Article(id=1307087046359671242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707062400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-05, revisedDate=1720368000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-08, acceptedDate=1742918400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-26, onlineDate=1789563436354, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563436354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563436354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563436354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047751552885541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='302', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554067743, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616259011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308600725099264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307047751552885541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307087046749741515, articleId=1307087046359671242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Metallogenic Mechanism of Jinshan Gold Deposit in West Qinling Orogenic Belt: Evidence from Geochemical Characteristics of Arsenopyrite and Chlorite, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Arsenopyrite (Apy) and chlorite (Chl) are abundant sulfide or altered minerals in hydrothermal gold deposits, which been widely used in the inversion of the physical chemical conditions of gold mineralization. The Jinshan gold deposit in Gansu Province is located in the Xiahe-Xihe-Fengxian-Huangbaiyuan metallogenic sub-belt in the eastern section of the West Qinling metallogenic belt, with superior mineralization conditions, characterized by the development of multiple generations of arsenopyrite and chlorite. In this study, we take the various types of arsenopyrite and chlorite in ore samples from the Jinshan gold deposit as the research object. Based on the division of the three mineralization stages in Jinshan Gold deposit, using electron probes to determine the major elemental composition of Apy (Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ) and Chl (Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ) at each stage, dividing the chemical types of Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ, calculating the formation temperature, oxygen fugacity (lgfO2), sulfur fugacity (lgfS2), and pH value of Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ and Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ. Furthermore, analyzing the formation environment and physicochemical conditions of Apy and Chl at each stage, and exploring the gold mineralization mechanism of the Jinshan gold deposit. The results indicate that the diagenetic shallow metamorphic stage of Chl-I exhibits characteristics of low temperature, low lgfO2, and low lgfS2. During the hydrothermal mineralization stage, the temperature, lgfO2, lgfS2, and pH values of Chl-Ⅱ and Apy-Ⅱ significantly increased compared to stage I, indicating the loss of a large amounts of acidic components such as CO2 in Stage II, it is speculated that there was strong fluid mixing and boiling during the hydrothermal mineralization stage. Subsequently, during the hydrothermal mineralization stages Ⅱ~Ⅲ, boiling causes a significant decrease in temperature, pressure, and S content in the fluid, promoting large-scale precipitation of Au in the form of natural gold, thereby promoting the large-scale precipitation of Au in the form of natural gold. Meanwhile, under low sulfur fugacity and neutral pH value conditions, a large amount of invisible gold was formed in arsenopyrite as Au-As like substances.

, authors=Hang LI1, 2, Baocheng FAN1, 2, *, Zhongkai XUE1, 2, Xiaoqi YANG3, Jianxiang LUO4, Xinmiao LU4, authorsList=Hang LI, Baocheng FAN, Zhongkai XUE, Xiaoqi YANG, Jianxiang LUO, Xinmiao LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baocheng FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307087055964627441, articleId=1307087046359671242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=西秦岭金山金矿床成矿机制:来自毒砂和绿泥石地球化学特征的证据, columnId=1307047752601461543, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

毒砂(Apy)和绿泥石(Chl)是热液型金矿床中常见的金属硫化物及蚀变矿物,被广泛应用于金矿成矿物理化学条件的反演之中。甘肃金山金矿位于西秦岭成矿带夏河–西和–凤县–黄柏塬成矿亚带,成矿条件优越,以发育多阶段的Apy及Chl为特征。笔者以金山金矿床矿石样品中各类Apy及Chl为研究对象,在金山金矿3个成矿阶段的划分基础上,利用电子探针测定各阶段Apy(Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ)及Chl(Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ)的主量元素组成,并据此划分Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ的化学类型,计算Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ及Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ的形成温度、氧逸度(lgfO2)、硫逸度(lgfS2)及pH值,进而分析对比各阶段Apy及Chl形成环境及物化条件,探讨金山金矿床的金成矿机制。结果表明,成岩–浅变质期Chl-I具有低温、低lgfO2和低lgfS2的特征,热液成矿期Chl-Ⅱ及Apy-Ⅱ温度、lgfO2、lgfS2及pH值相较I阶段显著升高,表明Ⅱ阶段存在大量CO2等酸性组分流失,推测热液成矿期存在强烈的流体混合及沸腾作用发生。随后在热液成矿期Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段,沸腾作用致使温度、压力及流体中的S含量明显降低,促进Au以自然金形式大规模沉淀,并在低硫逸度及中性pH值的条件下以Au-As类质同象于毒砂中形成大量的不可见金。

, authors=李航1, 2, 范堡程1, 2, *, 薛仲凯1, 2, 杨晓奇3, 罗建祥4, 鹿新苗4, authorsList=李航, 范堡程, 薛仲凯, 杨晓奇, 罗建祥, 鹿新苗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范堡程, authorNote=

李航(1993−),男,工程师,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
范堡程(1983−),男,正高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查与找矿预测工作。E−mail:。
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李航(1993−),男,工程师,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。E−mail:

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李航(1993−),男,工程师,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。E−mail:

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Geological Journal, 2014, 49: 402−423., articleTitle=Episodic Triassic magmatism in the western South Qinling Orogen, central China, and its implications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087089921712798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=81, issue=Pt1, pageStart=140, pageEnd=153, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=Ore Geology Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L, Yang L Q, Wang Y, et al. Thermochronologic constrains on the processes of formation and exhumation of the Xinli orogenic gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2017, 81(Pt1): 140−153., articleTitle=Thermochronologic constrains on the processes of formation and exhumation of the Xinli orogenic gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307087089980433055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=48, issue=4, pageStart=310, pageEnd=334, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=Geological Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu L M, Zhang G W, Yang T, et al. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Zhongchuan granitic pluton in the Western Qinling metallogenic belt, China[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图1, caption=秦岭造山带构造格架(a;据柯昌辉等, 2020修)、西秦岭中川地区地质矿产简图(b;据陇南紫金矿业有限公司), figureFileSmall=PHbort4Y5/jjy+l8QUEJMA==, figureFileBig=JLWmMU7P0+3jaRpYKLdeSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087069185073709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Geological map of Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=2qLKS811Qq46uV6Tafr8zQ==, figureFileBig=b2m2hg2er/TNMXn2TP59Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087069247988270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图2, caption=金山金矿区地质图(据陇南紫金矿业有限公司), figureFileSmall=2qLKS811Qq46uV6Tafr8zQ==, figureFileBig=b2m2hg2er/TNMXn2TP59Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087069319291439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Characteristics of rock assemblages in the Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=Q2BCZu+4Q6vdkaBYqkFh0A==, figureFileBig=ybjXClXqe9IV2Px3eDgL/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087069419954736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图3, caption=金山金矿床野外岩石组合特征

a .金山金矿床中发育断层泥及构造角砾岩;b、e .野外露头原生矿,黄铁矿、毒砂等发育;c、d.氧化–混合矿石中硅化、褐铁矿化及黑色斑点结构发育;f、g.本次研究采集的钻孔中的原生矿石

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Apy-Ⅱ1. Ⅱ阶段早期毒砂;Apy-Ⅱ2. Ⅱ阶段晚期毒砂;Apy-Ⅲ. Ⅲ阶段毒砂;Chl-Ⅰ. Ⅰ阶段绿泥石;Chl-Ⅱ. Ⅱ阶段绿泥石;Chl-Ⅲ. Ⅲ阶段绿泥石

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a、b. 反射光照片;c~d. 单偏光照片;e~j. BSE照片 Py.黄铁矿;Apy-Ⅱ1. Ⅱ阶段早期毒砂;Apy-Ⅱ2. Ⅱ阶段晚期毒砂;Apy-Ⅲ. Ⅲ阶段毒砂;Gn. 方铅矿;Sd. 菱铁矿;Po. 磁黄铁矿;Chl-Ⅰ. Ⅰ阶段绿泥石;Chl-Ⅱ. Ⅱ阶段绿泥石;Chl-Ⅲ. Ⅲ阶段绿泥石;Qtz. 石英;Se. 绢云母

