Article(id=1307086363778642747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1747670400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-20, acceptedDate=1747670400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-20, onlineDate=1789563273614, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563273614, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563273614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563273614, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=91, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086363958997820, articleId=1307086363778642747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precpitation Solidification of Desert Sand, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Although certain achievements have been made in desertification control in China, the fragile ecological attributes of sandy lands have not been fundamentally altered. This study systematically investigates the bio-reinforcement mechanism and engineering applicability of desert sand based on Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) technology using soybean urease. Through regulating soybean powder solution concentration, standing time, temperature, and pH, we revealed the regulation mechanism of urease activity. Single-factor experiments with varying enzyme-to-gelatin ratios, cementing solution concentrations, and spraying volumes of reaction solution were conducted to examine their effects on surface strength, calcium carbonate content, and cured layer thickness of desert sand. Finally, water retention tests were performed to evaluate the application performance of EICP-treated aeolian sand. Results demonstrate that soybean powder concentration, temperature, and pH significantly influence urease activity, with maximum activity achieved at 100 g/L soybean powder concentration, 45°C, pH=7, and 12 hour standing time. The effects of enzyme-to-gelatin ratio and cementing solution concentration on reinforcement indicators (surface strength, CaCO3 content, cured layer thickness) followed an initial increase followed by decrease pattern, peaking at enzyme-to-gelatin ratio 1∶1, cementing solution concentration 1.25 mol/L, and reaction solution spraying volume 5 L/m2. Water retention tests revealed that cementing solution concentration and spraying volume are critical factors in controlling CaCO3 crystal formation to fill sand particle pores, achieving maximum water retention enhancement of 42% and significantly inhibiting water evaporation.

, authors=Jian XU1, 2, Zihan LI1, Yonghao LIU1, Xihu LI1, authorsList=Jian XU, Zihan LI, Yonghao LIU, Xihu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086368182661975, articleId=1307086363778642747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=酶促碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)固化沙漠沙试验研究, columnId=1307086318673097157, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中国沙漠化防治虽取得一定成效,但沙地脆弱的生态环境属性尚未根本改变。基于大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)技术,系统解析沙漠沙生物加固机理及工程适用性;通过调控豆粉溶液浓度、静置时间、温度和pH值,揭示脲酶活性调控规律;在单因素试验中设置不同酶胶比、胶结液浓度和反应液喷洒量,探究其对沙漠沙的表面强度、碳酸钙含量及固化层厚度的影响;以保水性试验考察EICP技术固化沙漠风积沙的应用性能。结果表明:豆粉浓度、温度和pH值对脲酶活性产生显著影响,在豆粉浓度为100 g/L、45℃、pH=7的条件下静置12 h时脲酶活性最高;酶胶比与胶结液浓度对固化性能指标(表面强度、碳酸钙含量、固化层厚度)的影响呈现先增大后减小的趋势:在酶胶比1∶1、胶结液浓度1.25 mol/L、反应液喷洒量5 L/m2时指标达到峰值。保水性试验证明,胶结液浓度和喷洒量是调控生成碳酸钙晶体填充沙粒孔隙的关键因素,保水率最高提升42%,显著抑制水分蒸发。

, authors=许健1, 2, 李子汉1, 刘永昊1, 李喜虎1, authorsList=许健, 李子汉, 刘永昊, 李喜虎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E–mail:

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2西安建筑科技大学,陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055, bio={"content":"

