Article(id=1307086081237733686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734537600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-19, revisedDate=1742140800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-17, acceptedDate=1745164800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-21, onlineDate=1789563206251, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563206251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563206251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563206251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047751552885541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554067743, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616259011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=274, endPage=287, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086081686524216, articleId=1307086081237733686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics, Ecological Risks and Sources in Soil and Lake Water Around Qinghai Lake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important plateau lake ecosystem, the heavy metal pollution of soil and lake water in Qinghai Lake Basin has an important impact on regional ecological environment and biosafety, but the related pollution characteristics and sources are not systematically studied. In this study, the concentrations of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd) in the soil and lake water of Qinghai Lake Basin were measured, the pollution characteristics and ecological risks were assessed by the local accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method, and the pollution sources and clustering characteristics were analyzed by PMF model and SOM method. The results show that the ground accumulation indices of Cu, Zn and Cr are all negative, and they are in a pollution-free state, while Pb and Cd are mildly to moderately polluted. According to the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard" (GB3838-2002), the lake water quality is evaluated. Cu, Zn and Cd meet the Class Ⅱ water standard, and Pb meets the Class V water standard. Soil pollution is mainly influenced by the natural geological background, industrial and agricultural activities.

, authors=Guangying LI1, Xiaoyun CHU2, Deling DENG1, Minjie DU1, Xiaoyuan ZHAO3, Miao ZHANG4, Lingqing WANG3, *, authorsList=Guangying LI, Xiaoyun CHU, Deling DENG, Minjie DU, Xiaoyuan ZHAO, Miao ZHANG, Lingqing WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lingqing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086098853810546, articleId=1307086081237733686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=环青海湖区土壤与湖水重金属污染特征、生态风险及来源解析, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

青海湖流域作为重要的高原湖泊生态系统,其土壤、湖水重金属污染问题对区域生态环境与生物安全具有重要影响,但相关污染特征与来源尚缺乏系统研究。笔者通过对青海湖周边土壤及湖水中5种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd)的浓度进行测定,采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估其污染特征与生态风险,运用PMF模型和SOM方法解析污染来源及聚类特征。结果表明,Cu、Zn、Cr的地质累积指数均为负值,处于无污染状态,Pb和Cd表现为轻度至中度污染。依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838–2002)评价湖水水质,Cu、Zn、Cd符合Ⅱ类水标准,Pb则达到V类水标准,土壤污染主要受自然地质背景、工业及农业活动的综合影响。

, authors=李广英1, 楚小云2, 邓得玲1, 杜敏洁1, 赵筱媛3, 张淼4, 王凌青3, *, authorsList=李广英, 楚小云, 邓得玲, 杜敏洁, 赵筱媛, 张淼, 王凌青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王凌青, authorNote=

李广英(1973−),女,高级工程师,研究方向为生态环境保护。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王凌青(1981−),男,博士,研究员,从事有关环境生物地球化学的研究工作。E−mail:。
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李广英(1973−),女,高级工程师,研究方向为生态环境保护。E−mail:

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李广英(1973−),女,高级工程师,研究方向为生态环境保护。E−mail:

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a. 水体重金属元素;b. 土壤重金属元素

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a. 污染源对重金属污染贡献率弦图;b. 污染源对重金属污染贡献占比柱状图

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a. 污染源对重金属污染贡献率弦图;b. 污染源对重金属污染贡献占比柱状图

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Igeo grading standards

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Igeo污染程度
Igeo≤0无
0<Igeo≤1轻度
1<Igeo≤2偏中度
2<Igeo≤3中度
3<Igeo≤4偏重度
4<Igeo≤5重度
Igeo>5极重度
), ArticleFig(id=1307086108488126915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地质累积指数(Igeo)等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Igeo污染程度
Igeo≤0无
0<Igeo≤1轻度
1<Igeo≤2偏中度
2<Igeo≤3中度
3<Igeo≤4偏重度
4<Igeo≤5重度
Igeo>5极重度
), ArticleFig(id=1307086108572012996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Toxicity response coefficients of heavy metal elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属元素毒性响应系数重金属元素毒性响应系数
Cd30Cr1
Cu5Pb5
Zn1
), ArticleFig(id=1307086108676870597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重金属元素毒性响应系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属元素毒性响应系数重金属元素毒性响应系数
Cd30Cr1
Cu5Pb5
Zn1
), ArticleFig(id=1307086108773339590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Classification standards for potential ecological risk levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \mathbf{\mathit{E}}\mathit{_{\mathbf{r}}^{\mathbf{i}}} $等级划分RI等级划分
<40低生态风险<150轻微生态风险
40-80中等生态风险150-300中等生态风险
80-160较重生态风险300-600强生态风险
160-320重度生态风险≥600极强生态风险
≥320极重生态风险
), ArticleFig(id=1307086108848837063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