, figureFileSmall=65PtONjEYlxOOprWIuUCUA==, figureFileBig=LtqUJbuhpblzl9rRR8gEHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087071462580789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Activity of lgf(S2)-temperature (t) projection of the stability field of arsenopyrite from the Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=F7dMFXN8ABIdvehytV7jJw==, figureFileBig=Xe/adAFEUYugZdKZaJC+Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087071542272566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图6, caption=金山金矿毒砂稳定区域lgf(S2)–温度(t)关系图解(据Kretschmar et al., 1976; Sharp et al., 1985), figureFileSmall=F7dMFXN8ABIdvehytV7jJw==, figureFileBig=Xe/adAFEUYugZdKZaJC+Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087071600992823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between As and S atomic percentage of arsenopyrite in different stages of Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=wKWBa9Jqb3VE/IgqFJ2yJQ==, figureFileBig=Xh4Zq+GinyALeDugFk3quQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087071936537144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图7, caption=金山金矿不同期次毒砂As 与S 原子百分数关系图解, figureFileSmall=wKWBa9Jqb3VE/IgqFJ2yJQ==, figureFileBig=Xh4Zq+GinyALeDugFk3quQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072007840313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Classification of chlorite in the Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=f4MmklGx+D9DtYvW4tqeTw==, figureFileBig=sw+Fyh9F4l/r1PpMtuvYkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072066560570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图8, caption=金山金矿床中绿泥石分类图解(底图据Deer et al., 1962; Wiewióra et al., 1990; Zane et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=f4MmklGx+D9DtYvW4tqeTw==, figureFileBig=sw+Fyh9F4l/r1PpMtuvYkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072125280827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Correlations of main cations in chlorites in the Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=svoSZF62Yag4RVFIFMC0qg==, figureFileBig=J1En1Yctwk+RANh5xKLFvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072184001084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图9, caption=金山金矿床中绿泥石中主要阳离子间的相关关系图解, figureFileSmall=svoSZF62Yag4RVFIFMC0qg==, figureFileBig=J1En1Yctwk+RANh5xKLFvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072246915645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Physicochemical conditions and variation trends of different mineralization stages in Jinshan gold deposit, figureFileSmall=b9lHek8svFkHluRbnk9JYg==, figureFileBig=Bk361v5qdmOwGpwtm6BvlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072305635902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=图10, caption=金山金矿各成矿阶段物理化学条件及变化趋势, figureFileSmall=b9lHek8svFkHluRbnk9JYg==, figureFileBig=Bk361v5qdmOwGpwtm6BvlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307087072376939071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Major element composition (%) and molecular formula calculation of arsenopyrite from different stages in the Jinshan gold deposit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号AuSPbAgCdSbAsZnWCuCoFeTotal分子式
jsS-12Apy-Ⅱ10.1721.450.000.000.030.0543.090.080.160.000.1035.61100.73As30.56Fe33.88S35.55
jsS-15—21.210.050.050.000.3342.500.070.070.050.0535.3599.71As30.47Fe34S35.53
jsS-16—21.430.000.030.000.1243.170.000.140.020.0035.66100.58As30.60Fe33.91S35.49
jsS-20.2721.980.040.040.000.0344.980.000.000.030.0635.03102.46As31.38Fe32.78S35.84
jsS-22—21.450.000.050.000.0043.250.000.180.030.0835.63100.69As30.64Fe33.86S35.51
jsS-360.1921.210.170.040.010.1042.460.100.000.000.0335.1999.51As30.49Fe33.9S35.6
jsS-42—21.290.070.000.040.0043.710.060.000.010.1135.33100.62As31.03Fe33.65S35.33
jsS-430.0221.090.000.020.000.1843.460.000.170.000.1234.7999.88As31.17Fe33.48S35.35
jsS-57—21.280.000.010.000.2343.870.140.000.000.0135.33100.89As31.12Fe33.61S35.27
jsS-600.1721.290.050.130.070.1442.640.130.000.000.0235.0099.66As30.60Fe33.70S35.71
jsS-640.1321.670.000.000.020.1343.030.100.000.000.0235.50100.59As30.45Fe33.7S35.84
jsS-90.1920.900.030.000.000.0041.500.010.090.040.0734.8597.69As30.27Fe34.1S35.63
jsS-11Apy-Ⅱ2—20.700.000.000.020.0841.380.020.000.040.0735.4097.70As30.15Fe34.6S35.24
jsS-13—20.550.000.000.070.0043.610.000.110.000.1235.3399.79As31.37Fe34.09S34.54
jsS-19—21.220.000.110.070.0043.130.000.000.010.0236.05100.64As30.57Fe34.28S35.15
jsS-21—21.080.050.060.000.0443.950.030.000.010.0734.81100.11As31.42Fe33.37S35.21
jsS-25—21.180.280.010.050.3544.430.040.000.050.0735.58102.06As31.37Fe33.70S34.94
jsS-34—21.130.000.030.140.0644.340.090.490.040.0135.60101.94As31.35Fe33.75S34.90
jsS-41—20.880.070.030.000.0043.770.100.000.080.0935.49100.50As31.23Fe33.96S34.81
jsS-450.2921.000.000.000.000.1943.770.080.000.040.0535.54100.99As31.15Fe33.93S34.92
jsS-50—20.990.000.000.000.1943.090.070.150.000.0835.76100.33As30.75Fe34.24S35.01
jsS-560.3420.760.000.000.080.0543.870.000.000.030.0635.83101.02As31.23Fe34.22S34.55
jsS-58—20.940.000.000.030.0842.880.000.060.000.0535.5899.64As30.73Fe34.21S35.06
jsS-610.0221.240.040.070.000.0143.350.030.000.050.0835.89100.79As30.72Fe34.11S35.17
jsS-750.1720.430.000.020.010.1443.780.040.000.040.0635.64100.35As31.42Fe34.31S34.27
jsS-1Apy-Ⅲ—19.010.000.000.000.0043.830.000.060.030.1333.9497.01As32.76Fe34.04S33.20
jsS-100.0019.390.000.010.070.0044.260.000.000.000.1134.4698.31As32.59Fe34.04S33.37
jsS-30.0219.450.100.000.000.0044.810.050.000.000.0535.4099.89As32.53Fe34.48S32.99
jsS-33—19.680.000.000.000.0745.330.190.000.000.0234.95100.24As32.80Fe33.93S33.27
jsS-4—20.520.000.040.000.0345.110.030.070.000.0934.76100.66As32.29Fe33.38S34.32
jsS-5—19.670.000.000.010.0344.300.030.130.100.0534.7099.05As32.38Fe34.02S33.59
jsS-60.0619.580.110.030.040.0244.600.030.000.000.2535.0299.79As32.47Fe34.21S33.31
jsS-65—19.530.000.060.000.1345.220.110.000.070.1335.18100.43As32.75Fe34.18S33.06
jsS-660.2119.820.110.050.000.0345.430.070.000.000.1135.27101.16As32.67Fe34.02S33.31
jsS-70.0419.730.000.000.000.0445.410.060.020.000.2335.17100.73As32.74Fe34.01S33.25
jsS-8—19.590.110.000.000.0245.350.010.230.040.0735.11100.54As32.81Fe34.07S33.12
), ArticleFig(id=1307087072460825152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