许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E–mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of EICP reaction mechanism, figureFileSmall=oWUCsxt1Ebh4caZI+6MeRg==, figureFileBig=AQKeVKDLRiXJhr33yRb0Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086373429736321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EICP反应机理示意图(程金开,2023), figureFileSmall=oWUCsxt1Ebh4caZI+6MeRg==, figureFileBig=AQKeVKDLRiXJhr33yRb0Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086373660423042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Grain size distribution of the desert sand, figureFileSmall=tGS4krrkuSbDlJhczRPi/w==, figureFileBig=A/oW+4Mn2p1Wm1RXjr17HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086373849166723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=CN, label=图2, caption=沙漠沙颗粒级配曲线, figureFileSmall=tGS4krrkuSbDlJhczRPi/w==, 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label=Fig.6, caption=pH Dependence of Urease Activity, figureFileSmall=H7LnlNnZLiuAsn5D6E2xWA==, figureFileBig=XAlcg4l7aT4n1yvKsxr+cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086375988261771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=CN, label=图6, caption=脲酶活性随pH值变化规律图, figureFileSmall=H7LnlNnZLiuAsn5D6E2xWA==, figureFileBig=XAlcg4l7aT4n1yvKsxr+cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086376046982028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of enzyme-cementation ratio on the EICP-treated sand, figureFileSmall=trFNC8TnI3kH05/BXpVFGA==, figureFileBig=zhITkEZ0Q5vs6PxsnpxIvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086376130868109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=CN, label=图7, caption=酶胶比影响规律, figureFileSmall=trFNC8TnI3kH05/BXpVFGA==, 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a. 不同胶结液浓度下的试样;b. 不同反应液喷洒量下的试样

, figureFileSmall=wjbcLxJNsqTo8BMwCE7XGQ==, figureFileBig=KpqSNGg8Bzti7bWoVFm3aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307086376713876372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Properties of desert sand

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天然含
水率(%)
松散堆积
密度(g/cm³)
紧密堆积
密度(g/cm³)
比重易溶盐
含量(g/kg)
0.271.511.572.693.99
), ArticleFig(id=1307086376768402325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙漠沙性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然含
水率(%)
松散堆积
密度(g/cm³)
紧密堆积
密度(g/cm³)
比重易溶盐
含量(g/kg)
0.271.511.572.693.99
), ArticleFig(id=1307086376831316886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Single factor test conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶胶比胶结液浓度
(mol/L)
反应液喷洒量
(L/m2)
0、1∶2、2∶3、1∶1、
3∶2、2∶1、5∶2
15
1∶10.25、0.5、0.75、
1、1.25、1.5、1.75
5
1∶113、5、7、9、11
), ArticleFig(id=1307086376902620055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086363778642747, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单因素试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶胶比胶结液浓度
(mol/L)
反应液喷洒量
(L/m2)
0、1∶2、2∶3、1∶1、
3∶2、2∶1、5∶2
15
1∶10.25、0.5、0.75、
1、1.25、1.5、1.75
5
1∶113、5、7、9、11
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酶促碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)固化沙漠沙试验研究
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许健 1, 2 , 李子汉 1 , 刘永昊 1 , 李喜虎 1
西北地质 | 西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026,59(2): 91-98
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西北地质 |西北地区环境岩土工程问题研究 2026 , 59 (2) : 91 -98
酶促碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)固化沙漠沙试验研究
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许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E–mail:

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许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E–mail:

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许健1, 2 , 李子汉1, 刘永昊1, 李喜虎1
作者信息
  • 1西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2西安建筑科技大学,陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
作者简介:

许健(1980−),男,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事特殊土力学与环境岩土工程研究。E–mail:

Experimental Study on Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precpitation Solidification of Desert Sand
Jian XU1, 2 , Zihan LI1, Yonghao LIU1, Xihu LI1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025078
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中国沙漠化防治虽取得一定成效,但沙地脆弱的生态环境属性尚未根本改变。基于大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)技术,系统解析沙漠沙生物加固机理及工程适用性;通过调控豆粉溶液浓度、静置时间、温度和pH值,揭示脲酶活性调控规律;在单因素试验中设置不同酶胶比、胶结液浓度和反应液喷洒量,探究其对沙漠沙的表面强度、碳酸钙含量及固化层厚度的影响;以保水性试验考察EICP技术固化沙漠风积沙的应用性能。结果表明:豆粉浓度、温度和pH值对脲酶活性产生显著影响,在豆粉浓度为100 g/L、45℃、pH=7的条件下静置12 h时脲酶活性最高;酶胶比与胶结液浓度对固化性能指标(表面强度、碳酸钙含量、固化层厚度)的影响呈现先增大后减小的趋势:在酶胶比1∶1、胶结液浓度1.25 mol/L、反应液喷洒量5 L/m2时指标达到峰值。保水性试验证明,胶结液浓度和喷洒量是调控生成碳酸钙晶体填充沙粒孔隙的关键因素,保水率最高提升42%,显著抑制水分蒸发。

