发育细脉状、浸染状黄铁矿;Qtz. 石英;Pl. 斜长石;Ser. 绢云母;Kf. 钾长石;Py. 黄铁矿

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a. 两相水溶液包裹体;b. CO2-H2O两相包裹体;c. CO2-H2O三相包裹体与两相水溶液包裹体共生;d. CO2-H2O三相包裹体、两相水溶液包裹体与纯CO2包裹体共生;e. 两相水溶液包裹体与纯CO2包裹体共生;f. 次生的单相水溶液包裹体呈线状分布且常切穿石英颗粒边界

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a. 两相水溶液包裹体中含微量CO2;b. CO2-H2O两相包裹体;c. CO2-H2O两相包裹体中含有少量CH4;d. 纯CO2包裹体;e. 纯CO2包裹体中含少量CH4;f. 单相水溶液包裹体中含有微量CH4

, figureFileSmall=9ghJut+1rmCQqDJyKuWSTg==, figureFileBig=QWt+Y4ZL3IMgQj6DTFlYhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086652745216124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=(a) Homogenization temperature and (b) salinity histograms of fluid inclusions in the Liba gold deposit, figureFileSmall=ZqV8Yx9YRSxT7rlHsy0jWw==, figureFileBig=6MTkTOJ37IxVScxBydHDsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086652833296509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=图8, caption=李坝金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度(a)和盐度直方图(b), figureFileSmall=ZqV8Yx9YRSxT7rlHsy0jWw==, figureFileBig=6MTkTOJ37IxVScxBydHDsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086652908793982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=CL images of zircon from gold-bearing quartz in the Liba gold deposit, figureFileSmall=ge1vnaeZKW6YxXGI4MNh9Q==, figureFileBig=HkdH5K5Xrq1gFtjQhfaVgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086652975902847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=图9, caption=李坝金矿床含金石英脉中锆石阴极发光(CL)图像, figureFileSmall=ge1vnaeZKW6YxXGI4MNh9Q==, figureFileBig=HkdH5K5Xrq1gFtjQhfaVgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086653038817408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=(a) LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon concordia diagram and (b) histograms of gold-bearing quartz in the Liba gold deposit, figureFileSmall=1OZXVVdNpFZ2B/kbxC0i4Q==, figureFileBig=/gN9WRHKqgv8ttAQ4f9wzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086653110120577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=图10, caption=李坝金矿床含矿石英脉锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(a)及直方图(b), figureFileSmall=1OZXVVdNpFZ2B/kbxC0i4Q==, figureFileBig=/gN9WRHKqgv8ttAQ4f9wzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086653177229442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of zircon U-Pb ages of gold bearing quartz vein in Liba gold deposit and different strata in Limin metallogenic belt, figureFileSmall=4c4jDH8SGkWO0m/JpL+fVQ==, figureFileBig=HYaXXUF1M5rbAXkV0Ijauw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086653244338307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=图11, caption=李坝金矿床含金石英脉与礼岷成矿带不同地层的锆石U-Pb年龄分布对比图, figureFileSmall=4c4jDH8SGkWO0m/JpL+fVQ==, figureFileBig=HYaXXUF1M5rbAXkV0Ijauw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086653311447172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Temperatures of fluid inclusions in the Liba gold deposit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号成矿阶段类型数量气相(%)Tm-CO2 (℃)Tm-cla (℃)Th-CO2 (℃)Tm-ice (℃)Th (℃)盐度
(% NaCleq)
LB-16II水溶液5520~50−7.8~−2.8184~3844.7~11.5
CO2-H2O1440~95−58.7~−56.63.7~8.822.1~29.1258~3802.4~11.0
LB-17II水溶液2520~60−9.7~−2.2188~3763.7~13.6
CO2-H2O2725~95−58.7~−57.03.3~9.326.6~31.1236~3841.4~11.6
LB-19II水溶液1910~90−8.6~−4.7212~3983.2~12.4
CO2-H2O350~60−58.3~−58.16.5~8.411.0~13.5225~3873.2~6.6
), ArticleFig(id=1307086653382750341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

李坝金矿床流体包裹体显微测温结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号成矿阶段类型数量气相(%)Tm-CO2 (℃)Tm-cla (℃)Th-CO2 (℃)Tm-ice (℃)Th (℃)盐度
(% NaCleq)
LB-16II水溶液5520~50−7.8~−2.8184~3844.7~11.5
CO2-H2O1440~95−58.7~−56.63.7~8.822.1~29.1258~3802.4~11.0
LB-17II水溶液2520~60−9.7~−2.2188~3763.7~13.6
CO2-H2O2725~95−58.7~−57.03.3~9.326.6~31.1236~3841.4~11.6
LB-19II水溶液1910~90−8.6~−4.7212~3983.2~12.4
CO2-H2O350~60−58.3~−58.16.5~8.411.0~13.5225~3873.2~6.6
), ArticleFig(id=1307086653441470598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating from gold-bearing quartz in the Liba gold deposit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析点号含量(10–6)Th/U同位素比值年龄(Ma)
Pb232Th238U207Pb/206Pb1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ207Pb/206Pb1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ
LB26-17-1575.87493.411078.870.460.068170.002470.89330.030810.095030.0010587477648175856
LB26-17-2135.7240.4962.920.650.111940.003165.089020.137410.329680.00403183131183423183720
LB26-17-3176.1653.04197.080.270.075060.003471.443410.064010.139480.00181070959072784210
LB26-17-4148.77192.28181.531.060.069730.002581.23250.043980.128180.00169920528152077710
LB26-17-6158.68222.46336.240.660.057560.005120.504220.044270.063530.00091513202415303976
LB26-17-7268.22677.43609.711.110.058230.00170.611720.017120.076170.0008753841485114735
LB26-17-8360.6118.06284.840.410.090680.00243.130490.079280.250330.00284144031144019144015
LB26-17-9284.69333.71417.840.800.068950.003481.206560.0590.126920.00157897107804277709
LB26-17-10107.25200.672400.830.055280.001970.514850.017680.067530.0008442454422124215
LB26-17-11500.4341.4341.191.000.096340.002553.62590.091830.272890.0031155431155520155516
LB26-17-12174.99267.24218.531.220.066630.002061.25260.037230.136290.0016482642825178249
LB26-17-13273.39123.42190.740.650.0910.002523.217040.085450.256310.00298144733146121147115
LB26-17-1496.96107.89103.151.040.064840.002171.14610.037010.128160.001676947775187779
LB26-17-1575.3975.2366.711.120.070640.002671.632030.059640.167510.00229947529832399813
LB26-17-1758.2281.5298.270.830.056310.002780.586030.028150.075450.0011546579468184697
LB26-17-1896.58140.62102.321.370.063140.002471.10130.041840.126460.00173713577542076810