甘肃金山金矿床各阶段毒砂主量元素组成(%)及分子式计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号AuSPbAgCdSbAsZnWCuCoFeTotal分子式
jsS-12Apy-Ⅱ10.1721.450.000.000.030.0543.090.080.160.000.1035.61100.73As30.56Fe33.88S35.55
jsS-15—21.210.050.050.000.3342.500.070.070.050.0535.3599.71As30.47Fe34S35.53
jsS-16—21.430.000.030.000.1243.170.000.140.020.0035.66100.58As30.60Fe33.91S35.49
jsS-20.2721.980.040.040.000.0344.980.000.000.030.0635.03102.46As31.38Fe32.78S35.84
jsS-22—21.450.000.050.000.0043.250.000.180.030.0835.63100.69As30.64Fe33.86S35.51
jsS-360.1921.210.170.040.010.1042.460.100.000.000.0335.1999.51As30.49Fe33.9S35.6
jsS-42—21.290.070.000.040.0043.710.060.000.010.1135.33100.62As31.03Fe33.65S35.33
jsS-430.0221.090.000.020.000.1843.460.000.170.000.1234.7999.88As31.17Fe33.48S35.35
jsS-57—21.280.000.010.000.2343.870.140.000.000.0135.33100.89As31.12Fe33.61S35.27
jsS-600.1721.290.050.130.070.1442.640.130.000.000.0235.0099.66As30.60Fe33.70S35.71
jsS-640.1321.670.000.000.020.1343.030.100.000.000.0235.50100.59As30.45Fe33.7S35.84
jsS-90.1920.900.030.000.000.0041.500.010.090.040.0734.8597.69As30.27Fe34.1S35.63
jsS-11Apy-Ⅱ2—20.700.000.000.020.0841.380.020.000.040.0735.4097.70As30.15Fe34.6S35.24
jsS-13—20.550.000.000.070.0043.610.000.110.000.1235.3399.79As31.37Fe34.09S34.54
jsS-19—21.220.000.110.070.0043.130.000.000.010.0236.05100.64As30.57Fe34.28S35.15
jsS-21—21.080.050.060.000.0443.950.030.000.010.0734.81100.11As31.42Fe33.37S35.21
jsS-25—21.180.280.010.050.3544.430.040.000.050.0735.58102.06As31.37Fe33.70S34.94
jsS-34—21.130.000.030.140.0644.340.090.490.040.0135.60101.94As31.35Fe33.75S34.90
jsS-41—20.880.070.030.000.0043.770.100.000.080.0935.49100.50As31.23Fe33.96S34.81
jsS-450.2921.000.000.000.000.1943.770.080.000.040.0535.54100.99As31.15Fe33.93S34.92
jsS-50—20.990.000.000.000.1943.090.070.150.000.0835.76100.33As30.75Fe34.24S35.01
jsS-560.3420.760.000.000.080.0543.870.000.000.030.0635.83101.02As31.23Fe34.22S34.55
jsS-58—20.940.000.000.030.0842.880.000.060.000.0535.5899.64As30.73Fe34.21S35.06
jsS-610.0221.240.040.070.000.0143.350.030.000.050.0835.89100.79As30.72Fe34.11S35.17
jsS-750.1720.430.000.020.010.1443.780.040.000.040.0635.64100.35As31.42Fe34.31S34.27
jsS-1Apy-Ⅲ—19.010.000.000.000.0043.830.000.060.030.1333.9497.01As32.76Fe34.04S33.20
jsS-100.0019.390.000.010.070.0044.260.000.000.000.1134.4698.31As32.59Fe34.04S33.37
jsS-30.0219.450.100.000.000.0044.810.050.000.000.0535.4099.89As32.53Fe34.48S32.99
jsS-33—19.680.000.000.000.0745.330.190.000.000.0234.95100.24As32.80Fe33.93S33.27
jsS-4—20.520.000.040.000.0345.110.030.070.000.0934.76100.66As32.29Fe33.38S34.32
jsS-5—19.670.000.000.010.0344.300.030.130.100.0534.7099.05As32.38Fe34.02S33.59
jsS-60.0619.580.110.030.040.0244.600.030.000.000.2535.0299.79As32.47Fe34.21S33.31
jsS-65—19.530.000.060.000.1345.220.110.000.070.1335.18100.43As32.75Fe34.18S33.06
jsS-660.2119.820.110.050.000.0345.430.070.000.000.1135.27101.16As32.67Fe34.02S33.31
jsS-70.0419.730.000.000.000.0445.410.060.020.000.2335.17100.73As32.74Fe34.01S33.25
jsS-8—19.590.110.000.000.0245.350.010.230.040.0735.11100.54As32.81Fe34.07S33.12
), ArticleFig(id=1307087072536322625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Major element composition (%), structural formula, and characteristic value calculation of chlorite from different stages in the Jinshan gold deposit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号jsSi-1jsSi-4jsSi-5jsSi-7jsSi-8jsSi-13jsSi-15jsSi-19jsSi-21jsSi-22jsSi-23jsSi-24
Chl IChlⅡ
SiO228.8727.5028.7628.6326.2625.6025.1525.1324.5825.1724.3924.97
TiO20.090.030.090.120.070.070.060.120.030.030.070.06
Al2O311.5511.3412.1312.1011.7821.0321.2720.9121.2921.5220.3121.01
FeO39.2637.5738.9938.9737.2021.6221.7121.3921.2221.3421.8722.17
MnO0.570.530.600.510.590.420.460.300.330.370.350.37
MgO5.985.585.986.295.2716.5215.3216.2415.1316.5115.2115.61
CaO0.380.260.270.350.360.030.090.000.030.010.030.04
Na2O0.090.090.100.070.070.000.000.000.030.000.060.00
K2O0.060.020.050.060.040.000.000.010.030.010.000.01
Cr2O30.160.480.440.570.200.240.340.200.500.150.330.44
NiO0.110.060.020.470.100.040.000.000.000.000.000.02
Si6.636.596.566.506.445.435.415.405.365.365.395.37
AlIV1.371.411.441.501.562.572.592.602.642.642.612.63
ΣRt8.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.00
AlVI1.771.801.841.751.862.692.812.712.842.762.682.71
Ti0.020.000.010.020.010.010.010.020.000.010.010.01
Cr0.030.090.080.100.040.040.060.030.090.030.060.07
Fe3+0.230.260.260.200.180.100.160.100.150.080.070.10
Fe2+7.317.277.187.207.453.743.743.743.723.713.973.89
Mg2.051.992.032.131.925.224.915.204.925.245.015.01
Ca0.090.070.070.080.090.010.020.000.010.000.010.01
Na0.080.080.090.060.070.000.000.000.030.000.050.00
K0.030.020.030.030.030.000.000.000.020.010.000.01
ΣRo11.7411.7011.7011.7711.8011.8811.8011.8711.8311.9011.9311.88
Fe/(Fe+Mg)0.790.790.790.780.800.420.440.420.440.420.450.44
Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)0.780.780.780.770.790.420.440.420.440.420.440.44
d00114.1914.1814.1814.1814.17
T(℃)192119411941198120413262331233323462347234023442
lga3−0.92−0.91−0.92−0.94−0.83−2.04−2.00−2.03−2.01−2.04−1.92−1.94
lga6−0.71−0.65−0.64−0.76−0.75−1.04−0.78−1.00−0.81−1.10−1.13−1.01
lgK111.1411.0811.0810.9710.818.218.138.107.897.877.987.92
lgk2−105.56−104.81−104.81−103.36−101.29−75.58−74.92−74.67−73.07−72.95−73.79−73.31
lgf(O2)−43.71−43.29−43.19−43.18−42.93−28.85−27.64−28.27−26.73−27.70−28.78−27.94
lgf(S2)−9.76−9.64−9.57−9.77−9.94−5.39−4.80−5.20−4.55−5.12−5.63−5.22
样品编号jsSi-25jsSi-31jsSi-35jsSi-36jsSi-37jsSi-38jsSi-40jsSi-42jsSi-43jsSi-44jsSi-45jsSi-46
Chl Ⅲ
SiO224.4326.6526.5526.2026.3925.5425.6025.2526.0524.2225.7625.00
TiO20.050.310.160.120.090.120.170.040.040.430.100.05
Al2O320.3620.6221.0920.4321.0320.7320.4920.2721.9719.4721.1620.73
FeO22.5627.1620.9120.3720.1419.9320.6321.1220.0719.5120.2521.35
MnO0.310.150.270.320.290.200.290.360.220.340.230.29
MgO14.649.1917.2917.2518.0816.8516.6715.8117.4615.7217.6415.32
CaO0.090.170.010.110.080.110.010.000.040.070.040.27
Na2O0.000.000.000.020.040.020.010.030.000.000.020.02
K2O0.000.370.000.040.020.000.010.020.000.000.030.03
Cr2O30.400.340.190.770.230.260.150.250.260.590.240.14
NiO0.000.030.030.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.000.00
Si5.405.785.525.515.485.475.495.505.415.445.425.45
AlIV2.602.222.482.492.522.532.512.502.592.562.582.55
ΣRt8.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.00
AlVI2.713.112.692.592.642.722.682.712.812.612.672.79
Ti0.010.050.030.020.010.020.030.010.010.070.020.01
Cr0.070.060.030.130.040.040.030.040.040.100.040.02
Fe3+0.110.540.160.140.090.150.140.140.160.160.080.14
Fe2+4.064.393.473.453.413.423.563.713.333.503.483.75
Mg4.822.975.365.415.605.385.335.135.415.265.534.98
Ca0.020.040.000.020.020.030.000.000.010.020.010.06
Na0.000.000.000.010.040.020.010.030.000.000.020.01
K0.000.210.000.020.010.000.010.010.000.000.010.01
ΣRo11.8611.4011.8011.8411.9011.8211.8311.8411.8011.8011.9111.83
Fe/(Fe+Mg)0.460.620.400.400.380.400.410.430.390.410.390.44
Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)0.460.620.400.400.380.400.410.430.390.410.390.44
T(℃)339230522962298230423082305230623232319232523192
lga3−1.85−1.56−2.19−2.23−2.26−2.22−2.14−2.05−2.25−2.18−2.20−2.01
lga6−0.94−0.14−0.84−0.94−1.12−0.88−0.91−0.88−0.85−0.84−1.13−0.84
lgK18.008.588.758.718.608.538.588.568.278.338.238.33
lgk2−73.91−78.56−79.97−79.65−78.71−78.11−78.56−78.41−75.98−76.53−75.71−76.53
lgf(O2)−28.35−28.66−29.61−29.67−29.82−28.74−29.41−29.58−27.46−28.00−28.64−28.65
lgf(S2)−5.38−4.93−5.18−5.26−5.47−4.95−5.28−5.41−4.51−4.76−5.23−5.15
), ArticleFig(id=1307087072720872002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307087046359671242, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金山金矿床各阶段绿泥石主量元素组成(%)、结构式及特征值计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号jsSi-1jsSi-4jsSi-5jsSi-7jsSi-8jsSi-13jsSi-15jsSi-19jsSi-21jsSi-22jsSi-23jsSi-24
Chl IChlⅡ
SiO228.8727.5028.7628.6326.2625.6025.1525.1324.5825.1724.3924.97
TiO20.090.030.090.120.070.070.060.120.030.030.070.06
Al2O311.5511.3412.1312.1011.7821.0321.2720.9121.2921.5220.3121.01
FeO39.2637.5738.9938.9737.2021.6221.7121.3921.2221.3421.8722.17
MnO0.570.530.600.510.590.420.460.300.330.370.350.37
MgO5.985.585.986.295.2716.5215.3216.2415.1316.5115.2115.61
CaO0.380.260.270.350.360.030.090.000.030.010.030.04
Na2O0.090.090.100.070.070.000.000.000.030.000.060.00
K2O0.060.020.050.060.040.000.000.010.030.010.000.01
Cr2O30.160.480.440.570.200.240.340.200.500.150.330.44
NiO0.110.060.020.470.100.040.000.000.000.000.000.02
Si6.636.596.566.506.445.435.415.405.365.365.395.37
AlIV1.371.411.441.501.562.572.592.602.642.642.612.63
ΣRt8.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.00
AlVI1.771.801.841.751.862.692.812.712.842.762.682.71
Ti0.020.000.010.020.010.010.010.020.000.010.010.01
Cr0.030.090.080.100.040.040.060.030.090.030.060.07
Fe3+0.230.260.260.200.180.100.160.100.150.080.070.10
Fe2+7.317.277.187.207.453.743.743.743.723.713.973.89
Mg2.051.992.032.131.925.224.915.204.925.245.015.01
Ca0.090.070.070.080.090.010.020.000.010.000.010.01
Na0.080.080.090.060.070.000.000.000.030.000.050.00
K0.030.020.030.030.030.000.000.000.020.010.000.01
ΣRo11.7411.7011.7011.7711.8011.8811.8011.8711.8311.9011.9311.88
Fe/(Fe+Mg)0.790.790.790.780.800.420.440.420.440.420.450.44
Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)0.780.780.780.770.790.420.440.420.440.420.440.44
d00114.1914.1814.1814.1814.17
T(℃)192119411941198120413262331233323462347234023442
lga3−0.92−0.91−0.92−0.94−0.83−2.04−2.00−2.03−2.01−2.04−1.92−1.94
lga6−0.71−0.65−0.64−0.76−0.75−1.04−0.78−1.00−0.81−1.10−1.13−1.01
lgK111.1411.0811.0810.9710.818.218.138.107.897.877.987.92
lgk2−105.56−104.81−104.81−103.36−101.29−75.58−74.92−74.67−73.07−72.95−73.79−73.31
lgf(O2)−43.71−43.29−43.19−43.18−42.93−28.85−27.64−28.27−26.73−27.70−28.78−27.94
lgf(S2)−9.76−9.64−9.57−9.77−9.94−5.39−4.80−5.20−4.55−5.12−5.63−5.22
样品编号jsSi-25jsSi-31jsSi-35jsSi-36jsSi-37jsSi-38jsSi-40jsSi-42jsSi-43jsSi-44jsSi-45jsSi-46
Chl Ⅲ
SiO224.4326.6526.5526.2026.3925.5425.6025.2526.0524.2225.7625.00
TiO20.050.310.160.120.090.120.170.040.040.430.100.05
Al2O320.3620.6221.0920.4321.0320.7320.4920.2721.9719.4721.1620.73
FeO22.5627.1620.9120.3720.1419.9320.6321.1220.0719.5120.2521.35
MnO0.310.150.270.320.290.200.290.360.220.340.230.29
MgO14.649.1917.2917.2518.0816.8516.6715.8117.4615.7217.6415.32
CaO0.090.170.010.110.080.110.010.000.040.070.040.27
Na2O0.000.000.000.020.040.020.010.030.000.000.020.02
K2O0.000.370.000.040.020.000.010.020.000.000.030.03
Cr2O30.400.340.190.770.230.260.150.250.260.590.240.14
NiO0.000.030.030.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.000.00
Si5.405.785.525.515.485.475.495.505.415.445.425.45
AlIV2.602.222.482.492.522.532.512.502.592.562.582.55
ΣRt8.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.008.00
AlVI2.713.112.692.592.642.722.682.712.812.612.672.79
Ti0.010.050.030.020.010.020.030.010.010.070.020.01
Cr0.070.060.030.130.040.040.030.040.040.100.040.02
Fe3+0.110.540.160.140.090.150.140.140.160.160.080.14
Fe2+4.064.393.473.453.413.423.563.713.333.503.483.75
Mg4.822.975.365.415.605.385.335.135.415.265.534.98
Ca0.020.040.000.020.020.030.000.000.010.020.010.06
Na0.000.000.000.010.040.020.010.030.000.000.020.01
K0.000.210.000.020.010.000.010.010.000.000.010.01
ΣRo11.8611.4011.8011.8411.9011.8211.8311.8411.8011.8011.9111.83
Fe/(Fe+Mg)0.460.620.400.400.380.400.410.430.390.410.390.44
Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)0.460.620.400.400.380.400.410.430.390.410.390.44
T(℃)339230522962298230423082305230623232319232523192
lga3−1.85−1.56−2.19−2.23−2.26−2.22−2.14−2.05−2.25−2.18−2.20−2.01
lga6−0.94−0.14−0.84−0.94−1.12−0.88−0.91−0.88−0.85−0.84−1.13−0.84
lgK18.008.588.758.718.608.538.588.568.278.338.238.33
lgk2−73.91−78.56−79.97−79.65−78.71−78.11−78.56−78.41−75.98−76.53−75.71−76.53
lgf(O2)−28.35−28.66−29.61−29.67−29.82−28.74−29.41−29.58−27.46−28.00−28.64−28.65
lgf(S2)−5.38−4.93−5.18−5.26−5.47−4.95−5.28−5.41−4.51−4.76−5.23−5.15
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西秦岭金山金矿床成矿机制:来自毒砂和绿泥石地球化学特征的证据
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李航 1, 2 , 范堡程 1, 2, * , 薛仲凯 1, 2 , 杨晓奇 3 , 罗建祥 4 , 鹿新苗 4
西北地质 | 西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026,59(1): 79-96
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西北地质 |西部地区金矿成因研究与找矿进展 2026 , 59 (1) : 79 -96
西秦岭金山金矿床成矿机制:来自毒砂和绿泥石地球化学特征的证据
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李航1, 2 , 范堡程1, 2, * , 薛仲凯1, 2, 杨晓奇3, 罗建祥4, 鹿新苗4
作者信息
  • 1中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心,陕西 西安 710100
  • 2中国地质调查局金矿勘查技术创新中心,陕西 西安 710100
  • 3山东招金地质勘查有限公司,山东 招远 265400
  • 4陇南资金矿业有限公司,甘肃 陇南 746005
通讯作者:
范堡程(1983−),男,正高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查与找矿预测工作。E−mail:。
作者简介:

李航(1993−),男,工程师,矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。E−mail:

Metallogenic Mechanism of Jinshan Gold Deposit in West Qinling Orogenic Belt: Evidence from Geochemical Characteristics of Arsenopyrite and Chlorite
Hang LI1, 2 , Baocheng FAN1, 2, * , Zhongkai XUE1, 2, Xiaoqi YANG3, Jianxiang LUO4, Xinmiao LU4
Affiliations
  • 1Xi'an Center of Mineral Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Technology Innovation Center for Gold Ore Exploration, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710100, Shaanxi, China
  • 3Shandong Zhaojin Geological Exploration Limited Company, Zhaoyuan 265400, Shandong, China
  • 4Longnan Zijin Mining Limited company, Longnan 746005, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025048
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毒砂(Apy)和绿泥石(Chl)是热液型金矿床中常见的金属硫化物及蚀变矿物,被广泛应用于金矿成矿物理化学条件的反演之中。甘肃金山金矿位于西秦岭成矿带夏河–西和–凤县–黄柏塬成矿亚带,成矿条件优越,以发育多阶段的Apy及Chl为特征。笔者以金山金矿床矿石样品中各类Apy及Chl为研究对象,在金山金矿3个成矿阶段的划分基础上,利用电子探针测定各阶段Apy(Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ)及Chl(Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ)的主量元素组成,并据此划分Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ的化学类型,计算Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ及Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ的形成温度、氧逸度(lgfO2)、硫逸度(lgfS2)及pH值,进而分析对比各阶段Apy及Chl形成环境及物化条件,探讨金山金矿床的金成矿机制。结果表明,成岩–浅变质期Chl-I具有低温、低lgfO2和低lgfS2的特征,热液成矿期Chl-Ⅱ及Apy-Ⅱ温度、lgfO2、lgfS2及pH值相较I阶段显著升高,表明Ⅱ阶段存在大量CO2等酸性组分流失,推测热液成矿期存在强烈的流体混合及沸腾作用发生。随后在热液成矿期Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段,沸腾作用致使温度、压力及流体中的S含量明显降低,促进Au以自然金形式大规模沉淀,并在低硫逸度及中性pH值的条件下以Au-As类质同象于毒砂中形成大量的不可见金。

