Article(id=1307047752555319413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=1752336000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-13, acceptedDate=1752508800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineDate=1789554067981, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789554067981, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789554067981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789554067981, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047751552885541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554067743, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616259011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=156, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307047752895058038, articleId=1307047752555319413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Ore-Forming Mechanism of the Sellaite-Bearing Orogenic Gold Deposits in Pianyanzi, Kangding, West Sichuan: Constraints from Gold Fineness, Fluid Inclusions and Thermodynamic Modeling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Pianyanzi gold deposit, situated on the western margin of the Yangtze Craton within the Daduhe gold belt in western Sichuan Province, represents a rare sellaite-bearing orogenic gold deposit.However, key aspects of its ore-forming processes, particularly regarding the nature of ore-forming fluids and the mechanisms governing gold enrichment and precipitation, remain poorly constrained. This study integrates field observations with microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of individual minerals, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in-situ microanalysis of individual fluid inclusions. Based on these experimental results, thermodynamic simulations were conducted to comprehensively investigate the conditions conducive to gold enrichment and its precipitation mechanisms. Based on the ore vein cross-cutting relationships and mineral assemblages, the mineralization process can be divided into four distinct stages: the pyrite-quartz stage (I), the pyrite- sellaite-gold-quartz-dolomite stage (II), the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage (III), and the hematite- limonite-gold stage (IV). EPMA analyses reveal that the gold fineness values in Stage II and Stage IV range from 976.4 to 986.9 and from 960.9 to 992.9, respectively, indicating a consistently high gold content. Fluid inclusions are predominantly CO2-bearing and H2O-bearing, with homogenization temperatures ranging from 135 to 357.1 ℃, peaking between 220 and 300 ℃, and salinities varying from 0.4% NaCleqv to 14.4% NaCleqv, with a peak concentration between 6% NaCleqv and 12%NaCleqv. LA-ICP-MS analyses of individual fluid inclusions reveal that during the evolution from the early to late stages of mineralization, both the total elemental content and the concentrations of trace elements such as Na and K exhibit a progressively decreasing trend. Moreover, the Rb/Na, Cs/Na, Sr/Na, and K/Na ratios observed in these fluid inclusions are consistent with the geochemical signatures of fluids associated with orogenic gold deposit. Thermodynamic simulations and integrated studies indicate that gold is primarily transported in the form of AuHS0 complexes. The decrease in temperature during stages II, along with an increase in oxygen fugacity specifically in stage IV, may serve as the primary factors contributing to gold precipitation and variations in gold fineness.

, authors=Chenghong LI1, 2, Qiuming PEI2, *, Yong XU1, Chunbo ZHOU1, Yi LIANG2, Qingfei SUN2, Yougen LONG1, Keyong CHEN1, Haonan HUANG2, Meng LI1, authorsList=Chenghong LI, Qiuming PEI, Yong XU, Chunbo ZHOU, Yi LIANG, Qingfei SUN, Yougen LONG, Keyong CHEN, Haonan HUANG, Meng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiuming PEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307047757164859539, articleId=1307047752555319413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=川西康定偏岩子富氟镁石造山型金矿床成矿机制:基于金成色值、流体包裹体和热力学模拟的限定, columnId=1307047752601461543, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

康定偏岩子金矿床位于扬子克拉通西缘,是川西大渡河金矿带中罕见的富氟镁石造山型金矿床。然而,关于成矿流体性质以及金的富集沉淀过程等有关成矿机制的研究比较薄弱。笔者在野外调研的基础上,通过流体包裹体显微测温、单矿物EPMA和单个包裹体成分LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析等手段,并根据以上述实验结果开展热力学模拟计算,综合探讨金的富集条件与沉淀机制。根据脉体穿切关系和矿物共生组合特征,成矿过程可划分为黄铁矿–石英阶段(Ⅰ)、黄铁矿–氟镁石–金–石英–白云石阶段(Ⅱ)、石英–多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和赤铁矿–褐铁矿–金阶段(Ⅳ)4个成矿阶段。根据EPMA测试结果,Ⅱ阶段与Ⅳ阶段的金成色值分别为976.4~986.9与960.9~992.9,表现出稳定的高金含量特征。流体包裹体类型以含CO2包裹体和H2O包裹体为主,均一温度范围为135~357.1 ℃,峰值集中于220~300 ℃,盐度范围为0.4% NaCleqv~14.4% NaCleqv,峰值集中于6% NaCleqv~12% NaCleqv。LA-ICP-MS原位成分显示,从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,流体包裹体中元素总含量、Na、K等微量元素呈降低趋势,流体包裹体中Rb/Na、Cs/Na、Sr/Na和K/Na值符合造山型矿床的流体特征。热力学模拟和综合研究表明,金主要以AuHS0形式运移,II阶段的温度降低和IV阶段的氧逸度升高可能是金沉淀和金成色值发生变化的主要原因。

, authors=李承鸿1, 2, 裴秋明2, *, 徐勇1, 周春波1, 梁翼2, 孙清飞2, 龙有根1, 陈科勇1, 黄皓南2, 李萌1, authorsList=李承鸿, 裴秋明, 徐勇, 周春波, 梁翼, 孙清飞, 龙有根, 陈科勇, 黄皓南, 李萌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=裴秋明, authorNote=

李承鸿(1999−),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查工作。E–mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
裴秋明(1989−),男,博士,副教授,主要从事矿产勘查与遥感地质研究。E–mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jRzrjc5i/rTHJtrGFjZ5Ow==, magXml=GoXGaX6FOTRwwI6nNLzpLA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NPwefB9eUpR9GVlfp4gVQA==, pdfFileSize=11341193, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9R+C3XKtuTvzCyVpslLD0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=N6wAxnDd4h3gsWumIpIEKg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307047757592678555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lch2253255575@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307047757684953246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, authorId=1307047757592678555, language=EN, stringName=Chenghong LI, firstName=Chenghong, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Sichuan Geophysical Survey and Research Institute, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
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李承鸿(1999−),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查工作。E–mail:

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李承鸿(1999−),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查工作。E–mail:

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a. Ⅰ阶段半自形–自形黄铁矿和石英;b. Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿、石英及氟镁石组合;c. 氟镁石、黄铁矿和方铅矿背散射图像特征;d. Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿、方铅矿、硫单质和石英矿物组合;e. 氟镁石与石英、黄铁矿矿物组合;f. 透射光镜下石英与白钨矿特征;g. Ⅳ阶段产出大量赤铁矿和褐铁矿;h. 表生期产出孔雀石和蓝铜矿矿物组合;i. 透射光镜下蓝铜矿与少量孔雀石特征;Az. 蓝铜矿;Gn. 方铅矿;Hm. 赤铁矿;Lm. 褐铁矿;Mal. 孔雀石;Py. 黄铁矿;Qz. 石英;S. 硫单质;Sel. 氟镁石;Sh. 白钨矿