LB26-17-19203.81172.83280.70.620.064310.001991.246660.037220.140540.00171752428221784810
LB26-17-2082.4785.3390.690.940.068280.002761.287120.050360.136670.00194877578402282611
LB26-17-2198.69154.05128.841.190.065530.002531.121910.042060.124130.00172791557642075410
LB26-17-2248.8563.1817.910.180.124120.004986.300930.245550.368080.00611201646201934202029
LB26-17-2352.7646.9247.111.000.065780.003161.194960.055850.131720.0021799717982679812
LB26-17-24481.8583.22189.570.440.156850.0048810.619990.320480.490930.00625242234249028257527
LB26-17-25227.9142.06283.780.500.069810.002321.642190.053070.170570.002219234598720101512
LB26-17-2661.26100.59142.390.700.055120.002530.56110.025070.073810.0011141773452164597
LB26-17-27394.91659.731072.450.610.057870.002010.604910.020470.075790.00152551480134716
LB26-17-28198.8649.7590.140.550.128470.004387.482250.24820.422340.00579207739217130227126
LB26-17-29184.88204.53230.210.880.06460.002331.27120.044560.142690.00194761518332086011
LB26-17-30359.22465.68531.50.880.063640.002191.251490.042020.142610.0019730488241985911
LB26-17-31130.9455.6863.070.880.128670.004816.757050.246530.380860.00565208043208032208026
LB26-17-32101.88213.08251.120.850.056520.002350.563620.022870.072320.0010647364454154506
LB26-17-3388.7887.4110.750.790.064910.002731.126390.046250.125850.00189771617662276411
LB26-17-34323.28317.65490.560.650.063390.002381.247310.045890.142720.00202721548222186011
LB26-17-3580.6932.4340.090.810.111660.004775.0410.210430.327450.00544182752182635182626
LB26-17-3789.04159.18182.10.880.062970.001820.708120.01740.081540.0012170728544105057
LB26-17-40155.8229.66283.150.810.058070.001790.559830.014990.069910.0010553233451104366
LB26-17-41133.4471.786.650.830.094470.002413.455450.07150.265230.0039151819151716151720
LB26-17-42116.5870.171.030.990.098590.002673.749360.084820.275770.00417159821158218157021
LB26-17-43278.83129.09213.110.610.091730.002163.07680.056710.243210.00347146216142714140318
LB26-17-4479.1981.4283.870.970.073470.002171.574240.039940.155370.002351027289601693113
LB26-17-4544.65782.91860.960.056640.002350.569190.02170.072870.0011947855457144537
LB26-17-48401.31276.85440.680.630.073260.001761.737450.032770.171980.00245102118102312102313
LB26-17-50165.3288.43120.560.740.093120.002373.182690.065790.247850.00363149019145316142719
LB26-17-51252.29279.82364.680.770.066180.001691.166610.024270.127830.00184812227851177511
LB26-17-5266.4534.1430.651.110.108020.003054.655420.110990.312510.00484176622175920175324
LB26-17-53760.09216.6370.730.580.134430.003146.90150.12510.372270.0053215715209916204025
LB26-17-54148.37208.74160.161.300.081940.002311.81620.043230.160730.0024112442410511696113
LB26-17-56247.58117.47235.160.500.082610.002062.271540.045370.199390.00287126019120314117215
LB26-17-57177.95215.41161.051.330.081210.002192.078330.046440.185570.00274122722114215109715
LB26-17-58106.4275.9349.911.520.112070.003125.077970.118710.328560.00505183322183220183125
LB26-17-59292.94226.72398.630.570.068820.002681.302660.046660.137270.00208893828472182912
LB26-17-60284.08275.27445.940.620.067320.001821.244240.027910.134020.00196848248211381111
LB26-17-611618.3546.07729.70.060.171770.003939.855410.178690.416120.0058257539242117224326
LB26-17-62280.56164.56177.270.930.101830.002593.999790.082260.284830.00415165819163417161621
LB26-17-6384.8686.984.891.020.078870.002481.829960.050120.168250.00262116930105618100214
LB26-17-65380.73405.66628.980.650.066170.002171.003650.029050.109990.00168812367061567310
LB26-17-67341.01551.56491.571.120.066920.001781.174310.025730.127240.00185835237891277211
LB26-17-68445.7222.43347.560.640.088910.002282.98010.061930.243050.00353140220140316140318
LB26-17-7366.3648.5180.980.600.069110.002321.40480.041660.14740.00232902368911888613
LB26-17-74102.0280.49140.730.570.067890.002081.225060.032320.130850.00198865308121579311
LB26-17-7681.135292.570.560.078120.002411.586890.042280.14730.002261150299651788613
LB26-17-7754.3826.0124.61.050.108530.006474.787370.269190.319930.006311775112178347178931
LB26-17-78758.95462.97382.521.200.129040.005825.982160.249950.336210.0057208581197336186827
LB26-17-79156.26151.263.452.380.122930.00366.034490.150560.355950.00553199923198122196326
LB26-17-80273.97184.58279.720.660.072190.002091.565350.038330.157230.00235991279571594113
LB26-17-8171.736.2477.870.470.072010.00251.564340.048350.157540.00252986379561994314
LB26-17-8274.51150.64190.820.790.057790.002010.519320.016020.065160.0010252241425114076
LB26-17-85176.3138.79249.250.560.066060.003191.174190.053520.128910.002068081047892578212
LB26-17-86196.77145.86278.980.520.065420.003161.144420.052260.126880.002017881047752577012
LB26-17-87533.95468.52643.610.730.063840.003911.118070.066060.127020.002087361347623277112
LB26-17-90367.73210.48123.541.690.177070.0093211.367750.556420.465610.00901262690255446246440
), ArticleFig(id=1307086653550522503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086638962734076, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

李坝金矿床含矿石英脉LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析点号含量(10–6)Th/U同位素比值年龄(Ma)
Pb232Th238U207Pb/206Pb1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ207Pb/206Pb1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ
LB26-17-1575.87493.411078.870.460.068170.002470.89330.030810.095030.0010587477648175856
LB26-17-2135.7240.4962.920.650.111940.003165.089020.137410.329680.00403183131183423183720
LB26-17-3176.1653.04197.080.270.075060.003471.443410.064010.139480.00181070959072784210
LB26-17-4148.77192.28181.531.060.069730.002581.23250.043980.128180.00169920528152077710
LB26-17-6158.68222.46336.240.660.057560.005120.504220.044270.063530.00091513202415303976
LB26-17-7268.22677.43609.711.110.058230.00170.611720.017120.076170.0008753841485114735
