Article(id=1307086865677443582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12401/j.nwg.2025032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=1738684800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-05, acceptedDate=1742054400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-16, onlineDate=1789563393277, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789563393277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789563393277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789563393277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307086317918122434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='328', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789563262680, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789616239746, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307308519917638394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, issueId=1307086317918122434, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=207, endPage=218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307086867212558848, articleId=1307086865677443582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=EN, title=Tectonic Characteristics and Mechanism of the Yellow River Flowing Zone on the Northeasten Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Example from Lanzhou-Shapotou Section, columnId=null, journalTitle=Northwestern Geology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to unravel the genetic mechanism governing the high-angle sharp bends of the Yellow River channel that cut across mountain ranges within the Lanzhou–Zhongwei Shapotou reach on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, as well as to clarify the controlling effects of fault structures on the formation and long-term evolution of the river channel. Integrating field geological surveys, remote sensing interpretation, and regional geological analysis with tectonic geomorphology, this study focused on the geological structural characteristics of the two representative high-angle bend segments at Luoquanwan in Lanzhou and Wufo Township in Jingtai. The distribution and activity properties of fault systems were analyzed to evaluate their impacts on the spatial alignment of the Yellow River channel. Our results demonstrate that the Lanzhou–Zhongwei reach of the Yellow River is predominantly aligned along NE-, NEE-, and NW-trending fault zones, with particularly strong control exerted by NE-trending extensional strike-slip faults. These faults represent the key structural driver that facilitated river incision through mountain ranges and triggered channel avulsions. At both Luoquanwan and Wufo Township, the river did not follow the pre-existing NW–SE trending piedmont depression zones for natural downstream propagation, instead, it developed near right-angle sharp bends and cut across or obliquely traversed the NW-SE trending mountain ranges. The Yellow River channel predominantly develops within tectonic junctions and structural fracture zones formed by regional faults. The intersection, strike-slip, and thrusting of NE-trending and NW–NWW-trending faults collectively contribute to the short-line, high-angle bends of the river channel and its traversal of topographically elevated mountain systems. The Yellow River channel is primarily developed within tectonic junctions and structural fracture or fault crush zones formed by regional fault systems. Fault structures are the dominant controlling factor governing the channel extension and bending, particularly in driving the river to deviate from its original main course direction, dissect mountains, and traverse or obliquely cut across mountain systems via short-line, high-angle bends.

