Article(id=1307086432678469886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1750521600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-22, acceptedDate=1750608000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-23, onlineDate=1789563290041, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563290041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563290041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563290041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=12, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086432858824959, articleId=1307086432678469886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Creep Characteristics of Loess Slopes with Different Moisture Contents in Filled Areas, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the significant increase in land resource demands in loess gully regions has led to rapid development of fill engineering projects, accompanied by increasingly prominent landslide hazards. While altering the original topography, these projects substantially modify the stress state of soil mass, with moisture content and confining pressure fluctuations becoming critical factors affecting slope stability. This study focuses on a loess-filled slope in Tianshui City, conducting a series of triaxial creep tests under controlled moisture content and confining pressure. The results demonstrate: ① Increased moisture content weakens soil structure and reduces soil strength, while higher confining pressure restricts lateral deformation. ② During moisture content elevation, the failure mode transitions from brittle fracture to plastic bulging (notably at 24% moisture content), with significantly increased axial compression. ③ Moisture content increase elevates pore water pressure, shifting the Mohr circle leftward; meanwhile, long-term creep effects reduce shear strength through decreased effective stress and moisture-induced cementation weakening, triggering shear failure when the Mohr circle boundary exceeds the new strength threshold. ④ Although confining pressure enhances long-term soil strength, stress redistribution in actual projects causes shear stress concentration at the slope toe as fill height increases, ultimately reducing slope stability. This study systematically reveals the creep behavior, failure characteristics, and stress evolution of filled slopes under varying moisture content and confining pressure conditions, providing experimental references and theoretical foundations for stability control in loess-filled engineering projects.

, authors=Jinshui YANG1, 2, Xingang WANG1, 2, *, Mei LU3, Xuguang YE1, 2, Faguo TIAN3, Baoqin LIAN1, 2, Kai LIU1, 2, authorsList=Jinshui YANG, Xingang WANG, Mei LU, Xuguang YE, Faguo TIAN, Baoqin LIAN, Kai LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086438307225874, articleId=1307086432678469886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=填方区不同含水率边坡黄土蠕变特性试验研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来黄土沟壑区域的土地资源需求显著增加,填方工程快速发展伴生的滑坡灾害问题日益突出。这类工程改变原地形地貌的同时,会显著改变土体的应力状态,其中含水率和围压的波动成为影响边坡稳定性的关键因素。笔者以天水市某填方区黄土边坡为研究对象,开展了一系列控制含水率和围压的三轴蠕变试验。结果表明:①含水率的增加会削弱土体结构性,降低土体强度;围压增加会限制土体的侧向变形。②含水率升高的过程中,试样从脆性断裂转化为塑性鼓胀(24%含水率下显著鼓胀),同时试样的轴向压缩显著增加。③含水率增加使土体孔隙水压力增加,致使应力莫尔圆整体左移;同时在长期蠕变效应作用下,土体抗剪强度因有效应力σ′减小及含水率引起的胶结弱化而显著下移;样品莫尔圆边界超过新的强度阈值时触发剪切破坏。④围压的增加会增强土体长期强度,但在实际工程中,随填方高度的增加,填方体内部应力重分布导致坡脚处剪应力集中,促使填方边坡稳定性降低。笔者系统揭示了不同含水率和围压作用下填方区边坡土体的蠕变行为、破坏特征以及应力变化过程,可为黄土区填方工程稳定性防控提供试验参考和理论依据。

, authors=杨金水1, 2, 王新刚1, 2, *, 陆梅3, 叶旭光1, 2, 田发国3, 连宝琴1, 2, 刘凯1, 2, authorsList=杨金水, 王新刚, 陆梅, 叶旭光, 田发国, 连宝琴, 刘凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王新刚, authorNote=

杨金水(2001−),女,硕士研究生,主要从事黄土性质和滑坡灾害机理研究。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王新刚(1984−),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地质灾害机理与防控研究。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fJOWM1BCRL7/L0b5ZCWszw==, magXml=WXSRzMCO3KfPvRk3y+UMbQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mMLfe7J3AqTfg49xGr4t7A==, pdfFileSize=26670175, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HGt/riYU0FtfV+R2dx2mvQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6zNfQwuLXSjwRhTAl7Galg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086440303714589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2019110046@stumail.nwu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086440395989280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, authorId=1307086440303714589, language=EN, stringName=Jinshui YANG, firstName=Jinshui, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
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杨金水(2001−),女,硕士研究生,主要从事黄土性质和滑坡灾害机理研究。E−mail:

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杨金水(2001−),女,硕士研究生,主要从事黄土性质和滑坡灾害机理研究。E−mail:

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City, (d) filling site, (e) sampling location, figureFileSmall=Dkaer4x7affzPuHeJw1BJg==, figureFileBig=HGt/riYU0FtfV+R2dx2mvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086446662279506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄土高原区域位置(a)、研究区位置及DEM(b)、天水市降雨量及变化趋势(c)、填方现场(d)、取样位置(e), figureFileSmall=Dkaer4x7affzPuHeJw1BJg==, figureFileBig=HGt/riYU0FtfV+R2dx2mvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086447073321299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Soil sampling and sample preparation, figureFileSmall=NjXlOD0MFgwm/LjuqZMHJQ==, figureFileBig=negmTgpPkzcST3VbqbOZRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086447362728276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土体采样及样品制作, figureFileSmall=NjXlOD0MFgwm/LjuqZMHJQ==, 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specimens, figureFileSmall=E4OdramYLh055Z52/ou2Tg==, figureFileBig=odfpsE+naal3Wjh/dICZkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086450286158172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各试样的应力莫尔圆, figureFileSmall=E4OdramYLh055Z52/ou2Tg==, figureFileBig=odfpsE+naal3Wjh/dICZkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086450525233501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Long-term intensity index change trend chart, figureFileSmall=0VtvqAki1GxVt68uolw40A==, figureFileBig=x0WxYHgVg2t+WxAwmcR0+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086450713977182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=图7, caption=长期强度指标变化趋势图, figureFileSmall=0VtvqAki1GxVt68uolw40A==, figureFileBig=x0WxYHgVg2t+WxAwmcR0+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086450789474655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of stress changes in slope soil under rainfall, figureFileSmall=Bo81XT4H0VFVKUb668NUfQ==, figureFileBig=yD2dD/GFQxeKvoww7ELAFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086450869166432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=图8, caption=降雨作用下边坡土体的应力变化示意图

深绿色应力莫尔圆为降雨前选取点的土体应力状态;虚线应力莫尔圆为降雨后边坡滑动时刻的土体应力状态

, figureFileSmall=Bo81XT4H0VFVKUb668NUfQ==, figureFileBig=yD2dD/GFQxeKvoww7ELAFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086451145990497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The basic physical properties of the test soil samples

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试样类型含水率(%)干密度(g/cm3)土粒相对密度孔隙比液限(%)塑限(%)塑性指数(%)土体重力密度(kN/m3)
粘黄土12.111.4552.680.97628.0018.509.516.24
), ArticleFig(id=1307086451204710754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验土样的基本物理性质

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试样类型含水率(%)干密度(g/cm3)土粒相对密度孔隙比液限(%)塑限(%)塑性指数(%)土体重力密度(kN/m3)
粘黄土12.111.4552.680.97628.0018.509.516.24
), ArticleFig(id=1307086451263431011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Creep test scheme

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含水率(%)围压σ3(kPa)荷载控制σ3-σ1(kPa)
1210050-100-150-200-250-300
12200100-200-300-400-500
12300100-200-300-400-500-600-700
1810050-100-150-200-250-300
1820050-100-150-200-250-300-350-400
18300100-200-300-400-500-600
2410050-100-150-200-250-300
2420050-100-150-200-250-300-350-400
24300100-200-300-400-500-600
), ArticleFig(id=1307086451548643684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蠕变试验方案

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含水率(%)围压σ3(kPa)荷载控制σ3-σ1(kPa)
1210050-100-150-200-250-300
12200100-200-300-400-500
12300100-200-300-400-500-600-700
1810050-100-150-200-250-300
1820050-100-150-200-250-300-350-400
18300100-200-300-400-500-600
2410050-100-150-200-250-300
2420050-100-150-200-250-300-350-400
24300100-200-300-400-500-600
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填方区不同含水率边坡黄土蠕变特性试验研究
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杨金水 1, 2 , 王新刚 1, 2, * , 陆梅 3 , 叶旭光 1, 2 , 田发国 3 , 连宝琴 1, 2 , 刘凯 1, 2
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 12-19
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 12 -19
填方区不同含水率边坡黄土蠕变特性试验研究
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2Digital Twin and Major Facility Disaster Prevention and Control Key Laboratory of Higher Education in Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307086440471486753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086432678469886, authorId=1307086440303714589, language=CN, stringName=杨金水, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
2数字孪生与重大设施灾害防控陕西省高等学校重点实验室,西北大学,陕西 西安 710069, bio={"content":"