LB26-17-8360.6118.06284.840.410.090680.00243.130490.079280.250330.00284144031144019144015
LB26-17-9284.69333.71417.840.800.068950.003481.206560.0590.126920.00157897107804277709
LB26-17-10107.25200.672400.830.055280.001970.514850.017680.067530.0008442454422124215
LB26-17-11500.4341.4341.191.000.096340.002553.62590.091830.272890.0031155431155520155516
LB26-17-12174.99267.24218.531.220.066630.002061.25260.037230.136290.0016482642825178249
LB26-17-13273.39123.42190.740.650.0910.002523.217040.085450.256310.00298144733146121147115
LB26-17-1496.96107.89103.151.040.064840.002171.14610.037010.128160.001676947775187779
LB26-17-1575.3975.2366.711.120.070640.002671.632030.059640.167510.00229947529832399813
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西秦岭李坝金矿床成因探讨:来自含金石英脉流体包裹体及锆石U-Pb年代学的证据
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杨涛 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 朱赖民 6 , 胡妍 2, 3 , 龙登红 2, 4, 5 , 王飞 6 , 夏云 4, 5 , 刘伟刚 4, 5 , 姜洪颖 4, 5 , 刘子锐 2
西北地质 | 西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026,59(1): 60-78
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西北地质 |西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026 , 59 (1) : 60 -78
西秦岭李坝金矿床成因探讨:来自含金石英脉流体包裹体及锆石U-Pb年代学的证据
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杨涛(1987−),男,正高级工程师,从事地质勘查及矿床学研究工作。E−mail:

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杨涛1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 朱赖民6, 胡妍2, 3, 龙登红2, 4, 5, 王飞6, 夏云4, 5, 刘伟刚4, 5, 姜洪颖4, 5, 刘子锐2
作者信息
  • 1成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 2甘肃省矿产资源勘查重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3甘肃省地质矿产勘查开发局,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 4甘肃省矿产资源综合勘查利用与保护工程研究中心,甘肃 天水 741020
  • 5甘肃省地矿局第一地质矿产勘查院,甘肃 天水 741020
  • 6西北大学地质学系,大陆动力学国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
作者简介:

杨涛(1987−),男,正高级工程师,从事地质勘查及矿床学研究工作。E−mail:

Genesis of the Liba Gold Deposit in West Qinling: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Zircon U-Pb Dating in Gold Bearing Quartz Vein
Tao YANG1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Laimin ZHU6, Yan HU2, 3, Denghong LONG2, 4, 5, Fei WANG6, Yun XIA4, 5, Weigang LIU4, 5, Hongying JIANG4, 5, Zirui LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
  • 2Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Exploration, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • 3Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • 4Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Exploration, Utilization and Protection of Mineral Resources, Tianshui 741020, Gansu, China
  • 5The First Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tianshui 741020, Gansu, China
  • 6State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025103
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李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中川花岗岩体外侧2 km处。笔者在李坝金矿床最新勘探成果基础上,详细分析了矿床地质特征,并对含金石英脉开展了流体包裹体和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。李坝金矿床的矿化蚀变类型主要为黄铁矿化、绢云母化和硅化,与中川岩体接触带的角岩化和斑点化变质作用特征明显不同。矿化蚀变、矿体与矿区脉岩均严格受断裂控制,但脉岩规模及矿化程度均远低于矿体,表明岩浆活动可能未提供主要成矿流体及物质,其与成矿作用可能不具有内在成因联系。流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体为中高温(220~360 ℃)、低盐度(5% NaCleq~10% NaCleq)的NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4)体系,具有变质流体特征。含金石英脉中锆石形态多为次圆状,表明其经历了搬运和磨圆的沉积作用过程。锆石U-Pb年龄可划分为397~585 Ma、673~1023 Ma、1097~1868 Ma、1963~2575 Ma等4个谱段,与赋矿围岩李坝群的碎屑锆石年龄特征极为接近,表明其为成矿流体在活化、迁移过程中从地层中捕获而来。李坝金矿床具有造山型金矿床的地质–地球化学特征,其形成于晚三叠世秦岭造山带由碰撞向伸展转换的构造背景下;中川岩体侵位过程中沿其边缘断裂带发育,为成矿流体沉淀和脉岩侵位提供了有利空间,呈现出大花岗岩体、矿区脉岩与金矿体时空相伴,但又可能不具有内在成因关系的特征。

李坝金矿床  /  流体包裹体  /  含金石英脉  /  锆石U-Pb年龄  /  造山型金矿床  /  西秦岭造山带

The Liba gold deposit is located 2 km outside the Zhongchuan pluton in the West Qinling Orogen. Based on the latest exploration results of the Liba gold deposit, the geological characteristics are analyzed in detail, and the fluid inclusion and zircon U-Pb dating in the gold bearing quartz vein are studied. The mineralized alteration types of Liba gold deposit are pyritization, sericitization and silicification, which are obviously different with the metamorphic characteristics of the Zhongchuan pluton contact zone. Mineralized alteration, ore body and vein rock are strictly controlled by faults, but the scale and mineralization degree of vein rocks are lower than ore body, indicating that magmatic activity may not provide main fluid and material for metallogenesis. The study of fluid inclusions indicate that the ores were deposited from medium-high temperature (220~360 ℃), low salinity (5% NaCleq~10% NaCleq) NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4) fluids, similar to metamorphic fluid. The zircons in the gold bearing quartz veins are mostly sub rounded, indicating that they may undergone the process of transportation and rounding sedimentation. Zircon U-Pb ages can be divided into four spectral segments: 397~585 Ma, 673~1023 Ma, 1097~1868 Ma, and 1963~2575 Ma, which are very close to the age characteristics of detrital zircons in the host rock Liba Group, indicating that they were captured from the stratum during the activation and migration of ore-forming fluid. The Liba gold deposit can be grouped with other orogenic gold deposits that have similar characteristics, which is formed under the transition tectonic background from collision to extension. During the emplacement of Zhongchuan pluton, faults were developed along its margin, providing favorable spaces for the precipitation of ore-forming fluid and the emplacement of vein rocks. This caused the granitic pluton, vein rocks and gold bodies are together with space and time, but it may not have an inherent genetic relationship.