, authors=Fenghao DUAN1, 2, Qian WANG3, Yongjun LI3, *, Jianbing PENG1, 2, Panlong WANG3, Sanyou CHENG3, authorsList=Fenghao DUAN, Qian WANG, Yongjun LI, Jianbing PENG, Panlong WANG, Sanyou CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongjun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Northwestern Geology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307086871633355279, articleId=1307086865677443582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, language=CN, title=青藏高原东北缘黄河流经带地质构造特征及成因机制:以兰州–中卫沙坡头河段为例, columnId=1307047819974570720, journalTitle=西北地质, columnName=非主题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了揭示青藏高原东北缘兰州–中卫沙坡头河段黄河河道大角度拐弯横穿山系的的成因机制,明确断裂构造对河道形成与演化的控制作用。通过野外地质调查、遥感影像解译与区域地质资料分析,结合构造地貌学方法,重点解剖黄河在兰州罗泉湾和景泰五佛乡两处大角度拐弯段的地质构造特征,分析断裂系统的展布、活动性质及其对河道展布的控制作用。黄河兰州–中卫段河道主要沿NE向、NEE向及NW向断裂带发育,尤其受NE向张性走滑断裂控制显著,是劈山开谷、引导河流改道的关键因素。在兰州罗泉湾和景泰五佛乡两地,河道均未沿原有NW–SE向山前凹陷带自然延伸,而是突然发生近直角拐弯,横穿或斜穿NW–SE向山系。黄河河道多发育于构造单元结合部及区域性断裂形成的构造破碎带内。NE向断裂与NW–NWW向断裂的交切、走滑和推覆作用,共同导致河道发生短线式、大角度拐弯并横穿地貌上相对较高的山系。黄河河道大多产于大地构造单元结合部和区域性断裂带形成的构造破碎带、断层碎裂岩带中。断裂构造是控制河道延伸与拐弯,尤其是劈山开谷、引导黄河偏离原主河道方向,大角度短线式横穿或斜穿山系的主控因素。

, authors=段丰浩1, 2, 王芊3, 李永军3, *, 彭建兵1, 2, 王盼龙3, 程三友3, authorsList=段丰浩, 王芊, 李永军, 彭建兵, 王盼龙, 程三友, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李永军, authorNote=

段丰浩(1991−),男,讲师,主要从事构造地质学研究。E−mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李永军(1961−),男,博士生导师,主要从事区域地质学及构造地质学教学与科研。E−mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《西北地质》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9r7+nxDVmGRnzg6AGKeuPg==, magXml=0+Mj0DYgSGyCjcvXSV+/Uw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=84ZgWhCJMr2V50IjLgr/tA==, pdfFileSize=7376539, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Gdhvyd6TB1OgIDtDCbZ2qg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ktvrgd1wEKdpvWZ0VfH2yg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1307086872132477467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086865677443582, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=chddfh@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1307086872212169246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274195778404443, articleId=1307086865677443582, authorId=1307086872132477467, language=EN, stringName=Fenghao DUAN, firstName=Fenghao, middleName=null, lastName=DUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
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段丰浩(1991−),男,讲师,主要从事构造地质学研究。E−mail:

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a. 地层产状示意;b. 河道断裂破碎带;c. 黄河河道断裂;d. 断裂与地层产状示意

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青藏高原东北缘黄河流经带地质构造特征及成因机制:以兰州–中卫沙坡头河段为例
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段丰浩 1, 2 , 王芊 3 , 李永军 3, * , 彭建兵 1, 2 , 王盼龙 3 , 程三友 3
西北地质 | 非主题 2026,59(2): 207-218
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西北地质 |非主题 2026 , 59 (2) : 207 -218
青藏高原东北缘黄河流经带地质构造特征及成因机制:以兰州–中卫沙坡头河段为例
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段丰浩1, 2 , 王芊3, 李永军3, * , 彭建兵1, 2, 王盼龙3, 程三友3
作者信息
  • 1长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2陕西省黄河科学研究院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
通讯作者:
李永军(1961−),男,博士生导师,主要从事区域地质学及构造地质学教学与科研。E−mail:。
作者简介:

段丰浩(1991−),男,讲师,主要从事构造地质学研究。E−mail:

Tectonic Characteristics and Mechanism of the Yellow River Flowing Zone on the Northeasten Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Example from Lanzhou-Shapotou Section
Fenghao DUAN1, 2 , Qian WANG3, Yongjun LI3, * , Jianbing PENG1, 2, Panlong WANG3, Sanyou CHENG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 2Academy of Yellow River Sciences of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 3School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025032
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为了揭示青藏高原东北缘兰州–中卫沙坡头河段黄河河道大角度拐弯横穿山系的的成因机制,明确断裂构造对河道形成与演化的控制作用。通过野外地质调查、遥感影像解译与区域地质资料分析,结合构造地貌学方法,重点解剖黄河在兰州罗泉湾和景泰五佛乡两处大角度拐弯段的地质构造特征,分析断裂系统的展布、活动性质及其对河道展布的控制作用。黄河兰州–中卫段河道主要沿NE向、NEE向及NW向断裂带发育,尤其受NE向张性走滑断裂控制显著,是劈山开谷、引导河流改道的关键因素。在兰州罗泉湾和景泰五佛乡两地,河道均未沿原有NW–SE向山前凹陷带自然延伸,而是突然发生近直角拐弯,横穿或斜穿NW–SE向山系。黄河河道多发育于构造单元结合部及区域性断裂形成的构造破碎带内。NE向断裂与NW–NWW向断裂的交切、走滑和推覆作用,共同导致河道发生短线式、大角度拐弯并横穿地貌上相对较高的山系。黄河河道大多产于大地构造单元结合部和区域性断裂带形成的构造破碎带、断层碎裂岩带中。断裂构造是控制河道延伸与拐弯,尤其是劈山开谷、引导黄河偏离原主河道方向,大角度短线式横穿或斜穿山系的主控因素。