成矿条件  /  电子探针  /  形成环境  /  沉淀机制  /  金山金矿

Arsenopyrite (Apy) and chlorite (Chl) are abundant sulfide or altered minerals in hydrothermal gold deposits, which been widely used in the inversion of the physical chemical conditions of gold mineralization. The Jinshan gold deposit in Gansu Province is located in the Xiahe-Xihe-Fengxian-Huangbaiyuan metallogenic sub-belt in the eastern section of the West Qinling metallogenic belt, with superior mineralization conditions, characterized by the development of multiple generations of arsenopyrite and chlorite. In this study, we take the various types of arsenopyrite and chlorite in ore samples from the Jinshan gold deposit as the research object. Based on the division of the three mineralization stages in Jinshan Gold deposit, using electron probes to determine the major elemental composition of Apy (Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ) and Chl (Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ) at each stage, dividing the chemical types of Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ, calculating the formation temperature, oxygen fugacity (lgfO2), sulfur fugacity (lgfS2), and pH value of Chl-Ⅰ~Chl-Ⅲ and Apy-Ⅱ~Apy-Ⅲ. Furthermore, analyzing the formation environment and physicochemical conditions of Apy and Chl at each stage, and exploring the gold mineralization mechanism of the Jinshan gold deposit. The results indicate that the diagenetic shallow metamorphic stage of Chl-I exhibits characteristics of low temperature, low lgfO2, and low lgfS2. During the hydrothermal mineralization stage, the temperature, lgfO2, lgfS2, and pH values of Chl-Ⅱ and Apy-Ⅱ significantly increased compared to stage I, indicating the loss of a large amounts of acidic components such as CO2 in Stage II, it is speculated that there was strong fluid mixing and boiling during the hydrothermal mineralization stage. Subsequently, during the hydrothermal mineralization stages Ⅱ~Ⅲ, boiling causes a significant decrease in temperature, pressure, and S content in the fluid, promoting large-scale precipitation of Au in the form of natural gold, thereby promoting the large-scale precipitation of Au in the form of natural gold. Meanwhile, under low sulfur fugacity and neutral pH value conditions, a large amount of invisible gold was formed in arsenopyrite as Au-As like substances.