, figureFileSmall=H/K5hpH9J7gsSNk/qV+ixQ==, figureFileBig=i6T1sSZIh+/jwKxkJGBB4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765180174562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Photomicrographs illustrating gold occurrence of the Pianyanzi gold deposit, figureFileSmall=7UO2x92NfKP57MGJHNkbMQ==, figureFileBig=gL1uyH4Ol+qm5VFstfUgjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765259866339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图4, caption=偏岩子金矿床自然金镜下分布图

a. Ⅱ阶段自然金分布于黄铁矿附近;b. 自然金背散射图像特征;c. Ⅱ阶段自然金分布于黄铁矿内部;d. Ⅱ阶段自然金呈脉状分布于裂隙;e. Ⅱ阶段自然金呈颗粒状分布;f. Ⅳ阶段自然金反射光镜下特征;Au. 自然金;Hm. 赤铁矿;Lm. 褐铁矿;Py. 黄铁矿;Qz. 石英

, figureFileSmall=7UO2x92NfKP57MGJHNkbMQ==, figureFileBig=gL1uyH4Ol+qm5VFstfUgjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765339558116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Mineral paragenesis and assemblage diagram of the Pianyanzi gold deposit, figureFileSmall=Na75RjCPiRKZS7La/kva2A==, figureFileBig=P3XWOpZGLyKOLhow0FH2Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765410861285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图5, caption=偏岩子金矿床矿物生成顺序图(据Pei et al., 2024修), figureFileSmall=Na75RjCPiRKZS7La/kva2A==, figureFileBig=P3XWOpZGLyKOLhow0FH2Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765477970150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Petrographic Characteristics of Fluid Inclusions in Pianyanzi gold Deposit, figureFileSmall=RoP5CIveTVvJn9CAgKXxHg==, figureFileBig=LmAqHixoLn6o6Oz0a+2UwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765549273319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图6, caption=偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体岩相学特征图

a. CO2流体包裹体及三相CO2-H2O流体包裹体;b. 含子晶CO2流体包裹体;c、g、h、i. 三相CO2-H2O流体包裹体;d. 纯气相CO2流体包裹体及三相CO2-H2O流体包裹体;e. 两相CO2-H2O流体包裹体;f. H2O流体包裹体

, figureFileSmall=RoP5CIveTVvJn9CAgKXxHg==, figureFileBig=LmAqHixoLn6o6Oz0a+2UwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765616382184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=(a) Homogeneous temperature and salinity statistics (b) Statistical chart of fluid inclusions in different stages of Pianyanzi gold deposit, figureFileSmall=SftnFujJR02fOIOGtK8LxQ==, figureFileBig=F1XamQeGm5vDrQIJkE6ntg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765679296745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图7, caption=偏岩子金矿床不同阶段流体包裹体均一温度统计图(a)、盐度统计图(b), figureFileSmall=SftnFujJR02fOIOGtK8LxQ==, figureFileBig=F1XamQeGm5vDrQIJkE6ntg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765742211306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Partial pulse signal diagram of LA-ICP-MS fluid inclusions in Pianyanzi gold deposit, figureFileSmall=ZJztvcAHBU5+pzRaTntyxA==, figureFileBig=Bqh5bnKQa6f5Rl8QbvrU2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765813514475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图8, caption=偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS部分脉冲信号图, figureFileSmall=ZJztvcAHBU5+pzRaTntyxA==, figureFileBig=Bqh5bnKQa6f5Rl8QbvrU2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765901594860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=LA-ICP-MS maps of different element ratios in fluid inclusions of Pianyanzi gold deposit, figureFileSmall=ACHPh1v2NuvRiBSIwywWxw==, figureFileBig=OcIYiWHD2z32r3EGmgG+aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047765977092333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图9, caption=偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS不同元素比值图(底图据Wang et al., 2022b), figureFileSmall=ACHPh1v2NuvRiBSIwywWxw==, figureFileBig=OcIYiWHD2z32r3EGmgG+aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047766040006894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Thermodynamic simulation results of gold solubility under different temperature and gold fineness conditions in pH- logfO2 diagrams, figureFileSmall=oVPsT78bDNEabkFGyRgsOQ==, figureFileBig=U8S03dbThiJi/nZX0z/LRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047766102921455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=图10, caption=pH- logfO2图中不同温度和金成色值条件下金溶解度的热力学模拟结果

不同温度(T)和金成色值(GF)的模拟条件为:a. T = 220 ℃和GF = 960;b. T = 220 ℃和GF = 993;c. T = 300 ℃和GF = 960;d. T = 300 ℃和GF = 993。其他条件均为:P = 120 MPa, mΣCl = 1.4 mol/kg, mΣS = 0.01 mol/kg。红色点划线为mΣAu等值线,蓝色虚线为mΣAg等值线,黑色实线为R(= log mΣAu/mΣAg)等值线。矿物简写:Hm. 赤铁矿,Ka. 高岭石;Kf. 钾长石;Mt. 磁铁矿;Po. 磁黄铁矿;Py. 黄铁矿;Se. 绢云母

, figureFileSmall=oVPsT78bDNEabkFGyRgsOQ==, figureFileBig=U8S03dbThiJi/nZX0z/LRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047766182613232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The gold fineness texted by EMPA from the Pianyanzi gold deposi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段测试点数Au成色值Ag范围Total值金成色值金成色值平均值
Ⅱ2783.96~98.271.30~2.0385.99~99.78976.4~986.9981.4
Ⅳ2882.97~99.700.71~3.3786.34~100.41960.9~992.9980.3
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766249722097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

偏岩子金矿床不同阶段自然金金成色值结果统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段测试点数Au成色值Ag范围Total值金成色值金成色值平均值
Ⅱ2783.96~98.271.30~2.0385.99~99.78976.4~986.9981.4
Ⅳ2882.97~99.700.71~3.3786.34~100.41960.9~992.9980.3
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766341996786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Microthermometric results of fluid inclusions in the Pianyanzi gold deposit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包裹体
阶段
包裹体
大小( μm)
Th(℃)Tc (℃)盐度(% NaCleqv)密度(g/cm3)压力(bar)pH
Ⅰ15~28172.5~3502~83.9~14.40.71~1.04
均值=0.93
308~2317
均值=1189
5.4~5.9
均值=5.6
Ⅱ13~22160~3401~9.80.9~12.0
Ⅲ7~16135~357.13.3~8.72.6~11.6
Ⅳ3~11217~3462~8.53~13.3
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766409105651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体显微测温结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包裹体
阶段
包裹体
大小( μm)
Th(℃)Tc (℃)盐度(% NaCleqv)密度(g/cm3)压力(bar)pH
Ⅰ15~28172.5~3502~83.9~14.40.71~1.04
均值=0.93
308~2317
均值=1189
5.4~5.9
均值=5.6
Ⅱ13~22160~3401~9.80.9~12.0
Ⅲ7~16135~357.13.3~8.72.6~11.6
Ⅳ3~11217~3462~8.53~13.3
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766480408820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