黄河  /  河道成因  /  大角度拐弯  /  青藏高原  /  兰州–中卫

This study aims to unravel the genetic mechanism governing the high-angle sharp bends of the Yellow River channel that cut across mountain ranges within the Lanzhou–Zhongwei Shapotou reach on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, as well as to clarify the controlling effects of fault structures on the formation and long-term evolution of the river channel. Integrating field geological surveys, remote sensing interpretation, and regional geological analysis with tectonic geomorphology, this study focused on the geological structural characteristics of the two representative high-angle bend segments at Luoquanwan in Lanzhou and Wufo Township in Jingtai. The distribution and activity properties of fault systems were analyzed to evaluate their impacts on the spatial alignment of the Yellow River channel. Our results demonstrate that the Lanzhou–Zhongwei reach of the Yellow River is predominantly aligned along NE-, NEE-, and NW-trending fault zones, with particularly strong control exerted by NE-trending extensional strike-slip faults. These faults represent the key structural driver that facilitated river incision through mountain ranges and triggered channel avulsions. At both Luoquanwan and Wufo Township, the river did not follow the pre-existing NW–SE trending piedmont depression zones for natural downstream propagation, instead, it developed near right-angle sharp bends and cut across or obliquely traversed the NW-SE trending mountain ranges. The Yellow River channel predominantly develops within tectonic junctions and structural fracture zones formed by regional faults. The intersection, strike-slip, and thrusting of NE-trending and NW–NWW-trending faults collectively contribute to the short-line, high-angle bends of the river channel and its traversal of topographically elevated mountain systems. The Yellow River channel is primarily developed within tectonic junctions and structural fracture or fault crush zones formed by regional fault systems. Fault structures are the dominant controlling factor governing the channel extension and bending, particularly in driving the river to deviate from its original main course direction, dissect mountains, and traverse or obliquely cut across mountain systems via short-line, high-angle bends.

Yellow River  /  causes of river channel  /  high-angle bends  /  Qinghai-Tibet Plateau  /  Lanzhou–Zhongwei
段丰浩, 王芊, 李永军, 彭建兵, 王盼龙, 程三友. 青藏高原东北缘黄河流经带地质构造特征及成因机制:以兰州–中卫沙坡头河段为例. 西北地质, 2026 , 59 (2) : 207 -218 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025032
Fenghao DUAN, Qian WANG, Yongjun LI, Jianbing PENG, Panlong WANG, Sanyou CHENG. Tectonic Characteristics and Mechanism of the Yellow River Flowing Zone on the Northeasten Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Example from Lanzhou-Shapotou Section[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2026 , 59 (2) : 207 -218 . DOI: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025032
长期以来,地貌演化对黄河的形成与演化有决定性作用,并且将夷平面视为确定深切河谷(潘保田等,1995,2002a,2002b;Pan et al.,2012;莫钦鸿,2022;胡金鑫等,2025)以及河流形成演化最直接的证据(Maddy et al.,2001;Pan et al.,2011;Hu et al.,2016;杨涛等,2025)。基于这一基本思想,有两个极为重要的问题值得深思:一是地貌演化对黄河之所以能产生一定作用,是建立在“构造相对稳定的背景下,长期的侵蚀作用使前期形成的地层、构造变形和地形被夷平,最终形成跨水系并逐渐降低直至与海平面平缓衔接的准平原”这一理论基础上(李吉均,1996,1998,1999)。然而,黄河的形成与演化,多是发生在构造相对活跃时期,尤其是断裂构造发育极为强烈的过程中(Holbrook et al.,1999;Wang et al.,2014;Su et al.,2019;李正晨等,2021)。已有大量地质事实证明,现代大型河流的源头大多位于大型造山带(林旭等,2024),地球上一旦发生大规模的洋–陆、陆–陆碰撞,构造隆起过程可能产生大型河流(Brookfield et al.,1998;刘静等,2018)。二是究竟是河流塑造地表地貌?还是地貌在约束控制河道?如果地貌演化过程是河流形成、发育与演化的主控因素,又是什么机制在控制地貌的演化过程,真正直接约束控制河道的机制究竟是什么?