杨金水(2001−),女,硕士研究生,主要从事黄土性质和滑坡灾害机理研究。E−mail:

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杨金水(2001−),女,硕士研究生,主要从事黄土性质和滑坡灾害机理研究。E−mail:

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杨金水1, 2 , 王新刚1, 2, * , 陆梅3, 叶旭光1, 2, 田发国3, 连宝琴1, 2, 刘凯1, 2
作者信息
  • 1西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
  • 2数字孪生与重大设施灾害防控陕西省高等学校重点实验室,西北大学,陕西 西安 710069
  • 3长庆油田分公司油气工艺研究院,陕西 西安 710018
通讯作者:
王新刚(1984−),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地质灾害机理与防控研究。E−mail:。
作者简介:

杨金水(2001−),女,硕士研究生,主要从事黄土性质和滑坡灾害机理研究。E−mail:

Experimental Study on Creep Characteristics of Loess Slopes with Different Moisture Contents in Filled Areas
Jinshui YANG1, 2 , Xingang WANG1, 2, * , Mei LU3, Xuguang YE1, 2, Faguo TIAN3, Baoqin LIAN1, 2, Kai LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Digital Twin and Major Facility Disaster Prevention and Control Key Laboratory of Higher Education in Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Oil & Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025099
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近年来黄土沟壑区域的土地资源需求显著增加,填方工程快速发展伴生的滑坡灾害问题日益突出。这类工程改变原地形地貌的同时,会显著改变土体的应力状态,其中含水率和围压的波动成为影响边坡稳定性的关键因素。笔者以天水市某填方区黄土边坡为研究对象,开展了一系列控制含水率和围压的三轴蠕变试验。结果表明:①含水率的增加会削弱土体结构性,降低土体强度;围压增加会限制土体的侧向变形。②含水率升高的过程中,试样从脆性断裂转化为塑性鼓胀(24%含水率下显著鼓胀),同时试样的轴向压缩显著增加。③含水率增加使土体孔隙水压力增加,致使应力莫尔圆整体左移;同时在长期蠕变效应作用下,土体抗剪强度因有效应力σ′减小及含水率引起的胶结弱化而显著下移;样品莫尔圆边界超过新的强度阈值时触发剪切破坏。④围压的增加会增强土体长期强度,但在实际工程中,随填方高度的增加,填方体内部应力重分布导致坡脚处剪应力集中,促使填方边坡稳定性降低。笔者系统揭示了不同含水率和围压作用下填方区边坡土体的蠕变行为、破坏特征以及应力变化过程,可为黄土区填方工程稳定性防控提供试验参考和理论依据。

含水率  /  黄土填方边坡  /  蠕变效应  /  破坏特征  /  应力变化

In recent years, the significant increase in land resource demands in loess gully regions has led to rapid development of fill engineering projects, accompanied by increasingly prominent landslide hazards. While altering the original topography, these projects substantially modify the stress state of soil mass, with moisture content and confining pressure fluctuations becoming critical factors affecting slope stability. This study focuses on a loess-filled slope in Tianshui City, conducting a series of triaxial creep tests under controlled moisture content and confining pressure. The results demonstrate: ① Increased moisture content weakens soil structure and reduces soil strength, while higher confining pressure restricts lateral deformation. ② During moisture content elevation, the failure mode transitions from brittle fracture to plastic bulging (notably at 24% moisture content), with significantly increased axial compression. ③ Moisture content increase elevates pore water pressure, shifting the Mohr circle leftward; meanwhile, long-term creep effects reduce shear strength through decreased effective stress and moisture-induced cementation weakening, triggering shear failure when the Mohr circle boundary exceeds the new strength threshold. ④ Although confining pressure enhances long-term soil strength, stress redistribution in actual projects causes shear stress concentration at the slope toe as fill height increases, ultimately reducing slope stability. This study systematically reveals the creep behavior, failure characteristics, and stress evolution of filled slopes under varying moisture content and confining pressure conditions, providing experimental references and theoretical foundations for stability control in loess-filled engineering projects.