LA-ICP-MS data results of fluid inclusions in Pianyanzi gold deposit (10–6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号阶段BNaMgKAsSrCsBaRb
560101Ⅰ阶段1849.627227.5bdlbdlbdl41.5108.461.8bdl
560102bdl31004.9bdlbdl3537.9bdlbdlbdlbdl
5601031616.525028.9bdl6242.8312.011.250.2bdl27.0
5601041832.522701.1521.78076.4bdl9.836.5bdlbdl
560105bdl19865.2bdl23639.0bdlbdlbdlbdlbdl
560401Ⅱ阶段122.511591.9323.55707.140.629.958.221.650.9
560402444.815681.62048.510844.887.150.568.861.491.4
560403903.014977.4bdl11337.040.44.729.328.065.3
5604041439.119258.386.94697.5bdl15.061.3bdl40.3
560405675.114841.0304.15349.143.832.433.772.437.4
560501Ⅲ阶段163.31587.288.53664.7bdl1.84.016.726.4
560502803.816494.6bdl4324.9bdlbdl31.3bdl29.7
560503428.21620.1bdl826.0bdlbdlbdl15.68.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766555906293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS数据结果(10–6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号阶段BNaMgKAsSrCsBaRb
560101Ⅰ阶段1849.627227.5bdlbdlbdl41.5108.461.8bdl
560102bdl31004.9bdlbdl3537.9bdlbdlbdlbdl
5601031616.525028.9bdl6242.8312.011.250.2bdl27.0
5601041832.522701.1521.78076.4bdl9.836.5bdlbdl
560105bdl19865.2bdl23639.0bdlbdlbdlbdlbdl
560401Ⅱ阶段122.511591.9323.55707.140.629.958.221.650.9
560402444.815681.62048.510844.887.150.568.861.491.4
560403903.014977.4bdl11337.040.44.729.328.065.3
5604041439.119258.386.94697.5bdl15.061.3bdl40.3
560405675.114841.0304.15349.143.832.433.772.437.4
560501Ⅲ阶段163.31587.288.53664.7bdl1.84.016.726.4
560502803.816494.6bdl4324.9bdlbdl31.3bdl29.7
560503428.21620.1bdl826.0bdlbdlbdl15.68.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766631403766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Thermodynamic simulation involves ion and mineral species and reaction equations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子与矿物反应式
HS−HS− + 2O2(g) = H+ + SO42−
H2SH2S (aq) + 2O2(g) = 2H++SO42−
HSO4−HSO4− = H++SO42−
O2O2(aq) = O2(g)
黄铁矿(Py)FeS2 + 2H2O = Fe2+ + 2H2S + O2(g)
磁黄铁矿(Po)FeS + H2O = Fe2+ + H2S + 1/2O2(g)
赤铁矿(Hm)Fe2O3 + 4H+ = 2H2O + 2Fe2+ + 1/2O2(g)
磁铁矿(Mt)Fe3O4 + 6H+ = 3H2O + 3Fe2+ + 1/2O2(g)
Au+Au(s) + H+ + 1/4O2(aq) = Au+ + 1/2H2O
AuOH(aq)AuOH(aq) + H+ = Au+ + H2O
AuCl(aq)AuCl(aq) = Au+ + Cl−
AuCl2−AuCl2− = Au+ + 2Cl−
AuCl3−AuCl3− = Au+ + 3Cl−
AuHS(aq)AuHS(aq) = Au+ + HS−
Au(HS)2−Au(HS)2− = Au+ + 2HS−
Ag+Ag(s) + H+ + 1/4O2(aq) = Ag+ + 1/2H2O
AgOH(aq)AgOH(aq) + H+ = Ag+ + H2O
AgCl(aq)AgCl(aq) = Ag+ + Cl−
AgCl2−AgCl2− = Au+ + 2Cl−
AgCl3−AgCl3− = Ag+ + 3Cl−
AgCl4−AgCl4− = Ag+ + 2Cl−
AgHS(aq)AgHS(aq) = Ag+ + HS−
Ag(HS)2−Ag(HS)2− = Ag+ + 2HS−
), ArticleFig(id=1307047766736261367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307047752555319413, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

热力学模拟涉及离子和矿物种类及反应式(据Liang et al., 2015)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子与矿物反应式
HS−HS− + 2O2(g) = H+ + SO42−
H2SH2S (aq) + 2O2(g) = 2H++SO42−
HSO4−HSO4− = H++SO42−
O2O2(aq) = O2(g)
黄铁矿(Py)FeS2 + 2H2O = Fe2+ + 2H2S + O2(g)
磁黄铁矿(Po)FeS + H2O = Fe2+ + H2S + 1/2O2(g)
赤铁矿(Hm)Fe2O3 + 4H+ = 2H2O + 2Fe2+ + 1/2O2(g)
磁铁矿(Mt)Fe3O4 + 6H+ = 3H2O + 3Fe2+ + 1/2O2(g)
Au+Au(s) + H+ + 1/4O2(aq) = Au+ + 1/2H2O
AuOH(aq)AuOH(aq) + H+ = Au+ + H2O
AuCl(aq)AuCl(aq) = Au+ + Cl−
AuCl2−AuCl2− = Au+ + 2Cl−
AuCl3−AuCl3− = Au+ + 3Cl−
AuHS(aq)AuHS(aq) = Au+ + HS−
Au(HS)2−Au(HS)2− = Au+ + 2HS−
Ag+Ag(s) + H+ + 1/4O2(aq) = Ag+ + 1/2H2O
AgOH(aq)AgOH(aq) + H+ = Ag+ + H2O
AgCl(aq)AgCl(aq) = Ag+ + Cl−
AgCl2−AgCl2− = Au+ + 2Cl−
AgCl3−AgCl3− = Ag+ + 3Cl−
AgCl4−AgCl4− = Ag+ + 2Cl−
AgHS(aq)AgHS(aq) = Ag+ + HS−
Ag(HS)2−Ag(HS)2− = Ag+ + 2HS−
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川西康定偏岩子富氟镁石造山型金矿床成矿机制:基于金成色值、流体包裹体和热力学模拟的限定
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李承鸿 1, 2 , 裴秋明 2, * , 徐勇 1 , 周春波 1 , 梁翼 2 , 孙清飞 2 , 龙有根 1 , 陈科勇 1 , 黄皓南 2 , 李萌 1
西北地质 | 西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026,59(1): 156-171
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西北地质 |西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026 , 59 (1) : 156 -171
川西康定偏岩子富氟镁石造山型金矿床成矿机制:基于金成色值、流体包裹体和热力学模拟的限定
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李承鸿1, 2 , 裴秋明2, * , 徐勇1, 周春波1, 梁翼2, 孙清飞2, 龙有根1, 陈科勇1, 黄皓南2, 李萌1
作者信息
  • 1四川省地球物理调查研究所,四川 成都 610072
  • 2西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院,四川 成都 611756
通讯作者:
裴秋明(1989−),男,博士,副教授,主要从事矿产勘查与遥感地质研究。E–mail:。
作者简介:

李承鸿(1999−),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查工作。E–mail:

Ore-Forming Mechanism of the Sellaite-Bearing Orogenic Gold Deposits in Pianyanzi, Kangding, West Sichuan: Constraints from Gold Fineness, Fluid Inclusions and Thermodynamic Modeling
Chenghong LI1, 2 , Qiuming PEI2, * , Yong XU1, Chunbo ZHOU1, Yi LIANG2, Qingfei SUN2, Yougen LONG1, Keyong CHEN1, Haonan HUANG2, Meng LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Sichuan Geophysical Survey and Research Institute, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
  • 2Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025101
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康定偏岩子金矿床位于扬子克拉通西缘,是川西大渡河金矿带中罕见的富氟镁石造山型金矿床。然而,关于成矿流体性质以及金的富集沉淀过程等有关成矿机制的研究比较薄弱。笔者在野外调研的基础上,通过流体包裹体显微测温、单矿物EPMA和单个包裹体成分LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析等手段,并根据以上述实验结果开展热力学模拟计算,综合探讨金的富集条件与沉淀机制。根据脉体穿切关系和矿物共生组合特征,成矿过程可划分为黄铁矿–石英阶段(Ⅰ)、黄铁矿–氟镁石–金–石英–白云石阶段(Ⅱ)、石英–多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和赤铁矿–褐铁矿–金阶段(Ⅳ)4个成矿阶段。根据EPMA测试结果,Ⅱ阶段与Ⅳ阶段的金成色值分别为976.4~986.9与960.9~992.9,表现出稳定的高金含量特征。流体包裹体类型以含CO2包裹体和H2O包裹体为主,均一温度范围为135~357.1 ℃,峰值集中于220~300 ℃,盐度范围为0.4% NaCleqv~14.4% NaCleqv,峰值集中于6% NaCleqv~12% NaCleqv。LA-ICP-MS原位成分显示,从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,流体包裹体中元素总含量、Na、K等微量元素呈降低趋势,流体包裹体中Rb/Na、Cs/Na、Sr/Na和K/Na值符合造山型矿床的流体特征。热力学模拟和综合研究表明,金主要以AuHS0形式运移,II阶段的温度降低和IV阶段的氧逸度升高可能是金沉淀和金成色值发生变化的主要原因。

造山型金矿  /  成矿流体  /  金成色值  /  热力学模拟  /  大渡河金矿带

The Pianyanzi gold deposit, situated on the western margin of the Yangtze Craton within the Daduhe gold belt in western Sichuan Province, represents a rare sellaite-bearing orogenic gold deposit.However, key aspects of its ore-forming processes, particularly regarding the nature of ore-forming fluids and the mechanisms governing gold enrichment and precipitation, remain poorly constrained. This study integrates field observations with microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of individual minerals, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in-situ microanalysis of individual fluid inclusions. Based on these experimental results, thermodynamic simulations were conducted to comprehensively investigate the conditions conducive to gold enrichment and its precipitation mechanisms. Based on the ore vein cross-cutting relationships and mineral assemblages, the mineralization process can be divided into four distinct stages: the pyrite-quartz stage (I), the pyrite- sellaite-gold-quartz-dolomite stage (II), the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage (III), and the hematite- limonite-gold stage (IV). EPMA analyses reveal that the gold fineness values in Stage II and Stage IV range from 976.4 to 986.9 and from 960.9 to 992.9, respectively, indicating a consistently high gold content. Fluid inclusions are predominantly CO2-bearing and H2O-bearing, with homogenization temperatures ranging from 135 to 357.1 ℃, peaking between 220 and 300 ℃, and salinities varying from 0.4% NaCleqv to 14.4% NaCleqv, with a peak concentration between 6% NaCleqv and 12%NaCleqv. LA-ICP-MS analyses of individual fluid inclusions reveal that during the evolution from the early to late stages of mineralization, both the total elemental content and the concentrations of trace elements such as Na and K exhibit a progressively decreasing trend. Moreover, the Rb/Na, Cs/Na, Sr/Na, and K/Na ratios observed in these fluid inclusions are consistent with the geochemical signatures of fluids associated with orogenic gold deposit. Thermodynamic simulations and integrated studies indicate that gold is primarily transported in the form of AuHS0 complexes. The decrease in temperature during stages II, along with an increase in oxygen fugacity specifically in stage IV, may serve as the primary factors contributing to gold precipitation and variations in gold fineness.