地貌学尤其是夷平面是以记录深切河谷形成的过程、时间等为主线。黄河的形成与演化中,还有一个极为重要的记录信息是河道的产出位置、形态与变化、河道与两岸地质体间的关系,尤其是离开原流向,突然折线式大角度(大多呈直角状)拐弯,横穿地势上总体相对较高的山系,这显然难以用地貌学观点合理解释,是否还有比地貌演化更重要、更直接的诱发因素或控河机制?黄河的突然改道,是在突发构造重大事件条件下,而非构造相对稳定的背景。在银川和河套地区,黄河河道沿主要断裂带(如贺兰山东麓断裂和银川地堑)展布,晚新生代以来的构造演化,控制着河道空间分布河流的侵蚀和沉积过程,断裂活动导致的局部抬升和沉降是黄河河道改到与地貌演化的重要驱动力(Deng et al.,1984;Zhang et al.,1990;王凯等,2023)。因此,阶地、夷平面等地貌记录,尽管对河流的形成与演化具有一定的价值,但寻找更为直接的证据才是本文的主题。
青藏高原是一个由多条山脉与相间条带状盆地复合而成的造山系,总体NWW–NW向延伸并且略向NE凸出,地势上整体西高东低。发育在青藏高原东北段的黄河,按常理应该沿着高原两两山系夹持的近SEE向盆地向东流淌,但为何河道在某些地段不合常理,没有沿着山前顺地势自然东流,而是突然发生大角度拐弯,横穿或斜穿地貌上远高于原河道的山系。
第一个实例是黄河兰州段在榆中县罗泉湾的诡异拐弯。西固–兰州段的河道在NWW–SEE向南、北两山夹持的断陷盆地中(图1)。河之南为兰州南山(属皋兰山系),河之北为白塔山–马刺梁–魏家大山。从地貌地势上来看,兰州市雁滩以东直至榆中县罗泉湾一带,仍然处在两山夹一河的总体格架内,罗泉湾及其以东的金崖镇(海拔为1550 m)–夏官营镇一带仍是兰州盆地的东沿段,与兰州中山黄河铁桥处的海拔1520 m接近,从白塔山–夏官营镇之北的王家山一带,山系总体连续,山脉的走向并未发生较大变化。如果没有断裂的破坏和现今黄河河道的侵蚀,马刺梁与青城山之间不会存在大的峡谷,总体可能是相连的(图1b),尤其是罗泉湾–金崖镇是一个与兰州盆地走向相连的河床阶地(图1a)。可以推测,如果黄河一直由罗泉湾向东,金崖镇、夏官营镇一带的河谷海拔如果有黄河的侵蚀作用发生,极易低于兰州中山黄河铁桥处的海拔1520 m,从河道流向趋势和古地貌地形来看,河道应该首选罗泉湾向金崖镇方向流淌,向东后极容易汇入渭河。也有文献指出,黄河曾经在始新世于此地东流汇入渭河(Lin et al.,2001)。但奇怪的是,在更新世之后,黄河却在罗泉湾大角度(夹角约100°)短线式拐弯NE向横穿白塔山(海拔为1553 m)–魏家大山(海拔为2371 m)–青城山(海拔为2484 m)。
第二个实例是黄河诡异穿越景泰县五佛乡–中卫市沙坡头段(图1c)。黄河到达石林公园之西的龙湾村后,并没有选择沿NWW向盆山边缘凹陷带(预选A线)前行,而是近SN向横穿哈思山(如果没有石林公园一带近SN向断裂作用和黄河的侵蚀,哈思山东西两端总体极大可能是相连的(图1d),并且到达五佛乡后也没有选择沿五佛乡(海拔为1300~1400 m)–景泰县城(海拔为 1274 m)方向相对低洼的山前洪积阶地(预选B线)前行,而是斜穿海拔远高于五佛乡–景泰县城的大草墩山(海拔为1691~2113 m)、香山(西段海拔为1580~1914 m)NEE向前行。此外,黄河流域此类横穿山脉的河道还有青藏高原青海省达日县德䀚乡–玛沁县科赛村一带,以及青海省同德县啰果鲁–兴海县曲什安–唐乃亥–龙羊峡河段等。
上述横穿山脉各河段的共同特点是,黄河从原有的平行山系(主构造线)突然转向近直角状横穿或斜穿原山系,拐点处与两端的河道连线呈近直线型,共同构成了显示几何学样式的大角度而非不规则弧形或是圆滑样式。这一诡异现象引起了笔者的好奇,探索其成因是本文的核心科学问题。笔者选择黄河从兰州至沙坡头流域内的两次诡异拐弯横穿山脉河段,查寻河道拐弯的原因,探索其形成机制,完善和丰富有关黄河河道拐弯的成因机制与理论分析。