潜在生态风险等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \mathbf{\mathit{E}}\mathit{_{\mathbf{r}}^{\mathbf{i}}} $等级划分RI等级划分
<40低生态风险<150轻微生态风险
40-80中等生态风险150-300中等生态风险
80-160较重生态风险300-600强生态风险
160-320重度生态风险≥600极强生态风险
≥320极重生态风险
), ArticleFig(id=1307086108932723144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Concentrations of heavy metal elements in the study area and other water bodies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属 (mg/L)CdCrCuPbZn
均值0.00180.00170.151.310.15
最大值0.00250.00250.181.490.18
最小值0.00100.00100.140.990.12
中位数0.00190.00180.151.370.15
标准差(SD)0.00040.00040.010.150.02
变异系数(CV%)25.4025.405.7911.3012.42
), ArticleFig(id=1307086109045969353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

研究区域及其他水体中重金属元素浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属 (mg/L)CdCrCuPbZn
均值0.00180.00170.151.310.15
最大值0.00250.00250.181.490.18
最小值0.00100.00100.140.990.12
中位数0.00190.00180.151.370.15
标准差(SD)0.00040.00040.010.150.02
变异系数(CV%)25.4025.405.7911.3012.42
), ArticleFig(id=1307086109150826954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Concentrations of heavy metal elements in soils around the study area and other water bodies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属(mg/kg)CdCrCuPbZn
均值0.7717.6211.6786.4465.38
最大值1.2821.7627.03129.4477.02
最小值0.3914.043.5655.1253.67
中位数0.8316.8412.7778.5963.89
标准差(SD)0.252.696.0722.998.82
变异系数(CV)31.97%15.25%52.02%26.59%13.49%
背景值(侯青叶等,2020)0.18474242269
中国其他水体周边土壤重金属含量情况
鄱阳湖(卫佩茹,2020)0.1881.9138.4535.4480.45
珠江口西岸(卫佩茹,2020)0.9985.9256.9761.08132.05
东洞庭湖(卫佩茹,2020)1.207116.43—57.15—
绿岛(卫佩茹,2020)—60.7431.9915.5962.92
巢湖流域(卫佩茹,2020)0.566.1060.1036.60292.50
太湖流域(卫佩茹,2020)0.1064.0326.3119.71102.99
洱海(滑丽萍等,2006)0.59130.0111.060.0127.0
), ArticleFig(id=1307086109272461771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

研究区域及其他水体周边土壤中重金属元素浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属(mg/kg)CdCrCuPbZn
均值0.7717.6211.6786.4465.38
最大值1.2821.7627.03129.4477.02
最小值0.3914.043.5655.1253.67
中位数0.8316.8412.7778.5963.89
标准差(SD)0.252.696.0722.998.82
变异系数(CV)31.97%15.25%52.02%26.59%13.49%
背景值(侯青叶等,2020)0.18474242269
中国其他水体周边土壤重金属含量情况
鄱阳湖(卫佩茹,2020)0.1881.9138.4535.4480.45
珠江口西岸(卫佩茹,2020)0.9985.9256.9761.08132.05
东洞庭湖(卫佩茹,2020)1.207116.43—57.15—
绿岛(卫佩茹,2020)—60.7431.9915.5962.92
巢湖流域(卫佩茹,2020)0.566.1060.1036.60292.50
太湖流域(卫佩茹,2020)0.1064.0326.3119.71102.99
洱海(滑丽萍等,2006)0.59130.0111.060.0127.0
), ArticleFig(id=1307086109406679500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Land use in Qinghai Lake basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份单位耕地林地灌丛草地水域永久冻土建设用地裸地湿地
2000面积(km2)7175.624200.2811369.8876071.146264.94113.98594.8820214.294231.71
比例(%)6.003.009.0058.005.000.000.0016.003.00
2005面积(km2)7135.084202.9111362.0876075.296276.70114.27629.5520208.754232.34
比例(%)5.003.009.0058.005.000.000.0016.003.00
2010面积(km2)7477.144166.0711350.3881607.396467.5068.32676.0114257.844165.47
比例/%6.003.009.0063.005.000.001.0011.003.00
2015面积(km2)7418.844163.6311334.0281556.786560.0664.62799.7714179.234160.27
比例(%)6.003.009.0063.005.000.001.0011.003.00
2020面积(km2)7414.904159.5911339.4681386.896660.0259.33912.0314159.394145.13
比例(%)6.003.009.0062.005.000.001.0011.003.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307086109494759885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086081237733686, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