orogenic gold deposit  /  ore-forming fluids  /  gold fineness  /  thermodynamic simulation  /  Daduhe gold belt
李承鸿, 裴秋明, 徐勇, 周春波, 梁翼, 孙清飞, 龙有根, 陈科勇, 黄皓南, 李萌. 川西康定偏岩子富氟镁石造山型金矿床成矿机制:基于金成色值、流体包裹体和热力学模拟的限定. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (1) : 156 -171 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025101
Chenghong LI, Qiuming PEI, Yong XU, Chunbo ZHOU, Yi LIANG, Qingfei SUN, Yougen LONG, Keyong CHEN, Haonan HUANG, Meng LI. Ore-Forming Mechanism of the Sellaite-Bearing Orogenic Gold Deposits in Pianyanzi, Kangding, West Sichuan: Constraints from Gold Fineness, Fluid Inclusions and Thermodynamic Modeling[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (1) : 156 -171 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025101
造山型金矿与造山作用过程存在密切的时–空–因关联性,其主要形成于汇聚板块边缘,表现为受构造控制的后生脉型–浸染型金矿床系列(Groves et al., 1998; Robert et al., 2007;凡韬等,2025)。造山型金矿提供了世界超过40%的金储量(Goldfarb et al., 2019),具有成矿时代广、赋矿深度宽、品位高且规模大等突出特征(Goldfarb et al., 2001; 王庆飞等, 2019),是具有全球意义的金矿勘查类型(Wang et al., 2022a; 王京彬等, 2024),亦是现代矿床学领域关注的热点(Kerrich et al., 2000; 陈衍景等, 2006; 卢焕章等, 2018; Qiu et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2024; Hakim et al., 2025)。虽然造山型金矿的诸多特征已达成共识(Goldfarb et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2022b),但由于其成矿过程受围岩类型、控矿构造、赋矿深度和水岩反应等多因素综合影响,有关造山型金矿的矿物组合、流体来源和成因模式等仍存在很大分歧(Tomkins et al., 2009; Large et al., 2011; 王焰等, 2021; 杨林等, 2023; Wang et al., 2024),亟待开展更多的矿床实例解剖和深化研究。
川西康定偏岩子金矿床(>5 t Au @~2.5 g/t)是大渡河金矿带内的代表性矿床,属于罕见的富氟镁石造山型金矿床(Pei et al., 2024)。前人研究主要围绕偏岩子金矿床的地质特征、矿物组合、控矿构造、流体包裹体和矿床成因等内容(李保华等, 1995; 郑大中, 1995; 葛良胜等, 1998; 许红英等, 2015; 高昆丽, 2017; 张燕等, 2022)。近年来,研究学者基于石英和硫化物的微区成分和S同位素测试分析(宋明伟等, 2024; Pei et al., 2024),探讨了偏岩子金矿中金的赋存状态、氟镁石与金的共存机制等问题,但有关该矿床的流体化学特征与金的富集沉淀机制等研究相对薄弱。基于此,笔者以成矿流体综合表征为重点,在成矿阶段详细划分的基础上,开展流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和单个流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS原位成分分析。此外,由于金成色值可以指示成矿流体特征,如温度、压力和pH值等关键信息(刘星, 1991; 刘星成等, 2021; 梁翼等, 2023),笔者对该矿床中不同成矿阶段自然金进行EMPA测试分析,进而获取金成色值信息。热力学模拟计算作为一种重要的研究手段,在热液矿床成因研究中得到了广泛应用(Zhong et al., 2015; 梁翼等, 2021; Zhao et al., 2024; 周春波等, 2025)。以流体包裹体和金成色值等实验数据作为约束条件进行金溶解度的热力学模拟,可以量化分析流体条件对金溶解度和金成色值的影响程度,从而为限定成矿流体特征提供了有效手段(Liang et al., 2023)。因此,笔者以川西康定偏岩子富氟镁石造山型金矿为解剖对象,通过EMPA/LA-ICP-MS微区原位分析与热力学模拟计算相结合,综合探讨该矿床的成矿流体特征和金的富集沉淀机制,为矿床成因研究和后期找矿勘查提供依据,本工作对于其他地区造山型金矿的成矿机制研究亦具有参考价值。
研究区地处扬子克拉通西缘,紧靠松潘–甘孜造山带(图1a)。区域构造格局受多阶段构造演化过程控制(Li et al., 2025),主要包括:新元古代古大洋俯冲(Zhou et al., 2002)、晚古生代大陆裂谷活动(Li et al., 2016)、中生代古特提斯洋闭合(Zhang et al., 2023)和新生代印度–亚洲板块碰撞(Kapp et al., 2019)。区域地层由结晶基底和盖层两部分组成,二者呈角度不整合接触。基底由康定群组成,盖层主要分布于基底的周边,主要包括震旦系、志留系、泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系、三叠系、古近系、新近系和第四系(Zhou et al., 2008)。区内金矿的形成与康定群密切相关,金矿多分布于大渡河流域,形成国内著名的大渡河金矿带(图1b)。沿扬子克拉通西北部大规模穹隆带,出露的基底由新元古代弧形构造–变质组合构成(Zhou et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2022b)。基底包括花岗质片麻岩、片麻岩、混杂岩,以及少量片岩、角闪岩和麻粒岩等,被新元古代至新生代的地层所覆盖(Yan et al., 2018),其中以古生代地层和三叠纪类复理石地层为主(图1b)。盖层岩性为大理岩、石英岩、片岩和片麻岩等(宋明伟等, 2024)。
研究区岩浆活动以印支期、华力西期、晋宁期最为剧烈(赵一琛, 2016)。区内广泛发育火成岩,如峨眉山大型火成岩带、二叠系火山角砾岩以及中生代和新生代花岗岩等(Roger et al., 2010; 张文林等, 2023),为区内成矿提供了必要的物质、动力和热源。区域整体表现为3个构造带毗邻的“Y”型构造格局(凡韬等, 2023),构造演化复杂,成矿物质来源、运移和储存条件良好,在大渡河金矿带区内大量发育金矿床,多属于造山型金矿床(赵一琛, 2016; 宋明伟等, 2024; 周春波等, 2025)。“Y”型构造格局下,区域构造演化复杂,发育着大量的韧性剪切带,这些基底内部的韧性剪切带对金矿有着明显的控制作用。前人对地质构造与金成矿作用的相关研究表明,深部的金可在韧性剪切作用中被活化进入向上运移的热液,并在浅部的次一级韧性剪切构造带中富集成矿(葛良胜等, 1998),松潘–甘孜成矿带以及攀西成矿带的形成与上述地质过程密切相关。