兰州东–峡门口一带位处中祁连构造带(图2a)。区内最老地质体为中元古代皋兰岩群(Pt2G1),为黑云石英片岩、石榴子石黑云石英片岩、石榴子石黑云母片岩或黑云母片岩和黑云角闪片岩组合;不整合覆于其上者为白垩纪河口群,河口群下部为辫状河相紫红色、黄灰色厚层–块状砾岩夹少量同色砂岩和泥岩,上部为河湖相紫红色泥岩夹紫灰色中–薄层状细砂岩夹灰绿色条带。区内侵入岩极为发育,侵入于皋兰岩群中,产出受NNE向构造控制,主要有早志留世乌金峡闪长岩和晚志留世什川二长花岗岩,河口群不整合于其上。
大量的低温热年代学、沉积学和古地磁学等方法约束了祁连山新生代在55~40 Ma(常宏等,2009;Lin et al.,2019)、30~25 Ma(Lu et al.,2022;Wang et al.,2022)、15~7 Ma(Lin et al.,2010;Zheng et al.,2017)和~3.6 Ma(Li et al.,2014;Fang et al.,2019)存在显著的变形、隆升造山与生长过程。
第四系主要为黄河阶地冲洪积堆积。中南部以三级阶地疏松砂砾石层夹土黄色含砂砾亚砂土为主,而在峡门口–四平镇一带还有一、二级堆积阶地。一、二、三级阶地的黄河下切速率分别为50~100 cm/ka、58~77 cm/ka、70~80 cm/ka,下切时间分别为10~0 ka、53~27 ka、140~80 ka。依据14C获得的下切时间为6680~141.39 ka(甘肃地质调查院,2003)。区内断裂构造极为发育,主要有NNE向和NEE向(近EW向)两组;在马刺梁及其南西段有一条近SN向断裂。
NNE向断裂,以十字沟断裂为代表,是一条左旋走滑断裂,倾角为55°~80°,切割皋兰岩群、什川岩体和白垩纪河口群。断裂规模大,次级断裂发育,具多期活动特征,尤其在新近纪以来表现为活动断裂,如黄茨弯、东深沟、青城山、四平镇等断裂,早期主要为挤压破碎带。十字沟断裂晚期的张性裂缝带ESR测年为73 ka(甘肃地质调查院,2003)。十字沟断裂与海原断裂带等共同构成祁连构造带的复杂断裂系统,在地表表现为线性沟谷、断层崖和错断地貌。
NEE(近EW)向断裂早期为逆断层,破碎带由碎裂岩、断层角砾岩、断层泥组成,极破碎,次级断裂发育,主断裂面发育复合与分叉等多期活动痕迹;晚期主要表现为左行走滑张裂。例如,金城关–沙金坪正断层(F19)和刘家堡正断层(F18)为兰州盆地的控盆断裂,垂直断距最大可达250 m(何文贵等,2008),其南盘在第四系多级阶地后缘见一系列次级正断层。两断层分别于1125年、1129年发生7级、5级地震,金城关–沙金坪断裂最新年代约为10 ka(赵振明等,2003)。宋家沟冲断层(F10)控制着兰州盆地和七里河盆地的南界。断层南盘河口群逆冲在北盘第四系及新近系之上。
NNE向断裂是区内早期断裂,切断大多数地质体,并控制盆–山边界及区内微地貌走向。该区河道总体为NNE向延伸,占比极高的河段主要产于该组断裂带中,少数小河段河道产于此组两条平行断裂夹持的碎裂化岩块密集小断裂带中。NNE向断裂是最早开谷成河断裂,引导黄河离开兰州–罗泉湾段近EW向河道转而近90°夹角向北前行。
NEE向(局部近EW向)断裂是区内晚期断裂,大多因左行走滑,导致早期NNE向断裂组被错断后发生右旋转向,因而才有了多数河段反复阶梯式斜列变化,形成了区内较为规则的河道排列样式。东深沟、黄茨湾、四平镇等地两向断裂组间距不同,形成了3组迥异的河道组合样式。NNE向断裂的左行走滑位移量的显著差异,也导致了区内5处NNE向相对较长河道的形成(图2b)。