Liba gold deposit  /  fluid inclusions  /  gold bearing quartz vein  /  zircon U-Pb dating  /  orogenic gold deposit  /  West Qinling Orogen
杨涛, 朱赖民, 胡妍, 龙登红, 王飞, 夏云, 刘伟刚, 姜洪颖, 刘子锐. 西秦岭李坝金矿床成因探讨:来自含金石英脉流体包裹体及锆石U-Pb年代学的证据. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (1) : 60 -78 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025103
Tao YANG, Laimin ZHU, Yan HU, Denghong LONG, Fei WANG, Yun XIA, Weigang LIU, Hongying JIANG, Zirui LIU. Genesis of the Liba Gold Deposit in West Qinling: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Zircon U-Pb Dating in Gold Bearing Quartz Vein[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (1) : 60 -78 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025103
秦岭造山带是复合型大陆造山带,多旋回、多阶段、多体制造山作用过程形成了“两缝(商丹缝合带、勉略缝合带)三块(华北板块南缘、秦岭微板块和华南板块北缘)”的大地构造格局(Meng et al., 1999;张国伟等,2001;陈龙龙等,2024)。以凤县–太白断裂带为界划分为东秦岭造山带和西秦岭造山带(张国伟等,2001)。西秦岭造山带是中国最重要的金成矿带之一(Mao et al., 2002;陈衍景等,2004),已发现李坝、早子沟、加甘滩、大水、大桥、马鞍鞒、八卦庙、寨上等超大型金矿床,其成因机制备受关注(Mao et al., 2002;陈衍景等,2004;张复新等, 2004;Liu et al., 2015;刘家军等,2019;Ding et al., 2021;张家瑞等,2024)。
李坝金矿床是西秦岭造山带礼岷矿集区最具代表性的矿床之一(图1),前人对其开展了较为系统的研究,主要包括矿床地质(黄杰等,2000;冯建忠等,2003;张印飞等,2005)、矿区构造(张曾荣等,1999;Zeng et al., 2012)、成因矿物学(邵拥军等,2017)、成矿年代学(Feng et al., 2002;Zeng et al., 2012)、同位素地球化学(黄杰等,2000;冯建忠等,2003;温志亮等,2008;李蓓等,2021)、流体包裹体(张作衡等,2004)、找矿方向(刘继顺等,2001;张汉成等,2009)、外围中川岩体及矿区脉岩的年代学和成因(Zeng et al., 2012;Zhu et al., 2013;柯昌辉等,2020;李蓓等,2021)等。但对其成因仍存在较大争议:①成矿流体由岩浆水及不同程度的变质水和大气降水组成,并在岩浆热动力的驱动下沿断裂上升沉淀成矿(黄杰等,2000;张作衡等,2004;李蓓等,2021)。②成矿流体来源于岩浆热液,为与花岗岩浆活动相关的中高温热液型金矿(冯建忠等,2003;张印飞等,2005)。③成矿流体和物质来自与脉岩有关的深部岩浆,特别是成矿同期的煌斑岩脉(柯昌辉等,2020)。因此,笔者在李坝金矿床最新勘探工作基础上,系统分析了矿床地质特征,特别是矿区构造、矿体和脉岩之间的关系,开展了含金石英脉流体包裹体及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,揭示了成矿流体的性质来源、成矿作用与岩浆活动的关系,进一步探讨了矿床成因和成矿地质背景。
李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中部的礼岷矿集区,产于晚三叠世中川岩体外围(图1、图2)。区域上出露的地层主要为中泥盆统李坝群(D2Lb)和西汉水组(D2x)、上石炭统下加岭组(C2x);区域构造格架由石家河坝复式向斜及其北侧的礼县–罗坝–锁龙口断裂带、南侧的礼县–洮坪–苇子坝断裂带组成(图2)。石家河坝复式向斜长约为80 km,宽约为25 km,轴部走向为 NW 310°;礼县–罗坝–锁龙口断裂带为 NW 向,长约为50 km,宽约为50~200 m,切穿泥盆系、石炭系及中川花岗岩体,石家河坝复式向斜的次级褶皱及礼县–罗坝–锁龙口断裂带的次级断裂严格控制了李坝金矿床的矿体产出(图2)。
矿区出露地层为中泥盆统李坝群(D2Lb),由下至上可分为3个岩性段(图3)。一岩性段(D2Lb1)主要为灰白色板岩夹浅灰色砂岩、粉砂岩;二岩性段(D2Lb2)下部由绢云母绿泥石板岩夹少量变细砂岩组成,中部由灰绿色粉砂质绢云母板岩夹少量变细砂岩组成,上部由灰黑色粉砂质绢云母绿泥石板岩夹斑点状板岩组成;三岩性段(D2Lb3)下部以灰黑色板岩为主,上部以灰黑色砂岩、粉砂岩为主。金矿体主要为赋存于二岩性段中上部,少量赋存于下部。
矿区构造主要为石家河坝复式向斜的次级褶皱及礼县–罗坝–锁龙口断裂带的次级断裂组成的断褶体系(图3)。褶皱为一系列轴面倾向SW的背向斜构成,轴线走向为NW 290°~305°。断裂由F1和F43主干断裂及其间的次级断裂组成(图3)。F1断裂破碎带长约为6 km,宽为50~200 m,产状为135°~155°∠75°~85°。F1和F43断裂东南部走向与褶皱轴线夹角约为25°~35°,西北部走向与褶皱轴线近平行,破碎带内充填有构造角砾岩、地层透镜体、断层泥等,碳质含量较高,为0.18%~0.54%,破碎带内发育有不均匀的小透镜状、团块状金矿(化)体,但未发现规模较大的矿体,表明其可能是成矿热液迁移活动的主要通道。F1和F43断裂派生出一系列近EW向展布的次级断裂。其中,F3、F8、F2-1、F2-2、F29控制了主要矿体的产出及形态(图3)。