青海湖流域土地利用情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份单位耕地林地灌丛草地水域永久冻土建设用地裸地湿地
2000面积(km2)7175.624200.2811369.8876071.146264.94113.98594.8820214.294231.71
比例(%)6.003.009.0058.005.000.000.0016.003.00
2005面积(km2)7135.084202.9111362.0876075.296276.70114.27629.5520208.754232.34
比例(%)5.003.009.0058.005.000.000.0016.003.00
2010面积(km2)7477.144166.0711350.3881607.396467.5068.32676.0114257.844165.47
比例/%6.003.009.0063.005.000.001.0011.003.00
2015面积(km2)7418.844163.6311334.0281556.786560.0664.62799.7714179.234160.27
比例(%)6.003.009.0063.005.000.001.0011.003.00
2020面积(km2)7414.904159.5911339.4681386.896660.0259.33912.0314159.394145.13
比例(%)6.003.009.0062.005.000.001.0011.003.00
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环青海湖区土壤与湖水重金属污染特征、生态风险及来源解析
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李广英 1 , 楚小云 2 , 邓得玲 1 , 杜敏洁 1 , 赵筱媛 3 , 张淼 4 , 王凌青 3, *
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(1): 274-287
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环青海湖区土壤与湖水重金属污染特征、生态风险及来源解析
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李广英(1973−),女,高级工程师,研究方向为生态环境保护。E−mail:

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李广英1 , 楚小云2, 邓得玲1, 杜敏洁1, 赵筱媛3, 张淼4, 王凌青3, *
作者信息
  • 1青海省生态环境规划和环保技术中心,青海 西宁 810000
  • 2北京林业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
  • 4兰州大学资源环境学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
通讯作者:
王凌青(1981−),男,博士,研究员,从事有关环境生物地球化学的研究工作。E−mail:。
作者简介:

李广英(1973−),女,高级工程师,研究方向为生态环境保护。E−mail:

Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics, Ecological Risks and Sources in Soil and Lake Water Around Qinghai Lake
Guangying LI1 , Xiaoyun CHU2, Deling DENG1, Minjie DU1, Xiaoyuan ZHAO3, Miao ZHANG4, Lingqing WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Qinghai Province Ecological Environment Planning and Environmental Protection Technology Center, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
  • 2College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
  • 4College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025060
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青海湖流域作为重要的高原湖泊生态系统,其土壤、湖水重金属污染问题对区域生态环境与生物安全具有重要影响,但相关污染特征与来源尚缺乏系统研究。笔者通过对青海湖周边土壤及湖水中5种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd)的浓度进行测定,采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估其污染特征与生态风险,运用PMF模型和SOM方法解析污染来源及聚类特征。结果表明,Cu、Zn、Cr的地质累积指数均为负值,处于无污染状态,Pb和Cd表现为轻度至中度污染。依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838–2002)评价湖水水质,Cu、Zn、Cd符合Ⅱ类水标准,Pb则达到V类水标准,土壤污染主要受自然地质背景、工业及农业活动的综合影响。

青海湖  /  重金属  /  水土相关性  /  风险评估  /  源解析

As an important plateau lake ecosystem, the heavy metal pollution of soil and lake water in Qinghai Lake Basin has an important impact on regional ecological environment and biosafety, but the related pollution characteristics and sources are not systematically studied. In this study, the concentrations of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd) in the soil and lake water of Qinghai Lake Basin were measured, the pollution characteristics and ecological risks were assessed by the local accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method, and the pollution sources and clustering characteristics were analyzed by PMF model and SOM method. The results show that the ground accumulation indices of Cu, Zn and Cr are all negative, and they are in a pollution-free state, while Pb and Cd are mildly to moderately polluted. According to the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard" (GB3838-2002), the lake water quality is evaluated. Cu, Zn and Cd meet the Class Ⅱ water standard, and Pb meets the Class V water standard. Soil pollution is mainly influenced by the natural geological background, industrial and agricultural activities.