EICP  /  沙漠沙  /  大豆脲酶  /  表面强度  /  保水性

Although certain achievements have been made in desertification control in China, the fragile ecological attributes of sandy lands have not been fundamentally altered. This study systematically investigates the bio-reinforcement mechanism and engineering applicability of desert sand based on Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) technology using soybean urease. Through regulating soybean powder solution concentration, standing time, temperature, and pH, we revealed the regulation mechanism of urease activity. Single-factor experiments with varying enzyme-to-gelatin ratios, cementing solution concentrations, and spraying volumes of reaction solution were conducted to examine their effects on surface strength, calcium carbonate content, and cured layer thickness of desert sand. Finally, water retention tests were performed to evaluate the application performance of EICP-treated aeolian sand. Results demonstrate that soybean powder concentration, temperature, and pH significantly influence urease activity, with maximum activity achieved at 100 g/L soybean powder concentration, 45°C, pH=7, and 12 hour standing time. The effects of enzyme-to-gelatin ratio and cementing solution concentration on reinforcement indicators (surface strength, CaCO3 content, cured layer thickness) followed an initial increase followed by decrease pattern, peaking at enzyme-to-gelatin ratio 1∶1, cementing solution concentration 1.25 mol/L, and reaction solution spraying volume 5 L/m2. Water retention tests revealed that cementing solution concentration and spraying volume are critical factors in controlling CaCO3 crystal formation to fill sand particle pores, achieving maximum water retention enhancement of 42% and significantly inhibiting water evaporation.