metallogenic conditions  /  electron probe  /  formation environment  /  precipitation mechanism  /  Jinshan gold deposit
李航, 范堡程, 薛仲凯, 杨晓奇, 罗建祥, 鹿新苗. 西秦岭金山金矿床成矿机制:来自毒砂和绿泥石地球化学特征的证据. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (1) : 79 -96 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025048
Hang LI, Baocheng FAN, Zhongkai XUE, Xiaoqi YANG, Jianxiang LUO, Xinmiao LU. Metallogenic Mechanism of Jinshan Gold Deposit in West Qinling Orogenic Belt: Evidence from Geochemical Characteristics of Arsenopyrite and Chlorite[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (1) : 79 -96 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025048
精确的成矿物化条件在限定金矿床成矿环境与成矿条件方面具有十分重要的作用(Deng et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2017; Shu et al., 2017)。毒砂和黄铁矿等金属硫化物作为金矿床中重要的载金矿物(Deng et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017),其赋存状态、结构、成分、地球化学等特征蕴含重要的金成矿物理化学条件信息(Kerr et al.,1999; Corkhill et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2016)。Kretschmar et al.(1976)、Sharp et al.(1985)提出的毒砂矿物共生温度(t)–硫逸度(lgS2)已广泛应用不同形成环境的热液金矿床中(Kerr et al., 1999; Deng et al., 2015; 焦骞骞等, 2016; 孙思辰等, 2018)。绿泥石作为金矿中常见的伴生脉石矿物(Dora et al., 2015),常见于热液蚀变作用中,是一种典型的中低温蚀变矿物(De Caritatet al., 1993; Pant et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2020)。由于其化学成分及类型对所形成的物理化学条件非常敏感(Bourdelle et al., 2015),因此被广泛应用指示温度(Cathelineau et al., 1985; Walshe, 1986; Zhang et al., 2020)、压力(Saravanan et al., 2009)、氧逸度(Raza et al., 2021)和硫逸度(吴德海等, 2018; Sun et al., 2019)等物理化学条件的反演,如山西东腰庄金矿床(刘燚平等, 2018)、铜绿山铜金矿床(Zhang et al., 2020)以及陕西八卦庙金矿床(张娟等, 2021)等。
西秦岭成矿带发育强烈的构造–岩浆活动,成矿条件优越,目前已探明大型–超大型金矿床15处、中型31处,已成为中国规模仅次于胶东的第二大金矿集区(陈毓川等, 1994;张国伟等, 2001; 冯益民等, 2003; Yang et al., 2015; Dong et al., 2016; 杨合群等, 2022)。甘肃金山金矿区位于西秦岭成矿带夏河–西和–凤县–黄柏塬成矿亚带,中川岩体南部约3.5 km处,自2015年陇南紫金矿业重新勘探后已达大型规模。前人对金山金矿研究表明其成矿作用主要与岩浆活动与构造运动相关(谭洪波, 2009; 袁兴伟, 2016)。此外,石英δ18O、黄铁矿δ34S同位素特征表明,成矿物质主要源于幔源,并受到下地壳物质的混染、成矿流体主要来源于大气降水与岩浆水、变质水的混合热液(谭洪波, 2009)。然而,由于缺少精确的成矿温度、氧逸度、硫逸度及pH值等成矿环境的限定,金山金矿床的成矿过程以及成矿物理化学条件均缺乏进一步的制约。鉴于此,笔者拟通过对金山金矿床矿石中毒砂及绿泥石矿物学特征方面的研究,进一步约束金山金矿床毒砂与绿泥石矿物形成物化条件,从而精细限定成矿环境演变过程;结合前人研究成果,约束金山金矿成矿环境,进而为金成矿机制提供理论支撑。
金山金矿床所处西秦岭中川地区构造位置上位于华北板块与扬子板块交汇部位(图1a),区域上经历了大陆裂解及洋盆演化、碰撞造山、板内伸展及陆内叠复造山等多期多次多阶段构造运动(姚书振等, 2002; 谭洪波, 2009; 袁兴伟, 2016;任纪舜等, 2019;李康宁等,2024)。
区域内褶皱和断裂构造发育,其中褶皱构造主要是位于区域中部的NW向石家河坝复式向斜,断裂构造按走向可分为NW、NWW、SWW和SW向4组。此外,区域内还发育数个NW向的次级褶皱和大量以NW–NWW和NE向为主的次级断裂。区域构造控制着本区沉积作用、岩浆活动和金、锑、铅锌等矿产的产出与分布,特别是褶皱背斜与断裂破碎带交汇部位往往形成厚大的金矿体(图1b)。
区域出露的地层主要为中泥盆统李坝群(D2Lb,又叫舒家坝组)、西汉水组(D2x)以及中石炭统下加岭组(C2x)。李坝群为一套由深水浊流沉积而成的以细碎屑岩为主的类复理石建造,自下而上分为3个岩性段,分别为板岩、斑点状板岩夹变质砂岩,板岩夹变质砂岩和斑点状板岩,以及变质石英砂岩、粉砂岩和板岩。西汉水组为一套浅海台地及陆棚相碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩沉积,从下到上可以分为4个岩性段,分别为变质石英砂岩夹片岩,大理岩、变质石英砂岩和片岩,片岩、变质石英砂岩夹大理岩,以及大理岩夹变质石英砂岩。下加岭组为一套滨–浅海相的正常沉积泥灰岩、硅质岩、泥岩、粉砂岩、砂岩建造,自下而上可分为4个岩性段,分别为千枚状板岩夹微晶灰岩;千枚状板岩和变质砂岩;变质石英砂岩以及变质石英砂岩和千枚状板岩(图1b)。
岩浆岩以位于矿区北部约为3.5 km处的中川岩体为代表,其在平面上呈同心环状分布,从外到内由边缘相的中–粗粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩、过渡相的中粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩、中心相的中–细粒等粒黑云母二长花岗岩组成。前人大量锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明,中川岩体岩浆作用时代主要集中于236~217 Ma (Zeng et al., 2012,2014;Zhu et al., 2013 )。
区域矿产资源丰富,以金矿床为主,其次为铀矿床(姜寒冰等,2024)。其中,金矿床(点)共计20余处,主要分布于中川岩体东北部、东部和南部(次级)断裂构造中,以中川岩体东北部的李坝金矿床和南部的金山和马泉金矿床为代表;铀矿床(点)主要发育于中川岩体中部及东部(图1b)。
金山矿区位于石家河坝复式向斜南翼的张凤坡次级背斜构造的南翼,地层大致呈NEE–NE向展布,断裂褶皱均较发育,矿区中部为门前沟向斜。矿区内未见有规模的岩体出露,只存在岩浆活动后期的石英闪长岩脉。脉体呈NE向、近SN走向,规模大小不一,受矿区构造控制较明显,多沿断层或裂隙贯入,与矿化关系密切(图2)。
矿区出露地层主要为中泥盆统李坝群第二、第三岩性段(D2Lb2、D2Lb3)以及中石炭统下加岭组第一岩性段(C2x1)(图2)。中泥盆统李坝群第二岩性段(D2Lb2)主要分布于矿区的西北部和南部,与上覆李坝群第三岩性段(D2Lb3)呈整合接触,岩性由灰–灰绿色、浅灰色中薄–中厚层变质粉砂岩、千枚状变质粉砂岩夹粉砂质板岩、千枚岩组成。矿区已发现的矿体主要位于本岩性段中。第三岩性段(D2Lb3)主要分布于矿区中西部,与上覆中石炭统下加岭组呈断层接触,主要岩石组合为变质含硅钙质结核千枚岩以及绢云母毒砂化千枚岩(图3b~图3e)。千枚岩是赋矿的主要岩石,次为板岩。含金矿化常与毒砂化、硅化和褐铁矿化关系密切,呈正相关。
围岩蚀变主要为硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、绿泥石化以及碳酸盐化。在成岩后的造山期,因广泛发育的低绿片岩相的区域变质作用及局部的接触变质作用,大部分泥质岩、钙质粉砂质泥岩等原岩中的黏土矿物发生重结晶,在应力作用下具定向排列;浅变质成具有千枚状构造、显微揉皱构造的绢云母千枚岩、粉砂质绢云母千枚岩、绢云绿泥千枚岩等变质岩。
矿区目前共圈定大小不等的金矿体共计154个,主要赋存于小峪河–金山–老沟金矿化带内(105个),主矿体为1、1-1、2、2-1、5号。规模、大小不等的金矿(化)体均产于近EW向的矿化带(构造蚀变带)内,空间上整体由北向南(1号-5号矿体)近于平行产出(图2)。其中,1号矿体位于小峪河–金山–老沟矿化带西段,Au品位为0.01 g/t~17.67 g/t,平均为2.20 g/t,品位变化系数105.76%,品位变化较均匀。
本次研究采集1号矿体野外露头以及钻孔样品共计8件(图2)。包括野外分别采集斑点状千枚岩及绢云绿泥千枚岩样品各3件(图3d、 图3e),钻孔中千枚岩矿石样品2件(图3 f、 图3g)。
金山金矿矿石类型以微细浸染型为主,与金矿化关系密切的蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化、赤铁矿化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化等中低温热液蚀变。矿石中主要金属矿物有黄铁矿、毒砂,非金属矿物主要为石英、绢云母、方解石、钾长石、钠长石、绿泥石、黑云母和金红石等,含量较少的矿物有闪锌矿、方铅矿、锆石、磷灰石等。常见矿石结构类型以自形、半自形–他形、填隙、包含结构为主。矿石构造主要有斑点状构造、星散浸染状构造、脉状网脉状构造等。
斑点状构造主要发育于斑点状千枚岩中(图3d),由于后期的热液蚀变和矿化作用,常见硅化、方解石化沿早期的钙质、硅质斑点交代,并伴有一定的细粒毒砂、黄铁矿生成,这些矿石矿物常呈细粒集合体分布,构成了蚀变千枚岩中的斑点状构造。除斑点状毒砂外,在细脉浸染状矿石中常见有大部分毒砂和部分黄铁矿呈星散浸染状分布于蚀变岩中,毒砂颗粒较小,呈稀疏浸染状分布(图3b、图3e、图3g)。
根据野外及镜下观察到的矿物之间的相互关系,结合陇南紫金矿业有限公司前期的工作及认识,本次研究将金山金矿床的金矿化划分为2期、3个阶段,分别为成岩–浅变质期(阶段I)、热液成矿期(阶段Ⅱ、阶段Ⅲ)两个成矿期。其中,热液成矿期又分为金–石英–硫化物(阶段Ⅱ)、金–硫化物–碳酸盐(阶段Ⅲ)两个阶段(图4)。