大渡河金矿带是中国西南地区著名的金成矿带,已发现金矿床多达30余个(图2a)(Zhao et al., 2022a;宋明伟等,2024;凡韬等,2025)。偏岩子金矿床位于大渡河金矿带西南位置(图2a),在多期造山运动的作用下,区内褶皱和断裂构造发育,规模较大且与成矿关系较密切的断层包括郭达山断层、淘沙坪断层、偏岩子断层和灯盏窝断层等,其走向多呈NNE向。其中,偏岩子断层与金成矿密切相关(图2b)。研究区出露地层包括震旦系、志留系、泥盆系、三叠系及第四系,其中矿体主要赋存于震旦系上统灯影组的富藻白云岩中(图2b)。目前,矿区正在开采的两条矿体,均为坑道工程控制的隐伏矿体。1号矿体呈透镜状,产状为280°~295°,倾角为∠65°~70°。该矿体的矿体厚度为0.73~2.45 m,平均厚度为1.33 m,单工程控制矿体Au品位为3.25~4.33 g/t,平均品位为3.91 g/t。2号矿体倾向为250°~265°,倾角为∠65°~70°。该矿体的平均厚度为1.30 m,单工程控制矿体Au品位为3.66~5.48 g/t,平均品位为4.65 g/t(图2c)。
偏岩子金矿床矿石矿物成分复杂,已发现的矿物多达50余种(毛玉元等, 1987)。金属矿物以黄铁矿、赤铁矿、褐铁矿、黄铜矿(图3a~图3d、图3g)和自然金(图4)为主,其次为孔雀石、蓝铜矿(图3h)等。此外,还发现了白钨矿(图3f)。脉石矿物主要为石英、氟镁石、萤石和白云石等(图3a、图3b、图3d、图3g),少量方解石、绢云母、白云母(毛玉元等, 1987; 张燕等, 2022)等。其中,氟镁石是偏岩子金矿床中重要载金矿物之一,与萤石共生,在手标本上多呈白色–浅黄色,一轴正晶,半自形–他形结构,突起等级明显高于石英(图3e)。偏岩子金矿床围岩蚀变分布于矿体周围,蚀变程度弱、类型简单,主要为线性蚀变。围岩蚀变类型主要包括黄铁矿化和硅化,其次为绢云母化、绿泥石化和钠长石化,多为中低温热液蚀变。
基于脉体穿插关系和矿物共生组合关系,将偏岩子金矿成矿作用划分为热液期与表生期,热液期又分为4个成矿阶段(图5)。黄铁矿–石英阶段(Ⅰ):主要为黄铁矿与石英,此阶段黄铁矿粒径较大(图3a);黄铁矿–氟镁石–金–石英–白云石阶段(Ⅱ):此阶段为自然金主要产出阶段(图4a~图4e),以大量产出氟镁石为特征(图3c、图3e),常见石英–氟镁石–黄铁矿脉,黄铁矿颗粒较小(图3b、图4a~图4c);石英–多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ):多金属硫化物的产出,可发现部分单质硫磺(图3d);赤铁矿–褐铁矿–金阶段(Ⅳ):大量出现赤铁矿与褐铁矿(图3g),且产出自然金,但颗粒相较于Ⅱ阶段变小,产出数量也明显减少(图4f)。
笔者挑选所采29件矿石样品并圈定合适位置,由广州拓岩检测技术有限公司制备探针片和包裹体片。流体包裹体显微测温在西南交通大学地质资源与地质工程实验中心进行。通过Linkam THMSG600冷热台及其配套系统控制温度信息,结合显微镜对包裹体片进行观测。冷热台测温范围−190~600 ℃,精度为0.1 ℃。在7 mm的石英坩埚和银盖恒温室中进行测试,升温速率控制在25 ℃/min以内,在相转变点附近升温速率控制在0.1~2 ℃/min。
单个流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS测试在中国科学院地球化学研究所矿床地球化学国家重点实验室进行。测试仪器为Agilent 7900型质谱仪,配备GeoLasPro型193nmArF准分子激光器。分析测试激光脉冲为10 Hz,激光能量保持在12 J/cm3。激光束斑依据不同包裹体尺寸调整为10~44 μm。使用NIST SRM610作为外标,流体包裹体显微测温获得的等效盐度作为内标(Heinrich et al., 2003),对其主微量元素进行校准。原始LA-ICP-MS信号使用SILLS软件(Guillong et al., 2008)处理,采用电价平衡方法以校正其他离子对盐度的贡献(Allan et al., 2005),详细分析流程参考蓝廷广等(2017)。
自然金颗粒的EMPA测试(金成色值)在西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院电子探针实验室进行,使用JEOL JXA-8230仪器测试。测试条件如下:室温为22 ℃,束斑值为1 μm,实验电流为20 nA,加速电压为20 kV。每个元素的计数时间为10 s。所有数据均使用标准ZAF程序进行校正,精度优于1%。
通过EPMA测试不同阶段自然金颗粒55个点位的成色值(金银浓度比)。Ⅱ阶段与Ⅳ阶段的金成色值分别为976.4~986.9与 960.9~992.9(表1),平均值分别为981.4(N=27)和980.3(N=28),显示偏岩子金矿中自然金成色具有稳定的高金含量特征。
偏岩子金矿床中流体包裹体的主要寄主矿物为石英,其次为氟镁石和方解石。大量原生流体包裹体呈孤立或成群出现,少量次生包裹体沿裂隙分布。偏岩子金矿床中的流体包裹体主要以含CO2流体包裹体为主,通常由LH2O、LCO2和VCO2三相组成,常呈不规则状(图6a)和椭球状(图6c),偶见含子矿物(子晶)的CO2-H2O包裹体(图6b),并发育纯CO2包裹体,由LCO2和VCO2两相(图6a)、LH2O和VCO2两相(图6e)相及VCO2单相组成(图6d)。富液相两相包裹体较少,室温下通常由LH2O和VH2O两相组成(图6f)。
包裹体岩相学观察发现,Ⅰ和Ⅱ阶段流体包裹体的直径为5~25 μm,多数>15 μm,气相百分比>60%(图6a~图6e)。Ⅲ阶段的流体包裹体直径为3~15 μm,气相百分比集中于30%~60%(图6f~图6i)。Ⅳ阶段的流体包裹体直径较小(普遍<10 μm),难以满足单个包裹体LA-ICP-MS成分测试要求。
通过显微测温实验获取流体包裹体的完全均一温度(Th)、笼合物熔化温度(Tc)等数据,并计算盐度、密度、压力及pH值(Roedder, 1984; 刘斌, 2018;马少兵等,2024)。结果显示,均一温度为220~300 ℃,峰值在280 ℃附近,具正态分布特征(图7a);盐度为0.9% NaCleqv~14.4% NaCleqv;密度为0.71~1.04 g/cm3,平均值为0.93 g/cm3;压力为308~2317 bar,平均值为118.9 MPa;pH值为5.4~5.9,平均值为5.6(表2)。
笔者分别对I阶段(图8a)、II阶段(图8b)和III阶段(图8c)的单个流体包裹体进行了LA-ICP-MS成分分析(表3)。
Ⅰ阶段:Na含量为19865×10–6~31005×10–6,平均为2517×10–6;K含量为6243×10–6~23639×10–6,平均为12653×10–6;As含量为312×10–6~3538×10–6,平均为1 925×10–6;B含量为1617×10–6~1850×10–6;Sr含量为9.8×10–6~41.5×10–6;Cs含量为36.5×10–6~109×10–6。Ⅱ阶段:Na含量为11592×10–6~19258×10–6,平均为15270×10–6;K含量为4698×10–6~11337×10–6,平均为7587×10–6;B含量为123×10–6~1439×10–6,平均为717×10–6;Mg含量为86.9×10–6~2049×10–6,As含量为40.4×10–6~87.1×10–6,Sr含量为4.7×10–6~50.5×10–6,Cs含量为29.3×10–6~699×10–6,Ba含量为21.6×10–6~72.4×10–6,Rb含量为37.4×10–6~91.4×10–6。Ⅲ阶段:Na含量为1587×10–6~16495×10–6,平均为6567×10–6;K含量为826×10–6~4325×10–6,平均为2939×10–6;B含量为163×10–6~804×10–6;Cs范围为4×10–6~31.3×10–6;Ba含量为15.6×10–6~16.7×10–6;Rb含量为8.4×10–6~29.7×10–6。
由信号强度可以看出,除了K元素,其余元素的含量都低于Na元素(约2~3个数量级)(图8)。流体包裹体都具备富集Na、K元素的特征,不同阶段富集元素特征具有一定差异。Ⅰ阶段较为富集B、As元素,平均值分别为1766×10–6、1925×10–6;而Ⅱ阶段较为富集Mg、Rb元素,平均值为691×10–6、57×10–6。Ⅲ阶段富集元素特征与Ⅱ阶段相似,但整体含量更低。