Qinghai Lake  /  heavy metals  /  water-soil correlation  /  risk assessment  /  source apportionment
李广英, 楚小云, 邓得玲, 杜敏洁, 赵筱媛, 张淼, 王凌青. 环青海湖区土壤与湖水重金属污染特征、生态风险及来源解析. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (1) : 274 -287 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025060
Guangying LI, Xiaoyun CHU, Deling DENG, Minjie DU, Xiaoyuan ZHAO, Miao ZHANG, Lingqing WANG. Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics, Ecological Risks and Sources in Soil and Lake Water Around Qinghai Lake[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (1) : 274 -287 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025060
青海湖作为青藏高原东北部极为重要的自然水体与生态系统核心组成部分,其对区域生态稳定和生物多样性维持起着不可替代的关键作用(Fu et al., 2025)。它是众多珍稀动植物的栖息繁衍之地,水域面积广阔,周边生态环境独特且相对脆弱,对环境变化极为敏感(Li et al., 2021)。在人类活动日益频繁的背景下,环境污染问题对青海湖区域的生态完整性造成了显著挑战。重金属污染由于其特殊的理化性质,如毒性持久性、生物累积性以及难降解性,成为威胁青海湖生态系统健康的重要隐患之一(Lv et al., 2023)。重金属一旦进入青海湖的水体与周边土壤环境,将会对湖泊的水生生态系统、土壤质量以及整个区域的生态平衡产生深远的负面影响(李少华等,2016;李宏等,2019)。例如,水体中的重金属可能改变水生生物的生理机能(Shen et al., 2022),影响其生长、繁殖与生存,导致物种多样性下降;土壤中的重金属积累会破坏土壤微生物群落结构,降低土壤肥力,进而影响陆地植被生长与生态系统的物质循环(Mu’azu et al., 2018)。
近年来,重金属污染研究已成为环境科学领域的热点之一,涵盖了从重金属含量测定到污染特征分析、风险评估以及来源解析等多个关键方面,应用了多种先进的技术手段与分析方法(杨安等,2020;赵宽等,2021;卢洪斌等,2024;刘华峰等,2025;邵璐等,2025)。然而,对于青海湖这一地处高原、生态环境独特的区域,尚缺乏针对环湖区域水–土样品的系统综合研究,特别是在水–土协同风险评估、精准的来源解析以及空间聚类分析,在揭示污染空间分布格局等方面,仍存在较大的研究空白。
本研究聚焦于青海湖环湖区域,系统采集湖水及其周边表层土壤样品,针对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr等5种典型重金属,开展污染特征分析与生态风险评估,深入探讨水土污染的相关性,利用PMF模型精确解析污染来源,并结合SOM方法揭示其空间分布特征及聚类规律。研究旨在为青海湖区域的生态环境保护、污染治理与可持续发展提供全面、科学且有针对性的理论依据与数据支撑。
环青海湖区域既是生态环境相对脆弱的敏感区,也是著名的风景名胜区与交通要地。随着中国及青海省社会经济的不断发展,环青海湖区域正面临着日益严峻的人类活动压力,其生态环境的保护与可持续发展问题已成为亟待解决的重要课题,需引起学术界、政府及社会各界的广泛关注与深入研究。本研究围绕青海湖及环湖周边区域展开,该区为中国东部季风区、西北干旱区与西南高寒区的地理交汇点,具有独特的高原半干旱高寒气候特征。区域平均海拔高达约为3196 m,地形以四周环山、湖滨平原与滩涂为主。在土地利用结构上,草地占据主导地位,湿地、裸地及少量耕地并存,共同塑造了多元化的生态系统格局。青海湖及其流域生态系统功能显著,其中草地与水域构成了生态系统的核心框架,不仅对本地生态系统具有显著的调节作用,还对东部地区的生态环境稳定与安全具有关键性支撑作用。
2024年6月在青海湖周边布设了17个表层水样采集点(图1)。采用聚乙烯材质塑料瓶密封收集原水,并即时在现场以优级纯HNO3实施酸化处理,确保水样硝酸浓度维持在0.2%,以保障其稳定性。随后,所有水样均被妥善保存于4 ℃冷藏环境中,并尽快转移至实验室进行后续的定量分析。此外,同步进行了湖岸表层土壤14份样品的采集工作。在每个预设的10 m×10 m标准样框内,遵循五点取样法,利用PVC管深入土壤表层10 cm处采集样品,混合均匀后封装于聚乙烯密封袋内,详细记录并编号。样品带回实验室,经自然风干、杂质去除、均匀混合等预处理后,使用玛瑙研钵将土壤样品研磨至细粉状,通过100目尼龙筛,采用四分法缩减至500~1000 g样品,置于105 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,最终分装于聚乙烯塑料袋或广口瓶中,以供后续分析使用。