马刺梁SN向断裂是区内最早一期断裂,后被NNE向断裂错断。自第四纪以来有过强烈活动,因而控制了河道在什川镇的较大拐弯,并限制了河道向西的扩展。罗泉湾–峡门口一带的河道总体显示短线式阶梯状斜列组合,共同特点是晚期NEE向断裂错断早期NNE断裂,由此在东深沟、黄茨湾、四平镇等地分别形成3组斜列式锯齿状摆动河道。东深沟晚期断裂相对密集,错断后的断裂组纵向上由南而北逐渐变短,总体显示出NNE向河段有规律阶梯式逐渐缩短变化;黄茨湾NNE向间距最大,NEE向断裂间距相较最密集,形成的斜列式河道纵向上、下两组间距极小,陡斜率斜列状;而四平镇一带NEE向断裂间距较短,而NNE向一组断裂间距最大,形成了极缓斜率斜列状分布河道组合(图2b)。上述地区的河道高频率的斜列式变道是由3组各自特色迥异的断裂组高频率交切形成的。
五佛乡–中卫段的黄河总体呈NE向前行。大多数河段沿两个一级大地构造单元结合部前行(图3)。因此,该处成为华北与祁连两个一级大地构造单元结合部的控河构造,也是断裂构造控河的经典范例。
龙首山构造带:位于北祁连北缘断裂与龙首山断裂间的主构造线方向为近EW向构造带,属于华北陆块西南缘构造带(图3a)。带内主要有寒武系(徐家圈组、狼嘴子组、磨盘井组)变砂岩及砾岩,奥陶系米钵山组变砂岩夹砾岩及泥盆系、石炭系、三叠系等。晚新生代经历了~14 Ma、~5 Ma、5~2.5 Ma等3次断裂带活动和强烈的山体隆升过程(赵迪等,2023)。
北祁连走廊构造带(宁夏地质志称之为香山褶断带):NE以天景山断裂为界,SW以五佛乡–海原断裂(香山南麓断裂)为界,呈NW–NNW向弧形展布,延伸大约220 km(图3a)。呈弯曲透镜状,最宽处达50 km,带内建造主体为华北被动陆缘型奥陶系(天景山组、米钵山组、香山群),其次有泥盆系及石炭系—三叠系,山麓地带及山前盆地沉积了侏罗系、白垩系及新生代地层。燕山运动及喜马拉雅运动致使冲断带内部构造变形强烈,发育一系列线状褶皱及推覆岩席。岩席前锋为天景山北麓冲断层与尖山疙瘩推覆体,寒武系推覆到泥盆系—石炭系和新生界之上。
区内断裂早期为NE向,发育于两大构造带边界。近EW向断裂属于第二期次断裂,规模较小,仅见于北祁连走廊构造带中部,晚期断裂最为发育,走向为NW–NWW向,局部转弯后近向SW弧形凸出并向近EW向过渡。该组断裂造成多个NW向断夹块不同程度的向NW向阶梯式走滑,形成了两大构造地质体沿接触面一带犬牙交错分布。其中在黄草埫山—大草墩山一带,走廊构造带寒武系越过黄河直抵一碗泉火车站附近(图3b)。
五佛乡–朱家咀河道主要位于五佛乡近EW向断裂带中,朱家咀–沙坡头一带河道大部分沿两大一级构造单元结合部(部分河段平行于结合部)前行,仅在北大滩–榆树台子一带因黄草埫山–大草墩山岩片的NW向推覆,导致此段河道离开一级构造界面。朱家咀–沙坡头一带河道NW侧为华北陆块最西缘的龙首山构造带,SE侧为祁连构造带的北祁连走廊构造带(图3a)。因此,该处成为两个一级大地构造单元结合部控河的又一实例,也是断裂构造控河的经典范例。
五佛乡之南的近EW向断裂是海原断裂的向西延伸发散段,在10~8 Ma以来发生NE–SW向强烈逆冲和后期走滑活动(袁道阳等,2004;褚永彬,2015),滑动速率为1~2 mm/a,10 ka以来的走滑速率为5~8 mm/a,也是1920年海原8.5级大地震的发震断裂(中国地震局地质研究所等,1990),海原断裂之南的走廊南山断裂也是活动断裂,于1939和1969年发生过3次4~5级地震。该组断裂对五佛乡之南原河道由近SN向改为NEE向起了关键作用,控制了五佛乡–朱家咀段NE向延伸(图4)。
朱家咀–北长滩一带是断裂控河的典型河段,SE盘北祁连构造带的早古生代推覆岩片低角度逆冲于NW盘的龙首山石炭系之上,并在后期多组NW向走滑断裂的作用下,形成了推覆体前缘的一系列弧形断层面,而此段内的河道几乎与弧形断面重合,反复拐弯前行(图3b)。NEE向断裂是区内最主要的控河断裂,五佛乡–沙坡头两地的连线总体平行河道方向不是偶然,而是必然。因为区内发育一系列或平行河道,或与河道空间上完全重合的断裂。例如,五佛乡–朱家咀之间的弧形断裂与河道在中南段略呈弧形有较好的形态耦合;朱家咀-北长滩河段,河道弯曲的形态与弯曲的断面极为吻合,黑山峡大柳树坝南东的NE向活断层活动时间距今最近者有30 ka和10 ka两次,断层泥测年数据小于20 ka(郭进京等,2004a、b),大柳树坝F7断层最晚活动时间为11~11.5 ka(洪海涛,2002),F201断裂中段有27~22 ka、17.2~13.1 ka、11~7.1 ka等3次活动(张加桂等,1992;郭进京等,2004b),小红山南侧断层主破裂带最新一次破裂事件发生于11 ka之后1.2 ka之前(陈国星等,2006),这些均佐证了活动断裂对河道的显著控制作用。