Ⅰ阶段:成矿流体的均一温度为172.5~350 ℃,盐度为3.9% NaCleqv~14.4%NaCleqv。Ⅱ阶段:成矿流体的均一温度为160~340 ℃,盐度为0.9% NaCleqv~12.0% NaCleqv。Ⅲ阶段:成矿流体的均一温度为135~357.1 ℃,盐度为2.6% NaCleqv~11.6% NaCleqv。Ⅳ阶段:成矿流体的均一温度为217~346 ℃,盐度为3% NaCleqv~13.3%NaCleqv(图7)。从Ⅰ阶段到Ⅲ阶段,偏岩子金矿床成矿流体温度及盐度呈现出逐步降低的趋势,与前人研究趋于一致(李保华, 1997; 蔡建明, 1988; 高昆丽, 2017)。密度和压力的平均值分别为0.93 g/cm3和118.9 MPa,其pH估算值为5.4~5.9。结合前文包裹体岩相学特征,与造山型金矿成矿流体的中温、低盐度、高CO2等特征相似(卢焕章等, 2018)。不同阶段的温度、盐度变化相似,Ⅰ阶段~Ⅲ阶段不断降低,Ⅳ阶段略微上升。Ⅱ阶段成矿流体温度、盐度变化较大,暗示在Ⅱ阶段成矿流体性质和成分可能发生了转变。Ⅳ阶段流体温度、盐度较Ⅲ阶段发生略微上升。结合Ⅳ阶段的产金现象,暗示在Ⅳ阶段成矿流体性质和成分可能再次发生了转变。
LA-ICP-MS原位分析结果表明(表3),随着阶段演化,偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体微量元素含量相对降低,与之(NaCl、KCl)对应的盐度等也相对降低,这与流体包裹体测温结果相符。流体包裹体Ⅰ阶段较为富集B、As元素,而Ⅱ阶段较为富集Mg、Rb元素,富集元素特征有所不同,表明成矿流体性质和成分或已发生了转变。根据包裹体中Rb/Na、Cs/Na、Sr/Na与K/Na之间的比值关系,对偏岩子金矿床成矿流体来源进行分析(图9)。结果显示,偏岩子金矿床成矿流体具岩浆–热液型或中级变质流体特征,与MVT型流体和低级变质流体差异较大。结合流体包裹体岩相学特征,认为偏岩子金矿床成矿流体符合典型造山型金矿床特征(卢焕章等, 2018; Wang et al., 2022b)。
文中热力学模拟的理论方法主要根据Liang et al. (2015)报道的金银固溶体理想混合模式,该模式提出了成矿溶液中金银固溶体的化学平衡反应式。
$ \mathrm{Au}_{ \mathrm{X}} \mathrm{Ag}_{ \mathrm{1-X}} \mathrm{+H}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{+1/4O}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{(aq)=XAu}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{+(1-X)Ag}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{+1/2H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O} $
式中:X为金银固溶体中Au的摩尔系数(可换算为金成色值),Au+和Ag+分别代表成矿溶液中所有的金和银络合物。本次模拟所涉及反应式如表4所示。
热力学模拟通过SUPCRT92软件(Johnson et al., 1992)获得表4中各化学反应在不同温度和压力条件下达到平衡时的log K值,并在logfO2-pH图中计算并绘制出不同硫离子(HSO4−, SO42−, HS−, H2S)的主导区域及各种金属矿物(Py、Po、Hm、Mt)的稳定区域界线。随后,依次设定金成色值、温度、压力、硫离子浓度和盐度等流体条件,再根据公式(1)可计算不同pH值和logfO2值的成矿流体形成金银固溶体时的金离子浓度(即为金溶解度数值),并在logfO2 -pH图中制作金溶解度的等值线图。
热力学模拟的流体条件主要根据本次工作的实验结果(表2),对成矿流体中金溶解度的变化规律进行了热力学模拟(图10)。其中,流体包裹体的显微测温结果显示偏岩子金矿床的成矿温度可能集中于220~300 ℃(图7),阶段II和阶段IV的盐度数值均集中在6% NaCLeqv~8% NaCLeqv(~1.4 mol/kg),估算的平均压力约为120 MPa,估算的pH值为5.4~5.9。另外,电子探针测试结果显示金成色值为960~993。因此,本次工作对不同温度(220和300 ℃)和金成色值(960和993)条件下,并根据不同阶段的矿物组合来讨论相关区域的金溶解度大小和变化规律,如赤铁矿,黄铁矿,绢云母等矿物组合进一步限定区域。
II和IV阶段的成矿流体在不同矿物组合的稳定区域内Au的运移形式存在差别(图10)。基于II阶段的自然金与黄铁矿–黄铜矿–绢云母的共生组合关系,流体中Au主要以AuHS0络合物形式运移。根据IV阶段的自然金与赤铁矿–黄铁矿–绢云母的共生组合关系,流体中Au可能以AuHS0和AuCl2−的络合物形式运移。IV阶段流体包裹体的盐度较低,表明AuCl2−不占主导地位。上述结果与卢焕章等(2018)总结提出的造山型金矿的成矿流体中Au的运移形式相同,认为造山型金矿床的成矿流体主要以还原性和偏中性pH为特征,Au主要以Au-HS络合物的形式运移。在黄铁矿–绢云母的稳定区域内金溶解度较高,有利于含矿流体携带较高浓度的Au,而在赤铁矿–绢云母的稳定区域内金溶解度较低,有利于Au的沉淀。因此,文中的热力学模拟查明II阶段和IV阶段的成矿流体主要由于不同的氧逸度特征,导致金溶解度的差异。II阶段成矿流体的氧逸度较低,符合典型造山型金矿床的还原性流体,有利于流体运移过程中Au的富集。IV阶段成矿流体的氧逸度较高,属于非典型造山型金矿床的氧化性流体,但更有利于Au在流体中沉淀。
在T=220 ℃时,不同金成色值的成矿流体中金溶解度没有明显区别(图10a、图10b)。例如,在黄铁矿–绢云母稳定区域内,当pH=5.6~5.9时,流体金溶解度相差约为4.1×10−8 mol/kg。相似的结果也出现在图10c和图10d中,表明模拟的金成色值范围对金溶解度的影响程度较小,暗示偏岩子的自然金可能形成于相似金溶解度的成矿流体。
Liang et al.(2023)获得了金溶解度与金成色值的相关线性公式:mΣAu = 0.495×ln (GF) – 3.5 – a。其中,a 表示GF=999时的金溶解度。
经计算可得,金成色值为 960~993引起的金溶解度变化值约为4×10−8 mol/kg,与本次模拟结果相符。温度差异对金溶解度的影响较为明显(图10a、图10c),在黄铁矿–绢云母稳定区域内,图10a的金溶解度等值线主要为10−6~10−9 mol/kg,而图10c的金溶解度等值线主要为10−6~10−7 mol/kg,二者差异较大。上述对比结果显示,温度较高的流体中金溶解度更高,表明温度与金溶解度成正相关。II阶段和IV阶段的均一温度变化范围较大(均>100 ℃)(图7),温度的下降均可造成金溶解度的明显降低。此外,当氧逸度从黄铁矿变化至赤铁矿稳定区域,金溶解度可从10−6 mol/kg明显下降至10−9 mol/kg(图10),表明氧逸度的升高也可能导致金溶解度的下降。因此,IV阶段的黄铁矿-赤铁矿共生组合关系证明成矿流体的氧逸度出现过明显变化的过程,可能导致金溶解度的明显降低。由于已知pH值的变化范围(5.4~5.9)较小,因此本次工作未进行分析和讨论。综上所述,热力学模拟表明偏岩子金矿床II阶段和IV阶段的成矿流体在沉淀自然金时的金溶解度可能相似,而运移过程中两个阶段温度的下降和IV阶段的氧逸度升高是导致金溶解度明显降低的原因。
笔者对金成色值的形成条件和影响因素进行了模拟和讨论,结果显示金成色值主要取决于成矿流体的R值(= log mΣAu/mΣAg),而流体的物理化学条件对R值的影响程度存在差异。对比图10a和图10c可知,模拟的温度范围对金成色值影响程度较小,较小的差别表明模拟的温度差异对金成色值的影响较小。与之相反,氧逸度的差别对金成色值的影响程度较大。当pH=5.4~5.9时,还原性流体的R值为−0.08~0.13,氧化性流体的R值为−4.54~−4.07(图10a)。上述结果说明形成黄铁矿的成矿流体中金和银浓度相似,而形成赤铁矿的成矿流体中金银浓度比值更小。因此,氧逸度从黄铁矿升高到赤铁矿区域时,R值降低会导致形成的金成色值略微升高,升高的范围与测试结果的变化范围相符。由此可知,II阶段的温度降低可促发金的沉淀,但对金成色值的变化影响较小,而IV阶段的氧逸度升高则可能促发金的沉淀以及金成色值的小幅升高。