矿区南部约2 km处出露有中川复式花岗岩体,面积约为210 km2,由内向外岩性依次为中细粒黑云母花岗岩、中粗粒含斑黑云母花岗岩、中粗粒含斑二长花岗岩、中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩,并夹有石英闪长岩岩株(图2),锆石U-Pb年龄为210~235 Ma(Zeng et al., 2012;Zhu et al., 2013;Yang et al., 2017)。矿区发育透镜状或扁豆状脉岩,主要有云斜煌斑岩脉、花岗斑岩脉和闪长玢岩脉。云斜煌斑岩脉一般长为10~100 m,宽为1~10 m,延深为10~80 m,基本与矿体平行相伴产出,少量切割矿体,Au品位为0.2~0.5 g/t(图3)。花岗斑岩脉一般长为10~400 m,宽为1~20 m,基本与矿体平行相伴产出,少量切割矿体,Au品位为0.15~0.5 g/t(图3)。闪长玢岩脉在矿区较为少见,一般切割矿体。
矿区目前共圈定矿体209条(其中主矿体18条),Au平均品位为2.01 g/t。根据矿体集中分布情况,可划分为炭窑沟–赵沟、瓦屋沟、麻地沟–杜沟–马沟、李坝和王河5个矿段,并以前3个矿段为主。主矿体长为280~1190 m,平均厚度为4.23~34.05 m,控制斜深为105~555 m,Au平均品位为1.07~2.34 g/t,形态以似层状为主,次为不规则状、透镜状和板状(图4)。矿体及脉岩受褶皱及F1和F43的次级断裂双重控制,沿背斜与向斜转换部位呈斜列式分布(图3)。在控矿次级断裂与F1主干断裂交汇部位厚度大、品位高且延深较大,远之则相反。如F29与F1交汇部位的26号矿体最厚达85.48 m,平均厚为34.05 m,延深为555 m,最高品位为12.03 g/t;西延的7-1号矿体平均厚为4.31 m,延深为184 m,最高品位为4.21 g/t;F3与F1交汇部位的6号矿体最厚达34.69 m,平均厚为14.61 m,延深为403 m,最高品位为5.25 g/t;西延的6-1号矿体平均厚为7.4 m,延深为116 m,最高品位为4.43 g/t(图3)。矿体走向近EW,以南倾为主,北倾次之,倾角一般为65°~85°,最缓为55°,其形态与产状明显受控矿断裂构造,随断裂的波状弯曲或反转而变化(图3)。部分矿体在地表与深部与脉岩相伴,脉岩一般呈透镜状并顺矿体产出(图4a、图4b),少量切割矿体(图4),但对矿体的完整性无影响。脉岩局部可形成工业矿体(图4d),但大多仅发育矿化(图4c、图4d),多数品位小于1 g/t(图4、图5a~图5d)。
李坝金矿床矿石类型较为简单,主要为含浸染状硫化物、微细石英–硫化物细脉的绢云绿泥千枚状板岩、绢云绿泥板岩及斑点状板岩,偶见石英脉型矿石(图5e、图5f、图5j)。矿石结构以他形粒状、鳞片状、粉砂状为主;构造以浸染状、斑点状、角砾状、细脉条带状和网脉状为主(图5g、图5h、图5i)。浸染状构造表现为黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿等呈稀疏或稠密浸染状分布(图5h、图5i);斑点状构造表现为细粒黄铁矿聚集并交代云母、石英形成斑点(图5g);脉状、网脉状构造表现为石英–硫化物细脉沿千枚岩S1和S2面理(图5g、图5h)或裂隙及节理呈脉状–网脉状分布;角砾状构造表现为矿石构造破碎后被石英–碳酸盐脉胶结。千枚状板岩矿石中矿石矿物约占7%,脉石矿物约占93%;矿石矿物以褐铁矿(4.35%)、黄铁矿(2.13%)为主,次为黄铜矿(0.17%)、闪锌矿(0.14%)、黑钨矿(0.05%)、毒砂(0.03%)、方铅矿(0.01%),偶见磁黄铁矿、自然金、银金矿、含银自然金;脉石矿物以绢云母(50%)、长石(34.1%)为主,次为长石(3.1%)、绿泥石(1.3%)、方解石(1%)及其他矿物。根据物相分析,自然金占比为50.92%,硫化物包裹金占比为37.42%,石英及其他硅酸盐包裹金占比为11.66%。自然金主要为包体金(87.50%),其次为裂隙金、粒间金,粒度大于0.01 mm的仅占比为14.12%,粒度为0.005~0.01 mm的占比为52.94%,粒度小于0.005 mm的占比为32.94%。
矿区变质作用可分为区域变质、中川岩体接触变质和成矿流体热液蚀变3类。区域变质作用以低温绿片岩相为主,矿物组合为绿泥石–绢云母,绢云母含量较低,一般为10%~20%,明显低于矿石中的绢云母含量。中川岩体接触变质作用分布在岩体3 km范围内,主要为角岩化、斑点化。成矿流体热液蚀变作用严格受断裂破碎带控制,蚀变带的长度、宽度及延深与断裂带相同或略小;其形成的围岩蚀变主要有微细浸染状黄铁矿化、致密块状绢云母化、浸染状硅化,次为脉状黄铁矿化、脉状绢云母化、脉状硅化、白云母化、碳酸盐化及毒砂化。大量钻孔证实蚀变带由中心向两侧可划分为3个亚带:①黄铁矿–绢云母化亚带,是矿体的主要赋存部位,主要蚀变矿物为黄铁矿、绢云母、石英,次为碳酸盐矿物、毒砂等其他硫化物,黄铁矿多为微细粒浸染状,绢云母化极为强烈(含量高达50%)。②绢云母–石英化亚带,一般发育在矿体附近的上、下盘围岩之中,主要蚀变矿物为绢云母、石英,次为黄铁矿、绿泥石、黑云母等。③绿泥石–黑云母化亚带,发育在最外侧,蚀变矿物主要为绿泥石、黑云母,次为绢云母、石英、黄铁矿。
根据野外地质现象与矿物共生组合关系,李坝金矿床的原生成矿作用可划分为3个阶段:①少量硫化物–石英阶段(Ⅰ),脉宽一般大于5 cm,以石英为主,其次为黄铁矿、电气石、磷灰石等。②石英–绢云母–黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ),主要为浸染状、细脉状,以石英、绢云母、黄铁矿为主,其次为绿泥石、碳酸盐、毒砂(图5f~图5j)。③石英–碳酸盐阶段(Ⅲ),脉宽一般小于1 cm,以石英、碳酸盐为主,其次为绿泥石、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉锑矿等。金的沉淀作用主要发生在 Ⅱ 阶段,硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化越强烈,金品位越高。