moisture contents  /  loess-filled slope  /  creep effect  /  failure characteristics  /  variation of stresses
杨金水, 王新刚, 陆梅, 叶旭光, 田发国, 连宝琴, 刘凯. 填方区不同含水率边坡黄土蠕变特性试验研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025099
Jinshui YANG, Xingang WANG, Mei LU, Xuguang YE, Faguo TIAN, Baoqin LIAN, Kai LIU. Experimental Study on Creep Characteristics of Loess Slopes with Different Moisture Contents in Filled Areas[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025099
随着西部地区经济社会的发展,黄土沟壑区域的土地资源需求显著增加,推动了黄土高原地区高填深挖工程的快速发展。这类工程在改变原地形地貌的同时,不可避免地会显著改变土体的应力状态。其中,围压和含水率的波动成为影响填方体稳定性的关键因素。填方工程导致土体承受的轴向应力和围压显著增加,直接影响土体的变形特性(朱才辉等, 2013;Xu et al., 2021)。区域内降雨丰富且波动较大,导致填方土体含水率增加,进而引起土体强度的劣化(马文成, 2025)。因此,深入研究不同围压和含水率条件下填方黄土的蠕变特性及应力演化规律(王新刚等, 2024),对解决高填方工程的长期稳定性问题具有重要的理论意义和工程价值(Zhu et al., 2020, 王新刚等, 2025)。
对于填方区黄土的蠕变特性,国内外学者已取得一系列重要成果(朱才辉等, 2011;Lian et al., 2022 )。现有研究主要从两个维度展开。在微观层面,Li et al.(2022)揭示了延安地区填方黄土不同蠕变阶段下的微观结构演变;在宏观变形特征方面,张豫川等 (2018)使用多种模型拟合了黄土的应变与时间的关系,并使用FLAC 3D计算了黄土高填方的沉降变形。其中,一维固结蠕变试验被广泛用于沉降特征研究(葛苗苗等,2015),而三轴蠕变试验更能体现蠕变效应对黄土边坡的稳定性影响(Zhao et al., 2017)。值得注意的是,填方工程导致应力变化和降雨引发的含水率变化已被证实是诱发黄土边坡破坏的关键因素(Wang et al.,2020;刘凯等,2024)。但是,目前关于不同含水率和围压条件下填方黄土的蠕变特性及破坏特征,特别是含水率变化对填方土体应力演化规律的影响机制仍需要进一步研究。
据此,笔者以天水市某填方边坡黄土为研究对象,开展了一系列三轴蠕变试验,研究了不同含水率及围压变化对黄土蠕变特性的影响,总结了各含水率和围压条件下的蠕变破坏特征,系统揭示了不同含水率和围压作用下填方区边坡黄土的蠕变行为及应力变化过程,可为黄土区填方工程稳定性提供试验参考和理论依据。
研究区位于甘肃省东南部天水市中梁镇境内(N 34°60′,E 105°64′),属陇中黄土高原与西秦岭山地过渡地带。区内第四系黄土分布广泛,地层按成因主要有河流相堆积物、泥石流堆积物、滑坡堆积物和风成黄土等,其中风成黄土以晚更新世马兰黄土(Q3)为主,具有大孔隙、垂直节理发育等典型特征,是填方工程的主要土料来源。该区地貌基本形态主要为河谷、阶地和黄土丘陵,其中黄土丘陵以梁、峁为主要特征,其中梁最发育。研究区内的天水军民融合机场建设项目是典型的黄土高填方工程,笔者选取建设项目中的某标段边坡为实例进行研究(图1)。天水市处于温和半湿润区,降雨丰富且年降水量存在较大的变化区间,最大降水量可达809.6 mm,最小降水量则仅为242.7 mm(图1c),使填方区土体变形遭受降水影响较大。现场调查发现,该边坡在经历多个雨季后已出现多处纵向裂缝(长度为10~30 m,宽度为3~10 mm)和局部滑塌现象,其变形特征与土体蠕变特性密切相关。