EICP  /  desert sand  /  soybean urease  /  surface strength  /  water retention
许健, 李子汉, 刘永昊, 李喜虎. 酶促碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)固化沙漠沙试验研究. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 91 -98 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025078
Jian XU, Zihan LI, Yonghao LIU, Xihu LI. Experimental Study on Enzyme-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precpitation Solidification of Desert Sand[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 91 -98 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025078
沙漠作为典型的生态脆弱区,其典型特征为植被覆盖度低、降水稀少及土地养分贫瘠(聂浩刚等,2005;李智佩等,2007)。沙漠易受风力侵蚀,会导致农业用地退化和大气水体污染等问题(陈珩等,2006)。当前主流治沙技术存在局限性:工程治理依赖人工构筑物阻沙,面临高成本与短寿命的制约;植被修复却受制于植物生长周期久与水资源需求高(Das et al.,2002;Wang et al.,2020)。大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(图1)通过脲酶催化尿素水解生成碳酸钙晶体,在沙粒间形成稳定胶结结构,兼具环境友好性与工程有效性,为沙漠化治理开辟了沙漠地区水分涵养与生态恢复的新路径(Li et al.,2025)。特别在生态水土保持方面,EICP技术可显著提升沙漠沙的抗风蚀能力,有效促进植被定植与生态恢复(Martin et al.,2021;Chen et al.,2024)。
Nam et al. (2015)提取洋刀豆脲酶,并与纯化脲酶对比了沉积碳酸钙能力,发现该植物脲酶粗提物有替代纯化脲酶的潜力。任冠洲等(2020)探究酶胶比、氯化钙与尿素比例对EICP反应的影响,发现当酶胶比为1∶1时,反应效果最佳。Ahenkorah et al. (2020)进行了EICP优化试验,发现在脲酶活性一定的情况下,胶结液浓度增加会加速尿素的水解速率。Neupane et al. (2013)发现在胶结液浓度一定的情况下,脲酶浓度的增加会提高碳酸钙沉淀率。在工程应用领域,刘阳等(2019)研究了大豆EICP技术在防风固沙方面的应用,发现该技术具有固沙作用。Miao et al. (2020)在中国宁夏腾格里沙漠进行了沙漠沙固化的现场试验,结果表明随着EICP溶液浓度的增加,固化效果显著增强。吴林玉等(2020)采用蠕动泵注浆法进行沙土固化研究,结果显示固化后沙土的抗压强度与碳酸钙含量之间存在正相关的关系。
前人的研究成果更多聚焦在EICP技术的可行性和单个影响因素之间的研究,但对固化过程中多参数协同作用机制(多因素对脲酶活性的影响)及矿化胶结的影响因素尚缺乏系统性解析。此外,EICP技术在沙漠生态恢复中的综合效益,尤其是防风固沙与水分涵养的协同机制尚未明晰。笔者旨在评估EICP技术在固化沙漠沙与提高其保水性方面的潜力,揭示其在防风固沙、水分涵养与生态恢复中的综合效能。
试验用沙取自青海省海格尔木市柴达木沙漠(E 94°54′18.28″,N 36°17′27.68″),根据规范GB/T 50123—2019《土工试验方法标准》,通过室内土工试验测得沙漠沙的基本物理指标(表1),使用马尔文MASTERSIZER 2000 激光粒度仪测试风积沙的颗粒级配,获得颗粒级配曲线(图2)。沙漠沙中主要粒径为0.075~1 mm,其不均匀系数Cu值为4.75(<5),曲率系数Cc为1.18(>1),表明该沙漠沙属于级配不良的细粒沙。
(1) 基于目前对植物脲酶提取的方法:综合岩土工程实际应用中对材料经济性的要求,采用大豆脲酶作为固化材料,其提取包括以下3个过程。①烘干破碎:将大豆放入40°C电热烘箱内低温烘干,随后分批放入粉碎机中经多次粉碎成粉末,利用50目筛网去除残渣即得到大豆细粉;②配置溶液:称取适量豆粉置于烧杯中,加入去离子水,在磁力搅拌器上搅拌混合(600 rpm,30 min),形成均质悬浊液,经4 ℃静置2 h后过100目筛网,获得脲酶初提液;③离心提纯:通过离心机(8000 rpm,3 min)实现浸提液三相分离,最终收集中层脲酶溶液并于4 ℃低温保存。