本研究测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr等5种重金属含量,水样按照《水质 65种元素的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法》(HJ 700–2014)中的标准方法进行消解后测定,土样遵循《土壤和沉积物金属元素总量的消解微波消解法》(HJ832–2017)消解后进行重金属含量的测定。土壤重金属污染评价标准选取《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618–2018),水体重金属污染评价标准选取《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838–2002)。
地质累积指数(Igeo)用于衡量沉积物的金属元素污染情况,地质累积指数等级划分见表1,其计算公式如公式(1)所示。
$ {I}_{geo}={\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(\frac{{C}_{n}}{\mathrm{k}\times {B}_{n}}\right) $
式中:Cn是指样品中元素n的实测含量,单位通常为mg/kg(对于土壤或沉积物样品);Bn是该元素在当地土壤或沉积物中的地球化学背景值,单位与Cn一致;k是考虑到各地岩石差异等可能会引起背景值波动的一个常数,基于大量实验数据和经验总结,k一般取值为1.5。
潜在生态风险指数法综合考虑了不同重金属的浓度效应和毒性效应,其计算公式如公式(2)所示。
$ RI=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{E}_{r}^{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}({T}_{r}^{i}\times {P}_{i})=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({T}_{r}^{i}\times \frac{{C}_{i}}{{C}_{n}^{i}}\right) $
式中:RI为综合潜在生态风险指数,$ {E}_{r}^{i} $为重金属i的潜在生态风险指数,$ {T}_{r}^{i} $为重金属i的毒性响应系数;$ {P}_{i} $为重金属i的污染系数,$ {C}_{i} $为重金属i的质量分数实测值;$ {C}_{n}^{i} $为重金属i的质量分数参照值,各重金属元素的毒性响应系数见表2,潜在生态风险等级划分标准见表3。
正定因子矩阵(PMF)是一种用于分析多元数据,特别是非负数据的数学模型,美国环境保护署(USEPA)建议将其作为通用的来源分配建模工具(Zhang et al., 2023)。它类似于主成分分析(PCA),但专门用于处理所有变量和因素都是非负的数据集。PMF广泛应用于图像处理、光谱分析、文本挖掘和分析化学等方面。该模型主要由数据矩阵X组成,该矩阵为分矩阵A与载荷矩阵C之积加残差矩阵D的累加求和,其计算公式如公式(3)所示。
$ {X}_{ij}={\sum }_{k=1}^{p}{A}_{ik}{C}_{kj}+{D}_{ij} (i=1,\cdots n, j=1,\cdots m) $
式中:Xij为样品编号为i的元素j的实测值,Aik为样品i中第k个污染源的贡献值;Ckj为污染源k对元素j的重金属浓度的特征值;Dij代表残差矩阵,p表示因子的总量。利用PMF模型对矩阵X进行拆分,得到最小目标函数Q。
$ Q={\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{\sum }_{j=1}^{m}{\left(\frac{{E}_{ij}}{{U}_{ij}}\right)}^{2} $
式中:Uij为样品i中元素j含量的不确定度。样品浓度低于或高于检测限时,对应的不确定度计算公式如公式(5)、公式(6)所示。
当样品浓度低于检测限时:
$ {X}_{ij}=\frac{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{L}}{2},\sigma =\frac{5\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{L}}{6} $
当浓度高于检测限时:
$ \sigma =\sqrt{{(ErrorFraction\times concentration)}^{2}+{(0.05\times \mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{L})}^{2}} $
式中,Xij为输入浓度,MDL为检测限,ErrorFraction为相对标准偏差,concentration为样品实测浓度,MDL为不确定度。
自组织映射(Self-Organizing Map, SOM)是一种基于人工神经网络的无监督学习模型,广泛用于数据降维、聚类、模式识别和可视化分析。SOM无需提供标签信息,完全依赖输入数据的特征进行训练,适用于探索性数据分析,其显著优势在于能够直观地将复杂高维数据映射到易于理解的低维空间,可用于数据的可视化和聚类分析。本研究重金属源解析采用EPA PMF 5.0软件模拟(US EPA, 2014),使用Matlab R2023b中使用SOM分析生成3×5自组织神经元结构。