流体包裹体研究样品采自李坝金矿床炭窑沟–赵沟矿段26号矿体,为金矿化最强烈的成矿 II 阶段的石英脉(样品编号为LB26-16、LB26-17、LB26-19)。石英脉样品经切片制成100 μm厚的双面抛光薄片后,进行冷热台显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析测试。流体包裹体显微测温在中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室进行,采用装备有OlympusBX 51型显微镜的LinkamMDS 600冷热台完成测试。测试之前,采用America FLUID INC生产的合成的流体包裹体对冷热台进行了较正。升温/降温速率一般为0.2~5 ℃/min,当接近相变时,升温/降温速率降为0.2 ℃/min。当温度低于30 ℃时,分析误差一般为± 0.1 ℃;当温度高于30 ℃时,分析误差一般为 ± 1 ℃。气液两相包裹体和CO2-H2O包裹体的盐度计算分别采用方程W=0.00+1.78 Tice−0.0442Tice2+0.000557Tice3 (Bodnar, 1993)和W=15.52022−1.02342 Tclm−0.05286 Tclm2(Roedder, 1984)。流体包裹体激光拉曼分析在中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室,采用装备有RenishawMK1-1000型激光拉曼分析仪完成。Ar+ 激光的波长为514.5 nm,测试时间为30 s,一般叠加3次使不明显的峰突显;激光的斑束为2 μm,能量为2~4 mw,测试的范围为1200~3800 cm-1。
所测试的含金石英脉采于李坝金矿床炭窑沟–赵沟矿段26号矿体(N 34°22′12″,E 105°03′30″)的含金石英脉(图5j)组合而成(样品编号为LB 26-17)。含矿石英脉中的锆石单矿物在河北省廊坊区域地质调查所分选后,用环氧树脂固定制靶并固化后,磨至约一半使锆石内部暴露。锆石样品在测试之前用浓度为3%的稀HNO3清洗以去除表面污染。锆石样品在Mono CL3+阴极发光装置上进行照相,以观察内部形态。锆石U-Pb同位素分析采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS),由Agilent 7500 a型ICP-MS及193 nm深紫外ArF激光器组成,激光剥蚀孔径为30 μm,剥蚀深度为20~40 μm。分析测试时,每6个分析点测1次91500标准锆石,隔12个分析点测1次GJ-1和NIST 610标样,以保证标样和样品的仪器条件一致。元素浓度计算采用NIST 610作为外标,Si作为内标。数据处理采用GLITTER(ver4.0)程序;谐和图绘制及年龄计算采用Isoplot(ver3.0)程序。
李坝金矿床成矿II阶段石英脉的原生流体包裹体发育,在室温(21 ℃)下的相态特征可划分为4种类型。具体为:①水溶液包裹体约占总数的45%~55%,以椭圆形为主,次为负晶形和不规则状,长轴为8~20 μm,主要为气液两相(图6);由LH2O和VH2O组成,偶含微量CO2(图7a),气液比一般较小,VH2O/(LH2O+VH2O)一般为5%~40%,多数约为10%。②CO2-H2O包裹体约占总数的25%~35%,多为椭圆形,负晶形和不规则状,长轴为10~20 μm(图6);由VH2O和LH2O组成(图7b、图7c),偶含微量CH4(图7c),其在室温下或降温过程中呈VCO2+LCO2+LH2O三相,(VCO2+LCO2)/(VCO2+LCO2+LH2O)值为40%~95%。③纯CO2包裹体约占总数的10%~15%,多为椭圆形、方形、长条形和不规则形,长轴为4~15 μm(图6e);主要由CO2组成(图7d),部分由CO2+CH4组成(图7e)。④单相的水溶液包裹体,个体一般较小,长轴为1~6 μm,沿石英颗粒的愈合裂隙呈线状分布且切穿石英颗粒边界,多为次生包裹体(图6f),成分主要为H2O(图7f)。
本次共测得包裹体143个(表1)。水溶液包裹体在升温过程中,多数通过气相消失的形式(V→L)达到完全均一,仅有少数包裹体的均一相为气相(L→V),均一温度为184~398 ℃,峰值为220~340 ℃(图8a);冰点温度(Tm-ice)为−9.7~−2.2 ℃,盐度为1.4% NaCleq~13.6% NaCleq(图8b)。CO2-H2O包裹体在降温到−90 ℃时完全冻结,固态CO2的初熔温度(Tm-CO2)为−58.7~−56.6 ℃,表明除CO2外还存在CH4等挥发份,这与激光拉曼光谱的分析结果相吻合(图7c)。CO2的部分均一温度(Th-CO2)和笼合物的熔化温度(Tm-cla.)分别为11.0~31.1 ℃和3.3~9.3 ℃,根据笼合物熔化温度计算的盐度为1.4% NaCleq~11.6% NaCleq(图8b),最终均一温度(Th)为225~387 ℃(图8a)。
含金石英脉中锆石粒径一般为60~120 μm,其形态多为次圆状,少数为圆状、次棱角状,极少数为棱角状,表明其可能经历了搬运和磨圆的沉积作用过程(图9)。不同地质环境形成的锆石具有不同的结构类型,可有效限定形成环境(吴元保等,2004)。从锆石阴极发光(CL)图像来看,大多数锆石具有典型的岩浆振荡环带或韵律环带结构,表现出岩浆锆石特征(Hoskin et al., 2003);而少数锆石阴极发光(CL)图像呈亮白色,具有无分带(图9中的22、45、52、57号锆石)、弱分带(图9中的2、15、44、52、74、76号锆石)和扇形分带(图9中的14、18号锆石)特征,表现出变质蜕晶锆石特征(Vavra et al., 1999;吴元保等,2004)。
含金石英脉中锆石的ΣREE含量为43.8×10–6~8614.9×10–6,具有亏损轻稀土、富集重稀土的特征,ΣLREE含量为7.0×10–6~1065.9×10–6,ΣHREE含量为36.8×10–6~7880.9×10–6,ΣLREE/ΣHREE值为0.01~1.12;具有极低的负Eu异常(δEu值为0.01~0.29)和极高的正Ce异常(δCe值为2.82~1484)。锆石的Th含量为3.2×10–6~677.4×10–6,U含量为17.9×10–6~1078.9×10–6,Th/U变化较大,介于0.06~2.38(表2)。因岩浆锆石Th/U值和稀土元素含量与岩石类型有关,变质锆石的Th/U值和稀土元素含量受变质流体和/或熔体的成分、共生矿物的组成及形成环境等多重因素控制。因此,锆石中的元素含量不能有效地鉴别岩浆锆石和变质锆石(吴元保等,2004)。