(2) 脲酶活性测试方法:大豆脲酶催化尿素水解过程中产生的碳酸根与铵根离子会引起溶液电导率发生规律性变化,其电导率变化梯度与尿素水解速率呈显著正相关,据此可通过单位时间电导率增量定量表征脲酶活性。根据Whiffin电导率法(Whiffin et al.,2004)测定反应5min内的电导率变化值(记为ΔE,单位为mS/cm)。每组试验重复3次,最终结果取3次ΔE测定值的算术平均值。本试验以公式(1)来计算大豆脲酶活性。
$ U = (\Delta E/t) \times 11.11 \times m $
式中:U为脲酶溶液活性(U,1U=1 mmol urea hydrolyzed/min);E为溶液电导率值(mS/cm);t为时间(min);m为脲酶溶液稀释倍数。
根据EICP反应机理,使用的胶结液为尿素和氯化钙按摩尔体积比1∶1溶解于去离子水的混合液。其中,在EICP固化沙漠沙的过程中尿素提供碳源,氯化钙提供钙源。配置完成的胶结液需在完成配置1 h内使用,以保证活性良好。
大豆脲酶浸提过程中豆粉浓度是决定溶出效率的关键参数,浸提过程需要通过搅拌和静置来促使脲酶能够溶解在水溶液中。在制备大豆脲酶溶液之前,严格控制豆粉的质量,其质量决定了有效成分的含量及脲酶的活性。因此,设置20~160 g/L浓度梯度试验组,以每20 g/L为一梯度,探究豆粉浓度对豆粉溶液中脲酶活性的影响,为优化大豆脲酶浸提工艺中的固液配比提供了理论依据。
静置时间作为调控豆粉悬浊液中脲酶溶出–沉淀平衡的关键参数,适当的静置时间可以充分释放豆粉中的脲酶蛋白,使脲酶溶液中豆渣等杂质沉淀到底部。因此,为研究不同静置时间对豆粉溶液中脲酶活性的影响,选择80 g/L的豆粉浓度在温度25 ℃和pH=7.0的条件下分别静置6 h、12 h、18 h和24 h,然后按照上述方法测量不同静置时间对应的脲酶活性,揭示最佳静置时间。
采用电热恒温水浴箱调节环境温度,探究温度对大豆脲酶活性的影响。反应环境的温度区间范围为25 ℃至60 ℃,以每5 ℃为一梯度。按照上述方法测量脲酶活性,选择80 g/L的豆粉溶液浓度,静置时间为12 h,pH值为7。
溶液的酸碱度对于蛋白质和酶的活性具有重要影响。选择80 g/L的豆粉溶液浓度,静置时间为12 h,温度为25 ℃。试验采用NaOH与稀盐酸溶液调节pH值,并且调控尿素溶液pH值为3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0。
去除沙漠沙中的树枝、枯草等杂质,称取2500 g沙漠沙,分层振捣装入模具(21 cm×15 cm×4 cm)中。按照试验方案(表2),将配置的不同浓度胶结液与大豆脲酶混合摇匀,使用手持喷壶对试样表面进行喷洒,喷洒过程尽量保证土样表面喷洒均匀。为了使得碳酸钙充分沉淀,将处理后的试样置于恒温恒湿养护箱(温度30±0.5 ℃,湿度45±5%)中养护72 h。待养护完成后,为了模拟实际的环境条件,将试样放置于60 ℃环境烘干。考虑酶胶比、胶结液浓度和反应液喷洒量对试验的影响,笔者通过控制变量设置了单因素试验工况(表2)。
(1) 表面强度(Ss):采用土壤硬度计测试试样的表面强度,将硬度计尖端以1 cm/s的速度匀速垂直贯入沙盘试样表面,当贯入深度达到20 mm时,终止贯入操作。每个试样选取5个测试点位,剔除最大值和最小值,取其剩余3个点位的平均值代表该试样的表面强度。
(2) 碳酸钙含量(Ccc)测试:在固化层上部切取10 g试样,用去离子水反复冲洗,烘干称质量,记作m1;使用过量5%稀盐酸溶解碳酸钙沉淀,直至试样无块状颗粒和无气泡产生时即认为碳酸钙反应完全;用去离子水多次冲洗并过滤,置于烘箱中烘干至恒质量,记作m2;酸洗前后的质量差即为碳酸钙含量,根据公式(2)计算。
$ C_{cc}=\left(m_1-m_2\right)/m_1\times100\text{%} $
式中:Ccc为碳酸钙含量(%);m1为水洗后烘干质量(g);m2为酸洗后烘干质量(g)。
(3) 固化层厚度(Tsl)测试:用刮刀将固化后的试样表面浮沙刮除,并在每个沙盘试样中随机选定5个测试点位。采用电子游标卡尺对各测试点处的固化层厚度进行测量,忽略最大值和最小值,取其剩余3个点位的平均值来代表该试样的固化层厚度。
(1) 试验工况:酶胶比选取2∶3、1∶1与3∶2,胶结液浓度选取1.0、1.25与1.5 mol/L,反应液喷洒量选取5、7、9 L/m2,并且以喷洒等量纯水的试样作为对照组,每组设置3个平行试样。