分析环青海湖区域水体和土壤重金属含量特征(图2~图4),并将其与中国其他湖泊的重金属含量情况进行对比分析(表4、表5)。结果表明,水体中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的浓度平均值分别为0.0018 mg/L、0.0017 mg/L、0.15 mg/L、1.31 mg/L和0.15 mg/L,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838–2002)评价湖水水质,Cu、Zn、Cd符合Ⅱ类水标准,Pb则达到V类水标准。标准差和变异系数显示,Cu的浓度分布较稳定,Cd和Cr的空间分布较均匀,而Pb表现出一定的波动性,反映出其局部区域浓度较高。土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的浓度均值分别为0.77 mg/kg、17.62 mg/kg、11.67 mg/kg、86.44 mg/kg和65.38 mg/kg。土壤Pb含量有28.5%超过风险筛选值,全部样品的Cd含量超过风险筛选值,其余重金属含量没有超过风险筛选值。与土壤背景值(Cd为0.184 mg/kg,Cr为74 mg/kg,Cu为24 mg/kg,Pb为22 mg/kg,Zn为69 mg/kg)对比,Cd和Pb的浓度超过背景值,表明该区域土壤中存在较为明显的Pb和Cd富集现象。Cr、Cu和Zn的浓度均低于背景值,Cr仅为背景值的约四分之一,说明这些元素在土壤中未表现出污染累积风险。
水体中的重金属元素通常以游离态或溶解态存在,受水体盐度、温度等因素的影响(何鑫等,2022),而重金属浓度的空间分布也受到水体悬浮颗粒物影响,且颗粒粒径会影响重金属的吸附效应(李国莲等,2024),土壤重金属则主要与土壤颗粒(如黏土矿物、有机质)结合形成稳定化合物。土壤酸碱度和有机质含量对重金属吸附和固定有显著影响(潘泳兴等,2023;杨爱萍等,2023;陈雪等,2025)。因此,土壤重金属往往具有较强的积累性。水体重金属随着水流流动而分布较为均匀,水流速度和停滞区域等因素都会影响其浓度分布,土壤则表现出较大的空间异质性,尤其是在湖泊周围的沉积物区域,重金属容易在沉积物中富集,形成显著的空间差异(赵宽等,2021;张雅然等,2022)。此外,由于水体的流动性,污染物会迅速扩散,如果污染源未能及时控制,水体中重金属的浓度可能会快速升高,而之前的研究也表明青海湖流域重金属自上游到下游具有明显富集性(李少华等,2016)。土壤作为污染物的长期储存库,重金属积累通常较为缓慢,但一旦富集,污染物难以清除,对环境的影响持续存在。与其他湖泊流域土壤重金属含量进行比较,土壤Cd浓度(0.77 mg/kg)高于鄱阳湖(0.18 mg/kg)和太湖流域(0.10 mg/kg),但低于东洞庭湖(1.207 mg/kg)。Pb浓度(86.44 mg/kg)明显高于鄱阳湖(35.44 mg/kg)和巢湖流域(36.60 mg/kg),Cr浓度远低于鄱阳湖(81.91 mg/kg)和东洞庭湖(116.43 mg/kg),Cu和Zn浓度则低于珠江口西岸、巢湖流域等高污染区域(表5)。
环青海湖水体和土壤中重金属元素的分布特征表明,Pb含量达V类水标准,存在潜在生态风险。Cu在水体中浓度较高,但在土壤中未表现出显著污染特征。水体中Cr和Zn浓度相对较低,未显示明显超标或污染趋势,土壤Cd含量超过风险筛选值。总体来看,Pb和Cd应作为环青海湖区域重金属污染监测与防控的重点元素,需进一步评估其生态风险及来源,加强对其水资源的管理和保护。
不同区域和地带的元素在土壤中的淋溶、迁移、积累等地球化学行为不同,导致不同区域土壤中各种元素的土壤环境背景值和分布规律也有明显差异。以青海湖环湖区域表层土壤环境中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr等5种金属元素的表层土壤环境背景值及其范围作为参考值,运用地质累积指数法对重金属元素进行评价(图5)。Cu的Igeo平均值为−1.82,Zn的Igeo平均值为−0.67,Pb的Igeo平均值为1.34,Cd的Igeo平均值为1.41,Cr的Igeo平均值为−2.67。Cu、Zn、Cr处于无污染状态,Pb、Cd处于偏中度污染状态,说明Pb、Cd在青海湖环湖区域有一定的富集性。土壤pH会影响重金属元素吸附,而青海湖流域土壤是弱碱性,氢离子竞争吸附能力较低,重金属元素是以氢氧化物沉淀形式存在。因此,Pb、Cd有富集性,这两种重金属元素不是植物生长所需元素,表明青海湖环湖区域土壤重金属浓度不符合土壤环境质量标准。潜在生态风险分析法是目前最常用的金属元素污染程度评价方法,Cu潜在风险指数平均值为2.43,Zn潜在风险指数平均值为0.95,Pb潜在风险指数平均值为19.65,Cd潜在风险指数平均值为126,Cr潜在风险指数平均值为0.24。Cu、Cr、Zn和Pb处于低风险等级,Cd生态风险等级较高,5种金属的潜在生态风险指数平均值为149,处于轻微生态风险等级。
为解析环青海湖环湖区域表层水和周边表层土壤重金属来源,对样点数据进行相关性分析(图6),一般来说,相关系数越大,表示两个变量之间的相关性越强(吴明鑫等,2019;胡石磊等,2023;许泰等,2023)。就本研究而言,重金属之间的相关性可用于指示其污染来源和污染程度的相似性。
环青海湖地区水体5种重金属元素的相关性整体较弱,仅部分元素间存在显著的正相关关系。例如,Zn与Pb之间呈现中等程度的正相关,相关系数为0.49,表现出一定的共存趋势。Cu与Zn之间的相关性较低,相关系数为0.30,显示出轻微的正相关关系。其他元素之间的相关性较低或接近于零,如Cu与Pb的相关系数为–0.13,Cu与Cd为–0.063,Zn与Cr则呈现轻微的负相关,相关系数为–0.20,表明二者在水体中的分布存在一定的反向趋势。总体来看,表层水体中重金属元素间的相关性不明显,分布较为分散,说明各元素之间的关联性较弱。