本次试验用土取自天水市中梁镇建设场地中段一黄土边坡后壁(图2a),取样深度约16 m。根据《土工试验方法标准》(GB/50123—2019)对黄土样品进行基本物理性质测试,获取了试验用土的基础物理力学性质(表1)。结果显示,该填方区黄土具有较低的天然含水率和干密度,计算得出塑性指数为9.5%,属于低塑性土,土体重力密度为16.24 kN/m3(表1)。
本次三轴蠕变试验采用FSR-60型非饱和土三轴蠕变仪。该装置主要由压力室、压力系统、数据测量系统、数据采集系统组成。试件规格为直径D=61.8 mm、高H=125 mm的标准圆柱试件。在三轴蠕变试验前,先通过常规快速剪切固结排水蠕变试验检测试件断裂强度,确定试验中的轴向荷载试验方案(Xue et al., 2024)。为研究不同含水率及围压条件下土体的蠕变特性,制定的具体试验条件和应力路径见表2。根据土体的重力密度和取样深度,设计试验中的围压为100~300 kPa。当应变速率降至小于0.01%~0.001%时,可认为该级荷载下蠕变稳定(Wang et al., 2016)。经检验,本次试验样品中在24 h内均符合要求,偏应力加载时间统一为24 h。
根据玻尔兹曼法对蠕变是数据进行处理,得到填方区黄土试样在各条件下的蠕变加荷曲线(图3)。整体而言,在围压条件相同,偏应力相同的状态下,含水率越大黄土试样变形越明显,即此时的应变量更大。在围压为200 kPa,偏应力为100 kPa时,含水率为12%、18%、24%的试样在100 kPa偏应力作用下分别产生了2.10%、2.49%、3.89%的蠕变应变量。随着含水率的增大,土体颗粒之间的强结合水之间转变为颗粒之间的自由水,土体颗粒之间的联结程度降低,土体强度会显著下降,所以变形会越来越大,同理试样达到基本稳定状态的时间也会增长。试样含水率相同时,在同一加载等级时,围压越大试样越难发生变形。在黄土试样在含水率为12%,加载等级为100 kPa时,初始围压为100 kPa、200 kPa、300 kPa时产生的应变量分别为3.1%、2.1%、1.2%。围压越小,滑带土试样的侧向膨胀和轴向压缩值更大,这是因为围压越小时土体周围受到的力越小,土颗粒越容易错动,因此其蠕变变形量相对较大。
不同含水率和不同围压条件下蠕变试样出现了各种破坏特征(图4)。加载初期,黄土试样受到初始围压值的影响,变形较小。当试样含水率为12%时,黄土试样性质较强但易发生应力集中现象,低围压下试样中部产生了一条裂缝,呈现脆性破坏。试样表面多有横向细纹表露,随着围压的增大,试样在200 kPa条件下发生侧向变形,试样表面并无裂痕,且横向细纹减少。而当试样在初始围压为300 kPa作用下时,由于侧向强围压的作用,侧向位移显著减小。
当含水率为18%时,黄土试样发生轴向压缩,此含水率下黄土试样各部分应力分布较为均一,蠕变应变增加,但未出现明显破坏特征。而当含水率为24%时,土体进一步弱化,试样出现明显的鼓胀现象,试样表面凹凸不平,是由于在此含水率下,土体颗粒之间的自由水增多,颗粒表面较为湿润,进而导致土体性质较弱,较容易发生形变。随着偏应力的不断增加,试样通过轴向压缩、侧向弯曲或整体鼓胀等模式调整脆弱部位形态以消减应力。低含水率试样强度高,在低围压条件下易发生脆性变形,高含水率试样则因土体弱化更易变形,围压的增加会限制试样变形程度。
等时曲线法是求取岩土体长期强度的常用方法,是将蠕变过程中偏应力施加 t 时刻(5 min、30 min、60 min、240 min、600 min和1440 min)后的应变与应力绘制在另一坐标系下的曲线图,等时曲线中曲线的条数等于选取的时间点数,等时曲线绘制好之后就得到了不同时刻下的蠕变应力–应变等时曲线,曲线上的拐点代表黄土粘弹性变形和粘塑性变形的分界点,拐点所对应的应力可视为屈服应力,也被视为土体的长期强度指标(罗庆姿等,2018;王新刚等, 2022)。长期强度的统计结果(图5)显示,填方区黄土的长期强度随含水率增加减小,随围压的增加而增大。
依据Mohr-Coulomb准则,根据不同条件下的长期强度画出试样的应力莫尔圆(图6),应力莫尔圆的包络线截距即为粘聚力c,与水平轴正向夹角为内摩擦角φ。据此得出了试样在不同含水率下的长期强度指标(包括粘聚力和内摩擦角)。长期强度指标(图7)显示,含水率的变化在前期对试样粘聚力的影响较为显著,当含水率从12%增加到18%时,粘聚力降低了15.82%,但当含水率从18%增长到24%时,粘聚力仅降低了0.57%。随含水率的增加,土体的内摩擦角减小且变化较为均匀。