(2) 试验方法:①将1300 g沙漠沙装入容器中,摇晃并敲击容器使内部的沙土表面平整,随即进行EICP固化处理;②待固化层完全形成后,将试样烘干至恒重,记为M;③向固化试样表面喷水,使其达到饱和状态时称重,记为M2;④每24 h对沙土的进行称重,记为1,当沙土的含水率接近0时停止试验。试样保水率根据公式(3)计算。
$ R = ({M_2} - M)/({M_1} - M) \times 100\text{%} $
豆粉浓度对脲酶活性影响曲线(图3)显示,在20~160 g/L浓度区间内,脲酶活性随豆粉浓度提升呈现准线性增长,但在不同浓度梯度区间内存在显著差异。中低浓度区间(60~80 g/L)效率最高,这是由于固液两相界面处脲酶的快速溶出与有效扩散。得注意的是,在豆粉浓度由60 g/L提升至80 g/L时,脲酶活性增幅较高,达到了3.444。当浓度超过阈值(100 g/L)后,豆粉浓度过高,导致渗透效率降低并且活性物质溶出受阻,表现为酶活性提升速率衰减。综上所述,豆粉浓度在80 g/L时对脲酶活性的效果最优。
静置时间对大豆脲酶活性影响曲线(图4)显示,大豆脲酶活性在24 h静置周期内展现出优异的时效稳定性,其酶促反应动力学未呈现显著时变效应。随着豆粉溶液浓度的增加,脲酶活性呈现显著增加的趋势,静置时间为12 h的大豆脲酶溶液活性普遍略高于其他静置时间。分析其原因,静置时间12 h时,豆粉中脲酶蛋白被充分释放在水中,豆渣等杂质沉淀于底部。因此,脲酶溶液活性相对较高,考虑到后续试验工程数量的问题,以12 h的静置时间作为最佳条件。
温度对大豆脲酶活性影响规律(图5)显示,在0~45 ℃范围时,脲酶活性随着温度增加呈现出线性增长趋势,45 ℃后大豆脲酶活性随着温度的增加而增大,在60 ℃时大豆脲酶并未失活。可以看出,大豆脲酶可以在较高温度下仍能保持活性,这一发现对于EICP技术在高温环境中的应用具有重要意义。
脲酶活性随溶液pH值的变化规律(图6)显示,溶液中pH值在3~7时,脲酶活性随pH值的升高而增大,在pH值为7时达到峰值13.376 mmol·min−1,而在pH值为7~10时,脲酶活性随pH值的升高而减小,其脲酶活性降低速度较快。在pH值为6~7时,脲酶活性处于相对较高水平,而在强酸强碱环境下,电导率变化幅度大大减小,脲酶活性受到抑制。试验结果说明,提取的大豆脲酶溶液在中性和弱酸性的环境中催化效果更佳。
酶胶比对固化效果的影响(图7)显示,EICP中酶胶比对碳酸钙结晶过程影响呈现典型的三阶段特征,其本质是酶促反应与晶体生长的动态平衡过程。随着酶胶比的增大,表面强度与碳酸钙含量均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,表面强度与碳酸钙含量在酶胶比1∶1时达到峰值,并且与未固化沙漠沙相比,所有EICP固化沙漠沙试样表面强度、碳酸钙含量与固化层厚度均有大幅度提升。当酶胶比为1∶2时,试样表面的脲酶溶液相对较少,而胶结液过剩。该比例下尿素水解反应进程缓慢,生成的铵根离子与碳酸根离子含量较少,未能形成足量的碳酸钙晶体以胶结沙土颗粒。因此,无法形成致密厚实的固化层,最终导致试样表面强度较低。当酶胶比增大至2∶1与5∶2时,表面强度、碳酸钙含量与固化层厚度反而降低,固化效果变弱。此时酶胶比过高,其中氯化钙及尿素含量较少,在过量的脲酶催化下,尿素迅速水解,生成较少量的碳酸钙晶体,未能充分固化沙土颗粒,形成的固化层厚度较小,导致表面强度较低。酶胶比在1∶1时固化效果最好,这与Almajed et al. (2019)的结论基本一致。
胶结液浓度对固化效果的影响(图8)显示,随着胶结液浓度升高,表面强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在胶结液浓度为1.25 mol/L时达到最大。在胶结液浓度为0.25 mol/L时,与未固化沙漠沙相比,表面强度提高了70.08 kPa,碳酸钙含量提高了1.28%,固化层厚度提高了0.05 mm,这说明胶结液浓度较低时EICP对沙漠沙表面强度的提升效果十分有限。主要是因为在低浓度时,试样表面的尿素和氯化钙较少,脲酶消耗胶结液产生的碳酸钙晶体不足以胶结沙土颗粒,或形成的固化层太薄不足以提升表面强度;而当胶结液浓度过高时,高浓度的尿素和氯化钙抑制脲酶活性,降低尿素的分解速率,并且高浓度钙离子可以与其他溶质发生络合反应,导致碳酸根离子与钙离子结合的机会减少,难以形成致密的固化层。综上所述,EICP固化沙漠沙在胶结液浓度1.25 mol/L时固化效果达到最优。