与水体不同,表层土壤重金属元素之间的相关性特征较为显著。Cu与Zn之间呈现较强的正相关,相关系数达到0.58,表明它们在表层土中的来源可能具有较高的相似性。Zn与Pb之间也存在明显的正相关,相关系数为0.37,暗示它们在土壤中的分布规律具有一定程度的一致性。此外,Pb与Cr表现出较强的负相关,相关系数为–0.45,表明它们在土壤中的分布受到不同因素的影响。Cu与Cr也呈现出负相关关系,尽管其相关性较弱,但同样反映了二者在分布上的差异。Cu与Cd、Pb与Cd、Zn与Cr等元素之间的相关性相对较弱,相关系数分别为–0.049、–0.28和–0.14,说明这些元素之间的关联性较低,分布规律较为独立。
总体而言,青海湖水体和环湖区域土壤重金属元素的相关性特征存在差异,水体重中金属元素之间的相关性较弱,仅Zn与Pb表现出较强的正相关性,元素分布较为分散,土壤重金属元素间的相关性普遍较强,尤其是Cu与Zn、Zn与Pb等元素,表现出较为明显的正相关,反映出其来源或分布规律的相似性。此外,部分元素(如Pb与Cr、Cu与Cr)在土壤中存在负相关性,表明它们可能受到不同的环境因素或分布机制的影响。这种差异反映出环青海湖水体和环湖区域土壤重金属元素的分布特征不同,初步推断水体重金属来源较为复杂且分散,而土壤重金属元素来源或迁移规律更具一致性。
青海湖环湖区域内有6座污水处理厂,环湖4县也有集中处理厂,排放均能达到一级A或B标准,流域内生活污水点源已得到初步控制。天峻县、刚察县城镇生活污水经过污水处理厂处理后排入青海湖流域。共和县、天峻县、刚察县和海晏县的农村居民生活污水流入青海湖流域。除此之外,流域内共有24家企业,存在污染物排放的企业有17家,污染达到排放标准。总体来说,青海湖污染来源主要是生活源、种植业以及养殖业等面源污染(高煜等,2021;邓得玲等,2023)。非点源污染是影响水质的关键因素,而土地利用方式对非点源污染的产生、迁移和转换过程起着决定性作用(吕乐婷等,2021)。20年来,青海湖流域耕地面积增加(表6),林地和灌丛面积减小,景观植被截留作用变小,可能会使重金属污染加剧。
为进一步判定湖泊水体和周边土壤中重金属的来源,采用正定因子矩阵对样点数据进行分析(图7、图8)。利用PMF模型本身的筛选功能,根据噪信比调整因子的影响强弱,低于0.5的指标设置为“bad”,表示贡献率极小,然后依次设置2~8个因子数,对输入模型的浓度数据和不确定数据进行20次因子迭代计算得到Q最小值,结果显示模型输出因子为3个时,模型结果最好。
各因子对水体重金属含量的贡献图(图7)显示,因子1对5种重金属的贡献率相对较低,但在不同重金属中仍有一定比例。结合青海湖周边环境特征,因子1可能代表自然背景源。地球表面的岩石在长期的物理、化学和生物作用下逐渐风化,其中含有的重金属元素,如Pb、Zn、Cu,会随着雨水的冲刷和渗透释放出来,进入土壤和水体(徐磊等,2024)。尽管其贡献率较小,但在长期的生态过程中仍可能对水体重金属含量产生一定影响。
因子2对Cu、Cd、Cr等3种重金属的贡献率较高,是这3种金属的主要来源。考虑到研究区内及周边无化工、矿山企业,故Pb、Zn和Cu的积累最可能与交通运输密切相关,如汽车尾气排放、轮胎磨损等释放的重金属颗粒物沉降到水体中,对水体重金属含量产生贡献(Huber et al., 2016;南维鸽等,2024;Lahiri et al., 2024)。因此,将因子2归类为交通排放源。
因子3是Zn的主要来源,对Pb也有重要贡献,这也与相关性分析结果一致。结合当地实际情况,因子3可能与农业活动密切相关,如农药、化肥的使用以及畜禽养殖废弃物排放等,这些农业活动可能导致残渣Zn等重金属进入水体(Wu et al., 2023)。因此,将因子3归类为农业活动源。
各因子对土壤重金属含量的贡献图(图8)显示,因子1对Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr贡献率均有一定比例,Cr元素含量的平均值低于青海省土壤背景值,且变异系数较低,说明土壤中Cr受到的外来污染较少,含量极有可能由成土过程主导,来源于沉积岩石自然风化和侵蚀等自然因素(杨安等,2020)。因此,将因子1解释为自然源。
因子2的主要表征参数是Pb、Cu和Zn。研究表明,交通运输(汽车尾气、润滑剂消耗、轮胎磨损、刹车磨损、公路磨损等)是土壤重金属Pb、Cu和Zn的重要污染来源(陈永琴,2013;袁宏等,2019),其中Pb和Cu来源于刹车磨损,Pb是汽油、柴油中的重要元素,因此Pb也来源于汽车尾气,汽车尾气中的Pb可经大气沉降进入土壤。Zn来源于轮胎磨损和燃油箱的镀锌部件(虞敏达等,2016)。研究区外为国道、省道等主要交通道路,内为县乡道路和通湖小路,近年来随着旅游的发展,来往车辆快速增长,这增加了土壤重金属污染,且研究区内及周边无化工、矿山企业,故Pb、Zn和Cu的积累最可能与交通运输密切相关。因此,这一类重金属元素主要来自交通运输源。
因子3的主要表征参数是Cd。Cd主要受电镀、采矿、冶炼、染料、电池和化学工业等影响,是交通活动的标识元素,也是磷肥、有机肥的主要原料(黄青青等,2016)。有机肥大多来自畜牧养殖,饲料添加剂的广泛使用导致有机肥中含有较高量的重金属,长期施用可导致土壤中重金属的积累(张慧敏,2017)。研究区采样点大多为畜牧区,长期施用有机肥一定程度上导致土壤重金属Cd发生积累。