含金石英脉中锆石U-Pb年龄变化较大,206Pb/238U年龄为397~2575 Ma(表2)。在锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(图10a)和年龄频谱图(图10b)中,所获年龄分为397~585 Ma(n=12)、673~1023 Ma(n=33)、1097~1868 Ma(n=17)、1963~2575 Ma(n=8)4个谱段。其中,前两个谱段峰值较为明显,后两个谱段年龄较为分散,峰值不明显(图10b)。锆石的U-Pb同位素体系封闭温度为700~750 ℃(Harrison et al., 1987;Tilton et al., 1991),且有较强抗热扰动性(Mezger et al., 1997),而李坝金矿床的成矿流体温度为108~398 ℃,远低于锆石U-Pb同位素体系的封闭温度,因此获取的年龄结果可信。
李坝金矿床含金石英脉中原生包裹体以水溶液包裹体为主,次为CO2-H2O包裹体和纯CO2包裹体,含有少量CH4,表明成矿流体为以中高温(220~360 ℃)、低盐度(5% NaCleq~10% NaCleq)的NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4)体系,与前人研究结果基本一致(张作衡等,2004)。尽管许多与侵入体相关的金矿床(Intrusion-related Gold Deposit)的成矿流体也为中温低盐度的H2O-NaCl-CO2±CH4±N2体系,但其主成矿期的石英脉中一般含有高盐度的含子晶包裹体(Baker et al., 2001,2006)。例如,澳大利亚的Tanami, Pine Creek, Tennant Creek和Telfer金矿区(Terry, 2007),希腊的Palea Kavala金矿(Fornadel et al., 2011),加拿大的Nova Scotia(Kontak et al., 2010)。因此,李坝金矿床的成矿流体性质与造山型金矿床的成矿流体性质更为接近,具有典型的变质流体特征(陈衍景等,2007)。
含金石英脉中锆石形态多为次圆状,少数为圆状、次棱角状,极少数为棱角状,表明其经历了搬运和磨圆的沉积作用过程。锆石阴极发光图像研究表明其中既有岩浆锆石,也有变质锆石,其U-Pb年龄为397~2575 Ma,可分为397~585 Ma、673~1023 Ma、1097~1868 Ma、1963~2575 Ma等4个谱段(图7),表明含金石英脉中的锆石由成矿流体在运移过程中从围岩中捕获而来。李坝金矿床外围中川花岗岩体不同岩性的锆石U-Pb年龄为207.0~238.5 Ma;矿区花岗斑岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄为210.0~223.7 Ma(李蓓等,2021),表明含金石英脉中未混入中川岩体及矿区脉岩的岩浆锆石。
李坝金矿床位于西秦岭礼岷成矿带,不少学者对该成矿带内不同时代的地层进行了大量碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄研究,主要有中泥盆统下吾那组中细粒长石砂岩(图11a)(陈岳龙等,2008)、中泥盆统李坝群变质长石石英细砂岩(图11c)(王元元等,2014)、中上二叠统十里墩组长石石英砂岩(图11e)(高翔宇等,2019)、下三叠统隆务河组硬砂岩(图11b)(陈岳龙等,2008)、中三叠统古浪堤组硬砂岩(图11d)(陈岳龙等,2008)、上三叠统后老庙组中细粒硬砂岩(图11f)(陈岳龙等,2008)。通过金石英脉与礼岷成矿带不同时代地层的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄对比,其前两个谱段(397~585 Ma、673~1023 Ma)的形态及峰值与中上二叠统、三叠系完全不同,而与中泥盆统较相似(图11a、图11c),尤其与中泥盆统李坝群最为接近(图11c),表明含金石英脉中的锆石可能主要来自李坝群中的碎屑锆石,暗示成矿流体可能主要为以李坝群为主的泥盆系在变质变形过程中释放的变质流体,变质流体在运移过程中捕获了泥盆系中的碎屑锆石。
此外,含金石英脉与中泥盆统的锆石U-Pb年龄分布也表现出两个不同特征:①第二个年龄谱段(673~1023 Ma)的峰值明显较高。②后两个谱段(1097~1868 Ma、1963~2575 Ma)虽与中泥盆统有一定对应关系,但数量明显较多(图11)。这可能表明成矿流体来源较为复杂,有深部流体的加入,深部流体的上升过程中从变质基底中捕获了较多的古老锆石。
西秦岭造山带中的部分金矿床在时空上与晚三叠世花岗岩密切伴生,同时矿区也发育大量脉岩,因此金矿化与花岗质岩浆活动之间的关系长期是矿床成因研究的热点(Mao et al., 2002;陈衍景等,2004;张旗等,2009;Zhu et al., 2010;Yang et al., 2012,2013;Zeng et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2015;刘家军等,2019;Ding et al., 2021)。李坝金矿床位于晚三叠世中川花岗岩体外围约2 km处(图2),矿区发育花岗斑岩脉、煌斑岩脉及花岗闪长岩脉(图3)。但中川岩体接触变质作用主要为角岩化、斑点化,与矿化蚀变特征明显不同,表明中川岩体分异的热液流体不是引起矿化蚀变的主要因素。矿区仅部分矿体与脉岩伴生在一起,但脉岩多顺矿体产出(图4a、图4c、图4d、图5a),其规模一般远小于矿体,虽然部分脉岩为工业矿体(图4d),但大多数脉岩的品位(小于1 g/t)远低于金矿体(图4c、图4d)。上述地质特征表明,中川岩体与矿区脉岩可能未提供大量成矿流体及物质,成矿作用与岩浆活动可能不具有内在成因联系(Goldfarb et al., 2023)。
李坝金矿床的矿体、矿区花岗斑岩脉和闪长岩脉均分布在F1和F43的次级断裂中,受同期构造作用控制(Zeng et al., 2012),金矿化也表现出受微观构造控制的特征(图5g、图5h)。因此,岩脉规模大的部位矿化作用强烈,可能是由于在主干断裂与其次级断裂交汇部位容矿空间更大,导致岩脉更为发育,矿体厚度大、品位高且延深较大,远之则相反(图3)。中川花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为207.0~238.5 Ma(Zhu et al., 2013;聂政融等,2014;Yang et al., 2017;柯昌辉等,2020);矿区花岗斑岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄为210.0~223.7 Ma(Zeng et al., 2012;柯昌辉等,2020;李蓓等,2021);矿石中白云母Ar-Ar年龄为216.4 Ma(Zeng et al., 2012),矿石中石英的Ar-Ar年龄为210.6 Ma(Feng et al., 2002),表明成矿作用与岩浆活动同期或略晚,但均对应于晚三叠世华北板块与华南板块碰撞导致的秦岭造山作用过程,可能均为造山作用的产物。