NW向断裂是区内仅次于NEE向断裂的第二组控河断裂。北部的龙首山断裂西段远离黄河,东段与烟筒山–窑山断裂相连,晚新生代该断裂经历了~14 Ma、~5 Ma、5~2.5 Ma共3次活动和强烈的山体隆升过程(赵迪等,2023),沙坡头–中卫市–中宁县余丁乡南一带的黄河产于此断裂带中。其南的天景山断裂的西延段和次级断裂组,约5.4 Ma开始发生逆冲活动,2.6 Ma由逆冲转化为左旋走滑(Wang et al.,2014;杜家昕,2021);祁连山以东的海原左旋走滑断裂,景泰段走滑速率计算为2.3~8.9 mm/yr(袁道阳等,1997;Li et al.,2009;Jolivet et al.,2013;Matrau et al.,2019;Yao et al.,2019,2022;Shao et al.,2021;Chen et al.,2022;Liu et al.,2022);海原断裂NW向延伸的古浪断裂走滑速率大于1 cm/yr(Tapponnier et al.,2001;Lasserre et al.,2002)。在本研究区该断裂导致朱家咀–北长滩之间的河段,因NW向断裂导致很多个走向NW向的短线状拐弯,甚至出现了多个类似于箱状构造向NW向的凸出,绝大多数河道向NW向的近直角状拐弯凸出部位(图5),总是有NW向断裂相随。
中卫–同心断裂带西段曾发生过5次古地震事件,时间为距今1.2~30.97 ka;东段发生的3次地震事件,分别为距今294 a(1709年地震)、5.45 ka、8.85 ka(陈国星等,2006),沙坡头–中宁的河道产于此断裂中,并且对榆树台–沙坡头河段的河道有明显控制作用。一碗泉–榆树台断裂是天景山断裂和烟筒山断裂交汇后的西延次级断裂,总体平行于中卫–同心断裂带。沙坡头一带黄河第Ⅴ级阶地的强烈活动时段约为0.1~0.28 Ma(冯希杰等,2002),佐证天景山断裂在晚更新世后有过强烈的活动,对原NE向河道突然向NW向的直角拐弯具有重要作用。
有关青藏高原的隆升与构造演化研究成果丰硕,主流观点主要有3阶段和4阶段两种划分。前者将高原隆升分为3个不同动力机制阶段,即K2–E2的碰撞挤压缓慢隆升阶段、E3–N的陆内汇聚热动力中速隆升阶段和Q以来的均衡调整热动力快速隆升阶段(李廷栋等,1995);后者认为青藏高原经历了45~38 Ma、25~17 Ma、13~8 Ma、~3 Ma到现在4次快速隆升,平均高度达到3000 m(钟大赉等,1996),是印度板块向北挤入碰撞,使得地壳南北方向缩短,垂向增厚,高原得以向外扩展(England et al.,1986)。位于青藏高原东北缘的兰州–沙坡头一带在上述造山过程中形成了主边界左旋剪切、挤压汇聚的构造带,以及高原内部NNW向右旋剪切构造带等3类构造带(袁道阳等,2004;Zheng et al.,2013)。这3类断裂在中更新世以来有过强烈的活动,因而对黄河的河道形成、选择、产出与分布有重要作用。
区内的NNW向断裂早期逆冲推覆,晚期大型走滑均是青藏高原由SW向NE挤入的响应,而NE、NEE向具有拉张性质的左行走滑断裂是青藏高原物质向北东推移过程中受到阿拉善和鄂尔多斯两个稳定刚性块体的阻挡作用,总体上沿NW–SE向发生了伸展变形,形成了一系列NW–SE向的造山带和断裂带,并在垂直山系方向发生张裂与剪切,形成NE向走滑断裂带(孟文等,2022)。NWW–NW向断裂造就了青藏高原整体西高东低的大格局,约束了黄河总体自西向东的流向,形成了兰州–沙坡头段,总体山系与凹陷带的NW–SE向的走向与延伸及相间排列。