根据SOM分析,将水体重金属数据分为3类(图9),第I类点位主要位于环湖西部和南部,主要土地类型为草地,还有部分耕地。沼泽草甸土壤成分来源的变化会影响重金属的含量,例如石英、方解石等一些矿物的输入就会稀释重金属的浓度,而一些固体废渣颗粒、汽车尾气排放的输入则会增加重金属的含量。第Ⅱ类点位主要分布在湖东沙地样点。第III类点位分布在青海湖北部和南部,主要有草场和农场。草地植被和土壤中的有机物质(如腐殖质)对重金属有吸附作用。草地植物的根系可以分泌一些有机化合物,这些化合物能够与重金属离子形成络合物,从而固定重金属,减少其在土壤中的迁移性。青海湖北部地形平坦;风力常年大于环湖区其他地区(姜莹莹等,2015);耕地面积较大,而人工作物的生长期短于天然牧草,使得该地植被覆盖度相对较低(李广泳等,2014);没有行道树、防护林等环保措施,重金属污染物可能受常年大风的影响而扩散到了更远的地方,污染面积的扩大可能会使得单位面积上的污染程度降低。
通过SOM分析将土壤重金属数据采样点分为3类(图10),第I类点位位于青海湖西部的吉尔孟河区域,吉尔孟乡境内已探明的矿产资源有煤、铁、石英等。其中,煤炭资源已开采利用,经大气沉降等过程从而导致Pb等重金属含量升高。此外,该采样点位在鸟岛周围,鸟岛作为湿地的一部分,其特殊的水文条件和土壤质地有利于重金属的吸附和沉淀。湿地中的水分和有机物质可以与重金属发生化学反应,使重金属更容易在土壤中积累。
第II类点位主要集中于青海湖南部区域,呈现出较高的重金属含量特征,这一现象可能归因于多重因素的复合作用。鸟岛与日出观景点均坐落于环湖西路南段,且该路段紧邻青海湖,使得采样点相对接近公路。因此,大量车流引发的交通污染成为该区域重金属含量偏高的一个重要因素。南部地区的二郎剑景区作为青海湖的核心旅游景点之一,吸引了大量游客,由此产生的生活垃圾与废水可能间接促进了重金属含量的增加。此外,南部的G109国道作为通往西藏的交通枢纽,近年来车流量的显著增长不可避免地加剧了交通污染,对沿线土壤造成了一定影响。特别地,G109国道上重型货运车辆众多,这些车辆的零件磨损及排放问题尤为突出。众多旅游车辆在该路段频繁进行刹车、停车及起步等操作,相较于匀速行驶,此类驾驶模式会加剧车辆磨损,从而释放更多重金属元素(Ngole-Jeme, 2016)。环湖区南部区域居民点和游客相对集中,频繁的人类活动所排放的废物与废水可能是引发重金属污染的又一重要因素。值得注意的是,环青海湖地区的主导风向为偏西风(姜莹莹等,2015),而南部区域正处于青海南山的迎风坡位置。地形特征与风向的共同作用导致污染物在该区域不易被稀释,进而加剧了重金属污染物的富集现象。综上所述,青海湖南部区域重金属含量较高的原因涉及交通污染、旅游活动、地形及风向等多重因素的复杂交互作用。
第III类点位主要分布在湖东沙地样点,这里重金属含量较低,原因可能是这些样点以砂粒为主,粗颗粒对重金属有稀释效应(Guan et al., 2016)。研究表明,沉积物越细,其重金属浓度就越高,因为较细的沉积物具有更大的比表面积、表面电荷和阳离子交换能力,这增强了它们优先化学吸附的程度(Guan et al., 2016)。因此,较粗粒级土壤对重金属的吸附量较少,因此重金属含量低。
(1)土壤Pb、Cd在青海湖流域处于偏中度污染状态,应作为环青海湖区域重金属污染监测与防控的重点元素。
(2)水样中重金属相关性较分散,有正、负相关情况;而土样中重金属多呈强正相关,表明其来源和迁移行为模式相似。利用正定因子矩阵分析水样和土壤中重金属来源,水体和土壤污染来源包括自然背景源、交通排放源、农业活动源。
(3)影响水体和土壤重金属含量的因素包括土地类型、地理环境、人类活动、土壤质地等。相关部门应基于以上影响因素进行综合考量,通过强化交通污染治理、农业污染防控、工业污染监管等多方面举措,因地制宜地针对重点区域实施精准污染防治策略,以实现当地环境质量的有效改善与提升。

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2026年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025060
  • 接收时间:2024-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-19
  • 修回日期:2025-03-17
  • 录用日期:2025-04-21
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作者信息
    1青海省生态环境规划和环保技术中心,青海 西宁 810000
    2北京林业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100083
    3中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
    4兰州大学资源环境学院,甘肃 兰州 730000

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王凌青(1981−),男,博士,研究员,从事有关环境生物地球化学的研究工作。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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