李坝金矿床的地质–地球化学特征与造山型金矿床基本一致(McCuaig et al., 1998;Groves et al., 1998, 2003;Ridley et al., 2000;Goldfarb et al., 2001, 2005;Zeng et al., 2012;李蓓等,2021),但成矿物质来源更为复杂(李蓓等,2021)。主要表现为:①成矿时间与秦岭造山带晚三叠世造山作用过程时限相同(Feng et al., 2002;Zeng et al., 2012)。②成矿作用和热液蚀变作用在宏观及微观上均严格受断裂控制,赋矿地层发育区域绿片岩相变质作用。③含金石英脉中锆石U-Pb年龄组成特征表明成矿流体主要为变质流体。④ C-H-O-S同位素研究表明,成矿流体可能为变质流体、岩浆水及地层建造水的混合流体;Pb同位素研究表明,矿石中的铅可能为赋矿围岩和岩浆作用的混合(黄杰等,2000; 冯建忠等,2003;温志亮等,2008;李蓓等,2021),与其他造山型金矿床难以限定单一流体来源一致(Yang et al., 2012)。⑤成矿流体性质为以中高温(220~360 ℃)、低盐度(5% NaCleq~10% NaCleq)的NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4)体系,成矿深度为5.6 km。
秦岭造山带印支期的陆–陆碰撞造山作用导致大陆地壳发生了广泛的褶皱和逆冲推覆作用,引发了大陆地壳强烈的南北向缩短、右行的韧性剪切和区域绿片相变质作用(张国伟等,2001;Ratschbacher et al., 2003;Dong et al., 2011;冉亚洲等,2024),地壳岩石经历了较高温度的变质变形作用,水、挥发份(如CO2)和硅通过脱挥作用从岩石中释放出来形成变质流体,诱发了造山带内强烈的流体活动,并代入了地层中的CH4等有机质,因Au、Ag等成矿物质加入而形成成矿流体。晚三叠世,勉略洋俯冲板片断离或秦岭造山带加厚下地壳拆沉诱发软流圈物质上涌(Qin et al., 2013;Dong et al., 2016),导致秦岭造山带处于由碰撞向伸展转换的构造体制(张国伟等,2001;Dong et al., 2016),诱发下地壳熔融形成中川花岗岩体(Zhu et al., 2013;Yang et al., 2017)和矿区花岗斑岩等脉岩(柯昌辉等,2020)。在碰撞向伸展转换的背景下,中川岩体侵位过程中其边缘成为应力集中区,导致形成一系列弥散性断裂带(图2)(Zhang et al., 2011),为成矿流体沉淀和矿区脉岩侵位提供了有利空间。成矿流体进入断裂带,流体包裹体研究表明成矿流体物理化学条件改变而沉淀成矿(张作衡等,2004)。因成矿作用与脉岩冷凝同时发生或稍晚,导致脉岩顺矿体产出,表现出无矿化或发育弱矿化的特征(图4),并可见花岗斑岩脉中贯入石英–硫化物脉的现象(图5b、图5c)。矿床形成后,随构造运动抬升并剥蚀至地表,呈现出中川大花岗岩体、矿区脉岩与金矿体时空相伴,但又可能不具有内在成因关系的特征。
(1)李坝金矿床的矿化蚀变类型与中川岩体的接触变质作用不同,其矿化蚀变、矿体与矿区脉岩均严格受断裂控制,脉岩规模及矿化程度均远低于矿体,表明岩浆活动可能未提供主要成矿流体及成矿物质,金成矿作用与岩浆活动可能不具有内在成因联系。
(2)李坝金矿床的成矿流体为中高温、低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-(CH4)体系;含金石英脉中的锆石形态显示其经历了沉积作用过程,并与赋矿围岩李坝群的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布特征极为接近,反映锆石主要为成矿流体在活化、迁移过程中从地层中捕获而来,并有深部变质基底中古老锆石的加入,表明成矿流体可能以变质流体为主。
(3)李坝金矿床具有造山型金矿床的地质–地球化学特征,形成于晚三叠世秦岭造山带由碰撞向伸展转换的构造背景下,中川岩体在侵位过程中沿边缘发育断裂带,为成矿流体沉淀和矿区脉岩侵位提供了有利空间,呈现出花岗岩体、矿区脉岩与金矿体时空相伴,但又可能不具有内在成因关系的特征。

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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025103
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
  • 修回日期:2025-06-14
  • 录用日期:2025-07-15
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    1成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院,四川 成都 610059
    2甘肃省矿产资源勘查重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
    3甘肃省地质矿产勘查开发局,甘肃 兰州 730000
    4甘肃省矿产资源综合勘查利用与保护工程研究中心,甘肃 天水 741020
    5甘肃省地矿局第一地质矿产勘查院,甘肃 天水 741020
    6西北大学地质学系,大陆动力学国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710069
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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