反应液喷洒量对固化效果的影响(图9)显示,当反应液喷洒量为3 L/m2时,表面强度仅为147.46 kPa,碳酸钙含量为5.13%,固化层厚度为2.33 mm,相比喷洒去离子水的试样,表面强度提升并不明显。由于反应液喷洒量较少,导致生成的碳酸钙含量相对较少,未能胶结填充在沙粒孔隙之中,仅能在表面形成一层较薄的固化层。当反应液喷洒量超过5 L/m2之后,表面强度和碳酸钙含量的增加逐渐趋于稳定,而固化层厚度却仍然持续增加。这是因为初始生成的碳酸钙胶结充填表层,而多余的反应液渗透到试样中间与底层,会充填胶结中间的沙粒,增加其固化层厚度。随着反应液用量的提升,试样强度增长速率却逐渐放缓,因为过量反应液会先在试样表面形成固化层,而初始生成的固化层会堵塞沙砾间的孔隙,阻碍了反应液进入试样内。这也就解释了随反应液喷洒量增加固化层厚度持续增加,而表面强度和碳酸钙含量逐渐趋于稳定的原因。综上所述,反应液喷洒量在5 L/m2最为合适。
基于试验优化参数(豆粉浓度100 g/L、胶结液浓度1.25 mol/L、反应液喷洒量5 L/m2),对单位面积材料用量及成本进行核算,豆粉溶液浓度为100 g/L,喷洒量为5 L/m²,则单位面积豆粉消耗量为0.5 kg/m2;尿素摩尔质量为60.06 g/mol,单位面积尿素用量为0.375 kg/m2;氯化钙摩尔质量为110.98 g/mol,单位面积氯化钙用量为:0.694 kg/m2。综上所述,EICP技术材料成本较传统固沙手段较低,且具备生态环保意义,展现出显著的工程经济优势。
不同胶结液浓度下沙漠沙试样保水率变化曲线(图10a)显示,随着时间的增加沙漠沙试样的保水率下降,并且经EICP处理后的沙漠沙试样保水性有明显提升。在水分蒸发初期(前5天),EICP处理后的沙漠沙试样形成的固化层被喷水湿润后会变得松软,水分大量蒸发,保水率急速降低,各组沙漠沙的蒸发失水速率几乎一样;在5天后,胶结液浓度为0.0 mol/L沙漠沙试样的保水率继续急速下降,而EICP固化的沙漠沙试样保水率开始缓慢下降。原因是EICP过程中生成的碳酸钙晶体填补在沙粒之间的孔隙之中,有效减少了水分的蒸发。综上所述,在0.25~1.0 mol/L胶结液浓度之间,随着胶结液浓度升高,其保水性显著增加,当超过1.0 mol/L时,固化沙漠沙试样保水性趋于稳定,其保水性远优于未固化试样,差异最大出现在第10天,高于未固化试样32%左右。
不同反应液喷洒量下沙漠沙试样保水率变化曲线(图10b)显示,随着时间的增加试样的保水率逐渐下降,并且呈现出减速下降趋势。未固化沙漠沙土体结构松散,所含粘粒含量少,导致试样保水率显著下降,在第9天时保水率下降至10%以下。因此,其水分蒸发快,保水性能较差。随着反应液喷洒量增加,试样保水率呈现出增加趋势,反应液喷洒量为9 L/m2的沙漠沙试样保水性最优,两者保水率差异最大出现在第10天,高于未固化沙漠沙试样42%左右。综上所述,当EICP反应液喷洒量增加时,固化后的沙漠沙试样中碳酸钙含量增加,碳酸钙能够吸取并保留一些水分,并且胶结填充了表面的孔隙,减少水分蒸发,显著提升了沙漠沙的保水性能。
(1) 脲酶活性随豆粉浓度的增加呈现出线性增长趋势,但在豆粉浓度超过100 g/L后,活性增长的幅度逐渐减小;0~60 ℃范围内脲酶活性持续升高且60 ℃时未失活,其温度适应性优异;pH依赖性呈单峰曲线,最适pH为7.0(峰值活性),酸性(pH<7.0)或碱性(pH>7.0)环境均导致活性下降。
(2) EICP固化沙漠沙试样表面强度随着酶胶比、胶结液浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,随反应液喷洒量、养护时间的增加逐渐趋于稳定,温度对其影响不显著。碳酸钙生成量增加可显著提升表面强度,且固化层厚度与强度呈线性正相关。
(3) EICP固化过后,沙漠沙试样保水性较未固化试样提升显著。失水初期(0~5天),试样保水率均快速下降,但5天后未固化试样持续失水,而固化试样进入稳定阶段,两者保水率差异于第10天达到最大。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025078
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-05-20
  • 录用日期:2025-05-20
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    1西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2西安建筑科技大学,陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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