NE向断裂导致沿断裂带两侧地貌上的显著差异,形成了NE向隆起与断陷相间的地貌格局和菱形状构造块体。断裂带内多期次活动与强烈的破碎作用,为流水的侵蚀、搬运和开谷成河创造了条件,严格控制了兰州–中卫市沙坡头段的河道主流向。大多数河段产于NE向断裂带中,形成了总体NE向线型延伸的河道形态与格局。
印度板块多次的NE向运动与间隙回弹应力调整过程中,当受到四川地块、秦岭、鄂尔多斯地块联合构成的斜向(NNE向)基底阻挡后,加剧了NE向张性走滑断裂的活动,形成NE向强烈的岩石破碎带,为开谷成河创造了条件,导致河流由原SEE流向向短线式大角度NE向拐弯(如罗泉湾等)。同时,导致了NWW–SEE向区域性大断裂的左行走滑,驱使NW盘大幅度沉降,沿走滑断裂带形成东低西高的半地堑,河流向NE向前行在遇到前方下一个NWW–SEE向山脉或断裂带阻挡后,逼迫河流向NW–NWW向流趟(图5c~图5d)。
研究区NE向断裂具有极为重要的劈山开谷导河的重要作用,导致区内两个段河道并未沿原上游方向延伸的山前凹陷带NWW–SEE向自然流淌,而是突然发生大角度短线式拐弯,横穿或斜穿地貌上远高于原河道的NW向山系。
(1)青藏高原是印度板块向北挤入碰撞时,遭遇阿拉善和鄂尔多斯两个斜向稳定刚性块体的联合阻挡作用,所形成的一系列NW–SE向的造山隆起带。造山过程中,形成了多条NW–SE向的巨型断裂带和NE向张性走滑断裂带。兰州–中卫一带位于青藏高原的东北缘,壮观的NW–SE向山系和相间的凹陷带,以及NE向断裂带由此而形成。
(2)本区的NE–NEE向断裂在第四纪以来活动强烈,具有劈山开谷导河的重要作用,造就了黄河河道分别于兰州罗泉湾、景泰五佛乡两地,并未沿着原上游方向延伸的山前凹陷带NWW–SEE向自然流淌,而是突然NE向大角度短线式拐弯,横穿或斜穿地貌上远高于原河道的山系。
(3)罗泉湾拐弯后横穿中祁连构造带,河道大多数河段产于NE向断裂带中,局地产于次级小断裂带、密集裂缝带中;NE向(局地过渡到近EW向)断裂经左行走滑导致NE向断裂组错断并右旋转向,形成了数组阶梯式斜列河段。
(4)五佛乡拐弯后河道依次穿越龙首山构造带(五佛乡–朱家咀段)、北祁连构造带(朱家咀–沙坡头段),局部产于这两者的结合部,NE向断裂为主要控河断裂。NE向断裂遭遇后期多组NW向断裂剪切与走滑,形成了多个箱状河道拐弯。
(5)区内黄河河道多产于大地构造单元结合部和区域性断裂带形成的构造破碎带、断层碎裂岩带中。断裂构造是控制河道延伸与拐弯,尤其是劈山开谷引导黄河偏离原主河道方向,大角度短线式横穿或斜穿山系的主控因素。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2025032
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
  • 修回日期:2025-02-05
  • 录用日期:2025-03-16
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    1长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054
    2陕西省黄河科学研究院,陕西 西安 710054
    3长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054

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李永军(1961−),男,博士生导师,主要从事区域地质学及构造地质学教学与科研。E−mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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