毒砂是金山金矿区重要的载金矿物,其产出形式主要为浸染状,多呈自形细长棱柱状晶体,粒度大小不等。根据镜下观察到的毒砂与黄铁矿、菱铁矿等矿物的共生组合关系,将其划分为热液成矿期中金–石英–硫化物(阶段Ⅱ)以及金–硫化物–碳酸盐(阶段Ⅲ)两个阶段(图5a~图5g),进一步分为Apy-Ⅱ1、Apy-Ⅱ2、Apy-Ⅲ(图4)。
Apy-Ⅱ1多呈自形短柱、棱柱状包裹于黄铁矿之中,BSE图像下呈均质亮白色,正交偏光下非均质性显著,呈褐黄色–灰蓝色,自形–半自形结构,粒径约为100~120 μm(图5e);Apy-Ⅱ2多呈长柱、棱柱状分散于黄铁矿周围,BSE图像下呈均质亮白色,正交偏光下呈褐黄色–灰蓝色,自形–半自形结构,粒径约为100~130 μm(图5a、 图5f);Apy-Ⅲ发育于斑点状构造之中,多呈长柱状,粒径较大(150~200 μm),内部见有菱铁矿的出溶物以及石英的填充,为晚期成矿特征矿物(图5g)。
绿泥石是金山金矿床中分布较为广泛的热液蚀变产物之一。通过野外观察以及镜下鉴定,金山金矿床成岩–浅变质期及热液成矿期各阶段均发育绿泥石,对应为Chl-Ⅰ、Chl-Ⅱ和Chl-Ⅲ(图4)。
Chl-Ⅰ呈鳞片状、蠕虫状,自形程度较好(图5b、 图5d、图5 h),粒径为100~300 μm,为成岩–浅变质期绿泥石;Chl-Ⅱ在金山金矿床中分布广泛,与石英空间关系密切,多具重结晶结构(图5b~图5c, 图5h~图5j),形状大小不一,自形程度较低,为热液成矿期金–石英–硫化物阶段产物;Chl-Ⅲ发育于Apy-Ⅲ及菱铁矿周围(图5c、图5d、图5g),多被石英、方解石交代,为热液成矿期金–硫化物–碳酸盐阶段产物。
本次研究选取了不同成矿阶段的矿石样品共计8件(图2)。在前期显微透、反射光详细观察的基础上,应用电子探针及BSE对圈定的毒砂及绿泥石化学成分进行逐个定量分析,单点分析时间为90 s。电子探针分析(EPMA)在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成,分析仪器为JEOL JXA-8230 EPMA,实验条件为加速电压15kV,电流20 nA,分析束斑直径设定为2 μm,测试标准为GB/T 15074-2008。
本次实验共计测试毒砂和绿泥石61点,其中包括毒砂36点;绿泥石24点,具体样品分析及计算结果(表1、表2)。本次研究中绿泥石电子探针分析结果采用28个氧原子标准计算。
金山金矿Apy-Ⅱ1共测试12个点,As含量为41.50%~44.98%,原子百分数为30.45%~31.38%,平均值为30.73%;Fe含量为34.85%~35.66%;S含量为20.90%~21.98%,原子百分数为35.27%~35.84%,平均值为35.55%。Apy-Ⅱ2共测试13个点,As含量为41.38%~44.43%,原子百分数为30.15%~31.42%,平均值为31.03%;Fe含量为34.81%~35.89%;S含量为20.43%~21.24%,原子百分数为34.27%~35.21%,平均值为34.86%。Apy-Ⅲ共测试11个点,As含量为43.83%~45.43%,原子百分数为32.29%~32.81%,平均值为32.61%;Fe含量为33.94%~35.40%;S含量为19.01%~20.52%,原子百分数为33.12%~33.59%,平均值为33.35%(表1)。总体上自Apy-Ⅱ1至Apy-Ⅲ阶段,As原子百分比呈明显逐渐上升趋势,S原子百分比呈明显逐渐下降趋势。
前人研究表明,当绿泥石中w(Na2O+K2O+CaO)值大于0.5%时,绿泥石成分存在不同程度的混染,而若该值小于0.5%,则表示未受影响(Foster, 1962; Hiller et al., 1991; Zang et al., 1995),进而可以进行矿物温度、氧逸度等计算(Vidal et al., 2001)。金山金矿中3阶段绿泥石中w(Na2O+K2O+CaO)值为0.01%~0.49%,平均值为0.18%,均小于0.5%,故均可参加后续的计算及讨论。
金山金矿各阶段绿泥石电子探针分析结果及其结构式及特征值(表2)(采用以28个氧原子为标准计算)显示,金山金矿绿泥石自Chl-I至Chl-Ⅲ的SiO2(24.37%~29.30%)、Al2O3(16.48%~21.49%)和MnO(0.01%~0.32%)含量变化范围较小,而FeO(18.31%~33.11%)和MgO(9.91%~18.14%)含量变化范围相对较大。此外,Chl-Ⅰ、 Chl-Ⅱ和Chl-Ⅲ中FeO平均含量分别为38.40%,21.73%和21.17%,而MgO平均含量分别为5.82%,15.65%和15.99%,总体表现出随着成矿作用的进行,FeO含量逐渐降低,而MgO含量逐渐升高的特征。
金山金矿床Apy-Ⅱ1与黄铁矿具有一定的共生组合关系(图5e),Apy-Ⅱ2与黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿具有稳定矿物共生组合(图5f),根据各阶段矿物共生组合关系将毒砂As 原子百分数投于lgf(S2)–温度(t)关系图解(图6;Kretschmar et al., 1976; Sharp et al., 1985)中,以获取毒砂形成环境信息。结果表明,金山金矿Apy-Ⅱ1形成温度普遍高于300 ℃,为340~370 ℃,中值为355 ℃;Apy-Ⅱ2温度相对Apy-Ⅱ1较低,为310~380 ℃,中值为345 ℃。Apy-Ⅱ1中lgf(S2)为−7.9~−9.3,中值为−8.6;Apy-Ⅱ2中lgf(S2)降低为−8.2~−10.6,中值为−9.4。研究表明,在低氧逸度以及中性PH条件下,菱铁矿会对砷酸盐(As-Ⅲ)以及亚砷酸盐(As-V)具有不同程度的吸附作用(Seon et al., 2022)。金山金矿床中Apy-Ⅲ主要与菱铁矿共生,因此,笔者认为Apy-Ⅲ中较高的As原子百分比(32.29%~32.81%)可能源于金–硫化物–碳酸盐阶段菱铁矿的吸附作用,应用lgfS2–温度(t)关系图解可能导致温度以及硫逸度过高。此外,金山金矿床各阶段毒砂As原子百分数与S原子百分数具有明显负相关性,表明金山金矿床中As对S发生取代进入毒砂中(图7)。
绿泥石结构式为$ {\left({R}_{X}^{2+}{R}_{X}^{3+}{\square }_{6-x-y}\right)}_{6}^{VI} {({Si}_{z}{R}_{4-z}^{3+})}_{4}^{IV} {O}_{10}{\left(OH\right)}_{8} $,其中R2+代表Fe2+、Mg2+等二价阳离子,R3+代表Fe3+等三价阳离子,$ \square $代表八面体空位(Bourdelle et al., 2013)。由于其结构的复杂性,内部阳离子存在着大量的置换关系,其类型及种属难以厘定(Inoue et al., 2009)。Hey(1954)最先利用绿泥石中Fe、Mg、Si等离子之间的置换关系对绿泥石进行了分类。Deer et al. (1962)基于Fe2+/R2+和SiIV结构位置上的成分对绿泥石进行区分。Wiewióra et al. (1990)提出了一种既考虑化学成分又考虑矿物结构的分类方案。Zane et al. (1998)在此基础上利用三角图解简化方案,可以同时确定绿泥石结构类型以及绿泥石的命名。
文中应用上述3种分类方法,以28和14个氧原子为基准,对金山金矿床中不同阶段的绿泥石进行主量元素投图分析(图8)。基于成分分类的方案来看(图8a),Chl-Ⅰ主要分布于鲕绿泥石与铁镁绿泥石混合区域,Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ主要分布于蠕绿泥石(铁绿泥石)区域;基于结构分类的方案来看(图8b),Chl-Ⅰ靠近斜绿泥石端元,而Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ更靠近透绿泥石端元;从三角图解来看(图8c),金山金矿所有绿泥石均属Type Ⅰ三八面体结构,Chl-Ⅰ为铁绿泥石(鲕绿泥石),而Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ属于镁绿泥石(斜绿泥石)。综上所述,Chl-Ⅰ主要为以沉积成因为主,而Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ主要为热液成因,其高Mg值可能代表绿泥石可能受成矿阶段的流体成分的影响,带入了部分Mg元素。
热液环境中的温度– 压力、全岩的化学组成以及其他物理化学条件变化致使绿泥石内部阳离子替代机制广泛(Inoue et al., 2009)。不同成分和结构的绿泥石之所以能够反映其形成环境,是由于在不同温度下绿泥石的离子替代关系和占据空间的能力不同,因此有必要先分析绿泥石中Fe2+、Mg2+、AlⅣ、AlⅥ等主要阳离子的相互关系(Vidal et al., 2001; Shu et al., 2017)。在绿泥石晶格中,四面体的位置上主要被Si和AlIV占据,八面体位置上主要分布Mg、Fe和AlVI等阳离子,绿泥石阳离子置换存在3种方式:①Fe2+=Mg2+(FM)。②Tschermak(TK):AlIVAlVI=SiIV(Mg, Fe2+)VI。③二八–三八面体替换(DT):3(Mg2+, Fe2+)=$ \square $+2AlVI(Bourdelle et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2020; 刘强等, 2022 )。
绿泥石Fe-Mg图解(图9a)显示,金山金矿中绿泥石的Fe与Mg表现出较好的负相关性(R2=0.94),表明在八面体位置上Fe与Mg置换占有重要比例。Xie et al. (1997)认为,Fe与Mg置换过程中能够使绿泥石内部结构发生变动,导致四面体上的AlIV更易置换Si。在Si-AlIV图解(图9b)中,各类样品中绿泥石投影点具有十分一致的相关性(R2=1),表明金山金矿中绿泥石Mg-Fe置换十分强烈。AlⅣ/AlⅥ图解(图9c)显示,AlⅥ-Mg置换强于四面体内发生的AlⅣ对Si的置换,且相关性较小(R2=0.80),表明金山金矿绿泥石中Si的置换相对较弱。此外,Mg-Fe+AlVI图解(图9d)显示,金山金矿床中各类绿泥石的Fe+AlVI与Mg都具有较强的负相关性(R2=0.97),表明在八面体位置上主要是Fe、Al 与Mg三者之间的置换(Zhang et al., 2020)。综上所述,金山金矿各阶段绿泥石在八面体位置上主要以Mg-Fe-Al置换为主,表明FM以及TK两种置换方式均为金山金矿床中绿泥石的重要离子替换机制。
绿泥石作为一种稳定的中低温热液蚀变矿物,其非化学计量成分变化提供了关于物理化学条件的非常有用的信息(Inoue et al., 2009)。McDowell et al. (1980)研究认为,绿泥石AlIV占有率和/或八面体空位与其形成温度之间存在一定的相关关系,随之衍生出一系列绿泥石温度计,如经验性温度计(Cathelineau et al., 1985; Jowett, 1991)、面网间距温度计(Battaglia, 1999)、绿泥石结晶度温度计等。