热力学模拟结果虽然表明成矿流体特征的变化可导致金的沉淀和金成色值的差异,但其诱发机制还未论及。断层阀机制被广泛应用于解释石英脉型金矿中金的沉淀(Sibson et al., 1988; Voisey et al., 2020):岩石在地震活动中破裂导致压力骤降,引起流体氧化、相分离等作用,金和石英过饱和而沉淀,形成含金石英脉。偏岩子金矿床经历的多期构造作用可能引起断层阀机制析出自然金,这点也可与热力学模拟中氧逸度上升产金的结果相印证。但值得注意的是,热力学模拟中氧逸度变化只与Ⅳ阶段产金相关。因此,笔者认为断层阀机制对于偏岩子金矿床更偏向于辅助生金机制。围岩的硫化作用是溶液中的还原硫沉淀成黄铁矿和毒砂的有效方式,可能形成的两个反应公式为:FeO(在硅酸盐中)+2H2S=FeS2+H2O+H2;Fe3O4+6H2S=3FeS2+4H2O+2H2(Neil et al., 1983; Neall et al., 1987)。考虑到偏岩子金矿床未见毒砂,暂不考虑围岩的硫化作用。李华健(2020)对造山型金矿水岩反应进行模拟,支持水岩反应控制着金的沉淀,提出对于石英脉型金矿,单独用水岩反应并不能解释金的沉淀,是因为模拟中当水岩比超过0.35才会发生金的沉淀。此外,模拟结果表明水岩比可控制磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿的形成,低水岩比形成磁黄铁矿,高水岩比形成黄铁矿。相较于丹巴金矿床大量发育的磁黄铁矿(Zhao et al., 2019),偏岩子金矿床主要产出黄铁矿,指示偏岩子矿床具较高的水岩比,有利于自然金通过水岩反应产出,硫化和黄铁矿化可能在金沉淀中有着重要作用(Kusebauch et al.,2019)。
综上所述,含金流体在构造应力作用下沿区域断层/或韧性剪切带上升,金主要以AuHS0形式被热液输送(郑大中, 1995),当到达有利地点(如偏岩子断层)后部分物质迁入与迁出,在地质作用(如造山运动)影响下,成矿环境不断改变(如温压变化、氧逸度升高、流体沸腾等),发生一系列流体反应过程(包括水岩相互作用),造成了金的沉淀富集及相关的含氟镁石的矿物组合,如公式(2)~公式(4)所示。
$ \begin{split} &\text{2Au}{\left(\text{HS}\right)}_{\text{2}}^-\text{+2}{\text{F}}^-\text{+M}{\text{g}}^{\text{2+}}\text{+C}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\text+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O=} \text{2Au}\text{↓}+\\&\qquad\text{Mg}{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}\text{↓}+\text{S}\text{↓}\text{+3}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{↑}\text{+2HC}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}^-\end{split} $
$\begin{split} &\text{2Au}{\left(\text{HS}\right)}_{\text{2}}^-\text{+2}{\text{F}}^-\text{+C}{\text{a}}^{\text{2+}}\text{+C}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\text+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O=} \text{2Au}\text{↓}+\\&\qquad\text{Ca}{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}\text{↓}\text{+S}\text{↓}\text{+3}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{↑}\text{+2HC}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}^-\end{split} $
$ \text{2Au}{\text{(HS)}}_{\text{2}}^-\text{+F}{\text{e}}^{\text{2+}}\text{=Au↓+Fe}{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}\text{↓+2}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S↑} $
(1)川西康定偏岩子金矿可划出4个成矿阶段。其中,金主要以自然金的形式在黄铁矿–氟镁石–金–石英–白云石阶段(Ⅱ阶段)和赤铁矿–褐铁矿–金阶段(Ⅳ阶段)中产出。EMPA测试结果表明,Ⅱ阶段与Ⅳ阶段的金成色值分别为976.4~986.9与960.9~992.9,平均值分别为981.4(N=27)和980.3(N=28),自然金成色值变化不大,表现出稳定的高金含量特征。
(2)包裹体显微测温及LA-ICP-MS成分分析显示,偏岩子金矿床流体包裹体均一温度主要集中于220~300 ℃,盐度主要集中于6% NaCleqv~12% NaCleqv,密度的平均值为0.93 g/cm3,压力为308~2317 bar,pH值为5.4~5.9。随着阶段演化,流体包裹体微量元素含量逐渐降低,与之(NaCl、KCl)对应的盐度等也逐渐降低。Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段富集元素特征存在差异,表明成矿流体性质和成分可能发生了转变。Rb/Na等不同元素比值特征指示成矿流体具岩浆–热液型或中级变质流体特征,符合造山型矿床的流体特征。
(3)热力学模拟分析表明氧逸度从黄铁矿区域升高到赤铁矿区域,成色值可能会有所升高,温度降低和氧逸度升高可能促发金的沉淀。含金流体在构造应力作用下沿区域断层/或韧性剪切带上升,金主要以AuHS0形式运移,当到达有利赋矿空间(如偏岩子断层),在造山过程影响下,成矿环境不断改变,发生一系列流体反应过程(如水岩相互作用),从而造成了金的沉淀富集及含氟镁石的矿物组合。

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2026年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025101
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
  • 修回日期:2025-07-13
  • 录用日期:2025-07-15
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    1四川省地球物理调查研究所,四川 成都 610072
    2西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院,四川 成都 611756

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裴秋明(1989−),男,博士,副教授,主要从事矿产勘查与遥感地质研究。E–mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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