含水率增高作用下边坡土体的破坏行为可通过有效应力原理和Mohr-Coulomb准则解释。根据Terzaghi有效应力得出$ {\sigma }^{{'}}=\sigma -u $。降雨后含水率增加,孔隙水压力u升高(尤其在饱和状态下),导致有效应力σ′显著降低。在边坡土体中,总主应力σ1(最大主应力)和σ3(最小主应力)由外部荷载和自重决定,初始有效主应力为σ′1=σ1−u0、σ′3=σ3−u0。孔隙水压力升至u1时,有效主应力变为σ1′=σ1−u1、σ3′=σ3−u1,两者同步减小,莫尔圆半径为σ1−σ3保持不变。此时,表征应力状态的莫尔圆向左侧平移(图8),到达红色实线应力莫尔圆(降雨状态下的破坏线),圆心横坐标由 (σ′1+σ′3)/2减小至 (σ′1+σ′3−2Δu)/2,半径(即偏应力的一半(σ′1−σ′3)/2)不变。在长期蠕变效应作用下,土体抗剪强度τf=c′+σ′tanϕ′因σ′减小及含水率引起的胶结弱化(粘聚力c′↓、内摩擦角ϕ′↓)而显著下移到图中的红色虚线,导致莫尔圆更易与强度包络线相切。莫尔圆边界超过下移后的抗剪强度阈值,触发剪切破坏。综上所述,在含水率升高引起的有效应力降低和黄土的长期蠕变效应导致的抗剪强度弱化的共同作用下,土体受到更小偏应力时就会发生破坏,最终导致黄土填方边坡失稳。
填方工程中围压增加对边坡稳定性的影响存在双重效应。在实验室条件下,围压的增加会通过Mohr-Coulomb准则使土体长期强度增加;在实际工程中,随着填方高度的增加会引起整个边坡的应力重分布,产生新的失稳因素(袁中夏等, 2022)。填方体内部形成“拱效应”,应力向坡脚转移,使剪应力向坡脚集中,渗透各向异性导致孔隙水压力在坡体内非均匀分布,坡体内部会形成新的超静孔隙水压力区,有效应力局部降低(邓夷明等, 2024)。此时,尽管原位置围压增加,但坡脚等关键部位的应力状态会先达到破坏条件,最终在降雨引起的含水率增加的条件下填方边坡失稳。
(1)蠕变试验发现,含水率的增加会削弱土体结构性,从而降低土体强度。在其他条件相同时,含水率越大黄土试样变形越明显;围压增加会限制土体的侧向变形,围压越小,滑带土试样的侧向膨胀和轴向压缩值更大。
(2)低含水率试样的强度较高,但在低围压条件下易发生应力集中,呈现脆性破坏特征,高含水率试样则因土体弱化更易变形,常呈现鼓胀变形;随着偏应力的不断增加,试样通过轴向压缩、侧向弯曲或整体鼓胀等模式调整脆弱部位形态以消减应力。
(3)土体含水率升高使孔隙水压力增加,有效应力减小,应力莫尔圆整体左移;在长期蠕变效应作用下,土体抗剪强度因σ′减小及含水率引起的胶结弱化而显著下移;当莫尔圆边界超过下移后的抗剪强度阈值时,触发剪切破坏;含水率升高所引起的有效应力降低与黄土的长期蠕变效应导致的抗剪强度弱化共同作用共同影响了填方边坡的失稳。
(4)含水率增加会降低土体长期强度,围压的增加会增强土体长期强度。但在实际工程中,随填方高度的增加,填方体内部形成“拱效应”,应力重分布导致坡脚处剪应力集中。由于渗透异性,坡体内部有效应力降低,最终坡脚更容易达到破坏条件促使填方边坡稳定性降低。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025099
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-06-22
  • 录用日期:2025-06-23
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    1西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069
    2数字孪生与重大设施灾害防控陕西省高等学校重点实验室,西北大学,陕西 西安 710069
    3长庆油田分公司油气工艺研究院,陕西 西安 710018

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王新刚(1984−),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地质灾害机理与防控研究。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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