目前,绿泥石面网间距(d001)(Nieto, 1997)及Mg-Fe-Al(Jowett, 1991)温度计应用最为广泛。其中,面网间距(d001)与绿泥石形成温度之间的关系可以用电子探针所得数据经公式:d001(0.1 nm)=14.339-0.1155AlIV-0.02Fe2+计算,最终可得公式T ℃=(14.379-d001(0.1 nm))/0.01。Jowett(1991)考虑了Fe、Mg以及Al的影响,在满足条件Fe2+/(Mg2++Fe2+)<0.6的基础上,提出绿泥石温度计算公式:
$ T_{91-Al^{IV}}=319*\left(\left(Al_{O_{14}}^{IV}\right)+\left(0.1*\frac{Fe}{\left(Fe+Mg\right)}\right)\right)-69 $
金山金矿绿泥石在八面体位置上主要以Mg、Fe、Al置换为主,采用Jowett(1991)的绿泥石温度计更为恰当。此外,由于Chl-I中Fe2+/(Mg2++Fe2+)为0.78~0.80,Chl-I采用Battaglia(1999)的面网间距温度计。
计算结果表明,金山金矿中Chl-I温度值为192~204 ℃,平均为196.4 ℃;Chl-Ⅱ温度值为326~339 ℃,平均为338.3 ℃;Chl-Ⅲ温度值为296~325 ℃,平均为309.8 ℃。热液成矿期绿泥石Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ温度存在降低趋势(图10b),属中低温热液作用的产物。
绿泥石的化学成分不仅可以反映其结晶温度,利用Walshe(1986)、Bryndzia et al. (1987)总结绿泥石的C3、C6端元的活度和含量也可以估算其形成时流体的氧逸度和硫逸度。本次研究利用郑作平等(1997)在Walshe(1986)拟合研究基础上总结的绿泥石C3端元与C6端元反应,采用lgfO2以及lgfS2计算公式:lgfO2=4(lga6−lga3−-lgK1);lgfS2=1/7(4 lgfO2−lga3-lgK2)。
其中,lgK1使用Inoue et al. (2018)的公式:
lgK1=−1.926+6075.8/(t+273.15)
lgK2使用郑作平等(1997)的公式:
lgK2=−34.29−13803.1/t+0.003227t
式中:$ {a}_{3}=59.72{\left({X}_{Fe,O}^{2+}\right)}^{5}\left({X}_{Al,O}\right)\left({X}_{Si,t}\right)\left({X}_{Al,t}\right) $;$ {a}_{6}=729 \left({X}_{Fe,O}^{2+}\right)\left({X}_{Fe,O}^{3+}\right)\left({X}_{Al,O}\right)\left({X}_{Si,t}\right)\left({X}_{Al,t}\right) $;$ {X}_{i,j} $为i离子在j次配位上离子总数的摩尔分数;t代表计算的绿泥石形成温度。
结果表明,金山金矿中Chl-I的硫逸度为−9.57~−9.54,平均为−9.74;氧逸度为−42.93~−43.71,平均为−43.26。Chl-Ⅱ的硫逸度为−4.8~−5.63,平均为−5.16;氧逸度为−26.73~−28.85,平均为−28.03。Chl-Ⅲ的硫逸度为−4.51~−5.47,平均为−5.18;氧逸度为−28~−29.82,平均为−28.93。热液成矿期绿泥石Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ的氧逸度和硫逸度存在降低趋势(图10b),总体形成于低硫逸度、氧逸度环境。
绿泥石中Fe对Mg的替换可以指示形成环境相对偏酸性,而Mg 对Fe 的替换则指示形成环境相对偏碱性(艾永富等, 1998; 郭国林等, 2012; 张娟等, 2021 )。金山金矿中Chl-I的Fe/(Fe+Mg)值为0.78~0.80,平均为0.79;Chl-Ⅱ的Fe/(Fe+Mg)值为0.42~0.46,平均为0.44;Chl-Ⅲ的Fe/(Fe+Mg)值为0.38~0.44,均值为0.41,表明从成岩–浅变质期到热液成矿期,流体pH性质由酸性逐渐向中–弱碱性演化,与在矿区内发现的成岩–浅变质期(阶段I)石英–绢云母–绿泥石组合以及热液成矿期金–硫化物–碳酸盐(阶段Ⅲ)发育大量碳酸盐脉的现象相吻合。值得注意的是,Chl-Ⅲ中存在一处测点Fe/(Fe+Mg)值为0.62,明显高于平均值(0.41),可能与在中性pH条件下菱铁矿会对砷酸盐以及亚砷酸盐的吸附作用相关(Seon et al., 2022)。
对于金山金矿床的物化环境,前人曾对热液成矿期黄铁矿及毒砂进行爆裂温度测试(谭洪波, 2009),但所测样品数量较少(6件样品),温度变化较大(140~280 ℃),且未得到各阶段具体的氧逸度、硫逸度范围,未能精细的限定金山金矿成岩–浅变质期及热液成矿期的物化特征(图10a)。
根据金山金矿床毒砂与绿泥石物理化学特征,认为金山金矿成岩–浅变质期的Chl-I具有低温(192~204 ℃)、低氧逸度(−42.93~−43.71)、硫逸度(−9.57~−9.54)及低pH值的特征;热液成矿期Chl-Ⅱ及Apy-Ⅱ1~2温度(345~355 ℃)、氧逸度(−26.73~−28.35)、硫逸度(−7.9~−10.2)及pH值相较I阶段显著升高;热液成矿期的Ⅲ阶段存在温度、氧逸度及硫逸度呈降低趋势(图10b)。
金山矿床中金主要以不可见金与自然金两种形式赋存,硫化物晶格中主要为显微不可见金,主要载体矿物为毒砂,其次是黄铁矿。Au和As元素具有相似的化学性质。因此,在低硫逸度以及高pH值的条件下,金能以Au-As类质同象进入毒砂中,并于毒砂中形成了大量的不可见金(孙思辰等, 2018)。电子探针数据显示,金山金矿床热液成矿期Apy-Ⅱ1至Apy-Ⅲ中As与S呈负相关关系(图7),表明As3−取代了S2−进入毒砂晶体(Velásquez et al., 2014),伴随着过量的As 进入毒砂中,为保持电价平衡,Au3+取代毒砂中的Fe2+ ,形成晶格金(Arehart et al., 1993)。
研究表明,Au在热液中通常以Au-Cl络合物形式形成于高氧逸度的富Cl中高温热液中,或以Au-S络合物形式出现在富H2S的中低温热液中(Gibert et al., 1998; Wildler, 2002; Phillips et al., 2010)。金山金矿床内硫化物发育,电子探针分析结果表明热液成矿期Apy-Ⅱ1~2及Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ形成时的温度及氧逸度相对较低(350~300 ℃、–40~−28),因此推测Au主要以Au-S络合物中的Au(HS)2–1形式迁移。
前人研究表明,沸腾作用是导致热液矿床中金沉淀的主要因素(Cook et al., 2001; Simmons et al., 2005)。在热液成矿期,随着成矿流体的不断聚集,成矿流体从深部向地表上升时经历的是一个降压过程,当静水压降低到该流体的饱和气体压力时,伴随流体的上升和断裂地张开,就会产生沸腾作用。沸腾作用可使CO2等酸性组分从原先均匀的流体中不断逸出,导致流体的PH值及盐度升高,提高流体中Au的浓度至过饱和,同时也降低了流体的缓冲能力导致Au(HS)2–1失稳,从而促进Au的沉淀(Phillips et al., 2004)。此外,当Au以Au(HS)2–1的形式运移时,当温度为450~200 ℃,pH值趋于中性时,温度的降低可导致金的溶解度呈指数降低。
金山金矿区内断层泥及构造角砾岩化现象发育(图3a),且毒砂及绿泥石物理化学特征显示I~Ⅱ阶段温度及pH值显著升高(图10b),表明存在大量CO2等酸性组分流失,推测热液成矿期存在强烈的沸腾作用发生。金山金矿床热液成矿期Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段毒砂及绿泥石温度、硫逸度及氧逸度具有降低的趋势,表明温度、压力及流体中的S含量明显下降(图10b),大量的自然金沉淀表明含金络合物大量分解。金以Au-As类质同象进入毒砂中,并于毒砂中形成了大量的不可见金。
综上所述,结合各阶段毒砂、绿泥石物理化学条件,笔者认为金山金矿床在热液成矿期Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段存在显著的沸腾作用。沸腾作用致使Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段温度及硫逸度存在降低趋势,促进Au以自然金形式大规模沉淀,并在低硫逸度及中性pH值的条件下以Au-As类质同象于毒砂中,形成了大量的不可见金。
(1)金山金矿床存在成岩–浅变质期及热液成矿期两个主要成矿期,其中热液成矿期又分为金–石英–硫化物以及金–硫化物–碳酸盐两个阶段。成岩–浅变质期绿泥石(Chl-I)主要为铁绿泥石,热液成矿期绿泥石(Chl-Ⅱ~Chl-Ⅲ)主要为镁绿泥石。
(2)金山金矿成岩–浅变质期的Chl-I具有低温、低氧逸度、硫逸度及低pH值的特征,热液成矿期Chl-Ⅱ及Apy-Ⅱ1~2温度、氧逸度、硫逸度及pH值相较I阶段显著升高,随后在热液成矿期的Ⅲ阶段温度、氧逸度及硫逸度降低,推测热液成矿期存在强烈的流体混合及沸腾作用发生。
(3)沸腾作用致使金山金矿床热液成矿期Ⅱ~Ⅲ阶段温度、压力及流体中的S含量明显下降,从而促进Au以自然金形式大规模沉淀,并在低硫逸度及中性pH值的条件下以Au-As类质同象于毒砂及黄铁矿中形成了大量的不可见金。

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2026年第59卷第1期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025048
  • 接收时间:2024-02-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-05
  • 修回日期:2024-07-08
  • 录用日期:2025-03-26
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    1中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心,陕西 西安 710100
    2中国地质调查局金矿勘查技术创新中心,陕西 西安 710100
    3山东招金地质勘查有限公司,山东 招远 265400
    4陇南资金矿业有限公司,甘肃 陇南 746005

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范堡程(1983−),男,正高级工程师,主要从事矿产地质调查与找矿预测工作。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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